01.

THERMODYNAMICS
4. What are the properties of a thermodynamic
1. Basic Concepts & Zeroth system whose value for the entire system is
equal to the sum of their values for individual
Law of Thermodynamics parts of the system?
(a) Thermodynamic properties
1. The energy of the isolated system is always a (b) Extensive properties
constant, which is given by: (c) Intensive properties
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (d) Specific properties
(b) First law of thermodynamics TNPSC AE 2018
(c) Second law of thermodynamics Ans. (b) : Extensive properties- Extensive properties
(d) Third law of thermodynamics of matter that changes as the amount of matter changes
(e) Law of stable equilibrium Example- Volume, enthalpy, entropy etc.
CGPSC Polytechnic Lecturer 2017 Intensive properties- An intensive properties is a bulk
Ans. (b) : Isolated System–An isolated system is a property, meaning that it is a local physical property of
thermodynamic system that cannot exchange either a system that does not depends on the system size or the
energy or mass outside the boundaries of the system. amount of material in the system.
So, ∆E = 0, ∆m = 0 Example- Pressure, temperature, refractive index,
So from the first law of thermodynamics energy of the density and hardness of object.
isolated system will be remain constant. 5. Consider the following properties:
2. A series of operations, which takes place in a 1. Temperature
certain order and restore the initial conditions 2. Viscosity
at the end, is known as 3. Specific entropy
(a) Reversible cycle 4. Thermal conductivity
(b) Irreversible cycle Which of the above properties of a system
(c) Thermodynamic cycle is/are intensive?
(d) None of these (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
Vizag Steel (MT) 2017 (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II Gujarat PSC AE 2019
Ans. (c) : Thermodynamic cycle– A series of Ans : (d) : Properties of intensive are as follows-
operation which takes place in a certain order and • Temperature
restore the initial conditions at the end, is known as • Viscosity
thermodynamic cycle. • Specific entropy
3. Heat and work are : • Thermal conductivity
(a) Intensive properties • Specific volume
(b) Extensive properties • Specific enthalpy
(c) Point functions 6. An open system
(d) Path functions (a) is a specified region where transfers of
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II energy and / or mass take place
UPRVUNL AE 2014 (b) is a region of constant mass and only energy
UP Jal Nigam AE 2016 is allowed to cross the boundaries
Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2 (c) cannot transfer either energy or mass to or
UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II from the surroundings
Ans. (d) : Heat and work are path function similarities (d) has an enthalpy transfer across its boundaries
between heat and work : and the mass within the system is not
(i) Both are recognized at the boundary of the system, necessarily constant
as they cross the boundary phenomena. BPSC Poly. Lect. 2016
(ii) System possesses - energy, but neither heat and work. HPPSC Lect. 2016
(iii) Both are associated with process not state. Heat and Ans : (a)
work have no meaning at a state. system mass Energy
(iv) Both are path functions. transfer transfer
• Path function- Magnitude depends on the path open system √ √
followed during the process as well as the end states. closed system × √
• Point function- Magnitude depends on state only Isolated system
and not a how the system approaches that state. × ×

9
7. Match the following : 12. Which one of the properties given below is an
1. Closed system a. Increase in static pressure intensive property of the system
2. Open system b. Increase in kinetic energy (a) composition (b) volume
3. Pump c. Heat, mass and work (c) kinetic energy (d) entropy
interact TSPSC AEE 2015
4. Turbine d. Heat and work interact Ans. (a) : Volume, Kinetic energy and entropy are the
5. Nozzle e. Delivers work example of extensive property where as composition is
(a) 1–d, 2–c, 3–a, 4–e, 5–b the example of intensive property.
(b) 1–c, 2–d, 3–b, 4–e, 5–a 13. Which pair of the following alternatives is
(c) 1–c, 2–a, 3–d, 4–e, 5–b correctly matched ?
(d) 1–d, 2–c, 3–e, 4–a, 5–b List – I List – II
OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011 (a) Heat – Point function
Ans. (a) : (b) Energy – Path function
1. Closed system Heat and work interact (c) Entropy – Second law of
2. Open system Heat, mass and work interact thermodynamics
3. Pump Increase in static pressure (d) Gibbs function – Path function
4. Turbine Delivers work UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
5. Nozzle Increase in kinetic energy Ans. (c) : Entropy – Second law of
8. The law which provides the basis of thermodynamics
temperature measurement is: 14. Thermodynamic work is the product of
(a) Third law of thermodynamics (a) Two intensive
(b) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (b) Two extensive properties
(c) First law of thermodynamics (c) An intensive property and change in an
(d) Second law of thermodynamics extensive property
TNPSC 2019 (d) An extensive property and change in an
UPRVUNL AE 2014, 2016 intensive property
Ans. (b) : 1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics provides UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II
the basis of temperature measurement. Ans : (c) For quasistatic process work done is
2. First law of thermodynamics provides conservation calculated by
law of energy. ∫ P.dV
3. Second law of thermodynamics provides the basic
concept of entropy.
9. Which one of the following is the extensive
property of the system?
(a) Volume (b) Pressure
(c) Temperature (d) Density
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II
UPRVUNL AE 2014 Pressure = Intensive property.
Ans : (a) : These properties are dependent on mass e.g. Volume (dV) = change in an extensive property.
volume, energy, Heat capacity (Cv, Cp), enthalpy, Thermodynamic work is the product of An intensive
entropy. property and change in an extensive property.
10. Pressure exerted by a gas in a closed container 15. Bi-Metallic strips made of two different
is: materials bend during a rise is temperature
(a) Weak function of Density and Temperature because of
(b) Weak function of Density and Volume (a) Differences in coefficient of linear expansion
(c) Strong function of Density and Temperature (b) Differences in elastic properties
(d) Strong function of Density and Volume (c) Differences in thermal conductivities
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II (d) Difference in stress
Ans : (c) : Pressure exerted by a gas in a closed TNPSC AE 2014
container is strong function of density and temperature. Ans. (a) : Bi-Metallic strips made of two different
11. Which of the following items is not a path materials bend during a rise is temperature because of
function? differences in coefficient of linear expansion.
(a) Heat 16. The gauge pressure in a truck tire before and
(b) Work after the journey was recorded as 200 kPa and
(c) Kinetic energy 220 kPa respectively at the location where
(d) Thermal conductivity atmospheric pressure and temperature was
BPSC AE 2012 Paper - V 100 kPa and 27ºC respectively. How much the
Ans : (d) : Thermal conductivity is not a path functions. rise in temperature of tire air after trip?
(a) 20ºC (b) 27ºC
10
 (c) 47ºC (d) Insufficient data 1 ( γ−1)
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II  P  γ−1 P  γ
(a)  2  (b)  2 
Ans : (c) : Given  P1   P1 
Patm = 100 kPa, Tatm = 27 ºC = 300 K γ 1
Pgauge1 = 200 kPa, Pgauge2 = 220 kPa  P  γ−1  P  γ−1
[P1]Abs = 300 kPa, [P2]Abs = 320 kPa (c)  2  (d)  1 
then,  P1   P2 
V1 = V2 OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011
P1 T1 UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II
= Ans. (b) :
P2 T2
T2
T × P 300 × 320 Ratio of absolute temperature at two different states
T2 = 1 2 = T1
P1 300
in an adiabatic process is :
T2 = 320 K = 47º C γ−1
T2  P2  γ
=
T1  P1 
17. The condition for the reversibility of a cycle is
(a) the pressure and temperature of the working
substance must not differ, appreciably, from 21. Pressure of 1 (one) atmosphere is equivalent to:
those of the surroundings at any stage in the (a) 0.101325 MPa (b) 750 mm of mercury
process (c) 1 bar (d) 0.101325 kPa
(b) all the processes, taking place in the cycle of OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011
operation, must be extremely slow Ans. (a) :
(c) the working parts of the engine must be 1 atmosphere pressure = 101325 Pa
friction free = 1.01325 bar
(d) all of the above = 760 mm of mercury
Gujarat PSC AE 2019 = 760 Torr
Ans : (d) : The condition for the reversibility of a cycle = 0.101325 MPa
is = 14.6959 Pound-force per
The pressure and temperature of the working square inch
substance must not differ, appreciably from those in the 22. A steel ball of mass 1 kg and specific heat
process. 0.4 kJ/kg °C is at a temperature of 60 °C. It is
The working parts of the engine must be friction free. dropped into 1 kg water at 20 °C. The final
18. Which of the following is an example of steady state temperature of water is :
irreversible process? (a) 23.5 °C (b) 30 °C
(a) Polytropic expansion of fluid (c) 35 °C (d) 40 °C
(b) Unrestricted expansion of gases RPSC Vice Principal ITI 2018
(c) Isothermal expansion Ans. (a) :
(d) Electrolysis mb = 1 kg
JPSC AE 2013 Ist Paper cb = 0.4 kJ/kgk
Ans. (b) : Tb1 = 60°C
Irreversible process- In an irreversible process, there is
mw = 1 kg
a loss of heat due to friction, radiation and conduction.
Tw1 = 20°C
In an actual practice, most of the processes are
irreversible to some degree The main causes for the Let the final steady state temperature of ball and water
irreversibility may be. be T°C.
(i) Mechanical and fluid friction m b c b (Tb1 − T) = m w c w (T − Tw1 )
(ii) Unrestricted expansion
1 × 0.4 (60°–T) = 1 × 4.18 (T–20°)
(iii) Heat transfer with a finite temperature difference.
T = 23.5°C
19. Which of the following is considered as
thermodynamic potential? 23. A 120-V electric resistance heater draws 10 A.
(a) Temperature (b) Internal energy It operates for 10 min in a rigid volume.
(c) Enthalpy (d) Entropy Calculate the work done on the air in the
JPSC AE 2013 Ist Paper volume.
Ans. (c) : Enthalpy is considered as thermodynamic (a) 720000 kJ (b) 720 kJ
potential. (c) 12000 J (d) 12 kJ
RPSC Vice Principal ITI 2018
T2
20. Ratio of absolute temperature at two Ans. (b) :
T1
W = VIT = 120 V × 10 A × (10 × 60) s
different states in an adiabatic process is : = 72 × 104 J = 720 kJ.
11
24. Air is compressed in a cylinder such that the Ans. (a) :
volume changes from 0.2 to 0.02 m3. The initial Volume (v1) = 5.0m3
pressure is 200 kPa. If the pressure is constant, Initial pressure (P1) = 1 bar = 100 kPa
the approximate work is Final Pressure (P2) = 5 bar = 500 kPa
(a) –36 kJ (b) –40 kJ We know that,
(c) –46 kJ (d) –52 kJ P2
RPSC Vice Principal ITI 2018 Work done (w) = ∫ VdP...........(i)
Ans. (a) : P1
Work done, If the pressure is constant, Since, process is isothermal
2
w = ∫ PdV Therefore, PV = mRT = constant.....(i)
1
Now equations (i) and (ii)
= P(V2 – V1)
P 
P2
c
= 200 × (0.02 – 0.2) w = ∫ dP = c ln  2 
= –36 kJ P1
P  P1 
25. Match List 1 with List 2 and choose the correct
P 
answer from the code- w = P1V1  2  (∵ P1V1 = P2 V2)
List-I List-II  P1 
(laws of (Defines)  500 
thermodynamics) w = (100 × 5) × ln  
 100 
A. First (i) Absolute zero
= 804.7 kJ
temperature
B. Second (ii) Internal Energy 28. If 'h' refers t heat, T refers to temperature,
C. Zeroth (iii) Temperature then in the throttling process,
D. Third (iv) Entropy (a) h1
2
= h2 (b) h1 = h2
1. (A) (B) (C) (D) h fg h fg
i ii iii iv (c) h1 = h2 + (d) h2 = h1 +
Ts Ts
2. (A) (B) (C) (D)
iii iv ii i TNPSC 2019
3. (A) (B) (C) (D) Ans. (b) : The throttling process is a constant enthalpy
iv ii i iii process.
4. (A) (B) (C) (D) h1 = h2
ii iv iii i 29. Which of the following processes are
RPSC INSP. OF FACTORIES AND BOILER 2016 thermodynamically reversible?
Ans : (4) (a) Throttling
(A) First→(ii) Internal Energy (b) Free expansion
(B) Second→(iv) Entropy (c) Constant volume and constant pressure
(C) Zeroth→ (iii) Temperature (d) Isothermal and adiabatic
(D) Third → (i) Absolute zero Temperature TNPSC 2019
26. Which of the following processes is irreversible Ans. (d) : Throttling, Free expansion, Constant volume
process and constant pressure processes and adiabatic process
(a) Isothermal (b) Adiabatic are thermodynamically irreversible whereas isothermal
(c) Throttling (d) All of the above and adiabatic processes are thermodynamically
Vizag Steel (MT) 2017 reversible.
Ans. (c) : 30. The most efficient method of compressing air is
Throttling process in which to compress it
No change in enthalpy from state one to state two (h1 (a) adiabatically (b) isentopically
= h2) (c) isothermally (d) isochorically
No work is done (W = 0) TNPSC 2019
Process called isenthalpic
Ans. (c) : The work of compression or the steady flow
Process is adiabatic (Q = 0)
work input to the gas.
27. A cylinder contains 5m3 of ideal gas at a
 γ−1 
pressure of 1 bar. This gas is compressed in a
γ   P2  γ 
reversible isothermal process till its pressure Wc = P1V1    − 1
γ − 1  P 
increases to 5 bar.  1 
(a) 804.7 (b) 953.2  
(c) 981.7 (d) 1012.2 For reversible adiabatic compression.
Vizag Steel (MT) 2017 Similarly, for reversible polytropic compression
12
 Ans. (a) : Generally, absolute zero pressure is the point
where there exist a minimum temperature i.e. zero. That
can be possible only when molecular momentum of
system become zero. There should not be any motion of
particles so there is no collision of particles, kinetic
energy nullifies and the temperature becomes zero.
34. An ideal gas can be taken from point K to point
N in three different paths:
K→L→N, K→N, K→M→N. Which of the
following is a true statement?

  n −1 
 

n  P2   n  
Wn = P1V1   − 1
n −1  P1  
(a) The same work is done during each process.
  (b) The same amount of heat is added to the gas
For reversible isothermal compression of an ideal gas during each process
Wt = P1V1 ℓn (P2/P1). (c) The same change in internal energy during
So, for same pressure ratio P2/P1 the isothermal each process
compression needs the minimum work, whereas (d) The same entropy generated during each
adiabatic compression needs the maximum work, while process
the polytropic compression work lies between iso- APPSC AEE 2016
thermal and adiabatic. Ans. (c) : From this diagram we get that the same
31. The internal energy of an ideal gas is function change in internal energy during each process because
of of internal energy. It is the property of the system (i.e
(a) pressure only point function) whereas work and heat for each process
(b) absolute temperature only will be different because of area under P–V and T–S
(c) pressure and volume diagram will be different for each process (i.e path
(d) pressure, volume and temperature function).
Gujarat PSC AE 2019
TSPSC AEE 2015
UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
OPSC AEE 2015 PAPER - II
Ans. (b) : The internal energy of an ideal gas is function
of absolute temperature only.
U = f (T only)
32. Work output from a system is at the expense of
internal energy is a non flow process carried 35. Which of the following is not a property of the
out system?
(a) at constant pressure (a) Temperature (b) Pressure
(b) at constant volume (c) Volume (d) Heat
(c) adiabatically TNPSC AE 2017
(d) polytropically UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
TSPSC AEE 2015 Ans. (d) : Heat is not a property of the system it is the
Ans. (c) : Work output from a system is at the expense form of energy whereas temperature, pressure and
of internal energy is a non flow process carried out volume are the property of the system.
adiabatically. 36. In reference to Thermodynamic equilibrium, it
33. The absolute zero pressure will be is required to have,
(a) When the molecular momentum of the system (a) Mechanical Equilibrium
becomes zero (b) Chemical Equilibrium
(b) at sea level (c) Thermal Equilibrium
(c) at the temperature of –273K (d) Mechanical, Chemical and Thermal
(d) at the centre of the earth Equilibrium
APPSC AEE 2016 TNPSC AE 2017
13
Ans. (d) : In reference to Thermodynamic equilibrium, Ans. (d) : Fan convert electrical energy into mechanical
it is required to have, Mechanical, Chemical and energy.
Thermal Equilibrium. 1
Power = × Mass flow rate of air × ( discharge velocity )
2
For Mechanical equilibrium ∆P ≈ 0 2
1
For Thermal equilibrium ∆T ≈ 0 P = mv ɺ 2
2
For Chemical equilibrium no change in concentration of
2P 2 × 20
reactants and products. v= = = 12.65m / s
37. If the value of n is zero in the equation PV = n mɺ 0.25
C, then the process is called Maximum air outlet velocity ≃ 12.7m / s
(a) constant volume process 42. In a reversible adiabatic process the ratio
(b) constant pressure process (T 1 /T 2) is equal to-
γ −1 γ −1
(c) idiabatic process γ γ

(d) isothermal process  p1   v1 

(a)   (b)  
TNPSC AE 2018  p2   v2 
n
Ans. (b) : If the value of n is zero in the equation pV = γ −1 γ
2γ  v2 
c, then the process is called constant pressure process. (c) ( v1v2 ) (d)  
38. In a free expansion of a gas between two  v1 
equilibrium states, work transfer involved. RPSC AE 2018
(a) can be calculated by joining the two states on UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
p-v coordinates by any path and estimating Ans. (a) : We know that, Polytropic process
area below PVn = constant ...(1)
(b) can be calculated by joining two states by a If process is reversible adiabatic then η = γ = 1.4
quasi static path and then finding the area For ideal gas
below PV
= constant
(c) is zero T
(d) is equal to heat generated by friction during then
expansion  V2  P1 T2
TNPSC AE 2018  = × ...(2)
 V1  T1 P2
Ans. (c) : In a free expansion of a gas between two
P1 V1γ = P2 V2γ
equilibrium states, work transfer involved is zero.
1
39. The internal energy of a substance depends on  V2   P1  γ
(a) temperature (b) pressure  = 
(c) entropy (d) enthalpy  V1   P2 
TNPSC AE 2018 From equation (2)
1
Ans. (a) : The internal energy of a substance depends  P1   T2   P1  γ
on temperature.  × = 
U = mcV∆T  P2   T1   P2 
 γ −1 
40. The temperature at which the volume of gas  
 T1   P1  γ 
becomes zero is called  = 
(a) absolute scale of temperature  T2   P2 
(b) absolute zero temperature 43. An isolated system-
(c) absolute temperature (a) is a specified region where transfer of energy
(d) dew point temperature and/or mass takes place
TNPSC AE 2018 (b) is a region of constant mass and only energy
is allowed to cross the boundaries
Ans. (b) : The temperature at which the volume of gas (c) cannot transfer either energy or mass to or
becomes zero is called absolute zero temperature. from the surroundings
At absolute zero temperature (– 273.15 K), (d) is one in which mass within the system is not
momentum of gas molecules becomes zero. necessarily constant
41. A fan consumes 20 W of electric power and RPSC AE 2018
discharges air from a ventilated room at 0.25 TSPSC AEE 2015
kg/s. The maximum air outlet velocity is nearly Ans. (c) : Isolated system—An isolated system cannot
(a) 4.7 m/s (b) 8.7 m/s transfer either energy or mass to or from the
(c) 10.2 m/s (d) 12.7 m/s surrounding ∆m = 0, ∆E = 0 for isolated system.
UPSC JWM 2017 Example—Universe, thermal flask bottle etc.
14
44. In the polytropic process equation PVn = Work done for constant volume process for closed
constant if n is infinitely large, the process is system.
termed as- WV=C = zero
(a) Constant volume (b) Constant pressure work done for constant pressure process for closed
(c) Constant temperature (d) Adiabatic system
RPSC AE 2018 WP=C = P (V2 – V1)
TNPSC AE 2018 47. Which of the following is correct statement for
UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II 'Energy (E)'?
Ans. (a) : In the polytropic process (a) 'Energy (E)' is not the property of system
PVn = constant (b) 'Energy (E)' is path function
If n=∞ (c) Change in energy between two states of a
then PV ∞ = constant. system is different for different path followed
Then this polytropic process is termed as costant (d) ∫ dE = 0
volume process.
If n=1 UPRVUNL AE 2016
PV = constant (Isothermal process) Ans. (d) : • Energy E is the property of system and it is
If n=0 the point function.
PV0 = constant • Change in energy between two states of a
Constant pressure process system is same for different path followed.
If n = 1.4 • For point function
PV1.4 = constant (adiabatic process) ∫ dE = 0
Process Value of 'n' index
48. Internal energy of system containing perfect
Constant pressure 0
gas depends on
Isothermal 1
(a) Pressure only
Adiabatic 1.4
(b) Temperature only
Constant volume ∞ (c) Pressure and temperature
45. The instrument which measures the (d) Pressure temperature and specific heat
temperature of the source without direct HPPSC AE 2018
contact is
(a) Bi-metallic cut-out Ans. (b) : Internal energy of a system containing perfect
(b) Vapour pressure thermometer gas (ideal gas) depends on temperature only.
(c) Pyrometer U = f(T) [For ideal gas only]
(d) Thin film thermometer 49. Which of the following equations is incorrect?
TNPSC AE 2014 (where V,P,T and Q are volume, pressure,
Ans. (c) : Pyrometer–Pyrometer is a device use for temperature and heat transfer respectively)
measuring relatively high temperature, such as are (a) ∫ dV = 0 (b) ∫ dP = 0
encountered in furnace. Most pyrometer works by
measuring radiation from the body whose temperature (c) ∫ dT = 0 (d) ∫ dQ = 0
is to be measured. Radiation devices have the advantage RPSC LECTURER 16.01.2016
of not touch the material being measured. Ans. (d) :
46. Work done for an isothermal process is
PV − P V ∫Q≠0
(a) 1 1 2 2 (b) P (V2 − V1 )
n −1 ∫V = 0
(c) PV1 1 ln( P1 / P2 ) (d) PV1 1 ln(V1 / V2 )
TNPSC AE 2013
∫P=0
P  ∫T =0
Ans. (c) : Wisot = P1V1 ln  1  Because V,P,T are properties of the system whereas Q
 P2  and work (W) not a properties of the system.
P  Cyclic integration of the system properties will be equal
= P2 V2 ln  1  to zero.
 P2 
50. Which of the following statements is correct for
V  "Energy"
= P1V1 ln  2 
 V1  (a) It is a point function
Work done for polytropic process (b) It is a path function
(c) It is not a conserved quantity
P V − P 2 V2
W poly = 1 1 (d) It can be measured by thermometer
n −1 RPSC LECTURER 16.01.2016
15
Ans. (a) : W = PdV
= P(V2 – V1)
54 × 103 = 600 × 103 (V2 – 0.01)
V2 = 0.1 m3
54. A polytropic process with n = –1, initiates with
P = V = 0 and ends with P = 600 kPa and V =
0.01 m3. The work done is
(a) 2 kJ (b) 3 kJ
(c) 4 kJ (d) 6 kJ
JPSC AE PRE 2019
Ans. (b) : Given,
Note:-Option (a) is given by RPSC. n = –1
51. The heat capacity of the substance is given by P 1 =0

