Name: Mike James Alforque Section: 12-Lux

Partner: Ivy Claire Butaya Section: 12-lux

Research Topic/Title
Instructions: Write a short summary for a review of related literature in your Rationale or
Background of the Study. Write down 3 theories or concepts related to your topic. Don’t forget
to note down the source.

Theory/Concept:
Simonson theorized that if distance learning is to be effective, then learning must be similar
to learning in traditional settings. Learning will always differ by individual, whether they are
physically sitting next to each other, or communicating solely through the Internet, because
everyone incorporates new knowledge differently into their existing scheme.``Identical
traditional and distance-learning courses are unlikely to be effective, but a variety of
equivalent educational approaches should be provided for students – local and distant – to
learn from". So to put it another way, design the courses thoughtfully so that the learning
outcome is the same, whether through distance or traditional courses.

Theorist:

Michael R. Simonson

Source:
alymoore.weebly.com/module-2---theories-of-distance-learning.html
Simonson, M., Smaldino, S., & Zvacek, S. (2015). Teaching and Learning at a Distance:
Foundations of Distance Education, Sixth Edition. Charlotte: Information Age
Publishing

Theory/Concept:
Keegan established the foundations of distance learning as a distinct and separate area of
practice and study from the mainstream of education. He stated :
"Distance education is a coherent and distinct field of education: it encompasses distance
learning programs at the primary and secondary, technical and secondary levels, at the
university and college levels, both in the public and private sectors. It has been around for a
hundred years and is now found in most countries”.
Issues led Keegan to presume that "distance education is a form of education that has
problems for administrators, teachers, and students. It is characterized by the fragility of non-
traditional education. These difficulties concern the quality, quantity and status of distance
learning. Good practice in distance education seeks to provide solutions to these difficulties
encountered."
Theorist: Desmond Keegan

Source:
Introduction to Distance Education: Theorists, and theories — Desmond Keegan « Distance-
Educator.com (distance-educator.com)

Keegan, D. (1996). Foundations of distance education (3rd Ed.) New York, NY:
Routledge.

Theory/Concept:
Wedemeyer, who was a proponent of distance learning, emphasized the individual freedoms
that distance learning confers on him. He argued that distance learning and modern
technology give equal access to personal independence and autonomy.

Moore, on the other hand, thought that the concept of distance learning should be seen as a
multidimensional concept. He suggests that the geographical distance is not very important.
He proposed two key concepts in the theory of learning. The structure was defined as a
measure of the educational programs that respond to the personal needs of the learners. The
structure meant the design of the instructional programs, while dialog meant interaction
through communication between the instructor and the learner.

Theorist:

Charles Wedemeyer and Michael Moore

Source:

https://great-essays.com/essays/history-and-theories-of-distance-education/#:~:text=The
%20theory%20of%20autonomy%20and%20independence%20was%20postulated,give
%20equal%20access%20to%20personal%20independence%20and%20autonomy.