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Capitulo 4
Capitulo 4
1: a) For the magnitude of the sum to be the sum of the magnitudes, the forces must
be parallel, and the angle between them is zero. b) The forces form the sides of a right
isosceles triangle, and the angle between them is 90 . Alternatively, the law of cosines
may be used as
2
F 2 F 2 2 F 2 F 2 cos ,
from which cos 0 , and the forces are perpendicular. c) For the sum to have 0
magnitude, the forces must be antiparallel, and the angle between them is 180 .
4.2: In the new coordinates, the 120-N force acts at an angle of 53 from the x -axis,
or 233 from the x -axis, and the 50-N force acts at an angle of 323 from the x -
axis.
and the angle has been changed by the amount (37) that the coordinates have been
rotated.
4.3: The horizontal component of the force is (10 N) cos 45 7.1 N to the right and the
vertical component is (10 N) sin 45 7.1 N down.
4.4: a) Fx F cos , where is the angle that the rope makes with the ramp ( θ 30 in
this problem), so F F cosFx cos 30 69.3 N.
60.0 N
4.13: a) F 0
b), c), d)
4.14: a) With v0 x 0 ,
vx2 (3.00 106 m/s ) 2
ax 2
2.50 1014 m/s 2 .
2 x 2(1.80 10 m)
3.00106 m / s
1.20 10 8 s . Note that this time is also the distance divided by
vx
b) t ax
2.501014 m / s 2
F F F 160
4.16: a g (9.80 m/s ) 22.0 m/s .
2 2
m w/ g w 71.2
4.17: a) m w / g ( 44.0 N) /(9.80 m/s 2 ) 4.49 kg b) The mass is the same, 4.49 kg, and
the weight is (4.49 kg)(1.81 m/s 2 ) 8.13 N.
4.18: a) From Eq. (4.9), m w / g (3.20 N) /(9.80 m / s 2 ) 0.327 kg.
b) w mg (14.0 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 ) 137 N.
4.19: F ma (55 kg)(15 m / s 2 ) 825 N. The net forward force on the sprinter is
exerted by the blocks. (The sprinter exerts a backward force on the blocks.)
4.20: a) the earth (gravity) b) 4 N, the book c) no d) 4 N, the earth, the book, up e) 4 N,
the hand, the book, down f) second g) third h) no i) no j) yes k) yes l) one (gravity) m) no
4.21: a) When air resistance is not neglected, the net force on the bottle is the weight of
the bottle plus the force of air resistance. b) The bottle exerts an upward force on the
earth, and a downward force on the air.
4.22: The reaction to the upward normal force on the passenger is the downward normal
force, also of magnitude 620 N, that the passenger exerts on the floor. The reaction to the
passenger’s weight is the gravitational force that the passenger exerts on the earth,
upward and also of magnitude 650 N. 620 N650 N 0.452 m/s 2 . The passenger’s
F
m 650 N /9.80 m/s2
F mg (45 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 )
4.23: aE 7.4 10 23 m / s 2 .
mE mE (6.0 10 kg )
24
4.24: (a) Each crate can be considered a single particle:
FAB (the force on mA due to mB ) and FBA (the force on mB due to mA ) form an
action-reaction pair.
(b) Since there is no horizontal force opposing F, any value of F, no matter how
small, will cause the crates to accelerate to the right. The weight of the two crates acts at
a right angle to the horizontal, and is in any case balanced by the upward force of the
surface on them.
4.25: The ball must accelerate eastward with the same acceleration as the train. There
must be an eastward component of the tension to provide this acceleration, so the ball
hangs at an angle relative to the vertical. The net force on the ball is not zero.
4.26: The box can be considered a single particle.
The box’s friction force on the truck bed and the truck bed’s friction force on the box
form an action-reaction pair. There would also be some small air-resistance force action
to the left, presumably negligible at this speed.
4.27: a)
4.28: a)
b)
T mg sin
(65.0 kg)(9.80 m / s 2 ) sin 26.0 279 N
4.29: tricycle and Frank
T is the force exerted by the rope and f g is the force the ground exerts on the tricycle.
spot and the wagon
T is the force exerted by the rope. T and T form a third-law action-reaction pair,
T T .
4.31: Take the x -direction to be along F1 and the y -direction to be along R . Then
F2 x 1300 N and F2 y 1300 N , so F2 1838 N , at an angle of 135 from F1 .
