Document From Baber Yousuf

Physic’s Notes For Class 10“ ese ER me el Le
9
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ill iY Sic
Anything that is created in the world created two times once in mind and then in
reality,
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Q.1: Define Physics and its branches?
Ans: PHYSICS:
+
++
+,
+e
Physics is the branch of science which deals with the properties of matter, energy
and
interaction between them.
MAIN BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:

MECHANICS:
Mechanics deals with the motion of objects with or without reference of force.
Electricity:
Electricity deals with the phenomena and effects related to electric charges.
Electromagnetism:
Electromagnetism deals with observation, principals, laws and methods that relate
electricity and magnetism.
Atomic Physics:
Atomic Physics deals with the structures and properties of atoms.
Solid State Physics:
Solid State Physics deals with the structure and properties of solid materials.
Nuclear Physics:
Nuclear Physics deals with the structures, properties and reactions of the nuclei
of atoms.
Astrophysics:
Astrophysics deals with the study about astronomical bodies like moon, sun, stars
and other
planets.
Bio Physics:
Bio Physics deals with the study about biological systems in the light of theories
of physics.
Plasma Physics:
Plasma Physics deals with the study about matter in its plasma phase. Plasma is the
state of
matter which consists of highly ionized atoms, bare nuclei (nuclei without
electrons) and
electrons.
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7
Cc Q 2: what is concept and definition?
Ans: Concept:
E
= Concept is a thing which cannot be describe.
© Example: Time (Interval between two points).
5 *% Definition:
I
VU) Definition is a thing that can be describe.
Example: Matter (Anything that can be felt with ordinary sense).
q@) Q 3: Define scientific method and its steps? OR How the law is made define its
steps?
mal
= Ans: Scientific Method:
= = The method which helps to collect facts on the basis of observations and
experiments.
<— Steps of Scientific Method:

= The scientific method consist of following five steps.
ho
1) ) 1. Obse Jon:
1) The process of observing natural phenomenon with the help of five senses and
scientific
iy
Y) equipment.
(© 2. Hypothesis:
The explanation of the observation and facts is called hypothesis.
Se » Ahypothesis is a guess of scientist in which he tries to explain the

phenomenon.
oo 3. Theory:
If a hypothesis is accepted, it is called a theory.
4. Experiment:
i
) a
Dy
Scientist make experiment to test a theory. If theory is proved by experiment, it

is regarded
correct and accepted, otherwise discarded.
pared
Laws:
When a theory checked under different situations and it gives the same results then
it will
become a law.
—_)
a]
» The law explain the observations and experiments about a physical phenomenon.
Pre
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Q 4: Define Error and its types?
al
a)
Ans: Error:
‘a
An error is defined as, the difference between the measured and the actual value.
all
Types of Errors:
2,
“+ Personal Error:
Error due to making a mistake in reading a scale.
» Inorder to record a reading from a scale you have to line up the object you are
measuring
with the scale and hold your eyes in one particular position for making a correct
observation.
ed Sul
“* Systematic Error:
Systematic Error is due to fault in the measuring instrument and usually called
“Zero Error”
Which may be positive and negative.
m Ah
Random Error is due to experimental conditions which are at times beyond the
control of
the person making measurement.
ee
» Changes in temperature, humidity, voltage are some example of random error.
Q 5: what are the contributions of Muslim scientists in the field of science?
Ans: Contributions of Muslims Scientists in the field of Science:
The traditional Islamic institutions of learning produced numerous great

theologians,
philosophers, scholars and scientists. Only few are being mentioned here:
by Sir Wa
“+ CONTRIBUTIONS OF ABU ALI HASSAN IBN-AL-HATHAM:
He was a great scholar of physics mathematics engineering astronomy and medicine.

He wrote a book Kitab —Ul-Manazir on optics.
He invented pin hole camera.
He described the working and the internal structure of the Eye.
ee SY
ed
“+ CONTRIBUTIONS OF ABU REHAN MUHAMMAD BIN AHMED AL-BERUNI: N
He proved practically that the earth is round.