expression: V 1 =0
(a) Heat capacity = (Mass) + (specific heat) P2 = 600 kPa
(b) Heat capacity = (Mass) – (specific heat) V2 = 0.01 m3
PV − PV 0 − 600 × 0.01
(c) Heat capacity = (Mass) × (specific heat) W= 1 1 2 2 =
(d) Heat capacity = (Mass) / (specific heat) n −1 −1 − 1
(e) Heat capacity = (Mass)2 + (specific heat)2 = 3 kJ
(CGPCS Polytechnic Lecturer 2017) 55. Work done in a free expansion process is
Ans. (c) : Heat Capacity–Heat capacity or thermal (a) Positive (b) Negative
capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the (c) Zero (d) Maximum
amount of heat to be supplied to a given mass of a JPSC AE PRE 2019
material to produce a unit change in its temperature. TNPSC AE 2018
Heat capacity is an extensive property. It is denoted by UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
C Ans. (c) :
C = m × c (J/k) From first law of thermodynamics
Where δQ = dU + δW,
m → mass of the system since, for free expansion (T1 = T2)
c → Specific heat δQ = 0 and dU = 0
52. Which of the following is NOT an intensive So, δW = 0
thermodynamic property?
(a) Temperature (b) Pressure 56. For an ideal gas, enthalpy is represented by
(c) Energy (d) Specific volume (a) H = U – RT (b) H = U + RT
(e) Specific energy (c) H = RT – U (d) H = –(U + RT)
(CGPCS Polytechnic Lecturer 2017) JPSC AE PRE 2019
Ans. (c) : Intensive Properties–An intensive property Ans. (b) : H = U + PV
is a property of matter that depends only on the type of PV = mRT
matter is a sample and not depends on the amount of for unity mass, m = 1
mass. H = U + mRT
Example–Pressure, temperature, density, viscosity H = U + RT
specific enthalpy, specific entropy, specific volume etc. 57. Which one of the following represents the
Extensive Properties– An extensive property is a energy in storage?
property that depends on the amount of matter in a (a) Work (b) Heat
sample. (c) Energy (d) Internal energy
Example– Volume, enthalpy, entropy, mass energy etc. JPSC AE PRE 2019
53. A piston cylinder arrangement has air at 600 Ans. (d) : Internal energy—Internal energy of a
kPa, 290 K and volume of 0.01 m3. During a system is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy
constant pressure process, if it gives 54 kJ of of that system.
work, the final volume must be
(a) 0.10 m3 (b) 0.05 m3 58. Heat transfer takes place as per
(c) 0.01 m 3
(d) 0.15 m 3 (a) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
JPSC AE PRE 2019 (b) First Law of Thermodynamics
Ans. (a) : Given, (c) Second Law of Thermodynamics
P1 = 600 kPa (d) Kirchhoff's Law
T1 = 290 K SJVN ET 2013
W = 54 kJ Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2
V1 = 0.01 m3 Ans. (c) : Heat transfer takes place as per second law of
V2 =? thermodynamics.
16
59. 2 kg of substance receives 500 kJ and 65. Identify open system and closed system from
undergoes a temperature change from 100oC to the following
200oC. Then average specific heat of substance (a) Blood circulation and respiration in human
during the process will be: body
(a) 5 kJ/kg oK (b) 2.5 kJ/kg oK (b) Fuel system and radiator in cars
(c) 10 kJ/kg oK (d) 25 kJ/kg oK (c) Air compressor and boiler
SJVN ET 2013 (d) Shell and tube heat exchanger and Blower
Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2
Ans. (b) : m = 2kg
Ans. (c) : Air compressor is an open system and boiler
Q = 500 kJ
comes under closed system (boiler having closed
T1 = 100oC
chamber).
T2 = 200oC
66. Compression efficiency is compared against
Q = mc∆T (a) Ideal compression
500 = 2 × c (200 – 100) (b) Adiabatic compression
c = 2.5 kJ / kg o K (c) Isentropic compression
(d) Isothermal compression
60. The work done during an isothermal process Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2
is: Ans. (d) : Compression efficiency is compared against
v  isothermal compression.
(a) P1V1 log e  2 
67. Which thermometer is independent of the
 v1 
substance or material used in its construction?
v  (a) mercury thermometer
(b) P1V2 log e  1 
 v2  (b) alcohol thermometer
(c) ideal gas thermometer
P  (d) resistance thermometer
(c) P2 V2 log e  2 
 P1  Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2
P V −PV Ans. (c) : Ideal gas thermometer in independent of the
(d) 2 2 1 1 substance or material used in its construction.
n −1 68. The pressure of air in an automobile tyre at
TRB Polytechnic Lecturer 2017
temperature of 27oC is 1.75 bar (gauge). Due to
V  running the temperature of air in the rises to
Ans. (a) : Wisothermal = P1V1 log e  2 
 V1  87oC. What will be the gauge pressure during
this running? [Patm = 1.01 bar, volume of tyre is
61. Thermocouples are generally used for
assumed constant]
measuring temperature:
(a) 2.302 bar (b) 2.914 bar
(a) 500 oC (b) 1000 oC
o (c) 1.677 bar (d) 3.180 bar
(c) 1500 C (d) 2000 oC
SJVN ET 2019
SJVN ET 2013
TNPSC AE 2018 Ans. (a) : Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
= 1.01 + 1.75
Ans. (c) : Thermocouples are generally used for = 2.76 bar
o
measuring temperature up to 1500 C P1V1 P2 V2
62. Which of the following is not a point function ∴ =
T1 T2
of the system.
(a) Temperature (b) Pressure P × T 2.76 × 360
(c) Specific volume (d) Heat
( P2 )abs = abs 2 =
T1 300
TRB Polytechnic Lecturer 2017
( P2 )abs = 3.312 − 1.01
Ans. (d) : Heat is path function whereas temperature,
pressure and specific volume are point function. = 2.302 bar
63. The enthalpy of an ideal gas is a function of 69. A non-flow reversible process takes place
(a) Pressure only (b) Volume only 15
(c) Temperature only (d) None of these according to V = m3 , where P is in bar.
P
Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2 What will be the work done if pressure changes
Ans. (c) : Enthalpy is a function of temperature only. from 1 bar to 10 bar? [Given. ln (10) = 2.3025]
64. 1ºC is equal to (a) 3.453 MN-m, expansion
(a) 273.15 K (b) 274.15 K (b) 3.453 N-m, compression
(c) 283.15 K (d) 263.15 K (c) 3.453 MN-m compression
Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2 (d) 3.453 N-m, expansion
Ans. (b) : 1ºC is equal to Kelvin, 274.15 K. SJVN ET 2019
17
Ans. (c) : Given, Ans. (d) : Given, m1 = 5kg
15 P1 = 4 atm
V = m3
P = 4 × 101.325 kPa
P1 = 1 bar = 405.3 kPa
P2 = 10 bar T1 = 30 + 273 = 303 K
P1V1= P2V2 P2 = 2 atm
P1 V2 = 2 × 101.325 kPa
= = 202.68 kPa
P2 V1
T2 = 150 + 273 = 423 K
V1 10 From gas equation
=
V2 1 PV = mRT
Non flow work = ∫ PdV m RT 5 × 0.287 × 303
V= 1 1=
1
P1 405.3
 15  3
= ∫   dV V = 1.072 m
10 
V Again from gas equation for final state
1
1 PV
= 15 ∫   dV m2 = 2
RT
10 
V 2

= 15[ ℓ n1 − ℓn10] 202.65 × 1.072

=
0.287 × 423
= 15[ 0 − 2.3025] = 1.79 kg
= −34.538 × 105 Nm Amount of gas escaped = m1 − m2
= −3.4538MN-m = 5 − 1.79
= 3.4538MN-m (Compression) = 3.209 kg
73. The thermal efficiency of the hypothetical cycle
70. In a steady flow reversible adiabatic process shown is
work done is equal to (a) 0.6 (b) 0.5
(a) Change in internal energy (c) 0.4 (d) 0.3
(b) Change in entropy ESE 2017
(c) Change in enthalpy
Ans. (c) :
(d) Heat transferred
TNPSC AE 2014
Ans. (c) : In a steady flow reversible adiabatic process
work done is equal to change in enthalpy.
71. Certain quantities cannot be located on the
graph by a point but are given by a point but
are given by the area under the curve
corresponding to the process. These quantities
in concepts of thermodynamics are called as
(a) cyclic functions (b) point functions Wnet = area enclosed by ∆ABC
(c) path functions (d) real functions 1
ESE 2019 = × (5 − 1) × (700 − 300)
2
Ans. (c) : Path functions like heat transfer and work = 800 kJ
done cannot be represented by points in the graph, but Heat supplied (Q ) = Area of 1 − A − B − C − 5 − 1
s
can be given by the area under the curve.
= Area of ∆ABC + Area of 1 − A − C − 5 − 1
Heat transfer will be area under curve in T-s diagram
1
while work done will be the area under curve in p-v = (5 − 1)(700 − 300) + 300(5 − 1)
diagram. 2
= 800 + 1200
72. A steel tank placed in hot environment contains
= 2000 kJ
5 kg of air at 4atm at 30°C. A portion of the air
efficiency of the cycle
is released till the pressure becomes 2 atm.
Later, the temperature of the air in the tank is W
η = net
found to be 150°C. The quantity of air allowed Qs
to escape is 800
(a) 4.72 kg (b) 4.12 kg =
2000
(c) 3.71 kg (d) 3.21 kg = 0.4
ESE 2018
18
74. If the compression or expansion of a gas takes 79.Orsat apparatus is used for analyzing.........
place in such a way that the gas neither gives (a) oxygen (b) air
heat nor takes heat from its surroundings, the (c) carbon dioxide (d) flue gases
process is said to be (HPPSC LECT. 2016)
APPSC AEE 2012 Ans : (d) Orsat apparatus is used for analyzing flue
(a) Isothermal (b) Adiabatic gases.
(c) Isobaric (d) None of these 80. A closed system is one which
Ans : (b) If the compression or expansion of a gas takes (a) permits the passage of energy and matter
place in such a way that the gas neither gives heat nor across the boundaries.
takes heat from its surrounding, the process is said to be (b) does not permit the passage of energy and
adiabatic. matter across the boundaries.
75. For an adiabatic process, (c) permit the passage of energy across the
(a) PV = a constant (b) PVn =a constant boundary but does not permit the passage of
P P matter.
(c) γ
=a constant (d) = a constant (d) permit the passage of energy across the
ρ Kρ
boundary but does not permit the passage of
APPSC 2012 matter.
Ans : (c) For an adiabatic process TSPSC AEE 2015
P Ans : (c) A closed system is one which permit the
= constant
ργ passage of energy across the boundary but does not
γ = Ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the permit the passage of matter.
specific heat at Constant volume. System Energy Work transfer
Cp / C v = 1.4 for air. transfer
Open system Yes Yes
76. The equation PV = mRT is essentially valid for Closed system Yes No
(a) Perfect gas (b) Real gas Isolated system No No
(c) Monoatomic gas (d) Mixture of gases
81. The density of water is maximum at
(KPSC AE 2015) (a) 20 0C (b) 4 0C
Ans : (a) The equation PV = mRT is essentially valid (c) 0 C0
(d) -4 0C
for perfect gas. UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II
The equation PV = mRT may also be expressed in
Ans : (b) The maximum density of water occurs at 4 0C
another form
because, at this temperature two opposing effects are in
m
P = RT balance.
V In ice, the water molecules are in a crystal lattice that
P = ρRT has a lot of empty space. When the ice melts to liquid
water, the structure collapses and the density of the
77. The weight of oxygen in atmospheric air is liquid increases.
(a) 21% (b) 19% Thus, the density of water is a maximum at 4 0C
(c) 23% (d) 31%
(KPSC AE 2015)
Ans : (c) The weight of oxygen in atmospheric air 23%
78. The characteristic equation of gases PV = nRT
holds good for
(a) Monoatomic gases (b) diatomic gases
(c) real gases (d) ideal gases
BPSC Poly. Lect. 2016
Ans : (d) The Characteristic equation for gases
PV = nRT hold good for ideal gas. 82. A perfect gas at 27 ° C is heated at constant
Ideal gas equation, pressure so as to triple its volume. The final
PV = mRT temperature of the gas will be.
PV = nRT (a) 81 °C (b) 270°C
Where R =
R
(M → Molecular weight of gas) (c) 627 °C (d) 900°C
M RPSC INSP. OF FACTORIES AND BOILER 2016
m TSPSC AEE 2015
n= (R → Characteristic gas constant) Ans : (c) T = 27 + 273 = 300K
M 1
n = No. of mole [k-mol] T2 = ?
R = Universal gas constant V1 = Vm3
V2 = 3 Vm3
R = 8.3143 kJ/kg mol K Ideal gas Equation:-
19
 P1V1 P2 V2 (c) Specific volume (d) Heat
= UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
T1 T2
Ans. (d) : Heat
At Pressure constant
86. Which cycle has maximum efficiency for the
V1 V2 same temperature limits?
=
T1 T2 (a) Brayton (b) Carnot
V 3V (c) Rankine (d) Stirling
= UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
300 T2 Ans. (b) : Carnot
T2 = 900 K 87. The work done is constant volume process is
T2 = 627°C (a) maximum (b) minimum
83. A non-flow device compresses air isothermally (c) zero (d) unpredictable
at a temperature of 500oC from a pressure of UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
5.0 MPa to a final pressure of 15.0 MPa. If the Ans. (c) : Zero
device uses 200 kJ/kg of work input, then this 88. In a reversible adiabatic process heat added is
process is equal to
(a) impossible (a) zero (b) positive value
(b) irreversible
 λ −1  V1
(c) either reversible or irreversible (c) Cv   (T2 − T1 ) (d) PV1 1 log e
(d) reversible  1− n  V2
BHEL ET 2019 UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
Ans. (a) : Given - Ans. (a) : Zero
T1 = 5000C 89. In an irreversible process there is a
T1 = 273 + 500 (a) loss of heat (b) no loss of heat
= 773 K (c) gain of heat (d) no gain of heat
P1 = 5.0 MPa UKPSC AE 2012, 2007 Paper–II
P2 = 15.0 MPa Ans. (a) : loss of heat
work input = 200 kJ/kg 90. Choose the correct alternative:
Non-flow isothermal process 1. First law for a closed system undergoing a
P  cycle Q – W = ∆E
work done WIsothermal = P1 V1ln  1  2. Two reversible adiabatic paths can not
 P2  intersect each other.
 P1  3. If two fluids are mixed, the entropy of
= mRT1l n   universe remains unchanged.
 P2  4. Clausius statement – Heat can flow from low
where, m = 1, R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K to high temperature body without the aid of
 5 external work.
WIsothermal = 1 × 0.287 × 773 l n   5. The efficiency of a reversible heat engine is
 15  independent of nature of working substance
= -243.728 kJ/kg undergoing a cycle.
W = 243 kJ/kg (work done on the system) (a) All statements are true.
Actual work input of the device (b) Statements 2 and 5 are true.
= 200 kJ/kg (c) Statements 1, 3, 4 and 5 are true.
• work done of the system 200 kJ/kg is less than (d) Statements 1, 3 and 5 are true.
actual work done of the system 243.7285 kJ/kg. UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
So, its impossible Ans. (b) : Statements 2 and 5 are true.
84. The net work done per kg of gas in a polytropic 91. The unit of work is
process is equal to (a) kW (b) kWh
V2 (c) kW/h (d) kJ/s
(a) PV1 1 log e (b) P1 (V1 – V2) UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
V1
Ans. (b) : kWh
 V1  1 1 − PV
PV 92. A system is taken from state A to state B along
(c) P2  V2 −  (d) 2 2

 V2  n − 1 two different paths 1 and 2. The heat absorbed

and work done by the system along these paths
UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II are Q1 and Q2 and W1 and W2 respectively,
PV − PV then
Ans. (d) : 1 1 2 2
n −1 (a) Q1 = Q2 (b) W1 + Q1 = Q2 + W2
85. Which of the following is not a property of (c) W 1 = W 2 (d) Q1 – W1 = Q2 – W2
system? UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
(a) Temperature (b) Pressure Ans. (d) : Q 1 – W 1 = Q 2 – W 2

20
93. Which of the following is an irreversible 99. The pressure inside a balloon is proportional to
process ? the square of its diameter. It contains 2 kg of
(a) An isothermal process water at 150 kPa with 85% quality. The
(b) An isentropic process balloon and water are now heated so that a
(c) An isobaric process final pressure of 600 kPa is reached. the
(d) An isenthalpic process process undergone by the water is given by p-v
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II equation as :
Ans. (d) : An isenthalpic process (a) pv-2/3 = constant
94. The work in a closed system undergoing an (b) pv2/3 = constant
isentropic process is given by (c) pv2/5 = constant
γ γ −1 (d) pv-2/5 = constant
(a) mR ( T1 − T2 ) (b) mR ( T1 − T2 ) BHEL ET 2019
γ −1 γ Ans. (a) : pv-2/3 = constant
1 γ
(c) mR ( T1 − T2 ) (d) m ( T1 − T2 ) 100. A gas goes through a process given by pv 2 = c.
γ −1 γ −1
It expands from state 1 of 350 kPa and 0.049
(Notations used have usual meaning) m3 to a final pressure of 150 KPa. Work
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II delivered during this process in kJ is :
1 (a) 4.765 (b) 8.5
Ans. (c) : mR ( T1 − T2 )
γ −1 (c) 5.915 (d) 3.897
95. The thermal efficiency of a theoretical Otto BHEL ET 2019
cycle Ans. (c) : Given - PV2 = C
(a) increases with increase in compression ratio at state 1, –
(b) increases with increase in isentropic index γ P1 = 350 kPa
(c) does not depend on the pressure ratio V1 = 0.049 m3
(d) follows all the above P2 = 150 kPa
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II According to PV2 = C, n = 2
P1 V12 = P2 V22
Ans. (d) : follows all the above
350 × (0.049)2 = 150 × (V2)2
96. T1 is high and T2 is low temperature of a
350 × ( 0.049 )
2
Carnot heat engine. Which is the most efficient ( V2 )
2
=
way to increase efficiency? 150
(a) To increase T1 V2 = 0.07484 m3
(b) To decrease T2 P V − P2 V 2
(c) To increase T1 and T2 both Work done W = 1 1
n −1
(d) To decrease T1 and T2 both
350 × 0.049 − 150 × 0.0744848
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II =
Ans. (b) : 2 −1
= 5.9222 kJ
97. For non-flow closed system the value of net
energy transferred as heat and work equals 101. When the valve of an evacuated bottle is
change in:- opened, the atmospheric air rushes into it. If
(a) Enthalpy (b) Entropy the atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa and
(c) Internal energy (d) None of the above 0.6 m3 of air enters into the bottle, then the
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II work done by the air will be
Ans. (c) : (a) 80.8 kJ (b) 70.8 kJ
98. Pick the correct statement regarding path (c) 60.8 kJ (d) 50.8 kJ
function. ESE 2018
(a) The differentials of point functions are Ans. (c) : The displacement work done by air
inexact differentials
(b) The differentials of point functions & path
functions are exact differentials.
(c) The differentials of path function are inexact
differentials.
(d) The differentials of path functions are exact
differentials.

