INTRODUCTION OF SIWES

In an attempt to bridge the gap existin between theory and practice of agricultur medical, engineering
and technology, science and other professional educational programmes i the Nigeria tertiary
institution, the stude industrial work experience [SIWES] which is a accepted skills training programme,
that form part of the approved minimum academic standar in the various degree programme for all th
Nigerian tertiary institution was established.

It is aimed at exposing students to machines an equipment, professional work methods and way of
safeguarding the work areas and workers i industries and other orgernization. Its minimu duration is
normally 24 weeks, except f engineering and technology programmes wher the minimum duration is 40
weeks. Objectives SWISS 1-provide an avenue for students in th Nigerian universities to acquire
industrial skill an experience in their course of study. 2-prepar students for the work situation they are
likely t meet after graduation. 3-expose students to wor methods and techniques in handling equipme
and machinery that may not be available in th universities.4-practice students with an opportunity to
apply their theoretical knowledge i real work situation, there by bridging the ga between university work
and actual practices.

HISTORY OF ROYAL FARMS INVESTMEN NIGERIA LTD.

Royal Farms Investment Nigeria Limite was established in the year 2002, by a famou Nigerian Citizen, in
the person of Mr. Sunda Nwatarali, a native of Olo, in Ezeagu Loc Government Area, in Enugu State,
Nigeria.

The farm has Two 2 Major department Namely livestock department which consist poultry, goat/sheep
piggery, snailing, fishery, whil the second one is crop department which consi of pineapple orchard,
plantain/banana plantatio Orange orchard.

Likewise, it has a feed mill processing un and large hectares of lands for other cro production and animal
grazing. The Farm Site Wa Located at Emmanuel Town, Ugwuomu, Emen Nike, Along Upperroom, Road,
Enugu State.

The main objectives for establishing the farm are

(a) To promote and solve the probl unemployment in Enugu state and in Ni large.

(b) To boost the Economic revenue of the st otherwise.

(c) To Train and Educate young graduates angraduates in the state and Nigeria at large. training centre.

(d) To provide excess Agricultural products general public.

(e) TO reduce food scarcity in the state and N large.

(f) To promote food security for the gener populace.

From the organisation and alread established protocol initially, works start by 7.0 am and the break time
is 11.00am. by 12.00 p afternoon section starts and ends by 2.00 2.30pm, while the evening section
starts and end at 5.00-5.30pm.

All these are achieve through the help the supervisors,farm manager and outstandin rules and
regulation.

To these end, the farm has be ABLE t achieve some of it objectives.

ORGANIGRAM

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF ROY NIG. LTD

CHAPTER TWO

VERSATILITY OF EXPERIENCES CLASSLESS O LIVESTOCK’S

The classes of livestock are

a. Poultry

b. Piggery

c. Rabbitry

d. Pets (dogs)

POULTRY UNIT

Poultry are group of farm animals of avia species. They are warm blooded animal peatheres, viviparous
(viviparity), which has hollow and keel bones, they wings are used f flight and limbs for locomotion
(movement). Thi group of domestic birds are raised primarily f eggs and meat production, for family
usage an marketing poultry includes chicken (domestic fo(i.e. broiler or layers). Turkey, ducks, pigeo
guinea fowl, greese ducks e.t.c some of thes birds are with comb and wattle, poultry do n urinate except
the ostrich which is the bigge poultry species. They excretes are calle droppings which combine uric acid
and feace poultry are simple stomach animals i. monogastril animals.

Poultry management

Birds are managed under three 3 maj management units.

1. Intensive system

2. Semi-intensive system

3. Extensive system

Intensive system
These is the system by which the birds ar totally confirmed in a particular housing unit. The movement
are restricted to a limited. But all th necessary essential requirement are provided f effectiveness.

These is done to avoid card wastage an promote proper planning and management.

These system is divided into two forms

(a) The battery cage system

(b) Deep litter system

Battery cage system

These is a system in which birds are kept i a particular cage within a large controlle environment, where
feed and water are available.