He discussed the movement of the sun and the moon.
©.
wy
He determined the longitude and latitude of the earth. KS
Pwn e
He disclosed that the earth is not stationary but it is floating in space.
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“ CONTRIBUTIONS OF YAQUB IBN-E-ISHAQ-ALKINDI:
His most important work was on sound and optics.

He discovered a method of express musical notes in terms of frequencies.
He worked on geometrical optics. One of his work on optics was translated into
Latin.
—
TS) He did considerable work on medicine too.
— Q 6: what are the contributions of Pakistani scientist in the field of physics?
_))
VY) Ans: CONTRIBUTIONS OF DR. ABDUL QADEER KHAN:
—s) 1. He worked as an expert at Uren co enrichment plant in Holland as a joint
venture of
1) Government of Holland.
ov) 2. When Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan imbued with the supreme spirit of patriotism, he
returned to
-_ Pakistan to serve his motherland.
— 3. He contributed in making Pakistan a nuclear state.
SS 4. He has been awarded the Hilal-e-Ilmtiaz by the Government of Pakistan.
u
L,
“+ CONTRIBUTIONS OF DR ABDUL SALAM:
Se 1. He was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on Grand Unification
Theory (GUT).
= 2. He was asset of Pakistan and will remain in the heart learning circle.
ra) 3. He established international center for theoretical Physics at Trieste,
Italy where scientists
@) for developing countries are provided.
s M.C.0.8
- 1. Kitab-Al-Manazir is written by:

UW) a) Ibn-al-Haitham b) Al- Beruni c) Yaqoob-al-Kindi d) Moosa Khwarizmi
> 2. The branch of physics concerned with highly ionized atoms is called physics:
Oo . a) Atomic b) Nuclear c) Plasma d) Solid State
= 3. The only Noble prize holder Scientist form Pakistan is:
od a) Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan b) Dr, Atta-Ur-Rehman.
— c) Dr. Abdul Salam d) Dr. Saleem Uz Zaman.
a 4. The circumference of earth was determined by:
a a) Muhamad Bin Musa b) Al-Beruni
SS c) Yaqub Alkindi d) Abu Ali Hassan Ibn-Al-Haitham
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CC Q1: What is the measurement?

AD) Ans: MEASURMENT:
e The comparison of unknown quantity with standard, to see how many times it is big
or small as
=
om compared to the standard.
Q 2: Define Physical Quantities? Write down its types?
3) ANS: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:
Every material object has certain characteristics, for example to specify the
characteristic of a
block we will have to measure its length, width, height and mass. Such
characteristics are called
Physical Quantities.
=) JYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:

Scientists have divided physical quantities into two groups.
a.
= 1, FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES.
2. DERIVED QUANTITIES.
1) FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES.
L
& The physical quantities length, mass and time are supposed to main physical
quantities, called
q) Fundamental Quantities.
@ “+ FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES WITH UNITS IN S.1SYSTEM:

S.NO- | QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
1 | Length Meter m
2 | Mass Kilogram kg
3 | Time Second s
> 4 Temperature Kelvin K
OS 5 Current Ampere A
“Oo 6 | Amount of Substance Mole mole
7 | Luminous Intensity Candela cd
(© 2) DERIVED QUANTITIES:
ok The physical quantities that are derived from fundamental quantities are called
Derived
@ Quantities.
je %
® They are obtained from simple multiplication and division of fundamental

quantities.
raw
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SOME DERIVED QUANTITIES WITH UNITS INS. SYSTEM: =
S.NO | QUANTITY UNIT “SYMBOL =