Ans. (c) :
BHEL ET 2019 W=
∫Bottle
PdV + ∫ Free air
boundary
PdV

• The differential of path functions are inexact = 0 + P∆V

differentials where as differential of point functions are = 101.325 × 0.6
exact differentials. = 60.8 kJ
21
102. For the quick response of a thermocouple 106. The identity δQ = dU + PdV is valid for :
(a) Its wire diameter should be large (a) Any process occurring in an open system
(b) The convective heat transfer coefficient (b) Any process occurring in a closed system
should be high (c) A quasi-static process without dissipation in a
(c) The specific heat should be high closed cycle
(d) The density should not be very small (d) Any process in any system
UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011
Ans : (b) For the quick response of a thermocouple the Ans. (c) : δQ = dU + PdV
convective heat transfer coefficient should be high. This equation is valid for closed system, quasi-static
process without dissipation in a closed cycle and
reversible process.
2. First Law of Thermodynamics 107. Heat transferred to a closed stationary system
constant volume is equal to
103. The first law of thermodynamics was developed (a) work transfer
by- (b) increased in internal energy
(a) Joule (b) Kelvin (c) increase in enthalpy
(c) Charles (d) Carnot (d) increase in gibbs function
RPSC AE 2018 RPSC INSP. OF FACTORIES AND BOILER 2016
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II Ans : (b) δQ = dU + δW
Ans. (a) : The first law of thermodynamics was for constant volume close system
developed by Joule. W=0
First law of thermodynamics—When a closed system Hence,
executes a complete cycle the sum of heat interactions δQ = dU
is equal to the sum of work interaction. 108. The short coming of first law of
∑ Q = ∑W thermodynamics is
The summations being over the entire cycle. (a) Direction of process
(b) Possibility of process
(c) Quality of energy
(d) Quantity of energy
JPSC AE PRE 2019
Ans. (d) : The short coming of first law of
thermodynamics is quantity of energy.
QA 1− 2 + QB 2 −1 = WA 1− 2 + WB 2 −1 • The short coming of second law of thermodynamics is
quality of energy.
104. Joules law states the specific internal energy of 109. In a steady flow process, across the control
a gas depends only on volume mass and energy flow
(a) the pressure of the gas (a) Varies continuously
(b) the volume of the gas (b) Remain constant
(c) the temperature of the gas (c) Depends on control surface
(d) pressure and volume of the gas (d) Depends on type of process
TNPSC AE 2018 JPSC AE PRE 2019
Ans. (c) : Joules law states the specific internal energy Ans. (b) : Assumptions made in steady flow processes
of a gas depends only on the temperature of the gas. are
u = f (T) only (i) Control volume moves relative to the coordinate
105. Internal energy of an isolated system : frame.
(a) Increases with addition on heat (ii) The state of the mass at each discrete area of flow
(b) Increases with increase in mass of the system on the control surface does not vary with time. The
(c) Remains same rate at which heat and work cross the control
(d) Increases with addition of work surface remain constant.
OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011 110. During throttling process :
Ans. (c) : Internal energy of an isolated system remains (a) internal energy does not change
same. (b) pressure does not change
According to first law of thermodynamics (c) volume does not change
δQ = dU + δW (d) enthalpy does not change
For isolated system UKPSC AE-2013, 2007 Paper-II
δW = 0 RPSC INSP. OF FACTORIES AND BOILER 2016
δQ = 0 OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II
dU = 0 Gujarat PSC AE 2019
Internal energy of perfect gas is only function of (KPSC AE. 2015)
temperature only. UPRVUNL AE 2014
22
Ans : (d) During throttling process enthalpy does not 113. The change in enthalpy of a closed system is
change. equal to the heat transferred, if the reversible
Throttling process:- Steam is said to be throttled when process takes place at constant
it passes through a restricted opening such as a narrow (a) Temperature (b) Pressure
aperture or a slightly opened valve. The leakage of a (c) Volume (d) Entropy
fluid through a crack in the vessel is an example of RPSC Vice Principal ITI 2018
throttling Ans. (b) : From Tds equation,
Tds = dh – VdP
Tds = dQ (for reversible process)
dQ = dh when, dP = 0
Hence for constant pressure process,
dQ = dh
114. Gas expands for a definite volume in a closed
vessel. The maximum work will be done when
the process is at constant
(a) Volume (b) Temperature
(c) Pressure (d) Enthalpy
It may be noted that throttling process:- UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II
(i) No heat is supplied or rejected (1Q2 = O) Ans : (c) Gas expands for a definite volume in a closed
(ii) No Work is done by the expending fluid (1W2=0) vessel. The maximum work will be done when the
(iii) No Change in the internal energy (du=o) process is at constant pressure.
(iv) The enthalpy by or total heat of the fluid remains Work done during a Non-flow process:-
constant (h1=h2)
111. During an isothermal expansion process of a
gas :
(a) pressure remains constant
(b) temperature remains constant
(c) both pressure and temperature remain
constant
(d) none of the above
2 2
(HPPSC LECT. 2016) W1− 2 = ∫ δW = ∫ P.dv
1 1
Ans : (b) During an isothermal expansion process of a
Work done for non-flow process from state 1 to state 2
gas temperature remains constant.
From above, we see that the work done is given by the
112. An ideal gas is filled in a balloon kept in an area under the P - V diagram.
evacuated and insulated room When the
115. During mixing of steams in case of air
balloon ruptures, the gas fills up the entire conditioning, the process is associated with:
room. Now internal energy of gas.......... and the (a) Throttling (b) Adiabatic
enthalpy of gas.......... at the end of this process. (c) Isobaric (d) Isochoric
(a) increases, increases UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II
(b) constant, decreases Ans : (b) During mixing of steams in case of air
(c) constant, constant conditioning, the process is associated with adiabatic.
(d) decreases, increases 116. The heat absorbed or rejected during a
(HPPSC LECT. 2016) polytropic process is equal to :
Ans : (c) An ideal gas is filled in a balloon kept in an 1
 γ−n
2

evacuated and insulated room. when the balloon (a)   x workdone

ruptures, the gas fills up the entire room. Now internal  γ −1 
energy of gas constant and the enthalpy of gas constant γ−n
(b)   x workdone
at the end of this process.  n −1 
Internal energy of gas (dU) = mcvdt 2
 γ−n
Enthalpy of gas (dH) = mcpdt (c)   x workdone
Internal energy and Enthalpy of an ideal gas is a  γ −1 
function of temperature γ−n
dU = f (T) (d)   x workdone
 γ −1 
dH = f (T)
MPPSC AE 2016
23
Ans : (d) Ans : (c)
Adiabatic Process 1–2
1Q2 = 0
1Q2 – 1W2 = 1U2
0 – (–5000) = 1U2
U2 – U1 = 5000 J
Non Adiabatic Process 2–1
2Q1 – 2W1 = 2U1 = U1 – U2
= – (U2 – U1)
– 1000 – 2W1 = – 5000
2W1 = 6000 J
120. In a heat exchanger, 50 kg of water is heated
Heat supplied or heat transferred per minute from 50°C to 110°C by hot gases
γ-n mR(T1 -T2 ) which enter the heat exchanger at 250°C. The
Q1-2 = × value of Cp for water is 4.186 kJ/kg.K and for
γ-1 n-1
air is 1 kJ/kg.K. If the flow rate of gases is 100
mR ( T1 -T2 ) kg/min, the net change of enthalpy of air will be
work done during polytropic expension= nearly
n-1
γ-n (a) 17.6 MJ/min (b) 15.0 MJ/min
Q1-2 = ×work done (c) 12.6 MJ/min (d) 10.0 MJ/min
γ-1 ESE 2020
117. What is the rise in temperature of 80 litres of
Ans. (c) : m w c pw (T1 − T2 ) = m ɺ air (∆h)air
water in 40 min by a heater of 2 kW. If whole
of the heater energy used to raise the water = Enthalpy change of air
temperature? 50 × 4.186 × 60
(a) 14.3ºC (b) 1.43ºC = = 12.558 MJ/min
1000
(c) 2.52 ºC (d) 25.2 ºC
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II ≈ 12.6 MJ/min
Ans : (a) : 121. A system executes a cycle during which there
Heat taken by water = Heat given by heater are four heat transfers Q12 = 220 kJ, Q23 = -25
Heat (Q) = mCp ∆T = Power × time kJ, Q34 = -180 kJ, Q41 = 50 kJ. The work during
80 × 4.2 × ∆T = 2× 40 × 60 tube of the processes is W12 = 15 kJ, W23 = -10
2 × 40 × 60 kJ, W34 = 60 kJ. The work done during the
∆T = process 4 – 1 is
80 × 4.2
= 14.28ºC (a) –230 kJ (b) 0 kJ
≈ 14.3ºC (c) 230 kJ (d) 130 kJ
TNPSC 2019
118. In a reversible isothermal expansion process,
3
the fluid expands from 10 bar and 2 m to 2 bar Ans. (b) : According to first law of thermodynamics
and 10 m3. During this expansion process, 100 [ ΣQ] = [ ΣW ] [ for cyclic process]
kW of heat is supplied. Then the work done Q + Q + Q + Q = W + W + W + W
1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-1
during the process is 220 + (-25) + (-180) + 50 = 15 + (-10) + 60 + W4-1
(a) 33.3 kW (b) 80 kW
(c) 100 kW (d) 20 kW W4−1 = 0 kJ
BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V 122. Consider the following devices :
Ans : (c) : Assuming ideal gas and reversible 1. Internal combustion engine working on Otto
isothermal process, cycle
δQ = dU + δW 2. Internal combustion engine working on
δQ = δW Diesel cycle
for isothermal and ideal gas 3. Gas turbines
U = f(T) 4. Steam turbines
As heat transfer is 100 kW is given, work will also be In which of the above devices, the equation dQ
equal to 100 kW. = dU + Pdv is not applicable ?
119. In an adiabatic process 5000 J of work is (a) 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 4
performed on a system. The system returns to (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 2
its original state while 1000 J of heat is added. UPSC JWM 2017
The work done during non adiabatic process. Ans. (c) : δQ = dU + δW ...(1)
(a) +4000J (b) –4000J
(c) +6000J (d) –6000J δQ = dU + PdV ...(2)
RPSC INSP. OF FACTORIES AND BOILER 2016 The equation (2) is applicable for the closed system.
24
123. The steady flow energy equation of a perfect 126. A system is composed of a gas contained in a
gas flowing through a nozzle with the initial cylinder fitted with a piston. The gas expands
and final velocities of V1 and V2 are given by from the state 1 for which E1 = 75 kJ to a state
V − V1
2 2 2 for which E2 = – 25 kJ. During the expansion,
(a) h1 = h2 (b) h1 − h2 = 2 the gas does 60 kJ of work surroundings. The
2
heat transferred to or from the systems during
V − V2
2 2
W
(c) h1 − h2 = 1 (d) h1 − h2 = X process is:
2 m (a) – 30 kJ (b) – 40 kJ
TNPSC AE 2013 (c) 30 kJ (d) 40 kJ
Ans. (b) : We know that SFEE, TRB Polytechnic Lecturer 2017
 V 2
 Ans. (b) : Given as,
m 1 h 1 + 1 + Z1  + Q E1 = 75 kJ, E2 = –25 kJ
 2  W = 60 kJ
 V2  Q=?
= m 2 h 2 + 2 + Z 2  + W We know that
 2 
Q = ∆E + W
For nozzle Q = (–25 – 75) + 60
We assume that
Q = –40 kJ
Z1 = Z2, Q = 0, W = 0
then we get 127. For a heat engine cycle, which of the following
relation is always true [Q = heat transfer, W=
V22 − V12
(h1 − h 2 ) = work transfer]
2 (a) ∑ Q = 0 ∑ W = 0 (b) ∑ Q = ∑ W
124. Heat transfer in a cyclic process are +20 kJ, -5 cycle cycle cycle cycle
kJ, -10 kJ and +15 kJ. Net work done for this (c) ∑ Q > ∑ W (d) ∑ Q < ∑ W
cycle will be given by: cycle cycle cycle cycle
(a) +0 kJ (b) -20 kJ
SJVN ET 2019
(c) +20 kJ (d) -10 kJ
UPRVUNL AE 2016 Ans. (b) : ∑ Q = ∑ W
cycle cycle
Ans. (c) : From first law of thermodynamics.
128. Flow work is analogous to
∫ Q = ∫W (a) Stirring work (b) Electrical work
QNet = Wnet (c) Displacement work (d) Shaft work
Wnet = 20 - 5 - 10 + 15 JPSC AE PRE 2019
Wnet = + 20 kJ
Ans. (c) : Work in steady flow process = ∫ VdP
125. 1 kg liquid (specific heat = 3.0 kJ/kg-K) is
stirred in closed chamber and its temperature Work in non-flow process = PdV
is raised by 10ºC. Heat loss to the surrounding
∫
is 3.0 kJ. The work done on the water during 129. If H be the heat supplied to the system to do
the process will be: work W and change in internal energy as ∆U,
(a) 36 kJ (b) 30 kJ then,
(c) 27 kJ (d) 33 kJ (a) H = ∆U + W (b) ∆U = H + W
UPRVUNL AE 2016 (c) W = H + ∆U (d) H = W/∆U
Ans. (d) : From energy balance equation. SJVN ET 2013
Ans. (a) : First Law of thermodynamics
H = ∆U + W
where, H = Heat supplied
∆U = Internal energy
W = work
130. If δQ is the heat transferred to the system and
δW is the work done by the system, then which
Work done on the closed system (W) = Change in of the following is an exact differential
internal energy of the system + heat loss to the (a) δQ (b) δW
surrounding. (c) δQ + δW (d) δQ – δW
W = mCv∆T + QLoss Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2
W = 1 × 3 × 10 + 3 Ans. (d) : δQ–δW, will shows the exact differential
W = 33 kJ form
25
131. An elastic generator coupled to a windmill 134. During a constant pressure expansion of a gas,
produces an average electric power of 6 kW. 33.3% heat is converted into work while the
The power is used to charge a storage battery. temperature rises by 20K. The specific heat of
Heat transfer from the battery to the the gas at constant pressure as a proportion of
surroundings is 0.3 kW. What will be the work, W is
amount of energy stored in the battery in 2 (a) 8% (b) 10%
hours? (c) 12% (d) 15%
(a) 41040 kW (b) 114 kW ESE 2017
(c) 11.4 kJ (d) 41040 kJ Ans. (d) : Work (W) = 33.3% Q
SJVN ET 2019 W = 0.33 Q
Ans. (d) : Given, Temperature rise (∆T) = 20 K
δQ = – 0.3 kW We know that Q = CP ∆T
δW = – 6 kW W
dU = ? = CP × 20
0.33
dU = δQ – δW CP = 0.15 W
dU = – 0.3 + 6 i.e. specific heat of the gas at constant pressure is 15%
= 5.7 kW of the work.
dU = 5.7 × 2 × 3600 135. A cylinder contains 10m3 of an ideal gas at a
= 41040 kJ pressure of 2 bar. This gas is compressed in a
132. Statement I: The energy of an isolated system is reversible isothermal process till its pressure
constant. increases to 15 bar. What quantum of work
Statement II: The entropy of an isolated system will be required for this process?
can increase but cannot decrease. (You can use the table given herewith.)
ESE 2018 Number 2 2.5 3 5 7
Ans. (b) : Energy of the isolated system is constant as Log10 0.301 0.397 0.475 0.698 0.845
there is no energy interaction. Entropy of an isolated
(a) 4500 kJ (b) 4030 kJ
system always increases and never decreases.
(c) 450 kJ (d) 403 kJ
133. A system absorbs 100 kJ as heat and does 60 kJ ESE 2017
work along the path 1-2-3. The same system Ans. (b) : Given,
does 20 kJ work along the path 1-4-3. The heat V1 = 10 m3
absorbed during the path 1-4- 3 is P1 = 2 bar
P = 15 bar
For reversible isothermal process work done is given by
P 
W1-2 = P1V1 ln  1 
 P2 
 2
2 × 105 × 10 ln   = – 4029.8 ≃ 4030 kJ (work done on
 15 
(a) –140 kJ (b) –80 kJ the system)
(c) 80 kJ (d) 60 kJ 136. During a certain compression process, 1 kJ of
ESE 2018 mechanical work input is supplied to 2 kg of a
Ans. (d) : Given, gas enclosed in a cylinder piston assembly and
Q123 = 100 kJ 400 J of heat is rejected to the cooling water
W123 = 60 kJ being circulated in the jacket encasing the
W143 = 20 kJ cylinder. This brings about a change in the
specific internal energy by:
(a) –700 J kg-1 (b) 600 J kg -1
-1
(c) 300 J kg (d) –300 J kg-1
OPSC AEE 2015 PAPER - II
Ans : (c)
Work input = 1000J
Rejected heat = 400J
For path 1−2−3 mass = 2 kg.
Q123 = U3 − U1 + W123 first law of thermodynamics
U3 − U1 = 100 − 60 = 40 kJ δQ = dU + δW.
For path 1−4−3 dU =δQ - δW.
Q143 = U3 − U1 + W143 dU = -400+1000
= 40 + 20 = 60 kJ dU = 600J
26
 Internal energy 600 Ans : (c) Open system work:-
Specific internal energy = = 2
mass
u = 300 J/Kg
2 ∫ δW = − ∫
1
Vdp