They dropping fall either in the below flo (belt) or on the floor. These excretes are remove manually or
automatically depending which eve They eggs that are land roll scopes gently into th cradle, for
collection. These system is mostly f egg production.

Advantages

1. Wastage of feed is restricted

2. Birds consume feeds they for lipid growt and development.

3. It gives room for adequate and accurat keeping.

4. Unproductive, sick birds are easily identifie and culled.

5. Easy management

6. Labour can be conserved

7. The exhibition of vice habits to greatl reduced.

Disadvantages

1. It is capital intensive

2. It’s not suitable for broiler production

3. They may be incidence of cage fatigue, continues restricted movement.

Deep litter system

This is a system where by birds are house in a single large building with litter materials suc as wood
shaving, saw dust etc three floor wit contains the litter material provides protection f the birds form cold
and excessive heat, becaus of it insulating property. However, the litters ar usually change occasionally
depending on th nature, so as to prevent disease outbreak an pest.

Advantages

1. It’s suitable for all stages and classes poultry.

2. They are free movement of the birds

3. It is most suitable of r broiler productio and breeding.

4. The litter material acts as a source of protein factor (APF), which enhances grow

5. It is less capital intensive than butter cage.

Disadvantages

1. They is rapid increase of vice outbreak

2. Difficulty in culling productive sick birds, vi via sa.

3. Feed wastage is witnessed

4. Disease outbreak is very important.

5. Litter management is poor that will lead t disease out

break

SEMI-INTENSIVE SYSTEM

This system involves the combination intensive and extensive system in marriage mer of birds. They are
provided with housing, it i suitable force areas where land supply is limite and it requires some forms of
pastur management.

EXTENSIVE SYSTEM

This is referred to as the traditional or frerange system it involves free ranging during th day and
sheltering during the night, egg incubatio is naturally and they output production is low. Th poultry unit
in Royal farms investment Nigeri limited investment Nigeria limited is und intensive system, which is
basely on deep litt system.

The poultry unit of the farm comprises fiv 5 different poultry farms and each contains three different
pens houses and brooder house.

HOUSING
Poultry Housing are constructed so as t meet the environmental condition of the birds. Th body tempt of
birds vary form 40. 6 C-41.8 when this is alter altered, it will lead to mortality some border. A good
housing system is provide for the birds for maximum output.

(a) The house is made up of concrete, asbestores, floor of concrete.

b. The housing should be on a flat land t erosion and excess sunlight.

c. The birds should be in pens

d. The walls are about 3-4 ft on the sides f ventilation and the remaining covere expanded metals, nets
which prevent the of insects rat, lizards etc.

e. They are nylon at side of the walls and control measure during brooding.

f. They are also a functioning food deep a hand basin at the wall side which c disinfectant at the
entrance of each pen h

The dropping are regularly cleaned due to needs.

Feeding

1. They are fed daily

2. Their Feeds and waters are served in th feeders and

drinkers respectively

3. They were fed with marsh.

For broilers

(a) day 1 - 5 weeks = super starter

(b) 5 Week - 8 wks = finish(broiler

For pullets

(a) Week 1 - 8 wks = chick master (super starter

(b) Weeks 8 - 18 weeks =

Growers (Mash)

(c) Week 18 - above =

layers mash

VACCINATION
Each farm designs it’s own vaccination progra based on the prevalent environmental condition the area
in particular.

The vaccination program of royal farm investment Nigeria limited is united below.