1 Volume (V) Cubic meter m? =
2 Speed (v) | Meter/sec | m/s | -—
3 Acceleration(a) —- Meter/sec? | m/s? ‘| ons
4 Force (F) | Newton | N=(Kg.m/s?) >
5 | Pressure (P) Pascal il Pa=(N/m2) | Y)
6 Work (W) Joule J=(N.m) “Oo
7 Charge (q) Coulomb C=(A.s) q)
a=
Q 3: Define System of Units and its types?
ANS: SYSTEM OF UNITS:
Ar
A set of fundamental and derived units is called a system of units.
TYPES OF SYSTEM OF UNITS: =
me)
There are four system of units are used in scientific work. @
ate . a) a
* ~=MLK.S System: @
In M.K.S system length, mass and time are fundamental quantities with units meter,
kilogram YV)
and second respectively. ©
“+ C.G.S System: s
In C.G.S system fundamental quantities are length, mass and time with unit
centimeter, gram 5
; ST
and second respectively. =
“+ E.P.S System (British Engineering System): J ))
In F.P.S system the fundamental quantities are length, force and time with unit
foot, pound and =
second respectively. >)
> In F.P.S system mass is derived quantity and its unit is “Slug”. Oo
* S.1 System (International System):
In S.l system the seven quantities are taken as fundamental quantities.
ss
1) Length 5) Temperature qs)
= )
2) Mass 6) Luminous Intensity a
aD)
3) Time 7) Amount of substance. eS
4) Current AQ.
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ea)
Ce Q4: What are Significant Figures? What are the rules for determining significant
figures in a
——, number?
= Ans: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
— In any measurement reliable digits and one uncertain digit is called significant
figures.
QS) » Important digits to express a quantity or measurement.
~) COMMON RULES FOR COUNTING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
All Non-zero digits are significant. e.g. 1234, significant figures = 4
All zeros between the two Significant digits are significant. e.g. 10002,
significant figures = 5.
If zero is after decimal point and at the end is significant. e.g. 1.0000,
significant figures = 5.
. Allinitial zeros are insignificant. e.g. 0.00129 significant figures = 3.
e . Inscientific notation power of 10 is insignificant. E.g. 234x10* significant

figures = 3.
wb wr eB
Q 5.Define Scientific Notation and method to write number in Scientific Notation?
<x Ans: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:
ma)
_ The method of expressing very large and very small number into the power of ten
“10” is called
c Scientific Notation.
ra) ¥® If only one none zero digit remain to the left of decimal point then
Scientific Notation is said
a to be standard Form.
gy) Example:
Y) Rample
(WY) Mass of Earth = 6000,000,000,000,000,000,000.
=
s In Scientific Notation: 6 x 1077
Rules to write numbers into Scientific Notation:

om 1. ifwe replace decimal point to the right side, power of 10 is taken negative
(—ve).
Y) 2. If we replace decimal point to the left side, power of 10 is taken positive

(+ve).
> Examples:
)
2’ i. 0,0000075 75.3x 10°
ii. 37568000 3.7568 x 10’
@)
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Q 6: What is Vernier caliper, Micrometer screw gauge, Stop watch, and Measuring
Cylinder? Cc
Ans: VERNIER CALLIPERS: (O
—
Vernier Calipers is a meter stick graduated in millimeters used to measure a
distance up to a
1lmm.it can also be used to measure distance up to 0.05mm. a
» The major parts of Vernier calipers are Main scale, Vernier scale, Jaws and Thin
flat rod. )
—
>
— ji
“MICROMETER SCREW GUAGE: VY)
A Micrometer Screw Gauge measure very small lengths such as the diameter of wire or
sphere. @)
It can measure accurately up to = (one hundredth) part of a millimeter. q@)
» The major parts of Micrometer Screw Gauge are U shaped metal frame, fixed stud, e
Moveable stud, Main scale, Circular scale, Drum and Ratchet. =)
“STOP WATCH:
a
It is a special watch to measure the time interval of an events. =
=
y
“* MEASURING CYLINDER: o
WV)
It is glass cylinder graduated in cubic centimeter (cm3) or millimeters (ml). It is
used to find a
out the volume of liquids.
Q 7: Write down the differences between Fundamental Quantities and Derived

Quantities.
=
Ans: W
>>
Fundamental Quantities Derived Quantities
1 | The quantities having their own existence, The quantities which are derived
from ©
so they are expressed in base units as fixed fundamental quantities are called
derived _
quantities. quantities. “©
2 | They do not obtained from other quantities | They obtained from simple
multiplication @))
that is why is also known as base quantities. | and division of fundamental
quantities. —
3 Length, mass, time etc. are the examples of | Volume, Velocity, acceleration etc.
are the a)
fundamental quantities. example of derived quantities. ©
4 | InS.l system there are seven fundamental In S.l system there are many derived
©.”
quantities. quantities. q@)
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S M.C.Q.S
( 1. In S.l system the unit of mass is:
=
e a) Gram b) Pound c) Slug d) kg
o——
=e! 2. The mass of earth is:
— a) 6x1074Slug b) 6x10?4grams c) 6x1024N d) 6x10**kg

