Anti-microbial

finished
Upama Nasrin Haq clothing
Lecturer
Department of Apparel Engineering
Email: upamahaq@gmail.com
upamahaq@butex.edu.bd
AME 455

Special Apparel Production

 Contents

1. Necessity of anti-microbial finish.

2. Short note on micro-organism.
3. Effects of micro-organism on apparel.
4. Pre-requisite for anti-microbial finish.
5. Short note on anti-microbial finish.
6. Microbial control
7. Method of anti-microbial finish.
Necessity of anti-microbial finish
on apparel
1.To control microorganisms.
2.To reduce odor from perspiration, stains and other
soil on textile material.
3.To reduce the risk of cross infection.
4.To control spread of disease and danger of infection
following injury.
5.To control the deterioration of textiles particularly
fabrics made from natural fiber caused by bacteria.
 Micro-organism

1.A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is

microscopic (invisible to the naked eye).
2. The human skin is usually crowded with innumerable microorganisms.
3. A suitable temperature, moisture, dust and receptive surface provide
perfect conditions for their growth.
4. In favorable conditions certain bacteria can grow from a single germ
to millions in a very short period of time.
5. They can double every 20 to 30 minutes in a warm and moist
microclimate that has plenty of food for them, e.g. perspiration and other
body secretions, skin particles, fats and leftovers from worn-out threads.
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Micro-organims are widespread in nature and are beneficial to life, but some can
cause serious harm. They can be divided into six major types:
1.bacteria
2.archaea,
3.fungi,
4.protozoa,
5.algae, and
6.viruses.
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Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the

Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria
into two broad categories according to their cell wall.
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal
violet stain used in the gram-staining method of bacterial
differentiation.
Effects of micro-organism on
apparel
Natural fibers are particularly prone to microbial attack as they are readily
digestible by bacteria and fungi, but the synthetic fibers are not completely
immune either as they might contain some additives that may be a nutrient
for microbes . Wool is more likely to be attacked by bacteria than cotton
while cotton is more likely to be attacked than wool by fungi. Many
different finishes applied on textiles are excellent source of nutrients for
microbes, making textiles susceptible to microbial attack. Work in progress
in textile manufacturing is also susceptible to microbial attack, particularly
if the goods are left for a long time in conditions conducive for microbial
growth.
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It can generates…..
1.Bad odor
2.Discoloration, unsightliness or staining of the fabric
3.A slick slimy handle
4.Loss of functional properties like elasticity and tensile
strength
5.Decrease in the life of the textiles, especially cotton and
wool
 Why textile material are prone to
microbial attack?
In close proximity to the human body, cotton textile gives a perfect living
environment for bacteria, yeast and fungi. All the circumstances that needed for the
increase of these organisms for fulfillment in textile materials are as follows:
Nutrients

Soil, dust and many textile finishes can be the roots of nutrients for microorganisms.
Perspiration includes salts, amino acids, carboxylic acids and other necessary
nutrients. Dead skin cells or oils hidden away from the body skin and degraded
cellulose from the textile material is a healthy resource of nutrients for the microbial
growth.
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Water

It has been projected that perspiration of human beings discharges an average of 100
g/hr of water, which collects in clothing and bedding. A humid environment will
give adequate water to keep up the fungal growth. It is observed that bacterial
growth needs more water and damp conditions.

Oxygen

The atmosphere gives a readymade resource of oxygen.

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Human Body and Odour

Most fungi and bacteria will spread at ambient temperatures of 10-20 degree
Centigrade and specific bacteria chooses the somewhat warmer environment of
clothing or bedding that is in close proximity to the skin. Bacteria such as S Aureus,
S Epidermidis, and Corynebacterium sp are established in the human skin and
Staphylococcus, coryneforms, micrococcus bacteria have been detached from head,
legs and arms of the human body.
Pre-requisite for anti-microbial
finished finish…..
1.Effective control of bacteria, molds and fungi

2.Selective activity towards undesirable microorganisms

3.Absence of toxic effects for both manufacturer, consumer and

environment.

4.Durability of activity to laundering, dry cleaning and hot processing.