Vaccination programme for broiler production

s/no Days Vaccines/routes

1 Day 1 Lasota (i/o) MULTIVITAMIN +

2 Day 1-11 day (multivitamin + A

3 Day 12-13 day Free water

4 Day 14 gumboro

5 Day 15-16 Free water

6 Day 17-18 H o (multivitami in water

7 Day 19-20 Free water

8 21 day lasota in H O

9 22-23 Free

10 24 day H o multivitamin

11 Ends of week 4 Coccidiostat

12 Week 5 multivitamin min

13 Week 6 Lasota in H O

14 Week7 Multivitamin + an

15 Week8 Free water.

VACCINATION PROGRAMME FOR PULLETS

s/no ages Vaccines

1 Wk1, Day 1 Lasota (i/0), glucose, multi vitamin for 4-6 hours before feeding

2 Day 2-8 Antibiotics and multivitamin

3 Day 9-13 Fresh H O + multivitx

4 Week 2
5 Day 14 Gambaro vaccine (1 shot)

6 Day 15 fresh water

7 Day 16-19 Coccidiostat

8 Day 20 Fresh water

9 Week 3

10 Day 21 Lasota vaccine

11 “ 22 Fresh water

12 Day 23-27 Antibiotics + multination

13 Week 4

14 Day 28 Fresh water

15 29 Gumboro vaccine (2 short)

16 30 Fresh water

17 31-34 Coccidiostat/2 short

18 Week 5

19 Week 6 Fresh water

20 Day 42 Lasota vaccine

21 43-44 Fresh water

22 Week 7 Fowl pox vaccine

23 Week 8 1 Deworming

24 Week 9 Kumorov vaccine

25 Week 10 Multivitx for 5 days

26 Week 11 Antibiotics + multivitamin for 5 day

27 Week 12-13 Debeaking

28 Week 14 Salmonella vaccine

29 Week 15 2 deworming and delousing

30 Week 16-18 Egg drop syndrone and Lasota oil

Note ; Vaccinate lasota every 3-4 weeks as a follo up.

Note ; Vaccinate lasota every 3-4 weeks as a follo up.

EGG COLLECTION

Eggs are been collected in the morning hours aft feeding the birds and in the afternoon/ evenin after the
second feeding.

SORTING/GRADING

The eggs collected are be sorted, the crack an small size are kept separate in different creat while the
normal size are don’t have crack an kept separate on different create for prop identification based on
market purposes an specification.

MAJOR DAILY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES O POULTRY

a. Picking out the dead chicks an conducting post-

mortem test.

b. Proper farm record keeping.

c. Provision of feeds and water to the feeder and

drinkers respectively

d. Washing of the drinker and cleaning th feeders.

e. General observation of the birds, screenin and

isolation. Cleaning of litter material need arises.

PREPARATION OF BROODER HOUSE

1. Remove all equipment feeders, drinks allow them to be in the sum for few days

2. Remove old litres and manure

3. Remove cobweb and dust on the sides the wall and

roof.

4. Wash the house thoroughly

5. Cover the house with jute bag or ceme bag or nylon

6. Spread dry wood shaving on the floor wit thickness or

about 5 cm

7. Disinfect with strong disinterment an fumigate.

Receiving day old chicks

1. The brooder house should be pre-heat tempt of about 30 C most especially weather

2. The drinkers filled with water containing properly positioned.

3. On arrival, birds should be allowed, cou accurate recording, and placed near the s water.

4. The birds should be allowed to drink wat least 2 hours before feeding. Monitoring the chick
distributes evenly when sufficient, if is they run off the heater, if too high, but if they curdle around the s
heat, it mean insufficient heat. Heat is until they get feathered.

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

DISEASES : These is partial or total departure fro a normal state of health. Which can be caused b
microbiological organism like, bacteria, viru protozoa, e.t.c. parasitic (external and interna fungi,
nutritional deficiencies or malnutrition’s.

Poultry disease may include;

New castle decease

Causal organism - virus

That is survives in litter and dead birds for month

Transmission

ND virus can be found in feaces an respiratory discharges. It is transmitted betwee farms by

contaminated equipment, peoples, ai infected wild birds, improperly cleaned house an dead birds are
potent of ND virus.

AGES AND SPECIES AFFECTED

All age group are susceptible. It affect chickens and turkeys predominantly but peafowl’ guinea fowls,
quails, pigeons, ducks, gees Ostrich and wild and caged birds are als susceptible.

Clinical signs

Mortality is very high, there is depressio anorexia, prostration respiratory signs e.g laboure breathing,
coughing and gasping and nervou signs such as in-coordination, paralysis, of leg and wings, circling,
backward movement., twistin of neck, stargazing and somersaulting in layer reduce in egg production or
completely creas

eggs laid may be soft shelled, rough, deformed off colour.