__})
Y) 3. The unit of light intensity is:
)
a) N/m? b) Volt c) Candela d) Joule
One micrometer is equivalent to:
= a) 10°-3m b) 108m c) 10°-°m d) 107!2m

i 5. One nanometer is equal to:
— a) 103m b) 10-5: c) 10-°m d) 10-12m
<— 6. One Pico Secondis equalto___ second.
S a) 10-3 b) 10-5 c) 1079 d) 10-22
See
11) 7. One Mega meterisequalto | meter.
ra) a) 1012 b) 10° c) 10° d) 10*
9) 8. The mass of our galaxy is:
q
=, a) 2x1042kg b) 2x10°°kg c) 6x1024kg d) 7x1022kg
s 9. The least count of screw gauge is:
a a} 0.00icm b) O.icm c) 0.01cm d) 0.0001cm
eam)
UV) 10. One micro gram is equal to:

= a) 10-%kg b) 10-&kg c) 10-°kg d) 10°1kg
11. One micro meter is equivalent to:
6 a) 10°3m b) 10°-°m c) 10°°m d) 10°12m

4 )) 12. The formula for volume of sphere is :
os a) mr? b) mr?] ¢) 5 mr d) - mr?
> 13. One microcoulomb= | Coulomb.
1) a) 10-6 b) 1073 c) 1079 d) 10722
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so) o—)
Numerical Problems Chapter#02(Measurement) Cc
‘S
1) V0, = VU, &
> Kilo(k) = 103, Centi(c) = 10”, milli(m) = 10-3, micro(y) = 10-6 , nano(n) = 10°?
“oO
Problems:- s
Q1. The radius of hydrogen atom is 0.53x1071°m. Convert it in cm, um ,mm, and nm.
[ Ans: 0.53x10 ®cm, 0.53x10 ’m and 0.53x10 ‘nm|
| a
d \
ve —
Q2. The mass of electron is 9.11x10 “4kqg. Convert it in gm, milligram, microgram
and nanogram.
[ Ans: 9.11x10-2° gm, 9.11x10-7>mg, 9.11x10- 721g and 9.11x10°- '°ng|
=)
=)
im Ahme
ay}
PD) Nas, ee
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Chapter NO: 2
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Q.1. Define Mechanics, Kinematics, Dynamics and Rest? ro
Ans: Mechanics: 7
Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the kinematics and dynamics of
objects. =
“+ Kinematics: —_
qo)
The branch of physics which deals with the description of motion without reference
to the force
causing motion is called kinematics.
» The word kinematics is taken from Greek word “kinema” means motion.
+ Dynamics: @)
cs which deals w | oo» @
The branch of physics which deals with the causes of motion and how they affect the
motion. a
—_
® The word dynamics is taken from Greek word “dynamic” means power. &
é <
est:
+,
ad
If a body does not change its position with respect to its surrounding then is
called state of rest.
» Bus standing on stop, A man sitting in train compartment are few examples of
rest. =
Q 2: Define Motion and its types? @)
Ans: Motion: @)
When a body changes its position with respect to its surrounding it is said to be
in the state of s
motion. M
=)
Example: ap
» Motion of train in the track. —
» Motion of car in the road. —
Y)
at ion:
** Types of Motion:
_
There are many types of motion but common types are given below O&O
“+ Translatory Or Linear Motion: a
@)
When a body moves ona straight path and the direction of the motion remains
constant w)
during its motion. Its motion is called “Translatory or Linear Motion”. a

an
* Motion of car. 40}
* Motion of ball during flight. )
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o—_
em) ** Rotatory or Circular Motion.
<
ro} When a body spins or rotates around a fixed point or axis is called rotatory
motion.
AD)
=’ Example:
; i! » Motion of the earth about its axis.
oa)
© » Motion of blades of an electric fan.