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5.Applicability with no adverse effects on the fabric quality

6.Acceptable moisture transport properties

7.Compatibility with other finishing agents

8.Easy application, compatibility with common textile

processing.
 Anti-microbial finish

– Negative effect on the vitality of the microorganisms is generally reffered as

anti-microbial.
– The activity, which affects the bacteria is known as antibacterial and that of fungi
is antimycotic.
– Anti-microbial finished textile products are two categories: active and passive.
Passive variety protects microorganism growth and active variety kills/destroys
microorganisms when comes in contact.
 Microbial control or mechanism
of anti-microbial activity
Control of microbial growth means to inhibit or prevent growth of microorganisms. This
control is affected in two basic ways: (1) by killing microorganisms or (2) by inhibiting the
growth of microorganisms.
Control of growth usually involves the use of physical or chemical agents which either kill
or prevent the growth of microorganisms.
Agents which kill cells are called cidal agents; agents which inhibit the growth of cells
(without killing them) are referred to as static agents. Thus, the term bactericidal refers to
killing bacteria, and bacteriostatic refers to inhibiting the growth of bacterial cells. A
bactericide kills bacteria, a fungicide kills fungi, and so on.
–
Method of anti-microbial finish

1. Surface Application
-Washing durability depends normally on the affinity of
antimicrobials
-In the case that polymeric coating products are used together,
washing durability depends on the strength with which the polymers
can bind with the textile surface
-For certain fibres, such as PAN, ionic charge could be another factor
to be considered.
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2. Chemical bonding
-It is applicable only to those fibres that have a suitable reactive
group, e.g. cellulose, wool and polyamide.
-Washing durability depends normally on the strength of the chemical
bond between the antimicrobial agent and the fiber.
-It is theoretically the best way to achieve durable antimicrobial
finish.
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3. Internal anti-microbial agent release

 Antimicrobials are incorporated into the fibers when they are spun
 It is a viable option only for synthetic fibers
 It does not work well on cotton
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4. Micro-encapsulation
 It is a hybrid of chemical bonding and controlled internal release.
 In this method, instead of antimicrobials making the chemical bond
with fibres, micro-capsules that contain the antimicrobials are
covalently fixed on the fibres.
 Effective antimicrobial effect depends on the particular capsule
system to regulate the release of antimicrobials in a sustained way
Evaluation of anti-microbial
finish
1. Quantitative method.
2. Qualitative method.
 Quantitative method

In quantitative methods, the number of bacteria, still living after an

opportune contact time, is counted. Quantitative evaluation can be
further divided into two types according to the main test conditions.
For example in the static method AATCC 100, a small amount of
liquid culture medium is used to cover a specimen, while in the
dynamic Shake Flask Test Method, the fibre specimen is immersed in
a larger amount of liquid culture.
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The percent reduction of bacteria was calculated using the following equation.
𝐵 − 𝐴 ∗ 100
𝑅=
𝐵
Where:
R = Percent reduction of bacteria.
A = The number of bacteria recovered from the inoculated treated test specimen
swatches in the jar incubated over the desired contact period.
B= The number of bacteria recovered from the inoculated untreated test specimen
swatches in the jar incubated over the desired contact period.
Qualitative method

In qualitative methods, the test specimen and an untreated control

sample are pressed into intimate contact with agar culture medium
inoculated with the test bacterial solution. In case the antibacterial
activity is present, a clear zone of inhibition around the treated sample
may be observed and compared to the zone of bacterial growth around
and over the untreated control sample after the same contact time.
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The average width of a Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) along a streak on either side of the
test specimen was calculated using the following equation.

(𝑇 − 𝐷)
𝑊=
2

Where:
W: Average width of clear zone of inhibition in mm.
T: Total diameter of test specimen and clear zone in mm.
D: Diameter of the test specimen in mm.
Some test standards for anti-
microbial finish
1. AATCC Test Method 147:Antibacterial activity of textile materials:
parallel streak method. This method is used for the detection of
bacteriostatic activity on textile materials. It is a quantitative method.
2. AATCC Test Method 100Antibacterial finishes on textile materials:
Assessment of. This is a quantitative method for the determination of
degree of antibacterial activity.
Few anti-microbial agents

Synthetic agents
1. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC).
2. Triclosan.
3. Metallic Salts
4. Antimicrobial Cationic Dyes
5. Silver-based antimicrobial agents.
 Natural agents

1. Chitosan
2. Neem extract.
3. Aloe Vera.
4. Tea Tree
5. Tulsi leaves
6. Onion skin and pulp extract.
7. Sericin.
 Thank you
“There is nothing more important than your eternal salvation.”
― Kirk Cameron