GROSS LESIONS

Haemorrhages on the grandular surface proventriculus

CONTROLS

Vaccination, maintenance of good hygiene, prop dispose of the dead birds, fumigation of poultr houses.

AVIAN POX

Causal organism- Fowl pox virus

Transmission

Infections occurs through wounds in the mout comb, wattles or sink, it introduced an disseminated by
contact with infected bird po virus can be transmitted in fowl ticks, lice.

AGES AND SPECIES AFFECTED

All ages are susceptible but it is see mostly in birds or 5-12 months of age. It is bee reported in chicken,
turkeys and pigeons.

CLINICAL SIGNS

The onset is gradual and it spreads slowly an outbreak may last many weeks

The disease occurs in dry (skin) and wet (mucou members membranes) form

DRY FORM: Presence of pox on unfeathered ski comb, wattles, ear cubes, eye birds, corners beaks,
nostrils, neck and sometimes on the fee les, vein, and under wings.

The lesions seen are papules (white module vesicles, pustules, scabs or papiloma like lesio (grayish
brown) when lesson are removed. The leave a raw surface mortality is low i uncomplicated cases.

WET FORM: Raised white to yellow patche (plaques) in the mouth, sinuses, nasal cavit conjunctiva,
pharynx, trachea, sides of tongu roof of palates and esophagus. Lesions ma prevent feeding or occlude
the larynx causin suffocation,. Mortality is higher in this form of po up to 50%

GROSS LESIONS

Small papules on the conjunetiva, Oesophagu nostril’s, largnx and tracheae, seollen kidney. Wit millary
nodules.

Controls
Vaccination. Isolation of the diseased birds f treatment

COCCIDIOSIS

Causal Organism: ProtozoA called eimiria spp.

(Coccidia).

Transmission

Feaces and litter continuous speculated coccidia oocysts oocysts are the main source of infection.

AGE AND SPECIES AFFECTED

Clinical sings

Decreased feed consumption, as egg productio Bloody diarrhea, ruffled leathers, weakne depression,
listlessness Hurdling, los of weigh paleness of comb, shanks, beaks and ski Mortality is up to 50% in
birds.

Control

Use of drugs like emprolium.etc.

PIGGERY UNIT

Pig belongs to the

Kingdom - AnimeLia

Phylum - Chordata

Lass - Mammalian

Order - Artiadactyla

Family - Suidae

Genus - Sus

CHARACTERISTICS OF PIGS

Pigs are more prolific among the domesti animals, the they can produce 6-18 piglets in ever litters. The
piglet are fast growing depending o the feeding and quality of feed given, attainin slaughtering weigh of
about 68kg within 6- months.

Pig produces meat that is different form th flesh of all other farm animals in texture flavo and certain
nutritive properties, as well as having very thick layer of which has found some flavo in human diet part
from that of the daily cattle.
Pigs are efficient utilizes of concentrat feeds, converting them into human food (mea the capacity of pig
to convert large quantities concentrate feeds and some other waste product form the household into
edible human food (mea which has brought them into prominence in man parts of the world,
particularly in the corn-belt the united states and other parts of the worl where excess grains are
producers they are po utilizes of roughages, due to they small digestiv tract.

Pigs are highly susceptible to disease resulting form parasitic organism, bacteria, viru e.tc. Which may
cause heavy losses. Precautio measures must be taken, to come to an aid.

Breeds of pigs in royal farms

- Large white

- Land race

- Cross breeds.

PIG FEEDS

1. Palm kernel cake PKC

2. Brewers dry grain.

3. Cassava tuber meal

4. Cassava peel meal

5. Soya beans meal

6. blood meal

7. Bone meal- mature adult male pig

8. Potatoes leaves

9. Paw-paw leaves

10. Bambra nut

11. Salt

PIG MANAGEMENT

Pig is kind of animal that needs

- Pig needs monitoring for effectiveness an efficiency. It routine method of feed drug must b maintain to
avoid vices and weight loss. If it is fe 2 time or once per day, that method must b maintained and
followed accordingly.
A newly farrow sow, use to be aggressiv and care be applied in handling her before th bring out the
piglet outside for treatment, yo must drop feed for the sow to be feeding (eatin for her to have a relax
mind. They is kind peering by touching the ear, back and becomin whistle for it to relax and be friendly.