(δ → show that heat and work both are inexact

differential)
137. The internal energy of a certain system is a
function of temperature alone and is given by
the formula E = 25+0. 25t kJ. If this system
executes a process for which the work done
done by it per degree temperature increases is For reversible adiabatic compression work done
dE = ∫ dw = − ∫ vdp
0.75 KN-m, = Q − W,
dt 140. For a non-flow constant pressure process the
the heat interaction per degree temperature heat exchange is equal to:
increase, in kJ. is (a) Zero
(a) –1.00 (b) 1.00 (b) The work done
(c) –0.50 (d) 0.50 (c) The change in internal energy
MPPSC AE 2016 (d) The change in enthalpy
Ans : (b) E = 25 + 0.25t KJ OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II
dE Ans : (d) : Since enthalpy change of a system
= 0.25kJ / °c undergoing a process
dt
dH = Tds + VdP
and
For reversible process
δw ∵ Tds = δQ
= 0.75kJ / °c
dt ∴dH = δQ + VdP
from the first law of thermodynamics If pressure is constant
δQ = δW + dE dP = 0
δQ δW dE dH = δQ
= +
dt dt dt 141. A piston-cylinder device with air at an initial
δQ = 0.25 + 0.75 temperature of 30°C undergoes an expansion
δQ = 1.00 kJ process for which pressure and volume are
138. A system undergoes process a process in which related as given below:
the heat transfer to the system is 30 KJ and the p(kPa) 100 37.9 14.4
work done by the system is 35000 Nm. The V (m3) 0.1 0.2 0.4
change in internal energy of the system is The work done by the system for n = 1.4 will be
(a) +5 KJ (b) –5 KJ (a) 4.8 kJ (b) 6.8 kJ
(c) –10 KJ (d) + 10 KJ
(c) 8.4 kJ (d) 10.6 kJ
TSPSC AEE 2015 ESE 2020
Ans : (b) According to first law of thermodynamic Ans. (d) :
δQ = dU + δW
PV −P V
dU = δQ – δW Work done, W = 1 1 3 3
n −1
100 × 0.1 − 14.4 × 0.4
=
1.4 − 1
W = 10.6kJ
142. A carnot heat pump absorbs heat from
atmosphere at 10 °C and supplies it to a room
maintained at 25 °C. A temperature difference
dU = –5 KJ. of 5 °C exists between working fluid and
139. Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow atmosphere on one hand, and the required
process with negligible change in potential and room temperature on the other hand. If the
kinetic energy. The work done in the process is heat pump consumes 1 kW power, the heat
given by delivered to the room will be
(a) − ∫ pdv (b) + ∫ pdv (a) 12.1 kW (b) 14.9 kW
(c) 1.67 kW (d) 19.9 kW
(c) − ∫ vdp (d) + ∫ vdp UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II Ans. (a) : 12.1 kW
27
143. Air is compressed isothermally by performing 3. Second Law of
work equal to 16 kJ upon it. The change in
internal energy is Thermodynamics
(a) –16 kJ (b) Zero
(c) 16 kJ (d) 32 kJ 148. Which one of the following statements is
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II correct?
(a) A machine which violates Clausius statement
Ans. (b) : Zero will violate the first law of thermodynamics
144. A mixture of gases expands from 0.03 m3 to (b) A machine which violates Kelvin-Plank
0.06 m3 at constant pressure of 1MPa and statement will violate the first law of
absorbs 84 kJ of heat during the process. The thermodynamics
change in internal energy of the mixture is (c) A machine which violates the second law of
(a) 30 kJ (b) 54 kJ thermodynamics will violate the first law of
thermodynamics
(c) 84 kJ (d) 114 kJ
(d) A machine which violates Kelvin-Plank
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II statement will violate the Clausius statement
TNPSC AE 2013 UPSC JWM 2017
Ans. (b) : Given, Ans. (d) : Kelvin Plank Statement- It is impossible for
V1 = 0.03 m3 a heat engine to produced net work in a complete cycle
V2 = 0.06 m3 if it exchange heat only with bodies at a single fixed
P = 1 MPa temperature.
Q = 84 kJ Clausius statement- It is impossible to construct an
Work done W = pdV = p(V2 – V1) engine which operates in a cycle, transfer heat from
cooler body to hotter body without any work input.
= 1 × (0.06 – 0.03) A machine which violated Kelvin plank statement will
= 0.03 MPa violate the clausius statement.
= 0.03 × 103 kJ 149. Which of the followings is correct statement?
= 30 kJ (a) Entropy of isolated system always decreases
From first law of thermodynamic (b) Energy always degrades during the real
Q = W + ∆U process
∆U = Q – W (c) Energy always destroyed during the real
= 84 – 30 process
(d) Heat transfer through a finite temperature
∆U = 54 kJ difference is reversible process
145. A machine produces 100 kJ work by UPRVUNL AE 2016
consuming 100 kJ heat. This machine will be Ans. (b) : • Entropy of isolated system always increase
called:- or remain constant.
(a) PMM - I (b) PMM - II • Energy always degrades during the real process.
(c) PMM - III (d) None of the above • Energy losses occur during the real process not
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II destroyed.
• Heat transfer through finite temperature difference is
Ans. (b) :
irreversible process.
146. For a steady flow system (where kinetic and 150. Which of the following devices complies with
potential energies are negligible), the first law the Clausius statement of the second law of
of thermodynamics can be expressed as:- thermodynamics?
i i (a) Closed-cycle gas turbine
(a) dQ – dW = dU (b) Q− W = ∆E (b) Internal combustion engine
i i i i (c) Steam power plant
(c) Q− W = ∆U (d) Q− W = ∆H (d) Domestic refrigerator
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II ESE 2018
Ans. (d) : Ans. (d) : Clausius statement is related to refrigerator
and heat pump not with heat engine.
147. For a process, the value of ∫ ( δQ − δW ) is:- 151. If a closed system is undergoing an irreversible
(a) Positive (b) Negative process, the entropy of the system:
(c) Zero (d) Unpredictable (a) Must decrease (b) Zero
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II (c) Must increase (d) Remain constant
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II
Ans. (c) : ∫ ( δQ − δW ) = ∫ E Ans : (c) : The entropy may increase, decrease or
It is a property of the system so cyclic integration of the remains constant depending upon heat involved and
system property will be zero. internal irreversibility.
28
152. A thermodynamic cycle is composed of four (i) Isothermal expansion:-
processes. The heat added and the work done Q1−2 = P1V1ln ( V2 / V1 ) [Heat supplied]
in each process are as follows:
(ii) Isentropic expansion:-
Process Heat transfer Work done
(J) (J) mR(T1 − T2 )
Decrease in internal energy =
1- 2 0 50 (by the gas) γ −1
2-3 50 0 (iii) Isothermal compression:-
(from the gas) Q3−4 = P3 V3 ln ( V4 / V3 )
3-4 0 20 (on the gas)
(iv) Isentropic compression:-
4-1 80 (to the gas) 0
The thermal efficiency of the cycle is mR(T1 − T3 )
Increase in internal energy =
(a) 20.3% (b) 37.5% γ −1
(c) 40.3% (d) 62.5% 155. A reversible Carnot engine operates between
ESE 2018 27ºC and 1527ºC, and produces 400 kW of net
Ans. (b) : Heat rejected (Q2) = 50 power. The change of entropy of the working
Heat added (Q1) = 80 fluid during the heat addition process is
Thermal efficiency of the cycle (a) 0.222 kW/K (b) 0.266 kW/K
Q (c) 0.288 kW/K (d) 0.299 kW/K
η =1− 2 ESE 2018
Q1
Ans. (b) : Given,
50
=1− = 37.5% T1 = 1527 + 273 = 1800 K
80 T2 = 27 + 273 = 300 K
153. Consider the following statements: W = 400 kW
1. Heat pumps and air conditioners have the
same mechanical components.
2. The same system can be used as heat pump in
winter and as air conditioner in summer.
3. The capacity and efficiency of a heat pump
fall significantly at high temperatures.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only W T
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Efficiency η = =1− 2 (For Carnot engine)
ESE 2018 Q1 T1
Ans. (d) : Heat pumps and air conditioners have the W T
=1− 2
same mechanical components. Q1 T1
Therefore it is not economical to have two separate 400 300
systems to meet the heating and cooling requirements of =1−
a building. One system can be used as a heat pump in Q1 1800
winter and an air conditioner in summer. Heat input (Q1) = 480 kW
Heat pump is a device used to maintain the temperature Q 480
of system higher than that of surroundings by supplying Entropy change (∆S) = 1 = = 0.266 kW/K
T1 1800
heat to system To evaluate the performance of a heat
pump, COP is calculated. It is defined as the ratio of 156. An engine works on the basis of Carnot cycle
desired effect to external work supplied. operating between temperatures of 800 K and
Note : The answer given by UPSC is option (b). 400 K. If the heat supplied is 100 kW, the
154. The area of a p-v diagram for a Carnot cycle output is
represents (a) 50 kW (b) 60 kW
(a) Heat supplied (b) Heat rejected (c) 70 kW (d) 80 kW
(c) Work done (d) Temperature drop ESE 2018
UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II Ans. (a) : Given,
TPSC AE 2015 T1 = 800 K, T2 = 400 K
Ans : (c) The area on a P-V diagram for a Carnot cycle Q1 = 100 kW, W = ?
represents work done.

29
We know that Wmax (1020 − 280)
Work output =
η= Q1 1020
Heat supplied Wmax = 0.725 Q1
W T2 W 0.70 Q1
η= =1− η II = =
Q1 T1 Wmax 0.725 Q1
W
=1−
400
= 0.5 ηII = 0.965
100 800 159. Gas A at 1 MPa, 100°C and Gas B at 5 MPa,
W = 50 kW 100°C are mixed such that final temperature
157. A heat engine receives 1 kW of heat transfer at after mixing remains 100°C. The process is
1200 K and gives out 600 W as work, with the adiabatic. The entropy of the gases after
rest as heat transfer to the ambient at 300 K. mixing:-
The second law efficiency of the engine is : (a) Will increase
(a) 70% (b) 90% (b) Will remain same
(c) 80% (d) 60% (c) Will decrease
BHEL ET 2019 (d) Cannot be calculated
Ans. (c) : Heat supplied (QS) = 1 kW UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II
Wnet = 600 W Ans. (b) :
TH = 1200 K, TL = 300 K 160. If the COP of a Carnot refrigerator is 6, then
Wnet 600 the ratio of higher temperature to lower is :
η Actual = = = 0.60 (a) 6 : 1 (b) 3 : 2
Q S 1000
(c) 4 : 3 (d) 7 : 6
TH − TL TL BHEL ET 2019
η maximum = = 1−
TH TH Ans. (d) : Given - (COP)Ref = 6
300 TL
= 1− (COP)Ref =
1200 TH − T L
= 1 – 0.25 1
ηmaximum = 0.75 6=
TH
Second law of efficiency of engine −1
TL
η actual 0.60
η II = = × 100 TH 1
η max imum 0.75 −1 =
= 80% T L 6
158. A Carnot cycle engine receives and rejects heat TH 1
= +1
with a 200C temperature differential between TL 6
itself and the thermal energy reservoirs. The
expansion and compression processes have a TH 7
=
pressure ratio of 50. For 1 kg of air as the TL 6
working substance, cycle temperature limits of
1000 K and 300 K and T0= 280 K, determine 161. An engine operates between temperature limits
the second law efficiency. of 900 K and T2 and the other engine operates
(a) 0.935 (b) 0.945 between T2 and 400 K. For both engines to be
(c) 0.955 (d) 0.965 equally efficient, T2 should be equal to
(e) 0.975 (a) 600 K (b) 625 K
CGPSC AE 2014 -II (c) 650 K (d) 700 K
BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V
Ans. (c) : UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II
Ans : (a) : Given as,
T1 = 900 K
T3 = 400 K
If the efficiency are equal then
we know that
T2 = T1 × T3
T2 = 900 × 400
T2 = 600K
W T1 − T2 (1000 − 300)
= = = 0.7 162. A frictionless heat engine can be 100% efficient
Q1 T1 1000 only if its exhaust temperature is
W = Q1 × 0.7 (a) equal to its input temperature
30
 (b) less than its input temperature T −T
(c) 0ºC Reversible Efficiency = 1 2
T1
(d) 0 K
JPSC AE 2013 Ist Paper W Q -Q
Efficiency = Net = 1 2
Ans. (d) : A frictionless heat engine can be 100% Q1 Q1
efficiency only if its exhaust temperature is 0 K.
T
163. An inventor claims a thermal engine operates η = 1− 2
between ocean layers at 27°C and 10°C. It T1
produces 10 kW and discharges 9900 kJ/min. 165. Carnot cycle consists of
Such an engine is
(a) Two constant volume & two isentropic
(a) Impossible b) Reversible
processes
(c) Possible (d) Probable
RPSC Vice Principal ITI 2018 (b) Two isothermal and two isentropic processes
(c) Two constant pressure and two isentropic
Ans. (a) :
processes
(d) One constant volume, one constant pressure
and two isentropic processes
Vizag Steel (MT) 2017
TNPSC AE 2018
(KPSC AE. 2015)
TSPSC AEE 2015
Ans. (b) : Carnot cycle consists of two isothermal and
two isentropic processes.
T1 = 27°C = 300 K
T2 = 10°C = 283 K
Maximum or Carnot efficiency
T 283
ηmax = 1 − 2 = 1 −
T1 300
= 0.056 = 5.66%
Efficiency of new engine
Q W
ηactual = 1 − 2 = net Processes
Q1 Q1
1 - 2 → Isothermal expansion
10 2 - 3 → Isentropic expansion
= 6.06%
 9900  3 - 4 → Isothermal compression
 60  4 - 1 → Isentropic compression
Actual efficiency is more than the Carnot efficiency 166. Carnot cycle has maximum efficiency for–
which is impossible. (a) Petrol engine
164. The efficiency of a reversible cycle depends (b) Diesel engine
upon the- (c) Reversible engine
(a) nature of the working substance (d) Irreversible engine
(b) amount of the working substance Vizag Steel (MT) 2017
(c) temperature of the two reservoirs between Ans. (c) : Carnot cycle has maximum efficiency for
which the cycle operates Reversible engine. According to the Carnot theorem,
(d) type of cycle followed the reversible engine will always have a greater
RPSC INSP. OF FACTORIES AND BOILER 2016 efficiency than the irreversible.
Ans : (c) The efficiency of a reversible cycle depends 167. One reversible heat engine operates between
upon the temperature of the two reservoirs between 1600 K and T2 K and another reversible heat
which the cycle operates. engine operates between T2 K and 400 K. If
both the engines have the same heat input and
output, then temperature T2 is equal to
(a) 800 K (b) 1000 K
(c) 1200 K (d) 1400 K
Vizag Steel (MT) 2017
OPSC AEE 2015 PAPER - II
Ans. (a) : Since both reversible engines have same and
output, therefore efficiency will be same
31
168. The more effective way of increasing efficiency
of Carnot Engine is 300  −150 
(a) Increase of Source temperature = + 
563  281.5 
(b) Decrease of Source temperature
(c) Increase of Sink temperature ∆S = 0
(d) Decrease of Sink temperature It means the cycle is reversible
APPSC AEE 2016 171. Carnot cycle efficiency is maximum when
Ans. (d) : The more effective way of increasing (a) initial temperature is 0oK
efficiency of Carnot Engine is decrease of Sink (b) final temperature is 0oK
temperature. (c) difference between initial and final
169. If carnot engine rejects heat at temperature of temperature is 0oK
400 K and accepts at 750K. What shall be heat (d) final temperature is 0oC
absorbed, if heat rejected is 1000 kJ. TNPSC AE 2018
(a) 946 kJ (b) 800 kJ JPSC AE PRE 2019
(c) 1875 kJ (d) 750 kJ Ans. (b) : We known that Carnot cycle efficiency
TNPSC AE 2017 depends on source and sink temperature limits,
Ans. (c) : T
ηc = 1 − L
TH
If TL → 0o K then
( η c ) max = 100%
172. If the temperature of the source is increased,
the efficiency of the Carnot engine-
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) will be equal to the efficiency of a practical
engine
For Carnot engine, (d) does not change
ηideal = ηactual RPSC AE 2018
T Q Ans. (b) : We know that the efficiency of Carnot
1− L = 1− L engine.
TH QH
T
1000 × 750 ηc = 1 − sink
QH = Tsource
400
QH = 1875 kJ If temperature of source Tsource increase than ηc ↑
170. 300 kJ/s of heat is supplied at a constant fixed 173. The device that produces network in a
temperature of 290oC to a heat engine. 150 kJ/s complete cycle by exchanging heat only with
of heat are rejected at 8.5 oC. Then the cycle is single thermal energy reservoir is known as:
reported as (a) PMM3 (b) Heat pump
(a) Reversible (b) Irreversible (c) PMM2 (d) PMM1
(c) Impossible (d) Random UPRVUNL AE 2016
TNPSC AE 2018 Ans. (c) : PMM-1—Perpetual motion machine of first
Ans. (a) : TH = 290oC = 563 K kind does not exist because such machines violate the
TL = 8.5 oC = 281.5 K first law of thermodynamics such machines will
δQ S δQ R produce the energy by itself and as we know that
∆S = + according to the law of energy conservation, energy
TH TL could not be created or destroyed but could be
32
converted from one form of energy to other form of 176. A heat pump operates between two heat
energy. reservoirs, one at 800 K and other at 400 K.
What will be the coefficient of performance
(COP) of the heat pump?
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.0
(c) 1.5 (d) 2.0
(e) 2.5
PMM-2—Perpetual motion machines of second kind (CGPCS Polytechnic Lecturer 2017)
are those machines that violate the second law of
T1 800
thermodynamics because such machines will absorb Ans. (d) : [COP]H.P. = =
continuously heat energy from a single thermal T1 − T2 800 − 400
reservoir and will convert the absorbed heat energy 800
completely into work energy. [COP]H.P. = =2
400
Such machine will have 100% efficiency.

177. The enthalpy of the fluid before throttling is

PMM-3—Perpetual motion machine of third kind of _______ the enthalpy of the fluid after
imaginary machine that has zero friction. throttling.
174. Second law of thermodynamics is known as the (a) equal to
law of (b) greater than
(a) Energy (b) Entropy (c) less than
(c) Enthalpy (d) Internal energy (d) greater than or equal to
HPPSC AE 2018 (e) less than or equal to
HPPSC LECT. 2016 (CGPCS Polytechnic Lecturer 2017)
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II Ans. (a) : Throttling Process–A throttling process is
Ans. (b) : Second law of thermodynamics is known as defined as a process in which there is no change in
the law of Entropy or qualitative law of enthalpy from state 1 to state 2. [h1 = h2]
thermodynamics whereas first law of thermodynamics It is highly irreversible process
is known as the law of internal energy or quantitative There is no work done (W = 0)
law of thermodynamics. Process is adiabatic (Q = 0)
175. Perpetual motion machine of second kind Enthalpy will remain constant.
(PMM-II) violates the
178. The efficiency (η) of a reversible heat engine
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(b) First law of thermodynamics receiving heat solely at T1 and rejecting heat
(c) Second law of thermodynamics solely at T2 is given by:
(d) Third law of thermodynamics T −T T −T
(a) η = 1 2 (b) η = 2 1
RPSC LECTURER 16.01.2016 T2 T2
Ans. (c) : Perpetual motion machine of second kind T1 − T2 T2 − T1
(PMM-II) violates the second law of thermodynamics. (c) η = (d) η =
T1 T1
ηHE = 100%
T2 − T1
(e) η =
T12
(CGPCS Polytechnic Lecturer 2017)
W
Ans. (c) : ηrev. =
Q1
Q1 − Q 2
=
Q1
Q
ηrev. = 1 − 2
Q1
33
 182. Dry saturated steam enters a frictionless
adiabatic nozzle with negligible velocity at a
temperature of 300oC [h1 = 2751 kJ/kg]. It is
expanded to a pressure of 5 MPa isentropically
[h2 = 2651 kJ/kg]. What will be the exit velocity
of steam?
(a) 447.21 m/s (b) 572.33 m/s
(c) 14.14 m/s (d) 150.32 m/s
For reversible engine SJVN ET 2019
Q1 T1 Ans. (a) : As per SFEE
= , So
Q 2 T2 v12 v2
h1 + =w+ 2 (if h in kJ/kg)
T 2000 2000
ηrev. = 1 − 2
T1 w = 0, v1 = 0
v 2 = 2000 × ( 2751 − 2651) = 447.21 m / s
T1 − T2
ηrev. =
T1 183. A heat engine working on the Carnot cycle
receives heat at the rate of 50 kW from a
179. A thermal reservoir is a body of source at 1300K and rejects it to a sink at
(a) Small heat capacity 400K. The heat rejected is
(b) Large heat capacity (a) 20.3 kW (b) 15.4 kW
(c) Infinite heat capacity (c) 12.4 kW (d) 10.8 kW
(d) Large work capacity ESE 2017
JPSC AE PRE 2019 Ans. (b) : Given,
Ans. (c) : Thermal Reservoir—It is a large body with T1 = 1300 K
infinite heat capacity which can supply or absorbs T2 = 400 K
unlimited quantity of heat without appreciable change Q1 = 50 kW
in its temperature.
Example—Atmosphere, ocean, river, industrial
furnace, two phase mixture of liquid and vapour.
• It is supplies heat then it is called a source.
• It is absorbs heat then it is called a sink.
180. An engine operates between temperature of 900
o
K and T2 and another engine between T2 and
400 oK for both to do equal work, value of T2
will be Efficiency of engine
(a) 650 oK (b) 600 oK Workdone
(c) 625 oK (d) 750 oK η=
Heat Supplied
SJVN ET 2013
W T1 − T2
Ans. (a) : For work to be equal η= = For carnot engine
T1 + T3 Q1 T1
T2 =
2 Q1 − Q 2 1300 − 400
=
900 + 400 Q1 1300
=
2 Q 9 Q
1− 2 = ⇒ 2 = 0.3076
T2 = 650º K Q1 13 Q1
181. The statement "The efficiency of all reversible Q2 = 50 × 0.3076
heat engines operating between the same Q2 = 15.38 kW
temperature levels is the same" is known as: 184. A reversible heat engine rejects 80% of the
(a) Corollary of Carnot theorem
heat supplied during a cycle of operation. If the
(b) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(c) First law of thermodynamics engine is reversed and operates as a
(d) Third law of thermodynamics refrigerator, then its coefficient of performance
SJVN ET 2019 shall be
Ans. (a) : The efficiency of all reversible heat engines (a) 6 (b) 5
operating between the same temperature level is the (c) 4 (d) 3
same is known as corollary of carnot theorem. ESE 2017
34
Ans. (c) : Given, 186. If the thermal efficiency of Carnot heat engine
Q2 = 0.8 Q1 is 50 percent, then coefficient of performance
For heat engine For refrigerator of a refrigerator working within the same
temperature limit would be :
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
(KPSC AE. 2015)
Ans : (a)