4.32: Get g on X:
1 2
y gt
2
1
10.0 m g (2.2 s) 2
2
g 4.13 m / s 2
wX mg X (0.100 kg )( 4.03 m / s 2 ) 0.41 N
4.33: a) The resultant must have no y-component, and so the child must push with a force
with y-component (140 N) sin 30 (100 N) sin 60 16.6 N. For the child to exert the
smallest possible force, that force will have no x-component, so the smallest possible
force has magnitude 16.6 N and is at an angle of 270 , or 90 clockwise from the
x -direction.
b) m a 100 N cos260.0m140
F N cos 30
/ s2
85.6 kg. w mg (85.6 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 ) 840 N. .
Fav w maav
Fav w maav 890 N (890 N / 9.80 m / s 2 )(16.2 m / s 2 )
Fav 2.36 10 3 N
4.36:
v02 (12.5 m / s) 2
F ma m (850 kg) 2
3.7 10 6 N.
2x 2(1.8 10 m)
4.37: a)
Fnet F mg (upward)
b) When the upward force has its maximum magnitude Fmax (the breaking strength),
the net upward force will be Fmax mg and the upward acceleration will be
Fmax mg Fmax 75.0 N
a g 9.80 m / s 2 5.83 m / s 2 .
m m 4.80 kg
4.38: a) w mg 539 N
b)
Downward velocity is decreasing so a is upward and the net force should be upward.
Fair mg , so the net force is upward.
F T and the net force is to the right, in the direction of a .
d) F T m2 a
F T m2 a 10.0 N (6.00 kg)( 2.50 m / s 2 ) 25.0 N
4.40: a) The force the astronaut exerts on the rope and the force that the rope exerts on
the astronaut are an action-reaction pair, so the rope exerts a force of 80.0 N on the
astronaut. b) The cable is under tension. c) a mF 105.0 kg 0.762 m / s . d) There is no
80.0 N 2
net force on the massless rope, so the force that the shuttle exerts on the rope must be
80.0 N (this is not an action-reaction pair). Thus, the force that the rope exerts on the
shuttle must be 80.0 N. e) a mF 9.0580.10
0N
4
kg
8.84 10 4 m / s 2 .
so (i) at t 0, a 1.8 10 4 m / s 2 , and (ii) a(0.025 s) 6.0 103 m / s 2 , and the forces are
(i) ma 2.7 104 N and (ii) ma 9.0 103 N.
4.42: a) The velocity of the spacecraft is downward. When it is slowing down, the
acceleration is upward. When it is speeding up, the acceleration is downward.
b)
In the above, note that the upward direction is taken to be positive, so that a2 is negative.
Also note that although a2 is known to two places, the sums in both numerator and
denominator are known to three places.
4.43:
a) The engine is pulling four cars, and so the force that the engine exerts on the first car
is 4m a . b), c), d): Similarly, the forces the cars exert on the car behind are
3m a , 2m a and m a . e) The direction of the acceleration, and hence the direction of
the forces, would change but the magnitudes would not; the answers are the same.
4.44: a) If the gymnast climbs at a constant rate, there is no net force on the gymnast, so
the tension must equal the weight; T mg .
b) No motion is no acceleration, so the tension is again the gymnast’s weight.
c) T w T mg ma m a (the acceleration is upward, the same direction as the
tension), so T m( g a ) .
d) T w T mg ma m a (the acceleration is downward, the same opposite as
the tension), so T m( g a ) .
4.45: a)
The maximum acceleration would occur when the tension in the cables is a maximum,
Fnet T mg T 28,000 N
a g 9.80 m / s 2 2.93 m / s 2 .
m m m 2200 kg
28,000 N
b) 1.62 m / s 2 11 .1 m / s 2 .
2200 kg
4.46: a) His speed as he touches the ground is
c)
The net force that the feet exert on the ground is the force that the ground exerts on the
feet (an action-reaction pair). This force is related to the weight and acceleration by
F w F mg ma, so F m(a g ) (75.0 kg )(50.6 m / s 2 9.80 m / s 2 ) 4532 N . As
a fraction of his weight, this force is mgF ag 1 6.16 (keeping an extra figure in the
intermediate calculation of a). Note that this result is the same algebraically as 3.10 m
0.60 m
1 .
4.47: a)
b) The acceleration of the hammer head will be the same as the nail,
a v02 / 2 x (3.2 m / s) 2 / 2(0.45 cm) 1.138 103 m / s 2 . The mass of the hammer head is
its weight divided by g , 4.9 N / 9.80 m / s 2 0.50 kg , and so the net force on the hammer
head is (0.50 kg )(1.138 10 3 m / s 2 ) 570 N. This is the sum of the forces on the hammer
head; the upward force that the nail exerts, the downward weight and the downward 15-N
force. The force that the nail exerts is then 590 N, and this must be the magnitude of the
force that the hammer head exerts on the nail. c) The distance the nail moves is .12 m, so
the acceleration will be 4267 m / s 2 , and the net force on the hammer head will be 2133
N. The magnitude of the force that the nail exerts on the hammer head, and hence the
magnitude of the force that the hammer head exerts on the nail, is 2153 N, or about 2200
N.