HANDLING PIGLETS

The piglets are handled with absolute care, t avoid injury during vaccination at the early state

MATTING

Male pigs between 10-12 months of ag when sow or (gilts) show sings of heat perio(oestrus) which
areas every 21 days the sow wi be brough out from it pen. Put into the boards pe for service, but not the
other way round. Th service usually last for 5-7 day depending.

After the servicing into her own pen for th gestation period. It is usually done early in th morning or
evening. Do not use too heavy boar o light gilts.

PREGNANCY DETERMINATION

After the service by the boar, the sow will sho some changes physiologically, the abdomen wi start
increasing in size and the skin out look wi be grossy and shiny and increase in weight gai the feeding
pattern changes.

It draws for attention the feeding and wat for calling must be maintained regularly gree vegetable
should be given for energy. When sign of parturition (farrowing) is noticed, the farrowin pen is prepared
and get ready before them for h pregnant sow. For the safety of the sow and piglets. The gestation
period is (115day) or 333).

WEANING OF PIGLETS

These is the process of separating the piglet from the sow or sow from the piglet. It is don either of the
way.

(a) Bring out the sow form the pen and lea the piglets.

(b) Brining out the piglet and left the sow in weaning is usually done 8 weeks dependin weight and size
and health condition.

Daily routine activities on piggery

1. sanitation an disinfection of the pens

2. scrapping off the feaces and tiding of th pen, for

3. general screaning and observation of t piglets and growers (monitoring)

4. Mixing of the feeds and serving them.

5. Provision of water, in the water bath.

6. Treatment of sick pigs

7. Isolation of disease/weak pigs

8. Record keeping

9. Weaning and services.

CARING FOR THE SOW AND PIGLETS BEFOR AND AFTER FARROWING

1. Proper feeding of the sow

2. Sanitation of the sows pen and gener body

3. Cleaning and disinfection o f the farrowin pen

4. Do not disturb the sow during parturition.

5. Creep feeding

6. Castration: It is between 2-4 week of ag depending.

7. Weaning; it is between 6- 8 weeks ol defending

8. Fattening

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

1. Manage

- speeding of manage is by direct contact

- It affects pigs of all age

- It causes rough skin

Signs

- Redness of skin, with irritation and scratching

- Disease also affects the inside of the ears.

Terminologies in piggery management

SOW - Adult female pig that ha given birth

BOAR - An Adult male pig

A/N HUG - Castrated male pig

GILT - A matured female pig that ha

GILT - A young female pig of 3-1 months of age

that is not yet mated.

In-PIG-SOW - Pregnant sow

Castration - The surgical removal of th testicles

Farrowing - the birth of a litt process of giving

birth)

Litter - Piglets farrowed together b one sow

Gestation - the time from servic to giving birth

(pregnancy period)

Heat Period - The period of estrus when th sow or

gilt will sow desire to

Service - the Act of mating

Pure breed pigs- Sow and boar of the sam breed,

crossed to produce pu + landrace

Cross Breeding - The mating of two pig of different

breed together to obta e.g largwhite + landrac

PORK - Fresh pig meat

BACON - Salted pig meat

PEN - Closed housing wher pigs are kept

LARD - Fat from pigs that is used i cooking

LAIR AGE - The pens where pigs ar kept before

slaughtering.

PIG CASTRATION
Castration : this is the surgical removal of a BOA Testicle, depending on the breeder intention, f the
growth of his farms.