Q2
Q1 = W + Q2 (COP)R =
W
0.8Q1
W = Q1 − Q2 (COP)R =
0.2Q1
W = 0.2 Q2 (COP)R = 4 Efficiency of carnot head engine = 0.50
Second Method
T − TL
W ηE = H
ηE = TH
Q1
TL T
0.2Q1 0.5 = 1 − ⇒ L = 0.5
ηE = TH TH
Q1
TL 0.5
ηE = 0.2 ( COP )R = ⇒ (COP) R =
1 TH − T L 1 − 0.5
1 + (COP)R =
ηE (COP) R = 1
1
(COP)R = −1 187. A cycle of pressure- volume diagram is shown
0.2 in the figure :
(COP)R = 4
185. A reversible polytropic process is given by
n −1 n
T1  ρ1  P1  ρ1 
(a) =  (b) = 
T2  ρ 2  P2  ρ 2 
n −1
n −1
T1  P1  T1  ρ1  n
(c) =  (d) = 
T2  P2  T2  ρ 2  Same cycle on temperature-entropy diagram
will be represented by
BPSC Poly. Lect. 2016
Ans : (a) For reversible polytropic process
n −1
T  P  n
we know that  1  =  1  ......(i)
 T2   P2 
(For reversible Process)
For ideal gas eqn.
PV = mRT
P1 = ρ1RT1 ρ = Density of gas
P2 = ρ2RT2
value of P1 & P2 putting in eqn. (i)
n −1 n −1 n −1
 T1   ρ1RT1  n ρ  n T  n
 T  =  ρ RT  = 1  × 1  MPPSC AE 2016
 2  2 2  ρ2   T2  Ans : (b)
 n −1  n −1
−
 T1   T1   n  ρ  n
 T × T  = 1 
 2  2  ρ2 
n −1
n −1 n −1
T1  p1  n  ρ1  V 
=  =   =  2
T2  p2   ρ2   V1 
35
188. A heat pump operating on Carnot cycle pump 191. Three engines A, B and C operating on Carnot
heat from a reservoir at 300 K to a reservoir at cycle respectively use air, steam and helium as
600 K. The coefficient of performance is the working fluid. If all the engines operate
(a) 1.5 (b) 0.5 within the same high and low temperature
(c) 2 (d) 1.0 limits. then which engine will have the highest
MPPSC AE 2016 efficiency?
(a) Engine A
Ans : (c)
(b) Engine B
(c) Engine C
(d) All engines will have the same efficiency
RPSC AE 2016
Ans : (d)
T − TL
Efficiency of Carnot cycle ( η) = H
TH

TH = 600K
TL = 300K
TH
(C.O.P.) HP =
TH − TL
600
( C.O.P.)HP = =2 Efficiency of Carnot engines does not depend on the
600 − 300
type of fuel use so engine A; B and C operating same
189. Heat transfer takes place according to: high and low temperature limit then engine will have
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics the same thermal efficiency.
(b) First law of thermodynamics
192. A Carnot engine Working between 600K and
(c) Second law of thermodynamics
300K produces 200 KJ of work. The heat
(d) Third law of thermodynamics
supplied is
MPPSC AE 2016
(a) 200 KJ (b) 400KJ
Ans : (c) (c) 2000J (d) 400 J
TSPSC AEE 2015
Ans : (b)

Heat transfer take place according to second law of

thermodynamics.
190. For a heat engine operating on Carnot cycle, TH = 600 K
the work output is 25% of heat rejected to the TL = 300K
sink. The thermal efficiency of the engine W = 200KJ
would be TH − TL
(a) 10% (b) 20% ηc =
(c) 30% (d) 50% TH
RPSC AE 2016 ηc = 0.5
Ans : (b) Work output
ηc =
heat supplied
QA = 1.25kJ
W=0.25kJ 200
0.5 =
QR = 1kJ QA
0.25 QA = 400KJ
ηE =
1.25 193. A Carnot engine rejects 30% of absorbed heat
ηE = 20% to a sink at 30° C. The temperature of heat
source is :
(a) 100° C (b) 43° C
36
 (c) 737° C (d) 1010° C T2
UJVNL AE 2016 COP =
T1 − T2
Ans : (c)
0.25T1 0.25T1
COP = =
T1 − 0.25T1 0.75T1
COP = 0.33
195. Kelvin Planck law deals with
(a) Conversion of work into heat
(b) Conversion of heat into work
(c) Conservation of work
(d) Conservation of heat
UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
Ans : (b) Kelvin plank law deals with conversion of
heat into work.
Kelvin plank statement:- It is impossible for a heat
Efficiency of Carnot engine
engine to produce net work in a complete cycle if it
TL = 30 + 273 exchanges heat only with bodies at a single fixed
= 303K temperature.
T −T 196. A heat engine is supplied with 250 kJ/s of heat
ηc = H L at constant fluid temperature of 227oC. The
TH
heat is rejected at 27oC. The cycle is reversible,
T
0.7 =1 − L if the amount of heat rejected is
TH (a) 273 kJ/s (b) 200 kJ/s
303 (c) 180 kJ/s (d) 150 kJ/s
0.7 =1 − UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II
TH
Ans : (d)
TH = 1010 K
TH = 7370C
194. Efficiency of a Carnot engine is 75%. If the
cycle direction is reversed, CoP of the reversed
Carnot cycle is
(a) 1.33 (b) 0.75
(c) 0.33 (d) 1.75
UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II
HPPSC W.S. Poly. 2016
Ans : (c) T1= 227+273=500K
T2= 27+273=300K
QA= 250 kW
Efficiency of heat engine
T −T Q − QR
ηε = 1 2 = A (Because Cycle is Reversible)
T1 QA
250 − Q R
0.4 =
250
Q R = 150kJ / Sec
Efficiency of Carnot engine 197. An isentropic flow is one which is
T1 − T2 (a) Adiabatic and reversible
ηc = (b) Isothermal only
T1
(c) Adiabatic only
Given that (d) Adiabatic and irreversible
T2 UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II
0.75 = 1 −
T1 Ans : (a) An isentropic flow is adiabatic and reversible
T1 Isentropic = Adiabatic + Reversible
=4 It may be noted that the adiabatic process may be
T2 reversible or irreversible. The reversible adiabatic
T2 = 0.25 T1 process or frictionless adiabatic process is known as
COP of reversed Carnot engine isentropic process or constant entropy process. But
37
 when friction is involved in the process, then the (c) The information given is not sufficient to find
adiabatic process is said to be irreversible process, in answer.
which case the entropy does not remain constant. (d) May be or may not be depends upon several
198. If maximum surface temperature of sea is 30 factors.
°C and temperature in depth is 4 °C, how much UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
can be the maximum thermal efficiency of Ans. (b) : No
Ocean Thermal Conversion (OTEC) system ?
205. The coefficient of performance of a heat pump
(a) 8.58% (b) 13.3%
(c) 86.7% (d) none of the above working on reversed Carnot cycle is 6. If this
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II machine works as a refrigerator with work
input of 10 kW, the refrigerating effect will be
T −T 30 − 4 26
Ans. (a) : η = 1 2 = = = 8.58% (a) 35 kW (b) 40 kW
T1 303 303 (c) 45 kW (d) 50 kW
199. Carnot cycle is not considered as a practical ESE 2018
cycle because Ans. (d) : (COP)HP = 1 + (COP)R
(a) its p – V diagram is narrow (COP)R = 6 − 1 = 5
(b) its thermal efficiency is low
(c) heat addition takes place at high pressure
(d) heat rejection takes place at high temperature
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
Ans. (a) : its p – V diagram is narrow
200. The efficiency of an ideal Carnot engine
depends on
(a) working substance
(b) the temperature of the source only Refrigerating effect (R e )
(c) the temperature of the sink only (COP)R =
Work input
(d) the temperature of both source and sink.
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II Re
5=
Ans. (d) : the temperature of both source and sink. 10
201. An engine receives 15152 J/s of heat and Re = 50 kW
produces 5 kW of power. The efficiency of the 206. Two reversible engines are connected in series
engine is between a heat source and a sink. The
(a) 25% (b) 27.5% efficiencies of these engines are 60% and 50%,
(c) 30% (d) 33% respectively. If these two engines are replaced
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II by a single reversible engine, the efficiency of
Ans. (d) : 33% this engine will be
202. Which of the following constituents of a fuel (a) 60% (b) 70%
does not contribute to its calorific value on (c) 80% (d) 90%
combustion ? ESE 2018
(a) Carbon (b) Hydrogen Ans. (c) : Given,
(c) Sulphur (d) Nitrogen η1 = 0.6
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II η2 = 0.5
Ans. (d) : Nitrogen
203. A frictionless heat engine can be 100% efficient
only if the exhaust temperature is
(a) equal to its input temperature
(b) less than its input temperature
(c) 0 °C
(d) 0 K
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
Ans. (d) : 0 K
204. An inventor claims to have developed an engine
that takes in 105 MJ at a temperature of 400 K,
rejects 42 MJ at a temperature of 200 K and Overall efficiency of the combined engine
delivers 15 kWh of mechanical work. Is this η0 = η1 + η2 − η1⋅η2
engine feasible ? = (0.6 + 0.5) − (0.6 × 0.5)
(a) Yes = 0.8
(b) No ⇒ 80%
38
 η  209. A heat engine developes 60 kW work having an
207. What is the ratio of the efficiencies  I  for efficiency of 60%, Amount of heat rejected will
η
 II  be:-
the two cycles as shown in the T-s diagrams? (a) 400 kW (b) 10 kW
(c) 40 kW (d) 20 kW
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II
Ans. (c) : Given as
W = 60 kW
η = 60%
W
η=
T1 + T2 T1 + T2 Qin
(a) (b)
2T1 2T2 60 ×100
Qin =
2T2 2T1 60
(c) (d)
T1 + T2 T1 + T2 Qin = 100 kW
ESE 2018 Then
Ans. (d) : Work done is same in both the cycle but heat Qs = Qin – W
rejected is more in cycle-II when compared to cycle-I Qs = 100 – 60
1 Q s = 40 kW
( T1 − T2 )( S1 − S2 )
ηI = 2 210. In Carnot cycle, addition and rejection of heat
1
( T1 − T2 )(S1 − S2 ) + T2 ( S1 − S2 ) takes place at:-
2 (a) Constant pressure
1 (b) Constant temperature
( T1 − T2 ) T −T (c) Constant volume
= 2 = 1 2 (d) Constant speed
( T1 − T2 ) + T2 1 + T2
1 T
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II
2
Ans. (b) :
1
( T1 − T2 )( S1 − S2 ) T − T 211. An ideal gas is flowing through an insulated
ηII = 2 = 1 2 pipe at the rate of 3.3 kg. There is a pressure
T1 ( S1 − S2 ) 2T1 drop of 15% from the inlet to the outlet of the
ηI 2T1 pipe. What is the rate of energy loss because of
= this pressure drop due to friction, given that
ηII T1 + T2
Rgas=0.287 kJ/kg K and the reference
208. A heat engine receives 1120 kJ of heat and temperature T0 is 300K?
rejects 840 kJ of heat while operating between (a) 42.62 kW (b) 40.26 kW
two temperature limits of 560 K and 280 K. It (c) 38.14 kW (d) 35.13 kW
indicates that the engine operates on the ESE 2017
following cycle:-
Ans. (a) : Given,
(a) Reversible cycle
Rgas = 0.287 kJ/kg K
(b) Irreversible cycle ɺ = 3.3 kg/s
m
(c) Impossible cycle T0 = 300 K
(d) Unpredictable cycle
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II
Ans. (b) : Given as
Qs = 1120 kJ, QR = 840 kJ
T1 = 560 K, T2 = 280 K
T
ηideal = 1 − 2 P 
T1 Change in entropy (S2 − S1) = R ℓn  1 
280  P2 
=1 −
560 P 
= − R ℓn  2 
ηideal = 0.50  P1 
W 1120 − 840  P − ∆P 
ηactual = net = = 0.25 = − R ℓn  1
Qs 1120 
 P1 
ηactual < ηideal  ∆P 
It indicates that the engine operates on the irreversible = − R ℓn  1 −
cycle.  P1 

39
 R∆P 4. Entropy
=
P1
Change in entropy of surrounding (∆S)surr = 0 215. For a reversible engine cycle, the Clausius
,

Entropy generation ∆Sgen = (∆S)system + (∆S)surr inequality says,

dQ dQ
∆P (a) ∫ >0 (b) ∫ <0
= m (S2 − S1) = mR T T
P1 dQ dQ
0.15P1 (c) ∫ =0 (d) + du = 0
= 3.3 × 0.287 × T T
P1 TNPSC AE 2017
= 0.142065 UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
Rate of energy loss i.e. loss of availability dQ
= T0 (∆S)gen Ans. (c) : ∫ = 0 (For reversible cyclic engine)
T
= 300 × 0.142065 dQ
= 42.619 kW ∫ T < 0 (For irreversible cyclic engine)
212. Kelvin's-Planck law deals with conversion of
dQ
(a) Work
(c) Work into Heat
(b) Heat
(d) Heat into Work
If, ∫ T > 0 (Cyclic engine impossible)
UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II dQ
216. The value of ∫ for an irreversible process
Ans. (d) : Heat into Work T
213. A rigid, insulated tank is initially evacuated. is
The tank is connected with a supply line (a) 0 (b) > 0
through which air (assumed to be ideal gas (c) < 0 (d) 1
with constant specific heats) passes at 1 MPa, Gujarat PSC AE 2019
350ºC. A valve connected with the supply line is JPSC AE PRE 2019
opened and the tank is charged with air until dQ
the final pressure inside the tank reaches 1 Ans : (c) : ∫ = 0, the cycle is reversible
T
MPa. The final temperature inside the tank dQ
∫ T < 0, the cycle is irreversible and possible
dQ
∫ T > 0, the cycle is impossible.
217. The correct statement regarding entropy is
that :
(a) Entropy is a path function
(b) Entropy can be obtained from a direct
measurement of Q and T
(a) is greater than 350ºC (c) During a change of a state of a system, the
(b) is less than 350ºC entropy change is the same whether that
(c) is equal to 350ºC change has occurred via a reversible process
(d) may be greater than, less than or equal to or an irreversible one
350ºC, depending on the volume of the tank (d) Entropy of an isolated system is zero
Gujarat PSC AE 2019 OPSC AEE 2015 PAPER - II
Ans : (a) : The final temperature in the tank when Ans : (c) Entropy:–During a change of a state of a
initially evacuated tank is connected to pipe line. system, the entropy change is the same whether that
change has occurred via a reversible process or an
T2 = γ × temperature in pipe line
irreversible one.
= γ × T1 Clausies theorem:- The cyclic intergal of the quantity
= 1.4 × (350 + 273) δQ/T for a reversible process in zero. This suggest that
= 872.2 K = 599.2oC the quantity δQ/T is a point function and hence a
T2 = 600 o C property of the system.
2  δQ  2
214. Flow of work may be expressed as
(a) Pdf (b) (P1V1 – P2V2)/n – 1
∫  
1  T  rev ∫= dS = S2 − S1
1

