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8 Grade English: Persuasive Speech
The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade your audience that your ideas are valid,
or more valid than someone else’s. The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided the
means of persuasion, appeals, into three categories–Ethos, Pathos, Logos.
Logos (Logical) means persuading by the use of reasoning. This will be the most
important technique we will study, and Aristotle’s favorite. We’ll look at deductive and
inductive reasoning, and discuss what makes an effective, persuasive reason to back up
your claims. Giving reasons is the heart of argumentation, and cannot be emphasized
enough. We’ll study the types of support you can use to substantiate your thesis, and
look at some of the common logical fallacies, in order to avoid them in your writing.
Ethos can be developed by choosing language that is appropriate for the audience and
topic (also means choosing proper level of vocabulary), making yourself sound fair or
unbiased, introducing your expertise or pedigree, and by using correct grammar and
syntax.
Authors use pathos to invoke sympathy from an audience; to make the audience feel
what the author wants them to feel. A common use of pathos would be to draw pity from
an audience. Another use of pathos would be to inspire anger from an audience; perhaps
in order to prompt action. Pathos is the Greek word for both “suffering” and
“experience.” The words empathy and pathetic are derived from pathos.
Logos or the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason.
To use logos would be to cite facts and statistics, historical and literal analogies, and
citing certain authorities on a subject. Logos is the Greek word for “word,” however the
true definition goes beyond that, and can be most closely described as “the word or that
by which the inward thought is expressed, Lat. oratio; and, the inward thought itself,
Lat. Ratio. The word “logic” is derived from logos.
Logos can be developed by using advanced, theoretical or abstract language, citing facts
(very important), using historical and literal analogies, and by constructing logical
arguments.
In order to persuade your audience, proper use of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos
is necessary.
REFERENCE Tools of Persuasion
tries to convince you through the trustworthiness and believability of the author. It is an
Ethos appeal to ethics.
tries to persuade you by creating an emotional connection between you and the topic. It
Pathos is an appeal to your emotions.
tries to persuade you by using evidence such as facts and figures. It is an appeal to logic
Logos and reason.
©2019 BY SCHOLASTIC INC. PERMISSION GRANTED TO TEACHERS AND SUBSCRIBERS TO PROJECT OR MAKE COPIES OF THIS PAGE TO DISTRIBUTE TO STUDENTS.
Persuasive Language
introduction to ethos, pathos & logos
ARISTOTLE was a Greek philosopher who lived in the 4th century BCE. He was an influential
thinker and wrote on many subjects – from logic and ethics, to biology and metaphysics.
One area, in which Aristotle was particularly interested, was rhetoric. That is, the art of
persuasive speaking or writing. He even wrote a whole book entitled ‘On Rhetoric’ in which
he explains his theories of persuasive language and speech. Most significantly, in this work
he expounds on the concepts of ethos, logos and pathos, as tools for persuasive
language. A lot can be learned about the art of persuasion from these three concepts, and
once understood, they can be easily applied to our own persuasive speaking and writing.
ethos
Ethos is a Greek word meaning ‘character’. In terms of persuasive language, it is
an appeal to authority and credibility. Ethos is a means of convincing an
audience of the reliable character or credibility of the speaker/writer, or the
credibility of the argument.
It is an important tool of persuasion because if you can get your audience
to see you (or your argument) as credible and trustworthy, it will be much easier
to persuade them.
pathos
Pathos is a Greek word meaning ‘suffering’ or ‘experience’, and it is used in
persuasive speech as an appeal to the emotions of the audience. Pathos is the
way of creating a persuasive argument by evoking an emotional response in the
audience/reader.
You can use pathos when trying to persuade, by appealing to an
audience’s hopes and dreams, playing on their fears or worries, or appealing to
their particular beliefs or ideals.
logos
Logos is a Greek word meaning ‘a word’ or ‘reason’. In rhetoric, it is an appeal to
logic and reason. It is used to persuade an audience by logical thought, fact
and rationality.
Logos can be a useful tool of persuasion because if you can ‘prove’ an
argument through logical and sound reasoning, your audience is more likely to
be persuaded.
If you can include a combination of these three elements in your persuasive speaking and writing, you
will appeal to your audience’s emotions, sense of reasoning and belief in you, and therefore your
writing will be more convincing. Try to subtly weave ethos, pathos and logos into your persuasive
writing and speaking.
For each of the following extracts from advertisements, identify how ethos,
in advertising
pathos or logos is being used.
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1 _________________________________________________________________
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2 MAC _________________________________________________________________
ARONNI CHEESE _________________________________________________________________
Just the way mom makes it _________________________________________________________________
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3 _________________________________________________________________
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4 _________________________________________________________________
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5 Dynamite _________________________________________________________________
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Security _________________________________________________________________
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6 _________________________________________________________________
SHINEYWHITE MOUTHWASH _________________________________________________________________
Recommended by dentists _________________________________________________________________
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7
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© Stacey Lloyd 2014
Does TikTok Belong in School?
Two students at Elmwood Middle School face off in their school newspaper. Who makes the
stronger argument?
YES
TikTok is a powerful learning tool.
By Michael Johnson
So let’s follow the example of the 1 billion people who have downloaded TikTok and start making use of this
powerful learning tool at our school.
NO
TikTok should stay at home.
By Genevieve Walsh
No. And here’s why: For all its benefits, TikTok will create
many problems for Elmwood students.
It’s true that TikTok has a less judgmental vibe than other
social media, but bullying still goes on. What happens if a
student posts a video that they made in school and gets
bullied for it?
Right now, TikTok is a fun, carefree playground where we can unwind and express ourselves. If it’s part of our
school day, will it lose its specialness?
Pick an article:
Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: ________________________ Yes or No
Ethos
Pathos Logos
PAGE 1 OF 2
ANALYZING ARGUMENTS Tools of Persuasion
Directions: Answer the questions below. Use the notes you took on page 1 to help you.
1. Which appeals did the author use? If the author used more than one appeal, did he or she
use them equally? Explain.
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2. Which part of the author’s argument did you find most persuasive? Why?
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3. Which part of the author’s argument did you find least persuasive? Why?
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4. Place a star on the line below to indicate how persuasive you found the author’s argument
overall.
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©2019 BY SCHOLASTIC INC. PERMISSION GRANTED TO TEACHERS AND SUBSCRIBERS TO PROJECT OR MAKE COPIES OF THIS PAGE TO DISTRIBUTE TO STUDENTS. PAGE 2 OF 2
Argument Writing
DEBATE: “Does TikTok Belong in School?” pages 28-29
February 2020
®
Yes! TikTok is a powerful learning tool. No! TikTok should stay at home.
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Here’s an example: If you think TikTok doesn’t belong in school, one of your supporting details
might be that the U.S. government is investigating how the app collects and stores personal data.
1. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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©2020 BY SCHOLASTIC INC. PERMISSION GRANTED TO TEACHERS AND SUBSCRIBERS TO PROJECT OR MAKE COPIES OF THIS PAGE TO DISTRIBUTE TO STUDENTS. PAGE 1 OF 4
Argument Writing
DEBATE: “Does TikTok Belong in School?” pages 28-29
February 2020
®
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©2020 BY SCHOLASTIC INC. PERMISSION GRANTED TO TEACHERS AND SUBSCRIBERS TO PROJECT OR MAKE COPIES OF THIS PAGE TO DISTRIBUTE TO STUDENTS. PAGE 2 OF 4