Steps

1. Washing the area (testicle) wit disinfectant Water

2. Sheaving the hairs on the testicle and surr region.

3. Injection of Anesthesia on the Testis and the TESTIS (NB massage follows allow f minutes to distribute)

4. Making incision on the testicle sac (w testicle ball is out, you will SCRUB the testi to control bleeding.

5. Knotting with the chromic catcut the on t below the testicle ball two times(2x).

6. Proper cutting of the testicle ball, below knot Tie on the tube

7. Washing the scrotum sac with th disinfectant water

8. Injection of antibiotics

9. Wound dressing with potassium solution

Castration kits

(a) surgical blade (2) forceP (3) chromic c cut

RABBITRY UNIT

Scientific classification

Kingdom - animals

Super phyhum - chordate

Phyhum - vertebrate

Class - mammaliam

Order - lagomorpha

Family - laproidae

Genera - pentalagus, bunolagu Nrsolagus,

branchylagus, syloil poelagus

Rabbits are small mammals and non-ruminate th exit a unique feature called coprophagy which i the act
or consuming fecal-like pallet produced i the caecum. It is a normal behavioral pattern f rabbits. They
excrete two types so feaces, th hard feaces or day feces, which are produced i the large intestine are the
feacal pallets norm seen.

The faecal/feaces that are consume through COPRO coprophgy are the sort or nig feaces, which is
produced in the caecum they ar consumed directly form the anus. They ar excreted in grapelike clusters,
surrounded by gelatinous membrane.

TERMINOLOGIES IN RABBIT MANAGEMENT

DUCK - Adult male

DOE - Adult female

Kitten - young rabbit

Litter - Female with young ones or all th young

ones produced at the sam doe.

Hutches: - Hones of rabbits or pen i which rabbit lives.

TERMINOLOGIES

SUCKLINGS - Feeding of young ones on th mothers

breast milk

DAM - the mother of a set young rabbit

SIRE - The father of a set rabbits

FOSTERING - Act of using a doe other tha the dam to

nurse and develop you

Kindling - Act of giving birth

EQUIPMENT USED IN THE RABBITRY

Nest box - For kindling

Feeding trough- for feeding

Water trough -for drinking water

Weight scale

Breeds of rabbits

CALIFORNIAN
Characteristic

a. originated form united state

b. the furs are purely white

c. It hers an lilac or blue, red eyes

d. Its black patches on the tails, nose, le ear.

Chinchilla

Characteristic

a. the furs are purely blAck

RABBIT MANAGEMENT

Rabbits are been handle with care an caution, they vary, in temperament and respond kindly to a special
treatment (Petting)

Some of them when behave strang (foreign) you were to lead meaning into that. Lik a doe that is fairly
aggressive for a few days befor kindling shows that she is ever ready and alert t protect her kitten that is
yet to be kindling.

When entering the rabitery, you have t shot the quietly, to avoid frightening the anim and not to inflect
injury on the them.

HANDLING RABBITS

They are a special to handle these animals

* They are lofted by grasping the loin ge firmly with the heel of hand toward the to rabbit.

Matting

During mating, the doe was taken into th bucks hutch for mating but not the other wa round or vis via
sia.

If the doe is on heat (Oestrus) (Oestru and for service and the buck is active, definitel mating occurs
immediately. When mating i completed by the buck, the buck might fall over o his side or give a paint
cry.

PREGNANCY DETERMINATION OF RABBIT

After mating a doe, an increase in th weight after 2 weeks of mating signifies pregnanc but is not the end
of the story or the factor to bas efficacy, after two weeks of mating, palpation the abdomen or feeling
the development of th young one sin the uterus with the thumb world f fingers is the accurate and quick
method f determination or pregnancy.

The doe was seen pulling her furs, in th preparation for her kindling, the gestation period rabbit is 28
days. at kindling she needs n disturbing, the due likes and nurses it aft kindling and pull more furs to
protect the kittens.

Weaning of Rabbit

- These is a process of separating the do form it’s kittens for developing, it is usually don between 4-8
weeks after kindling depending o they weights.

DAIRY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES ON RABBITRY

1. Providing of foods on feeding

2. Supplying the water on the drinkers

3. General screening and observation

4. Cleaning of the rabbit pen and their tough

5. Drugs administration

6. Weighting of the rabbits and records

RABBIT FEEDS

1. Potatoes leaves

2. Elephant grass

3. Centros

4. Pellated Broiler punisher (i.e concentrates)