(c) Tdθ (d) Pdv 218. Which of the following represents the slope of
Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2 constant pressure line on T-s diagram of an
Ans. (d) : The work done in pushing the fluid is : ideal gas? [where, Cp and Cv are specific heat
W (flow) = FdS = P.A.ds = P.dv (kJ) of gas]
Flow work in necessary for maintaining a continuous T T
(a) (b)
flow through a control volume. CP CP 2
40
 T T2 221. The entropy will usually increase when
(c) (d) 1. A molecule is broken into two or more
Cv Cp smaller molecules.
SJVN ET 2019 2. A reaction occurs that results in an
Ans. (a) : For unit mass, heat addition on during increase in the number of moles of gas.
constant pressure process - 3. Process is adiabatic
δq = c p dT 4. Process is reversible adiabatic
5. A liquid changes to a gas
δq dT (a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 (b) 2, 3 and 5
= cp
T T (c) 1, 2, 3 and 5 (d) 1, 2 and 4
dT dT T Gujarat PSC AE 2019
ds = cp or = Ans : (c) : The entropy will usually increase when-
T ds c p
• A molecule is broken into two or more smaller
219. when a system undergoes a process such that molecules.
dQ • A reaction occurs that results in an increase in the
∫ T = 0 and ∆S > 0, the process is : number of moles of gas.
(a) isothermal • Process is adiabatic.
(b) reversible adiabatic • A liquid changes to a gas.
(c) irreversible adiabatic 222. The change in entropy is zero during
(d) isobaric (a) hyperbolic process
MPPSC AE 2016 (b) constant pressure process
dQ (c) adiabatic process
Ans : (c) ∫ = 0 and ∆S > 0 (d) polytropic process
T BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V
the process is irreversible adiabatic
Ans : (c) : For reversible adiabatic process change in
i. ∆ S > 0 (Irreversible process)
entropy is zero.
ii. ∆ S = 0 (Reversible process)
iii. ∆ S < 0 (Not possible) 223. An ideal gas of mass m and temperature T1
undergoes a reversible isothermal process from
δQ
∆S = ∫ T
+ δSɺ gen an initial pressure P1 to final pressure P2. The
heat loss during the process is Q. The entropy
δQ change ∆S of the gas is
∫ T
= change in entropy due to external heat exchange
P  P
by the system (a) mRℓn  2  (b) mRℓn  1 
δSɺ gen = change in entropy due to irreversibility like  P1   P2 
friction, viscosity, etc P  Q
(c) mRℓn  2  − (d) zero
δSɺ gen = entropy generation is a path function & inexact  P1  T1
differential. BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II
220. An ideal gas is flowing through an insulated
pipe at the rate of 3 kg/s. There is a 10% Ans : (b) : For a reversible process entropy change
pressure drop from an inlet to exit of the pipe. ∆S = δQ
The values of R = 0.287 kJ/kgK and To = 300 K. T
The rate of energy loss for the pressure drop
due to friction, will be nearly
(a) 34 kW (b) 30 kW
(c) 26 kW (d) 22 kW
ESE 2020
Ans. (c) : Entropy generation
 ∆P 
Sɺ gen = mR
ɺ  
 P1 
0.10P1 We know that for reversible isothermal process.
= 3 × 0.28 × = 0.0861kW / K
P1 δQ = δW
Rate of energy loss for the pressure drop due to friction V 
I = T0 Sɺ = P1V1ℓn  2 
gen
 V1 
= 300 × 0.0861
= 25.83 kW P 
= mRT1ℓn  1 
≈ 26 kW  P2 
41
 δQ 228. Which one of the following statements
∴ ∆S = applicable to a perfect gas will also be true for
T1
an irreversible process?
P  (a) δQ = dU + pdV (b) dQ = TdS
= mRℓn  1 
 P2  (c) TδS = dU +pdV (d) None of these
UJVNL AE 2016
P  Ans : (c) TdS = dU +pdV
∆S = mRℓn  1 
 P2  Statements applicable to a perfect gas will also be true
224. A heat engine transfers 15 kJ of heat to a for an irreversible process.
thermal reservoir at 300 K. The change of 229. Anything that generates entropy always.
entropy of the reservoir in the process is : (a) increases enthalpy
(a) ∆S reservoir = – 50 JK–1 (b) decreases pressure
(b) ∆S reservoir = + 50 JK–1 (c) decreases energy
(d) lowers chemical reaction
(c) ∆S reservoir = + 200 KJ–1
TNPSC AE 2018
(d) ∆S reservoir = + 4500 kJ.K
Ans. (b) : Anything that generates entropy always
OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011
decreases pressure.
Ans. (b) : Given as,
Q = 15 kJ 230. 150 kJ of heat is transferred from a heat source
T = 300 K of 527°C to a heat sink at 127°C. If the ambient
temperature is 47°C, the loss of available
Q 15000
∆S = = energy during the process will be
T 300 (a) 40 kJ (b) 50 kJ
∆S reservoir = + 50 JK −1 (c) 60 kJ (d) 70 kJ
UPSC JWM 2017
225. If 'T' refers to temperature and S refers to
Ans. (c) : Less of available energy = T0 ∆S
heat, then for a process from state 1 to state 2
Ambient temperature T0 = 47 + 273 = 320 K
heat transfer in a reversible process is given by
Q Q
T0 and ∆S = 1 − 1
(a) T0 × ( S2 − S1 ) (b) T1 T2
( S 2 − S1 )
T1 = 127 + 273 = 400 K
S −S T2 = 527 + 273 = 800 K
(c) 2 1 (d) S 2 (T2 − T1 )
T0 Q = 150 KJ
TNPSC 2019 Q Q 
Ans. (a) : We know that Loss of available energy = T0  1 − 2 
 T1 T2 
δQ
= ∆S (for reversible process) Where Q1= Q2,
T  1 1 
So heat maximum heat transfer = 320 × 150  − 
 400 800 
δQ = T0 × ( S 2 − S1 )
= 60 kJ
226. Increase in entropy of a system represents 231. The property of a working substance which
(a) Decrease of temperature increases or decreases as the heat is supplied or
(b) Increase of Pressure removed in a reversible manner is ...................
(c) Increase of temperature (a) entropy (b) external energy
(d) Degradation of energy (c) internal energy (d) enthalpy
APPSC AEE 2016 RPSC AE 2018
Ans. (d) : Increase in entropy of a system represents Ans. (a) : The property of a working substance which
degradation of energy. increases or decreases as the heat is supplied or
227. The change of entropy, when heat is absorbed removed in a reversible manner is entropy.
by the gas, is 232. The entropy may be expressed as a function of
(a) positive (b) negative (a) Pressure and temperature
(c) positive or negative (d) zero (b) Temperature and volume
TNPSC AE 2017 (c) Heat and work
Ans. (a) : The change of entropy, when heat is absorbed (d) Internal energy
by the gas, is positive TNPSC AE 2014
We know that Ans. (a) : The entropy may be expressed as a function
δQ of pressure and temperature.
∆S = + δSgen 233. Stirrer work supplied to liquid in insulating
T
chamber increases its temperature from T1 to
then δQ ↑→ ∆S ↑ T2. The change in entropy of universe will be:
42
 (where Cp = specific heat of liquid) 237. Entropy per unit mass is
T (a) An extensive property
(a) C p ln 1 (b) Zero (b) An intensive property
T2
(c) It may be intensive or extensive
T2 (d) All of the above
(c) Negative (d) C p ln
T1 Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2
UPRVUNL AE 2016 Ans. (b) : Entropy per unit mass, is specific entropy
Ans. (d) : ∆Sunivers = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurrounding which is a intensive property. Intensive property are
those which are independent of mass.
238. A heat engine receives half of its heat supply at
1000 K and remaining half at 500 K. Heat is
rejected to the sink at 300 K. The maximum
thermal efficiency of the heat engine will be:
(a) 55% (b) 10%
(c) 45% (d) 65%
SJVN ET 2019
Ans. (a) :
T
∆S system = CP ln 2
T1
∆Ssurrounding = zero
T
∆Sunivers = CP ln 2
T1
dQ
234. If the value of ∫ T
is greater than zero, the
nature of the thermodynamic cycle is
(a) Reversible
(b) Irreversible
(c) Both reversible and irreversible From clausius inequality for reversible heat engine,
(d) Impossible ∆Srev = 0
HPPSC AE 2018 Q Q QR
+ − =0
Ans. (d) : We know that Clausius inequality– 1000 500 300
dQ 3Q Q
∫ T =0 [ Reversible cycle] = R
1000 300
dQ QR 9
∫ T <0 [ Irreversible cycle] Q 10
=

dQ divided by 2 in both side

∫ T >0 [ Impossible cycle] QR 9
=
235. The entropy increase of the solid substance as it 2Q 20
melts into liquid at 27ºC (latent heat of fusion Q 9 11
of substance = 400 kJ/kg) 1− R = 1− =
2Q 20 20
(a) 14.8 kJ/kg-K (b) 120 MJ/kg-K
(c) 10.8 MJ/kg-K (d) 1.33 kJ/kg-K ηHE = 55%
RPSC LECTURER 16.01.2016 239. In an Isentropic process
Ans. (d) : (a) Work done is zero
δ Q L.H .F . 400 (b) Change in internal energy is zero
∆S = = = (c) Change in entropy is zero
T T 300
(d) Change in enthalpy is zero
∆S = 1.33 kJ/kg-K TNPSC AE 2014
236. Area under T - S diagram represents Ans. (c) : For isentropic process entropy change will be
(a) heat transfer for reversible process zero.
(b) heat transfer for irreversible process ∆S = 0
(c) heat transfer for all process S = constant
(d) heat transfer for adiabatic process 240. A system of 100 kg mass undergoes a process in
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II which its specific entropy increases from
TNPSC AE 2013 0.3kJ/kg K to 0.4 kJ/kg K. At the same time,
UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II the entropy of the surroundings decreases from
Ans. (a) : Heat transfer for reversible process 80kJ/kg K to 75 kJ /kg K. The process is
43
 (a) reversible and isothermal 244. The change in entropy is zero during
(b) irreversible (a) Hyperbolic process
(c) reversible only (b) Constant pressure process
(d) isothermal only (c) Reversible adiabatic process
ESE 2017 (d) Polytropic process
Ans. (b) : Given, m = 100 kg UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
Entropy of system Ans. (c) : Reversible adiabatic process
s1 = 0.3 kJ/kg K 245. Third law of thermodynamics is:-
s2 = 0.4 kJ/ kg K (a) An extension of second law
Change in entropy of system (b) An extension of first law
(∆s)sys = m(s2 − s1) (c) An independent law of nature
= 100 (0.4 − 0.3) (d) An extension of zeroth law
= 10 kJ/K UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II
Entropy of surrounding Ans. (c) : Third law of thermodynamics is an
s1 = 80 kJ/kg K independent law of nature.
s2 = 75 kJ/kg K 246. The unit of entropy is
Change in entropy of the surrounding (a) kg/JK (b) J/kg.m
(∆s)surr = (s2 − s1) (c) J/kg K (d) J / S
= 75 − 80 UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
= −5 kJ/K Ans. (c) : J/kg K
(∆s)universe = (∆s)sys + (∆s)surr = 10 − 5 247. Clausius inequality statement indicates that
= 5 kJ/K δφ δφ
(∆s)universe > 0 (a) ∫ =0 (b) ∫ ≥0
T T
i.e. irreversible process
δφ δφ
Note- As per UPSC the unit of surrounding entropy is (c) ∫ <0 (d) ∫ ≤0
kJ/kg K which is wrong, consider the surrounding T T
entropy is in kJ/K. UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
241. The change in entropy is zero during ............ δφ
Ans. (d) : ∫ ≤0
process. T
(a) Polytropic (b) Adiabatic 248. The entropy of the universe is
(c) constant pressure (d) Hyperbolic (a) Increasing (b) Decreasing
(HPPSC LECT. 2016) (c) Constant (d) Unpredictable
Ans : (b) UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
Ans. (a) : Increasing
249. The main cause of the irreversibility is
(a) Mechanical and Fluid Friction
(b) Unrestricted expansion
(c) Heat transfer with a finite temperature
difference
(d) All of the above
In a reversible adiabatic process, no heat enters or UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
leaves the gas
Ans. (d) : All of the above
δQ = 0
δS = 0 5. Availability and Irreversibility
Change of entropy during a reversible adiabatic process
is zero. The reversible adiabatic on T-S graph is shown
by a vertical straight line 1-2. 250. Law of degradation of energy says that
242. During fusion, the entropy of the system: unavailable energy is gradually decreasing due
(a) decreases (b) increases to
(c) always remains constant (d) none of these (a) Increase in reversible processes
(HPPSC LECT. 2016) (b) Increase in irreversible processes
(c) Increase in unavailable energy
Ans : (b) During fusion, entropy of the system increases.
(d) None of these
243. The property of a working substance which UPPSC AE 12.04.2016 Paper-II
increases or decreases as the heat is supplied or
Ans : (a) Law of degradation of energy says that
removed in a reversible manner is known as
unavailable energy is gradually decreasing due to
(a) Enthalpy (b) Entropy
Increase in reversible processes.
(c) Internal energy (d) External Energy
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II Unavailable energy = T0 ds
Ans. (b) : Entropy Availability ( Wmax ) = Q − To ds

44
251. Consider the following statements 3. Wind energy
(1) Availability is the maximum theoretical work 4. Tidal energy
obtainable 5. Water energy
(2) Clapeyron's equation for dry saturated steam 6. Kinetic energy
dT  h − h f  Low Grade Energy–Energy of which only a certain
is given by ( Vs − Vf ) = s  s  portion can be converted into mechanical work is called
dP  Ts  low grade energy.
(3) A gas can have any temperature at a given Example–
pressure unlike a vapour, which has a fixed 1. Heat or thermal energy.
temperature at a given pressure. 2. Heat drived from combustion of fossil fuels.
(4) Joule Thomson coefficient is expressed as 3. Heat drived from nuclear fission or fusion.
 ∂s  254. Availability of a system at any given stage is
µ =   of these statements : (a) a property of the system
 ∂P  h
(b) the total energy of the system
(c) the maximum work obtainable as the system
(a) 1, 2, 3 are correct
goes to dead state
(b) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
(d) the maximum useful work obtainable as the
(c) 2 and 3 are correct
system goes to dead state
(d) 1, 2, and 4 are correct
TSPSC AEE 2015
MPPSC AE 2016
Ans. (c) : Availability of a system at any given stage is
Ans : (a)
the maximum useful work obtainable as the system goes
i. Clapeyron's equation for dry saturated steam is
to dead state.
dT  h − h f  255. The irreversibility associated with the process
Vs − Vf = s  s 
dP  Ts  is defined as
ii. Joule thomson coefficient (µ) (a) Loss of qualitative energy
(b) Loss of energy
 ∂T 
µ=  (c) Loss of enthalpy
 ∂P  h (d) Loss of entropy
iii. The availability of a given system is defined as the APPSC AEE 2016
max. Useful work that is obtainable in a process in Ans. (a) : The irreversibility associated with the process
which the system comes to equilibrium with its is defined as loss of qualitative energy.
surrounding. 256. The exergy of the system will depend on
252. Pressure of steady and adiabatic flow of an (a) Entropy generation
ideal gas through pipe is reduced from P1 to P2. (b) Surrounding temperature
Its irreversibility/unit mass flow rate is given (c) Surrounding pressure
by: (where, T0 = environment temperature) (d) All the given answers
 P1  P APPSC AEE 2016
(a) T0 R ln   (b) T0 R ln 2 Ans. (d) : Exergy– Exergy is defined as the amount of
P −
 1 2P P1
work a system can perform when it is brought into
P −P  P1 thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment. It
(c) T0 R ln  1 2  (d) T0 R ln depends on entropy generation, pressure and
 P2  P2
temperature of surrounding.
UPRVUNL AE 2016 257. Irreversibility of the process is equal to
Ans. (d) : Pressure of steady and adiabatic flow of an
ideal gas through pipe is reduced from P1 to P2. Its (a) Wmax - W (b) W - Wmax
irreversibility/unit mass flow rate is given by (c) Wmax (d) W
P TNPSC AE 2018
= T0 R ln 1
P2 Ans. (a) : The actual work which a system does is
always less than the idealized reversible work, and the
253. Which of the following is a low grade energy?
difference between the two is called the irreversibility
(a) Mechanical work (b) Electrical energy
of the process.
(c) Wind power (d) Kinetic energy
I = Wmax – W
(e) Heat energy
This is also, referred as degradation, or dissipation.
(CGPCS Polytechnic Lecturer 2017)
Ans. (e) : High Grade Energy–Energy that can be 258. Unavailable energy is the portion of energy
completely transformed into work without any loss i.e. that
(a) cannot be converted into work by turbine
fully utilizable.
(b) cannot be converted into work even by
Example–
reversible heat engine
1. Mechanical work
(c) cannot be converted into work by Rankine
2. Electrical work
engine
45
 (d) cannot be converted into work by a pump Ans. (a) : Effectiveness (ε)- The effectiveness of
TNPSC AE 2018 system is the ratio of the usefull or actual work done to
Ans. (b) : Unavailable energy is the portion of energy the maximum or reversible work.
that cannot be converted into work even by reversible Available energy
heat engine. %ε =
change in available energy
259. Availability function for a closed system is
expressed as : 949.2
%ε = ×100
(a) ø = U + þ0 V - T0 S 1319.2
(b) ø = du + þ0 dV - T0 ds %ε = 71.95%
(c) ø = du – þ0 dV - T0 ds
(d) ø = u + þ0 V + T0 s 263. Which one of the following represents
RPSC AE 2016 unavailability?
UJVNL AE 2016 (a) To ( ∆S0 ) (b) T ( ∆S)
Ans : (a) Availability function for a closed system (c) T0 ( ∆S) (d) T ( ∆S0 )
ø = U + þ0 V – T0 S TRB Polytechnic Lecturer 2017
260. What is the loss of available energy associated Ans. (c) : Unavailability = To(∆S)
with the transfer of 1000kJ of heat from a Where To = environment temperature
constant temperature system at 600K to
another at 400K? When the environmental ( ∆S)universe = ( ∆S)system + ( ∆S)surrounding 
temperature is 300K? 264. The internal irreversibility of Rankine cycle is
(a) 140 kJ (b) 250 kJ caused by
(c) 166.67 kJ (d) 180 kJ 1. fluid friction
MPPSC AE 2016 2. throttling
Ans : (b) 3. mixing
Q = 1000 kJ Select the correct answer using the code given
T1 = 600K below.
T2 = 400K (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only
T0 = 300K (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Loss of available energy ESE 2019
I = T0 [ ∆Suni ] = To  ∆Ssys + ∆Ssur  Ans. (d) : Internal irreversibility of Rankine cycle is
caused by fluid friction, throttling and mixing.
 −Q Q 
= To  +  265. A heat engine receives heat from a source at
 T1 T2  1200 K at the rate of 500 kW and rejects the
 −1000 1000  waste heat to a medium at 300 K. The power
= 300  +
400 
output of the heat engine is 180 kW. What will
 600 be the irreversibility of the system?
= 300 [ −1.667 + 2.5] = 249.9kJ (a) 195 kW (b) 340 kW
I = 250kJ (c) 125 kW (d) 320 kW
261. A heat reservoir is maintained at 927ºC. If the SJVN ET 2019
ambient temperature is 27ºC, the availability of Ans. (a) : Efficiency of Carnot Engine
heat from the reservoir is limited to Carnot output T
= 1− 2
(a) 57% (b) 66% Input T1
(c) 75% (d) 88%
 300 
ESE 2018 Carnot output = 500 ×  1 −  = 375 kW
T2  1200 
Ans. (c) : Availability of heat = 1 − Irreversibility of system = Carnot output - actual output
T1
= 375 – 180 = 195 kW
300
=1− 266. When 25 kg of water at 95°C is mixed with 35
1200 kg of water at 35°C, the pressure being taken
= 0.75 = 75% as constant at surrounding temperature of
262. If a system has a available energy 949.2 kJ and 15°C and Cp of water is 4.2 kJ/kg K, the
change in availability energy 1319.2 kJ and decrease in available energy due to mixing will
Effectiveness ∈ is be nearly
(a) 71.9% (b) 50% (a) 270.5 kJ (b) 277.6 kJ
(c) 35.95% (d) 0 (c) 281.8 kJ (d) 288.7 kJ
TNPSC 2019 ESE 2019
46
Ans. (c) : Given, 269. Steam flows through an adiabatic steady flow
m1 = 25 kg turbine from state 1 to state 2. with respect to a
m2 = 35 kg base temperature T0, the unavailable energy is
T0 = 15 + 273 = 288 K
T1 = 95 + 273 = 368 K (a) T0 (I1 – I2)
T2 = 35 + 273 = 308 K (b) T0 (S1 – S2)
After mixing let T is the final temperature (c) (I1 – I2) – T0 (S1 – S2)
Heat lost = Heat gained (d) I2 + I0 (S1 – S2)
m1cp (T1 − T) = m2cp (T − T2)
25 (368 − T) = 35 (T − 308) UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
T = 333 K Ans. (d) : I2 + I0 (S1 – S2)
Entropy generation
270. The maximum work output from two finite
∆Sgen = ∆S1 + ∆S2
bodies-one at temperature T1 and the other at
T T
= m1c p ℓ n   + m 2 c p ℓ n   temperature T2 is
 T1   T2 
( )
2
(a) Wmax = C p T1 − T2
 333   333 
= 25 × 4.2ℓ n   + 35 × 4.2ℓ n  
 368   308 
( T )
2