—!
+,
5 “* Oscillatory Or Vibratory Motion:
VY) When a body moves to and fro about its mean position. Its motion is called
vibratory or
oscillatory motion.
a Example:
} » Motion of pendulum of a clock.

& » Motion of a swing.
—, Q 3: Define scalar and vector quantities with examples?
— Ans: Scalar Quantities:
S Those physical quantities which are completely specify by their magnitude and
unit are
= called scalar quantities.
D cramp
Example:
=) » Acars covers 40m (meter) distance; here 40 is magnitude and m (meter) is unit.
ae) » Aman carries 20 kg (kilogram) sugar; here 20 is magnitude and kg (kilogram)

is unit.
=, Mass, Time, Distance, Speed, Work, Energy, Temperature, Charge etc., are scalar
quantities.
=
“* Vector Quantities:
— Those physical quantities which are completely describe by their magnitude, unit
and as well
—
Y) direction are called vector quantities.
‘sf
= Example:
>
© » 50N (Newton) force acting on body toward North; here 50 is magnitude N (Newton)
is unit and
North is direction.
Oo ® Acar is moving is moving with velocity 30 m/s (meter per second) towards East;
here 30 is
@ magnitude m/s (meter per second) is unit and east is direction.
S$) __—CDisplacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Weight, Torque, Momentum are

some examples of
f ; vectors.
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Q 4: Define Distance and Displacement?

Ans: Distance:
Total length covered by an object is called distance.
» Itis a scalar quantity and denoted by S.
» Its S.l unit is meter.
** Displacement:
Shortest distance between two points. OR Distance covered in a particular
direction.
y® Itis vector quantity and denoted byS

* Its S.l unit is meter.
Q5: Define speed? Write down its formula, unit and types?
Ans: Speed:
Rate of change of distance is called speed.
Formula:
v=—
t
» I\Itis ascalar quantity

> Its unit is m/s (meter per second).OR ms7.
Types of Speed:
There are following types of speed:

“+ Uniform Speed:
In Uniform speed body covers equal distance in equal interval of time.
“+ Variable Speed:
In Variable speed body does not covers equal distance in equal interval of time.
“> Average Speed:
If we divide distance covered by a moving body by time interval then we get Average
Speed.
_ Total distance
Average Speed
Total time
S
Vav =F
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Q 6: Define Velocity? Write down its formula, unit and its types?
) Ans: VELOCITY:
-_ Rate of change of displacement of an object is called Velocity.
e
i FORMULA:
—= ae
VU) >» tis a vector quantity and it is denoted by V

: > Its unit is m/s (meter per second).OR ms?.
@ “+ Types Of Velocity:
There are following types of Velocity:
Ss
oe!
< “+ Uniform Or Constant Velocity:
- by
x In uniform or constant velocity body covers equal displacement in equal interval
of time.
“+ Variable Velocity:
a varia.
e In variable velocity body does not covers equal displacement in equal interval of
time.
@)) «= averace veLociy:
1)
wy lf we divide displacement covered by a moving body by time interval then we get
Average
—- Velocity,
qs)
= Formula:
=) .. _ Total displacement
Average Velocity = Seine
Se ._ z
oom) Vav= -
t
Q 7: Define Acceleration? Write down its formula, unit and its types?
OO Ans: Acceleration:
Rate of change of velocity of a body is called Acceleration.
) ® lf a velocity of a body increases then acceleration is called “positive” or

“acceleration”.
OY > If a velocity of a body decreases then acceleration is called “negative” or
“deceleration”.
® If a velocity of a body is uniform or constant then acceleration is “zero”.
ay, Formula:
©.
A. » tis a vector quantity and it is denoted by d. Its S.| unit is m/s? OR ms”.
a!
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“+ Types Of Acceleration:
There are following types of Acceleration.
“* Uniform Or Constant Acceleration:
In Uniform/Constant acceleration velocity of a body changes equally in equal

intervals of time.
“ Instantaneous Acceleration:
The velocity of a body ata particular instant of time is called instantaneous
acceleration.
“* Variable Acceleration:
s
]
Miatl
eC
=
eo
al
it
: a)
If a velocity of a body does not changes equally in equal intervals of time then
acceleration is “©
called Variable acceleration.

e c ion:
The ratio between total change in velocity and time.