4.48:
a) The net force on a point of the cable at the top is zero; the tension in the cable must
be equal to the weight w.
b) The net force on the cable must be zero; the difference between the tensions at the
top and bottom must be equal to the weight w, and with the result of part (a), there is no
tension at the bottom.
c) The net force on the bottom half of the cable must be zero, and so the tension in the
cable at the middle must be half the weight, w / 2 . Equivalently, the net force on the
upper half of the cable must be zero. From part (a) the tension at the top is w, the weight
of the top half is w / 2 and so the tension in the cable at the middle must be
w w/ 2 w/ 2 .
d) A graph of T vs. distance will be a negatively sloped line.
4.49: a)
b) The net force on the system is 200 N (15.00 kg)(9.80 m / s 2 ) 53.0 N (keeping
three figures), and so the acceleration is (53.0 N) /(15.0 kg) 3.53 m / s 2 , up. c) The net
force on the 6-kg block is (6.00 kg)(3.53 m / s 2 ) 21.2 N , so the tension is found from
F T mg 21.2 N , or T (200 N ) (6.00 kg )(9.80 m / s 2 ) 21.2 N 120 N .
Equivalently, the tension at the top of the rope causes the upward acceleration of the rope
and the bottom block, so T (9.00 kg ) g (9.00 kg ) a , which also gives T 120 N . d)
The same analysis of part (c) is applicable, but using 6.00 kg 2.00 kg instead of the
mass of the top block, or 7.00 kg instead of the mass of the bottom block. Either way
gives T 93.3 N .
4.50: a)
b) Fy may
Mg L M ( g / 3)
L 2 Mg / 3
The downward forces of magnitude 2ma and ma for the top and middle links are the
reaction forces to the upward force needed to accelerate the links below.
b) (i) The weight of each link is mg (0.300 kg)(9.80 m / s 2 ) 2.94 N . Using the free-
body diagram for the whole chain:
F 12 N 3(2.94 N) 3.18 N
a net 3.53 m / s 2 or 3.5 m / s 2
3m 0.900 kg 0.900 kg
(ii) The second link also accelerates at 3.53 m / s 2 , so:
w (2.75 10 5 N)
F ma a
g 2
(9.80 m / s )
(0.60 m / s 2 )iˆ (0.12 m / s 2 ) kˆ
(1.7 10 N)iˆ (3.4 10 3 N )kˆ.
4
4.54: The velocity as a function of time is v (t ) A 3Bt 2 and the acceleration as a
function of time is a(t ) 6 Bt , and so the Force as a function of time is
F (t ) ma(t ) 6mBt .
4.55:
1 t 1 k 2 4 ˆ
v (t ) a dt k1tiˆ t j .
m 0 m 4
4.56: a) The equation of motion, Cv 2 m dv dt cannot be integrated with respect to time,
as the unknown function v (t ) is part of the integrand. The equation must be separated
before integration; that is,
C dv
dt 2
m v
Ct 1 1
,
m v v0
where v0 is the constant of integration that gives v v0 at t 0 . Note that this form
shows that if v0 0 , there is no motion. This expression may be rewritten as
1
dx 1 Ct
v ,
dt v0 m
which may be integrated to obtain
m Ctv0
x x0 ln 1 .
C m
To obtain x as a function of v, the time t must be eliminated in favor of v; from the
expression obtained after the first integration, Ctvm 0 vv0 1 , so
m v0
x x0 ln .
C v
b) By the chain rule,
dv dv dv dv
v,
dt dx dt dx
and using the given expression for the net force,
dv
Cv 2 v m
dx
C dv
dx
m v
C v
( x x 0 ) ln
m v0
m v0
x x0 ln .
C v
4.57: In this situation, the x-component of force depends explicitly on the y-component of
position. As the y-component of force is given as an explicit function of time, v y and y
can be found as functions of time. Specifically, a y ( k3 / m)t , so v y (k3 / 2m)t 2 and
y (k3 / 6m)t 3 , where the initial conditions v0 y 0, y0 0 have been used. Then, the
expressions for ax , vx and x are obtained as functions of time:
k1 k 2 k 3 3
ax t
m 6m 2
k k k
v x 1 t 2 32 t 4
m 24m
k k k
x 1 t 2 2 32 t5.
2m 120m
In vector form,
k k k k
r 1 t 2 2 3 2 t 5 iˆ 3 t 3 ˆj
2m 120m 6m
k k k k
v 1 t 2 32 t 4 iˆ 3 t 2 ˆj.
m 24m 2m