= 0.978 kJ/k (b) Wmax = C p T1 + 2

Decrease in available energy due to mixing 1

Irreversibility = T0 ∆Sgen
= 288 × 0.978 = 281.8 kJ
(c) Wmax = C p ( T1 T2 ) 2

267. Consider the following statements: 1

( )
2

On heating an elastomer under tensile load, its (d) Wmax = C p T1 − T2

2
shrinkage
1. maximizes the enthalpy BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V
2. maximizes the entropy Ans : (a) : Maximum work output will be obtained
3. minimizes the free energy when there will be no irreversibility.
4. avoids breaking
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4
ESE 2017 We can extract work till both bodies reaches at same
Ans. (d) : In heating elastomer under tensile load temperature let it be Tf .
entropy get decrease because of only one possible Entropy change of body 1
microstate but by shrinkage entropy get increased
because of many possible microstate. T
= c p ℓn f
The internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of T1
temperature only.
By Helmholtz free energy equation Entropy change of body 2
Available energy is given by Tf
A = U − Ts = c p ℓn
T2
Where U = Internal energy
T = Temperature For reversible process entropy change is zero, so
s = Entropy Tf Tf
So, by increase in entropy free energy get reduced. c p ℓn + c p ℓn =0
268. For a steady process, the conditions at stage 1 T1 T2
and stage 2 are, respectively, h1=300 kJ/kg,
⇒ Tf = T1T2
h2=150 kJ/kg, S1=1.25 kJ/kg K and S2=0.8
kJ/kg K. The ‘availability’ at the ambient Work done = ( Energy given by body 1) – (Energy
temperature 300K will be absorbed body 2)
(a) 15 kJ (b) 20 kJ
(c) 25 kJ (d) 35 kJ = cp (T1 − T f ) − c p (T f − T2 )
ESE 2017 = cp (T1 + T2 − 2T f )
Ans. (a) : Given,
h1 = 300 kJ/kg S1 = 1.25 kJ/kg K = cp (T1 + T2 − 2 T1T2 )
h2 = 150 kJ/kg S2 = 0.8 kJ/kg K
T0 = 300 K = cp ( T1 − T2 ) 2
Availability = (h1 − h2) − T0 (S1 − S2)
= (300 − 150) − 300 (1.25 − 0.8) Note we have assumed T1 > T2.
= 15 kJ/kg We will get same answer for T2 > T1
47
 6. Properties of Pure Substances, Ans. (a) : Single phase system is mixture of water and
alcohol.
Gases and Gas Mixture 276. For an ideal gas the compressibility factor is:
(a) Zero (b) Unity
271. The equation which perfectly represents Gibbs
(c) Infinity (d) None of these
Phase Rule for a process where the pressure is
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II
also a variable is expressed as :
(a) F = P – C + 2 (b) F = C + P – 1 Ans : (b) : For an ideal gas, PV = RT
(c) F = P – C – 1 (d) F = C – P + 2 i.e. the compressibility factor, z =1
BHEL ET 2019 PV
As, Z =
Ans. (d) : Gibbs phase rule- RT
P+F=C+2
277. A sample of ideal gas has an internal energy U
or F = C−P+2 and is then compressed to one-half of its
P = Number of phase original volume while the temperature stays the
C = Number of chemical components same. What is the new internal energy of the
n = number of non-compositional variable (i.e. n=2) ideal gas in terms of U ?
h = 2 i.e., pressure and temperature (a) U (b) 1/2U
F = Degree of freedom (c) 1/4U (d) 2U
272. Which relationship defines Gibbs free energy G: RPSC Vice Principal ITI 2018
(a) G = H + TS (b) G = H - TS Ans. (a) : Internal energy of a perfect gas is only
(c) G = U + TS (d) F = U + TS function of temperature only.
SJVN ET 2013 For real gas internal energy is function of temperature
APPSC AEE 2016 and specific volume both U = f (T, v).
Ans. (b) : Gibbs free energy 'G' 278. Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the slope of
G = H − TS the curve in
(a) p-v diagram (b) p-h diagram
273. Joule-Thomson coefficient is defined as : (c) p-T diagram (d) T-S diagram
 ∂T   ∂H  BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V
(a)   (b)  
 ∂P  h  ∂P T Ans : (c) : Clausius-Clapeyron equation,
 ∂H   ∂P  dP (h g – h f ) × P
(c)   (d)   =
 ∂T  P  ∂T  h dT RT 2
MPPSC AE 2016 It gives slope of p – T curve.
BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V 279. Select the correct statement as per Charles's
Ans : (a) Joule thomson co-efficient:- law.
The change in temperature with drop in pressure at (a) PV = Constant, if T is kept constant.
constant enthalpy is termed as Joule-Thomson V
(b) = constant, if P is kept constant.
coefficient (µ). T
 ∂T  P
µ=  (c) = constant, if T is kept constant.
 ∂p h V
It varies with both the temperature and pressure of the T
(d) = constant, if T is kept constant.
gas. P
∗ Joule thomson coefficient for an ideal gas is zero. TSPSC AEE 2015
274. The statement that molecular weight of all Ans : (b) Charles's law:- The volume of a given mass
gases occupy the same volume is known as- of a perfect Gas varies directly as its absolute
(a) Avogardo's hypothesis temperature, when the absolute pressure remains
(b) Gas law constant
(c) Dalton's law V∝T
(d) Thermodynamics law V
RPSC AE 2018 = costant
Ans. (a) : The statement that molecular weight of all T
gases occupy the same volume is known as Avogardo's V1 V2 V3
= = = constant
hypothesis. T1 T2 T3
275. Which is a single phase system ?
(a) Mixture of water and alcohol 280. Which of the following is a general gas
(b) Mixture of oil and water equation?
(c) Liquid water, ice and water vapour (a) PVn = C (b) PV = C
(d) Water and ice (c) PV = RT (d) PV = mRT
OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011 UJVNL AE 2016
48
Ans : (d) For any mass m kg of gas, the characteristic Ans. (a) : Assumption of Ideal gas-
gas equation • Intermolecular force should be negligible
PV = mRT • Volume occupied by the molecular should be
In S.I unit, the pressure is expressed in bar negligible compared to container volume.
The unit of gas constant (R) in SI unit is N-m/kg.K • Water vapour mixed with air is considered as ideal
R = 287 J/kg K Or 0.287 kJ/kg K gas.
The equation PV = mRT may also be expressed in • Steam should never be considered as ideal gas
unless mentioned.
m
another form P = RT = ρ RT • Steam is the special term given to the gases form of
V water only when present at high temperature.
281. Which one of the following relations defines 286. Pick the correct statement about pure
Helmholtz function? substances.
(a) H + TS (b) H – TS (a) A mixture of liquid air and gaseous air is a
(c) U + TS (d) U – TS pure substances.
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II (b) A mixture of ice and liquid water is not a pure
substance.
Ans : (d) : Helmholtz function (F),
(c) A mixture of two or more phases of pure
F = U – TS → It is applicable for open system. substances is not a pure substance even
Gibbs function (G), though the chemical composition of all the
G = H – TS → It is applicable for open system. phases is the same throughout.
282. ITPS defines which of the following as a (d) A mixture of two or more phases of pure
reference for calibration of temperature scale ? substance as long as the chemical
(a) Ice Point composition of all the phases is the same
(b) Lamda Point throughout.
(c) Normal Boiling Point of Water BHEL ET 2019
(d) Triple Point of Water Ans. (d) : Pure substance– A mixture of two or more
OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011 phases of pure substance as long as the chemical
composition of all the phases is the same throughout.
Ans. (d) : Triple point of water is a reference for
calibration of temperature scale. 287. Water vapour can be considered as Ideal Gas.
(a) Never (b) Always
283. In a single-component condensed system, if (c) At high pressure (d) At low pressure
degree of freedom is zero, maximum number of OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER-II
phases that can co-exist_____ Ans : (d) : At very low pressure and high temperature
(a) 0 (b) 1 all gases and vapour approaches to ideal gas behaviour.
(c) 2 (d) 3 288. In Van der Waals equation of state the two
OPSC AEE 2019 Paper-I constant are determined from the behavior of
Ans : (d) : By using Gibb’s phase rule substance at:
P+F=C+2 (a) Saturalred point (b) Triple point
P+0=1+2 (c) Critical point (d) Never determined
P =3 OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II
284. Gibbs phase rule for general system is : Ans : (b) : In van der waals equation of state the two
constant are determined from the behavior of substance
(a) P + F = C – 1
at triple point. Van der waals equation
(b) P + F = C + 1
(c) P + F = C – 2  a 
 P + 2  ( v − b ) = RT
(d) P + F = C + 2  v 
OPSC AEE 2019 Paper-I
289. Specific heat of monoatomic gases:
Ans : (d) : Gibbs Phase rule (a) Increase with temperature rise
P+F=C+2 (b) Decrease with temperature rise
P = Number of Phase (c) Does not depends on change In temperature
F = Degree of Freedom (d) None of these
C = Number of Components OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II
285. Which of the following options can always be Ans : (b) : The molar specific heat of a gas at constant
approximated to be an deal gas? pressure (CP) is the amount of heat required to raise the
(a) Highly superheated vapour temperature of 1 mol of the gas by 1ºC at the constant
(b) Dry saturated vapour 5R
pressure. Its value for monoatomic ideal gas is and
(c) Supercritical fluid 2
(d) Saturated vapour 7R
the value for diatomic ideal gas is
BHEL ET 2019 2
49
290. A positive value of Joule-Thomson coefficient 294. If the dryness fraction of a sample by throttling
of a liquid means: calorimeter is 0.8 and that by separating
(a) Temperature drops during throttling calorimeter is also 0.8, then the actual dryness
(b) Temperature remains constant fraction of sample will be taken as
(c) Temperature rises during throttling (a) 0.8 (b) 0.8
(d) None of these (c) 0.64 (d) 0.5
OPSC AEE 2019 PAPER - II BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V
Ans : (a) : Joule Thomson coefficient Ans : (c) : x1 = Dryness fraction of steam considering
separating calorimeter.
 ∂T  x2 = Dryness fraction of steam entering the throttling
µ =  
 ∂P  h calorimeter.
x = x1x2
< 0 Temperature rises Actual dryness fraction of steam in the sample
µ  = 0 Temperature remains constant x = 0.8×0.8
 > 0 Temperaturedrops = 0.64
295. Mole fraction of a component of gas mixture is
291. Joule-Thomson process is equal to
(a) Throttling process (b) Heating process 1
(c) Compression process (d) Expansion process (a) (b) f 2
f
Gujarat PSC AE 2019
f
 ∂T  (c) f (d)
Ans : (a) : µ =  P
 constant enthalpy 'h' process.
 ∂P  h JPSC AE 2013 Ist Paper
Ans. (c): The mole fraction of any component of a
292. A gas having negative Joule Thomson co-
mixture is the ratio of the number of moles of that
efficient (µ < 0) where throttled will substance to the total number of moles of all substances
(a) become cooler present. In a mixture of gases, the partial pressure of
(b) become warmer each gas is the product of the total pressure and the
(c) remain at the same temperature mole fraction of that gas.
(d) either become cooler or warmer depending on 296. When the fuel is burned and water is release in
the type of gas the liquid phase, the heating value of fuel is
Gujarat PSC AE 2019 called
Ans : (b) : Joule Thomson coefficient (a) higher heating value
(b) lower heating value
 ∂T 
µ=  (c) enthalpy of formation
 ∂P  h (d) None the above
 < 0 become warmer JPSC AE 2013 Ist Paper
 Ans. (a) : higher heating value
µ = = 0 remain at the same temperautre
 > 0 become cooler 297. A fluid behave as an ideal gas provided it is at :
 (a) High Temperature and Pressure
293. Most of the gases exhibit drop in temperature (b) High Temperature and Moderate Pressure
upon expansion. However, this may not be true (c) Low Temperature and Pressure
in case of (d) High Temperature and Low Pressure
(a) carbon dioxide (b) oxygen OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011
(c) hydrogen (d) helium Ans. (d) : A real gases obeys perfect gas law at high
BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V temperature and low pressure.
Inter molecular attraction between molecules are
Ans : (c) : In thermodynamics, the- Joule-Thomson negligible.
(also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect or Kelvin-Joule Volume occupied by molecules as compared to total
effect) describes the temperature change of real gas or volume is negligible.
liquid when it is forced through a value or porous plug 298. Match the following :
while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged 1. Empirical temperature a. Path function
with the environment. This procedure is called a 2. Polarization b. Permeable to
throttling process or Joule-Thomson process. At room heat transfer
temperature, all gases except hydrogen, helium, and 3. Heat transfer c. Mechanical
neon cool upon expansion by the Joule-Thomson equivalent of heat
process when being throttled through an orifice, there 4. Joule's experiment d. Isotherm
three gases experience the same effect but only at lower 5. Diathermic e. Dipole moment
temperature. (a) 1–d, 2–a, 3–e, 4–c, 5–b
(b) 1–d, 2–e, 3–a, 4–c, 5–b
50
 (c) 1–d, 2–b, 3–a, 4–c, 5–e 301. According to Dalton's law, the total pressure of
(d) 1–d, 2–c, 3–b, 4–a, 5–e the mixture of gases is equal to
OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011 (a) greater of the partial pressure of gases
Ans. (b) : (b) average of the partial pressure of gases
1. Empirical temperature Isotherm (c) Sum of the partial pressure of all
2. Polarization Dipole moment (d) Sum of the partial pressure of all divided by
3. Heat transfer Path function average molecular weight
4. Joule's experiment Mechanical TNPSC 2019
equivalent of heat Ans. (c) : According to Dalton's law, the total pressure
5. Diathermic Permeable to heat of the mixture of gases is equal to sum of the partial
transfer pressure of all.
299. The point that connects the saturated-liquid 302. Calculate the dryness fraction of steam which
line to the saturated-vapour line is called the has 1.5 kg of water in suspension with 50 kg of
(a) triple point steam
(b) critical point (a) 0.971 (b) 1
(c) superheated point (c) 0 (d) 0.485
(d) compressed liquid point TNPSC 2019
RPSC Vice Principal ITI 2018 Ans. (a) : Data Given
Ans. (b) : mw = 1.5 kg, mv = 50 kg
mv
Dryness fraction (x) =
mw + mv
50
x= = 0.971
1.5 + 50
303. Which one of the following properties remains
unchanged for a real gas during Joule-
Thomson process
(a) Temperature (b) Enthalpy
(c) Entropy (d) Pressure
TNPSC 2019
The properties of liquid and vapour are identical at Ans. (b) : Enthalpy properties remains unchanged for a
critical point. real gas during Joule-Thomson process.
300. The enthalpy of vaporization, at critical point is  ∂T 
(a) maximum (b) minimum   =µ
(c) zero (d) none of the above  ∂P  h =const.
RPSC Vice Principal ITI 2018 304. Which of the following gasses will have the
TNPSC 2019 maximum value of gas constant R
Ans. (c) : (a) nitrogen
The enthalpy of vaporization, at critical point is zero (b) carbon dioxide
(c) sulpher dioxide
(d) oxygen
TSPSC AEE 2015
Ans. (a) :
Element Molecular weight (M)
Nitrogen (N2) 28
Corban Dioxide (CO2) 44
Sulpher Dioxide (SO2) 64
Oxygen (O2) 32

R
gas constant R =
The line AB denotes enthalpy of vaporization. At M
critical point (CP), the length become zero so enthalpy 1
of vaporization is zero. R∝
M
Enthalpy of vaporization
hfg = hg – hf So, Nitrogen gas will have the maximum value of gas
At critical point, the liquid and vapour have same constant because its molecular weight is 28.
properties, so 305. The specific heat of gas remains constant at all
hf = hg pressure and temperature. This statement
hfg= 0 pertains to
(a) Joule's law (b) Regnault's law
51
 (c) Avogadro's law (d) Maxwell law 311. Latent heat of vaporization of water at critical
TSPSC AEE 2015 point is
Ans. (b) : According to Regnault's law, the specific heat (a) 334 J/kg (b) 234 J/kg
of gas remains constant at all pressure and temperature. (c) 334 J/kg (d) zero
306. The specific heat of an ideal gas depend on its TNPSC AE 2017
__________alone. Ans. (d) : Latent heat of vaporization of water
(a) Pressure (b) Volume decreases with increase in pressure and become zero at
(c) Entropy (d) Temperature critical point [Pcr = 221 bar, Tcr = 374ºC]
APPSC AEE 2016
Ans. (d) : Specific Heat– The specific heat is the
amount of heat per unit mass required to rise the
temperature by one degree Celsius.
∆Q = mc∆T
∆Q
C=
m∆T
Where,
m = mass (kg) 312. The value of characteristics constant of oxygen
C = Specific heat J/kg°C would be
∆Q = Change in thermal energy (J) (a) 0.412 kJ/kg-K (b) 0.262 kJ/kg-K
∆T = Change in temperature (°C) (c) 1.004 kJ/kg-K (d) 0.624 kJ/kg-K
TNPSC AE 2018
307. The substance which is homogeneous and
invariable in chemical composition throughout Ans. (b) : The value of characteristics constant of
its mass is called as ______. oxygen would be 0.262 kJ/kg-K.
(a) ideal substance (b) pure substance 313. It is desired to store 28 kg of nitrogen at 14
(c) solid substance (d) gas substance MPa pressure and 27ºC in a cylinder.
APPSC AEE 2016 Assuming that nitrogen behaves like an ideal
Ans. (b) : The substance which is homogeneous and gas, determine the size of the cylinder.
invariable in chemical composition throughout its mass (a) 0.01782 m3 (b) 0.1782 m3
3
is called as pure substance. (c) 1.782 m (d) 17.82 m3
RPSC AE 2018
308. No liquid can exist as a liquid at
(a) 0°C temperature (b) 200°C temperature Ans. (b) : Data given:
m = 28 kg, P = 14 MPa, T = 27ºC = 300 K
(c) Zero pressure (d) Zero viscosity
Ideal gas equation
Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2 PV = mRT
APPSC AEE 2016 where
Ans. (c) : No liquid can exist as a liquid at zero
R
pressure:- R=
Generally absolute zero pressure is the point where M
there exist a minimum temperature i.e. zero. That can be molecular weight (M) for
N2 = 28
possible only when molecular momentum of system
become zero. There should not be any motion of R (Universal gas constant)
particles so there is no collision of particles, kinetic = 8.314 kJ/k-m K
energy nullifies and the temperature becomes zero. 8.314
R= = 0.2969 kJ / K kg
309. Sublimation is the process of 28
(a) Changing from gas state to solid state then,
(b) Changing from solid state to gas state 28 × 0.2969 × 300
(c) Changing from liquid to vapour state V=
14 × 1000
(d) Existence of solids, liquids and gases V = 0.178157 m3
simultaneously
APPSC AEE 2016 314. The principle of working of the constant
volume thermometer is based on
Ans. (b) : Sublimation– when a solid turns into a gas (a) Boyle's law (b) Charle's law
without first becoming liquid, that's sublimation. (c) Gay – Lussac's law (d) Equation of state
310. The value of dryness fraction at critical point TNPSC AE 2014
for water-steam phase transformation may be Ans. (c) : Constant volume gas thermometer– This
(a) 0 (b) 1 thermometer works on the principle of Law of Gay-
(c) either 0 or 1 (d) all of these Lussac. The law states that when the temperature of an
TNPSC AE 2017 ideal gas increases, there is a corresponding increase in
Ans. (d) : The value of dryness fraction at critical point pressure. Also, when the temperature decrease, the
for water-steam phase transformation is undefined. pressure too decrease correspondingly.
52
315. The heating of a gas at constant pressure is
governed by
(a) Boyle's law
(b) Charles's law
(c) Gay-Lussac law
(d) Joule's law
TNPSC AE 2014
Ans. (b) : Charles's Law—The heating of a gas at
constant pressure.
Boyle's Law —The heating of a gas at constant
temperature.
Gay-Lussac Law—The heating of a gas at constant
volume.
316. The heating of wet steam at constant
temperature till it becomes dry saturated is
similar to that of heating at a h1 > h2 > h3
(a) constant volume (b) constant pressure At critical point where saturated liquid and
(c) constant entropy (d) constant enthalpy saturated vapour line are meet, enthalpy of evaporation
TNPSC AE 2014 become zero and liquid directly flash into vapour.
Ans. (b) : The heating of wet steam at constant PV
319. The ratio of is
temperature till it becomes dry saturated is similar to RT
that of heating at a constant pressure. (a) Equations of state
(b) Compressibility factor
(c) Reduced properties
(d) Critical compressibility factor
TNPSC AE 2013
Ans. (b) : Compressibility factor (Z)– Compressibility
factor is also known as the compression factor or the
gas deviation factor, is a correction factor which
describe the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas
317. The dryness fraction of steam is equal to behaviour. It is simply defined as the ratio of the moler
Mg Mf volume of a gas to the molar volume of an ideal gas at
(a) (b) the same temperature and pressure.
Mg +M f Mg +M f
PV
Mg Mf Z=
(c) (d) RT
Mf Mg For ideal gas → Z = 1
Where Mg = mass of dry steam 320. A certain gas has Cp value of 1968 J/kgK and
Mf = mass of wet steam Cv value of 1507 J/kgK. The value of R is
TNPSC AE 2014 (a) 0.461 KJ/kgK (b) 1307 J/kgK
TNPSC 2019 (c) 1 (d) 461 KJ/kgK
Mg TNPSC AE 2013
Ans. (a) : x = Ans. (a) : We know that-
Mg + Mf
Mayer's formula is given as-
318. With the increase of pressure Cp − CV = R
(a) The boiling point of water decreases and
enthalpy of evaporation increases 1968 – 1507 = R
(b) The boiling point of water increases and R = 461 J/kgK
enthalpy of evaporation decreases R = 0.461/ kJ/kgK
(c) Both the boiling point of water and enthalpy 321. Region inside the inversion curve is
of evaporation decreases represented by : (where µ is Joule - Kelvin
(d) Both the boiling point of water and enthalpy coefficient)
of evaporation increases (a) Cooling region, µ < 0
TNPSC AE 2014 (b) Heating region, µ > 0
Ans. (b) : With the increase of pressure the boiling (c) Cooling region, µ > 0
point of water increases and enthalpy of evaporation (d) Heating region, µ < 0
decreases. UPRVUNL AE 2016
53
Ans. (c) : Joule - Kelvin coefficient (µ) 324. Which of the following is true statement for
 ∂T  phase diagram of pure substance?
µ =  (a) Sublimation curve, fusion curve and
 ∂P  h
vaporization curve meets at critical point
(b) Extreme points of vaporization curve are
triple point and critical point
(c) Extreme points of fusion curve are triple point
and critical point
(d) Fusion curve for water has positive slope
UPRVUNL AE 2016
Ans. (b) : In phase diagram of pure substance, extreme
points of vaporization curve are triple point and critical
For ideal gas points.
µ=0
322. Ideal gas equation may be written as [where, P
= absolute pressure, v = specific volume, R =
characteristic gas constant, T = absolute
temperature, m = mass of gas, n = number of
moles of gas, Z = compressibility factor]:
(a) Pv = nRT (b) Pv = ZRT
(c) Pv = mRT (d) Pv = RT
UPRVUNL AE 2016
Pv
Ans. (d) : Compressibility factor Z =
RT • Fusion curve for water has negative slope.
For ideal gas Z = 1 325. Which of the following law governs the
then Pv = RT
isothermal process
323. Generalized compressibility chart is drawn (a) Boyle's Law
between:
(a) Reduced pressure (Pr) on y-axis and reduced (b) Charle's law
temperature (Tr) on x-axis (c) Joule's law
(b) Compressibility factor (Z) on y-axis and (d) Gay Lussac's law
reduced temperature (Tr) on x-axis HPPSC AE 2018
(c) Compressibility factor (Z) on y-axis and Ans. (a) : Boyle's law governs the isothermal process.
reduced pressure (Pr) on x-axis T = Constant
(d) Compressibility factor (Z) on x-axis and
P1V1 = P2V2 = Constant
reduced pressure (Pr) on y-axis
UPRVUNL AE 2016 Charle's Law – P = Constant
Ans. (c) : Generalized compressibility chart is drawn V1 V2
= = Constant
between compressibility factor (Z) on y-axis and T1 T2
reduced pressure (Pr) on x-axis. Gay Lussac's Law – Gay Lussac's Law states that the
pressure of a given mass of a gas varies directly with
absolute temperature of the gas when the volume is kept
constant.
P1 P2
= = Constant
T1 T2
326. Specific heat at constant pressure can be given
as (Where ' ϒ' is ratio of specific heats at
constant pressure and constant volume, R is a
PVactual
Z= gas constant, J is the Joule constant.)
RT γR JR
Vactual (a) (b)
Z= J ( γ − 1) γ ( γ − 1)
Videal
Z = 1 - for ideal gas γR R
(c) (d)
Z > 1 - less compressible J ( R − 1) J ( γ − 1)
Z < 1 - more compressible HPPSC AE 2018
54
Ans. (a) : We know that (d) State from which a change of phase may
R occur without a change in pressure and
Cp – Cv = ................(i) temperature.
J
(e) State from which a change of phase may
Cp
and = γ .............(ii) occur without a change in pressure or
Cv temperature.
Cp (CGPCS Polytechnic Lecturer 2017)
then Cv = Ans. (d) : Saturation State–A saturation state of pure
γ
substance (water) is a state from which a change of
Putting the value of Cv in equation (i)
phase may occur without a change in pressure and
C R temperature.
Cp – p =
γ J