Formula:
‘ AV Vf-Vi
Average Acceleration = —~ = 7
Q 8: Derive first equation of motion? OR derive V; = V, + at. ?

Ans: First Equation of Motion:
Ma ”
Suppose a body starts with initial velocity “V;" and moving with a uniform
acceleration
some time “t” its final velocity becomes “V,".
i 5 2 we Vp —Vj
Change in velocity of a body in unit time = ——
As we know rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
_— Ve —-Vi
t
Ve=Vit at
The above equation is called first equation of motion.
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eam)!
Cc Q 9: Derive Second Equation of Motion? OR derive S = V;t + : at??
1* ?
© Ans: Second Equation of Motion:
—
& Suppose a body starts with initial velocity “V;“and moving with uniform
acceleration “a” after
— some time t. The distance covered by the body is “S” and its final velocity
become “V;"
;
(© Distance travelled by body is given by Soviet o-oo > (1)
) Since the acceleration is constant the velocity change with constant rate.
Therefore,
Vi+Vi
2
Vav=
And from first equation of motion we have
a Ve = Vj + at
=
= Putting values of V,,, and V;in equation 01
& _ (Vit at+vj)xt
= S
| 2
S
2Vit at)xt
_ p= Cee xe
. 2
=)
A ‘e
U 2 Vj t+ at?
C= fee
2
2Vit at?
2 2
S = Vit+>at?
The above equation is called Second Equation of Motion.

Q.10: Derive Third Equation of Motion? OR derive 2aS = Vf*—Vi??
Ans: Third Equation of Motion:
Suppose a body starts with initial velocity “V;"and moving with uniform
acceleration
some time “t”. The distance covered by the body is “S” and its final velocity
becomes “V,”.
Ma ”
after
Distance travelled S=VayXto -—------ —> (1)
Since the acceleration is constant the velocity change with constant rate.
Therefore
Vi+ Vi
Va=
av 2
And from first equation of motion we have,
Ve =Vi+ at
_ vf-Vvi
~ a
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=
Putting values of V,,, and t in equation no 1 c
_ (VEFVi VE Vi a
s=(“S")«C>) Go}
(VE + V)\(VE- Vi) a
5s =O =
2a
—
(a+ b)(a — b) =a? — b? qo}
_ Vit vi?
2a -
2aS = Vf?—vi? VY)
The above equation is called Third Equation of Motion.
1 ))
Q11: What do you understand by motion under gravity? @

—
Ans: Motion under Gravity (Free Fall Motion): =

a
The change in velocity of an object due to attraction of the earth is called

accelerationdueto —\_
gravity. It is denoted by “g” (9.8 m/s’) and the motion of the object is called
motion under <x
gravity or free fall motion. :
» Earth pull’s all objects with same acceleration “g” =9.8 m/s’. &
>» When a body moves downward the value of g taken positive (+9.8m/s’). ae
>» When a body moves upward the value of g taken negative (-9.8m/s’). ov)
» When body fall freely then its equation of motion written as:
1. V;=V; + gt —
- : 1 2 ©
2. h=Vit+ > gt =)
3. 2gh =V,’ — ve =)
Q,12: Write down the differences between distance and displacement. {
Ans: Y)
Distance Displacement Ss
— :)
1 | Total length covered by a body. Shortest distance between two points O
2 | Itis denoted by S. Itis denoted by S. Oo
3 | Itis a scalar quantity. Itis a vector quantity. @
SS
A | Its S.] unit is meter (m). Its S.] unit is meter (m). =
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om
c M.C.Q.8
0} 1. The acceleration of a ball thrown vertically upward will, in S.1 system:
e a) 9.8 m/s? b) 980 m/s? c) -9.8 m/s? d) 32 ft. /s?
om 2. If V=10 m/s, t= 5sec then S will be:
© a) 15m b) 5m c) 2m d) 50m
> 3. Rate of motion in specific direction is called:
Y) a) Speed b) Velocity c) Power d) Acceleration
“© 4. Acceleration of 1kg ball for downward motion is:
ov a) 9.8 m/s? b) -9.8 m/s? c) 19 m/s? d) 1m/s?
& 5. The rate of change of velocity is known is:
—_ a) Displacement b) Acceleration c) Speed d) Uniform motion
x 6. Avector quantity is:
— a) Density b) Velocity c) Temperature d) Distance
& 7. For the freely falling bodies value of g is:
o a) 4.9m/s? b) 9.8m/s? c) 39.2m/s? d) 19.6m/s?
YW) 8. It is a vector quantity:
i) a) Distance b) Displacement c) Speed d) Mass
Ss
iS
i—_
© Textbook Numerical Problems of Chapter#03
First Equation Of Motion: = V; + at
Second Equation Of Motion: 5S = V;t + sat?
Third Equation Of Motion: 2aS = V;? — V2
When body is in Free Fall motion then a = g and S = h inall three equation of
motion.
When body comes Near to the earth then g = 10m/s”.