Cp
[ γ − 1] = R
γ J
γ.R γ.R
Cp = =
( γ − 1) J ( γ − 1)
327. For dry saturated vapour, the value of dryness
fraction will be
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.75 329. The reading of temperature on the Celsius
(c) 0.5 (d) 0 scale is 60° C. What is equivalent reading of
RPSC LECTURER 16.01.2016 temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?
Ans. (a) : Dryness fraction (x) (a) 130°F (b) 132°F
(c) 136°F (d) 140°F
Mass of vapour
= (e) 146°F
Mass of vapour + Mass of liquid (CGPCS Polytechnic Lecturer 2017)
Ans. (d) : We know that
C−0 F − 32
=
100 − 0 212 − 32
C F − 32
=
5 9
C = 60°C then
60 F − 32
= = 12
5 9
F – 32 = 108
F = 140°F
mv 330. Super heated vapours behave:
x=
mL + mv (a) Exactly as a gas
at saturated vapour line (b) As steam
mL = 0 (c) As ordinary vapour
mv (d) Approximately as a gas
x= =1 SJVN ET 2013
mv + 0
Ans. (d) : Superheated vapours behave approximately
328. A Saturation state of pure substance (water) is as a gas.
a: 331. RMS velocity of hydrogen gas at NTP is:
(a) State from which a change of phase may (a) 526 m/s (b) 932 m/s
occur with a change in pressure or (c) 1356 m/s (d) 1839 m/s
temperature. SJVN ET 2013
(b) State from which a change of phase may
occur with a change in pressure and Ans. (d) : RMS velocity of hydrogen ( Vrms ) = 3RT
temperature. m
(c) State from which a change of phase may At NTP
occur with a change in pressure and volume. R = 8.314 kJ/mol.K

55
 T = 273 K 334. Joule-Kelvin coefficient is given by [where T =
m = 2 × 10-3 kg/mol absolute temperature, P = Pressure, s = Specific
3 × 8.31× 273 entropy, h = specific enthalpy]
Vrms =  ∂T   ∂s 
2 × 10 −3 (a)   (b)  
= 1845.15 m/s  ∂s h  ∂T h
≈ 1840 m/s  ∂T   ∂T 
(c)   (d)  
332. During melting the volume of pure substance  ∂P h  ∂s 
other than water : SJVN ET 2019
(a) Decreases Ans. (c) : Joule-Kelvin co-efficient (µ) is slope on
(b) Increases temperature - pressure diagram when enthalpy remains
(c) Remains constant constant.
(d) First increases and then decreases
 ∂T 
TRB Polytechnic Lecturer 2017 µ= 
Ans. (b) : General Substance Fusion Curve–  ∂P h
335. On Mollier chart, slope of an isobar on h-s
diagram is equal to: [where T = absolute
temperature]
(a) T4 (b) T2
(c) T (d) T3
SJVN ET 2019
Ans. (c) : dh = Tds + vdP, For constant pressure/
isobaric process
dP = 0
So, dh = Tds
 ∂P  dh
= + ve or =T
  ds p
 ∂T General substance
Liquids → Solids [Contract] 336. An ideal gas having the weight of 20 N at the
Solid → Liquid [Expends] temperature of 27oC and pressure of 0.206
2
H2O Fusion Curve– N/mm (abs). The gas constant will be
[Consider g = 9.81 m/s2]
(a) 912 kJ/kg-K (b) 0.912 kJ/kg-K
(c) 0.4251 kJ/kg-K (d) 425.1 kJ/kg-K
SJVN ET 2019
Ans. (c) : PV = mRT
0.26 20
−6
×1 = × R × 300 or
10 9.81
R = 425.1 J/kgK
= 0.4251 kJ/kgK
337. If the degree of saturation of air is zero, the air
is said to be
 ∂P 
  = − ve (a) superheated air (b) unsaturated air
 ∂T H2O (c) saturated air (d) atmospheric air
Solid → Liquid [Contracts] APPSC AEE 2016
Liquid → Solid [Expends] Ans. (c) : If the degree of saturation of air is zero, the
333. The temperature of an ideal gas always air is said to be saturated air.
deceases during
(a) Isobaric expansion
(b) Isothermal expansion
(c) Adiabatic expansion
(d) Isentropic expansion
Nagaland PSC CTSE 2017 Paper-2
Ans. (d) : The temperature of an ideal gas always
decreasing during isentropic expansion.
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We know that degree of saturation (DOS) = (T1 – T2) Ans : (a) : Under thermal equilibrium flow of steam is
When, T1 = T2 isentropic, because there is no heat transfer between
then, DOS = 0 system and surrounding.
It means air is said to be saturated air. 342. Critical pressure of a liquid is the pressure
338. When a real gas follows Joule Thomson (a) above which liquid will remain liquid
expansion process, the temperature (b) above which liquid will become gas
(a) always increases (c) above which liquid becomes vapour
(b) always decreases (d) above which liquid becomes solid
(c) remains same BPSC AE 2012 Paper - V
(d) may increase or decrease Ans : (c) : Critical pressure of a liquid is the pressure
(e) becomes zero above which liquid becomes vapour.
CGPSC AE 2014 -II 343. A gas mixture consists of 3 kg of O2, 5kg of N2
Ans. (d) : When a real gas follows Joule Thomson and 12 kg of CH4. The mass fraction and mole
expansion process, the temperature may increase or fraction and mole fraction of O2 are
decrease. (a) 0.25 and 0.125 (b) 0.15 and 0.092
Joule- Thomson coefficient ( µ )- Joule- Thomson (c) 0.25 and 0.092 (d) 0.15 and 0.125
Coefficient ( µ ) is defined as the ratio of the ESE 2019
temperature change to the pressure drop, and is mo2
expressed in terms of the thermal expansion coefficient. Ans. (b) : Mass fraction of O2 =
The Joule - Thomson Coefficient will be zero at a point m o2 + m N2 + m CH 4
called Inversion point for all real gases, Expansion of 3
most real gases causes cooling when the joule- = = 0.15
3 + 5 + 12
Thomson coefficient is positive and the gas temperature n o2
is below the Inversion temperature. However, at Mol fraction of O2 =
atmosphere pressure, as the inversion temperature for n o2 + n N2 + n CH4
hydrogen is low and hence hydrogen will warm during  3 
a Joule- Thomson expansion at room temperature. Since  
=  32 
there is no change of temperature when an ideal gas
 3   5   12 
expands through throttling device, a non-zero Joule-  + + 
Thomson coefficient refers to a real gas.  32   28   6 
339. For achieving the cooling effect by Joule- = 0.092
Kelvin, expansion the initial temperature of gas 344. The ordinate and abscissa of the diagram to
must be below the depict the isobaric processes of an ideal gas as a
(a) Boiling point temperature hyperbola are, respectively
(b) Freezing point temperature (a) temperature and entropy
(c) Maximum inversion temperature (b) internal energy and volume
(d) Saturation temperature (c) temperature and density
TNPSC AE 2013 (d) enthalpy and entropy
Ans. (c) : For achieving the cooling effect by Joule- ESE 2018
Kelvin, expansion the initial temperature of gas must be Ans. (c) : For an ideal gas
below the maximum inversion temperature.
340. The kinetic energy lost in friction is
transformed into heat which tends to
(a) cool or condense the steam
(b) dry or superheat the steam
(c) increase the pressure of the steam
(d) reduce the dryness fraction
(e) decrease the specific volume of steam PV = mRT
CGPSC AE 2014 -II P = ρRT = constant
Ans. (b) : The kinetic energy lost in friction is ρT = constant
transformed into heat which tends to dry or superheat i.e. equation of hyperbola.
the steam. 345. Consider the following statements:
341. Under thermal equilibrium, flow of steam is 1. The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at
(a) isentropic (b) adiabatic absolute zero temperature is zero.
(c) hyperbolic (d) polytropic 2. The efficiency of a reversible heat engine is
BPSC AE 2012 Paper - V independent of the nature of the working
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 substance and depends only on the
temperature of the reservoirs between which
it operates.
3. Carnot’s theorem states that of all heat
engines operating between a given constant
temperature source and a given constant
temperature sink, none has a higher efficiency
than a reversible engine.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
ESE 2018
Ans. (d) : (i) The third law of thermodynamics defines
the absolute zero of entropy. The entropy of a pure
crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is
zero.
T
(ii) Efficiency of Carnot = 1 − L
TH
Here, it is cleared that efficiency of Carnot engine
depends upon the temperature of reservoirs. Working
substance does not play any role in the efficiency of
Carnot engine. Every heat engine works between two
temperature limits and give some work out.
Carnot is a ideal case of engines that is not possible. No
heat engine can be efficient as Carnot.
346. Which one of the following substances has
constant specific heat at all pressures and
temperature?
(a) Mono-atomic gas (b) Di-atomic gas
(c) Tri-atomic gas (d) Poly-atomic gas
ESE 2018
Ans. (a) : The specific heats, cp and cv vary with the
temperature, the variation being different for each gas.
For monoatomic gases, such as He, Ne, Ar and most
metallic vapours, specific heats are constant.
347. Statement (I): The specific heat at constant
pressure for an ideal gas is always greater than the
specific heat at constant volume.
Statement (II): Heat added at constant volume is
not utilized for doing any external work.
ESE 2017
Ans. (a) : When gas is heated at constant pressure (CP)
it requires more heat energy as there is change is in
internal energy as well as external work done.
But in case of constant volume (CV) there is no external
work done, so that the given heat has to increase only
external energy. Therefore CP is always greater than CV.
 dh 
CP =  
 dT P =Const.
 du 
CV =   γ +1
 dT V =Const.
We know that enthalpy of fluid is more in value as
compared to internal energy of the fluid.
h>u
So, CP > CV
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348. Statement (I): A homogeneous mixture of gases
that do not react within themselves can be treated
as a pure substance.
Statement (II): Flue gases can be treated as a
homogeneous mixture of gases.
ESE 2017
Ans. (a) : The composition of pure substance is
invariable and same through out the sample i.e.
constituents of pure substance do not react themselves.
Hence statement-I is definition of pure substance and
statement-II is example, so both are true.
349. At the critical point, any substance
(a) will exist in all the three phases
simultaneously
(b) will change directly from solid to vapour
(c) will lose phase distinction between liquid and
vapour
(d) will behave as an ideal gas
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
Ans. (c) : will lose phase distinction between liquid and
vapour
350. Triple point and critical point pressure of
carbon dioxide are:-
(a) 4.58mm Hg and 221.2 bar respectively
(b) 5.18 bar and 221.2 bar respectively
(c) 1 bar and 50 bar respectively
(d) 5.18 bar and 73.8 bar respectively
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-II
Ans. (d) : Triple point and critical point pressure of
carbon dioxide are 5.18 bar and 73.8 bar respectively.
351. Which one of the following is weaker than
hydrogen bonds?
(a) Ionic bond (b) Vander Waals bond
(c) Covalent bond (d) Metallic bond
UKPSC AE-2013, Paper-I
Ans. (b) : Vander walls bond is weaker than hydrogen
bonds.
352. The latent heat of steam with increase in
pressure
(a) does not change (b) increases
(c) decreases (d) remains unpredictable
UKPSC AE 2007 Paper -II
Ans. (c) : Decreases
353. An ideal gas is heated from temperature T1
and T2 by keeping its volume constant. The gas
is expanded back to its initial temperature
according to the law PVn = C. If the entropy
change in the two processes are equal, then the
value of n in terms of the adiabatic index γ is
γ −1
(a) n = (b) n =
2 2
γ +2 γ +4
(c) n = (d) n =
4 2
JPSC AE 2013 Ist Paper
Ans. (a) : and there are circumstances where the properties of the
molecules have an experimentally measurable effect. A
T  T  V
cv ℓ n  2  = cv ℓ n  1  + Rℓn 1 modification of the ideal gas law as proposed by Johannes
T
 1 T
 2 V2 D. van der Waals in 1873 to take into account molecular
1 size and molecular interaction forces. It is usually referred
V1  T1  n −1 to as the Vander Walls equation of state.
= 
V2  T2  356. Which one of the following parameters is
significant to ascertain chemical equilibrium of
T  T  R T
cv ℓ n  2  = cv ℓ n  1  + ℓn 2 a system?
 T1   T2  ( n − 1) T1 (a) Clapeyron equation (b) Maxwell relations
(c) Gibbs function (d) Helmholtz function
T  T  R T 
cv ℓ n  2  = −cv ℓ n  2  + ℓn  2  BPSC AE Mains 2017 Paper - V
 T1   T1  ( n − 1)  T1  Ans : (c) : In chemical equilibrium, the Gibb's free energy
R 'G' is minimum at constant pressure reaction so assuming a
2cv = reaction is happening at constant pressure, chemical
n −1
equilibrium is ascertained by Gibb's free energy.
c p − cv = R
357. Which of the following relationship defines the
c p − cv Helmholtz function (F)?
2cv =
n −1 (a) F = H + TS (b) F = H – TS
c (c) F = U + TS (d) F = U – TS
2 ( n − 1) = p − 1 BPSC AE 2012 Paper - V
cv
Ans : (d) : Helmholtz function (F)
2n − 2 = γ − 1
F = U − TS
2n = γ + 1
358. The specific heat relation is
γ +1 vT β 2
n= (a) CP − CV =
2 k
354. What is the lowest pressure at which water can vTk
(b) CP − CV = 2
exist in liquid phase in stable equilibrium? β
(a) 101.325 kPa (b) 0.311 kPa
pTk
(c) 22.06 kpa (d) 0.611 kPa (c) CP − CV = 2
BHEL ET 2019 β
Ans. (d) : The lowest pressure at which water v 2T β
(d) CP − CV =
can exist in liquid phase in stable equilibrium k
JPSC AE 2013 Ist Paper
of 0.611 kPa.
Ans. (a) :
2
7. Thermodynamic Relations  ∂V   ∂V 
CP − CV = −T    
 ∂T  P  ∂T T
1  ∂V 
 a  β=  
355. The equation  P + 2  ( V − b ) = RT is known V  ∂T  P
 V 
as 1  ∂V 
KT = −  
(a) perfect gas equation V  ∂T T
(b) Maxwell's equation We get,
(c) kinetic theory of gases equation Tvβ 2
(d) Vander walls equation CP − CV =
BPSC Poly. Lect. 2016 kT
UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II 359. The expression indicating Y as a
Ans : (d) Vander walls equation thermodynamic property is :
 a  1
= P + 2 (V − b ) = RT (a) Y = XZdZ + Z2dX (b) Y = XZ 2 dZ + Z 2dX
2
 V 
(c) Y = pdv – vdp (d) Y = p2dv + vdp
The ideal gas law treats that the molecules of a gas as OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011
point particles with perfectly elastic collisions. This
works well for dilute gases in many experimental Ans. (a) : Y = XZdZ + Z2 dX 1
circumstances. But gas molecules are not point masses, 2

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360. Specific heat CP at constant pressure is defined (d) Entropy
as : UPRVUNL AE 2016
 ∂h   ∂h  Ans. (c) : We know that
(a)   (b)  
 ∂T  u  ∂T  p TdS = dh - VdP
If P = constant
 ∂h   ∂h 
(c)   (d)   TdS = dh
 ∂p  T  ∂p  u
 dh 
OPSC Civil Services Pre. 2011   =T
 dS  P
Ans. (b) : We know that
H = mC p ∆T An enthalpy-entropy chart also known as h-s or Mollier
diagram.
h = C p ∆T (For unit mass)
364. Which of the following is not the Maxwell's
Change in specific enthalpy, equation?
 ∂h   ∂S   ∂P 
Cp =   (a)   =  ∂T 
 ∂T  P  ∂V T  V
361. Constant pressure lines in the superheated  ∂V   ∂P 
region of the Mollier diagram have what type
(b) 
∂  = −  ∂S 
 T P  V
of slope?
(a) A positive slope  ∂T   ∂V 
(c)   = 
(b) A negative slope  ∂P S  ∂S  P
(c) Zero slope  ∂T   ∂P 
(d)   = − 
(d) May have either positive or negative slopes  ∂V S  ∂S  V
RPSC Vice Principal ITI 2018
SJVN ET 2019
Ans. (a) : Mollier diagram is (h-s) enthalpy entropy plot
Ans. (b) :
Tds = dh – vdp
365. The gas constant R is equal to the
 ∂h 
  = T = Slope (a) sum of two specific heats.
 ∂s  p (b) difference of two specific heats.
T is always +Ve so slope always +Ve. (c) product of two specific heats.
362. The equation of state (d) ratio of two specific heats.
 B B B  UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
pν = RT  B 0 + 1 + 22 + 33  is known as
 ν ν ν  Ans. (b) : difference of two specific heats.
366. The value of compressibility factor for a
(a) Vander wall's equation vander Waals gas is equal to
(b) Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation (a) 1.0 (b) 0.375
(c) Gibbs equation (c) 0.2 to 0.3 (d) 0.35
(d) Virial equation UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
TNPSC AE 2018 Ans. (b) : 0.375
Ans. (d) : Virial equation, 367. The slope of an isobar on the h – s coordinates
 B B B  is equal to the
pν = RT  B 0 + 1 + 22 + 33 
 ν ν ν  (a) Gibbs function
The virial equation of state is valid for gases at (b) Helmholtz function
low density only. (c) Pressure
363. The slope of constant pressure curve on (d) Absolute saturation temperature at that
enthalpy-entropy diagram gives: pressure
(a) Density UKPSC AE 2012 Paper–II
(b) Specific volume Ans. (d) : Absolute saturation temperature at that
(c) Absolute temperature pressure

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