When body is going Away from the earth then g = —10m/s?.
Yvves BNE
Masjid New
Saeedabad Baldia town Karachi. Cell: 0301-2693097 - 0336-1020354. cy eee}

Numerical Problems: Cc
Q1. Find the acceleration of a body whose velocity from lim/s + to 33m/s + in 10
seconds. ©
[ Ans: a = 2.2m/s?| e
Q2 Acar starts from rest and after 20 seconds its velocity becomes 108 kmh™'. Find
the —
acceleration of the car. [Ans:a = 1.50m/s?] )
we
Q3. A body starting from rest acquires a velocity of 10 ms~1 in 10 seconds.
Calculate (a) the 5)
acceleration (b) the distance covered by the body in 5 seconds. [ Ans:a = 2m/s?,S =
25 m] Y)
QA. The velocity of a motor cycle increases by an acceleration of 2ms~? and becomes
20 ms™' in “O
5 seconds. Find the initial velocity of the car. [Ans:V; = 10 m/s] gy
QSA car moving with a velocity of 36kmh_! is brought to rest in 5 seconds.
Calculate its —
deceleration. [ Ans: a = —2m/s?] =
Q6. A bus is moving with a velocity of 72 kmh! onthe application of the breaks its
stops after =
covering a distance of 500m. Calculate the deceleration produced by the breaks.
[ Ans: —0. 4 /s*| <L
Q7. Acar starting from rest attains a velocity 20 ms in 5 seconds. Find the
distance covered by the Se
car. [ Ans:a = 4m/s”,S = 50m] )
Q8. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower takes 5 seconds to reach the ground.
Calculate the aa
height of the tower (takeg = 10 ms~*). [ Ans: h = 125m| =
Q9. A boy throws a ball with a velocity of 20 m/s. Find the time elapsed between
the throwing and TS
catching the ball. [ Ans: T = 4sec] SS
Q10. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 20m/s. Find the maximum
height reached 3
by the stone and the total time of flight. [ Ans:h = 20m, T = 4sec] =
Q11. A stone is dropped from a height of 40m
a. How much time will it take to reach the ground?
Y)
>
b. With what velocity will it strike the ground? 5
)
So
[Ans:t = 2.82 sec, Vs = 10 m/s]
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Chapter NO: 03
KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION:
pon
2
e Waseenn Ahmed
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Q. 1. Define force. Write down its formula and units? rr
Ans: Force: =
Force is an agent which changes or try to change position (state) of an object. e
om
Formula: a
I]
Force can be calculated by: \ if
F = ma __))
ify)
Where; Y)
“F” is force, “m” is mass and “a” is acceleration. )
a1)
® tis avector quantity. Its S.I unit is Newton (N). v
“* One Newton: ©
— J
on =
® tis define as a force which produces an acceleration of 1m/s* on a body of mass

1kg. <—
Q 2. Define Mass, Weight and Tension?
Ans: Mass: —_
— TH
The quantity of matter in a body is called mass. o
® = Itis denoted by “m”. Y

>» Its S.l unitis “kg” and it is scalar quantity. =
» \|t can be calculated by:
>)
m=~ OR m=” —=)
a g
kes —
Weight is a force with which the earth attracts a body towards its center. VY)
> Itis denoted by W. >
® Its S.l unit is Newton (N) and it is a vector quantity. O
> Itcan be calculated by: "
W = mg )
oY
Teiow Soe
Tension is a force which is exerted by string/wire/rope on a body attached to it.
(6
a,
> tis denoted by T. ok
® Its S.l unit is Newton (N) and it is a vector quantity. q@
» Magnitude of tension is same at all points of string. -
» Ifthe T and W is equal then force is zero. A.
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c Q 3. State Newton first law of motion OR law of inertia?
Ans: Newton first law of motion OR law of inertia:
Statement:
o— “Every object continues its state of rest or uniform motion unless or until a
certain unbalance
a
qe) force act upon it.”
YT
=) * Newton’s First Law of motion is also called law of Inertia.
»)
Ca)
io, cow
* Inertia:
Sa a
This is the property of material object which resists change in its state.
Q 4. State Newton Second law of motion? Derive F = ma?
med
Ans: Newton Second Law of Motion
Statement:
“When a force acts on a body, it produces an acceleration in to its own direction.

This
acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of applied force and
inversely proportional
to the mass of the body”
=
m Afr
Derivation:
—)
—)
The acceleration is directly proportional to force
a x F————+ (1)
ase
The acceleration is inversely proportional to mass.
= =
a x + .. (2)
eam! Combining equation 1 and 2
WV) F
ax
m.
2 a= Is
Where k is constant of proportionality which is k = 1.
@)
w coe
] F = ma
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—
Q 5. State Newton Third law of motion? am
_,
Ans: Statement:
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction” =
—
» Action and reaction exist in the form of pair. o—
» Action and reaction act on two different bodies. qo)
—
Q.6. Find the expression for acceleration and tension in the string when two bodies
of different 5
masses are attached with the ends of a string while passing over frictionless
pulley, in such a way =)
two bodies hang vertically? YW)
Ans: Expression/ Derivation: =e)
Y
Consider two bodies A and B with mass mi and m2(m1i> mg) are attached with ends of
string passing =i
over frictionless pulley as shown in figure. g
Consider downward motion of body A:
There are two forces acting on body A:
1. Weight of body W vertically downward.

2. Tension in string is vertically upward.
Since body A is moving downward so,
W > T ;
Therefore, a
eT —
mya =m,g- T ————- (1) >
Consider upward motion of body B: Se
There are two forces acting on body B.
Y)
1. Weight of body vertically downward. >
=)
2. Tension in string is vertically upward.
Since body B moving upward so,

T>W q)
Therefore, =
(©
Fret = T-W I
: 2 ©.
Mga = —™Ms > qd)
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e Eor Expression of Acceleration:
qo} Adding equation 1 and 2

S mia + moa = mig —F+4F- moog
ol
om! mia + mga = Mig — Mog
a)
))
—' a (mit m2) = g (mi mo)
= | qa imcma ls
VY) (m+ mz)
"O)
q@ “+ For Expression of Tension:
S By dividing equation 1 and 2 we get,
— mya _ mig-T
— ma T-m2g
{ my aie
a) mz, T-msg
S m,(T — mzg) =m2(m,g —T)
7] , m, T -m,M5g = mymMsg - maT
1] ) m, T+mal = mym2g + MmymM2g
VY) T (mi + m2) = 2m m2g
EO
7. 1)
© 2m4™M2g
Se
s (m1 +m2
ot Q 7. Find the expression for acceleration and tension in the string when two
bodies of different
co masses are attached with the ends of a string while passing over frictionless
pulley, in such that
@=) = one of them is moving on horizontal surface and other is moving vertically?
fy)
Y) Ans: Expression/ Derivation:
——
i ’ Consider two bodies A and B with mass mi and m2(m:i> mz) are attached with ends
of string
© passing over frictionless pulley. The body A is moves vertically downward and the
body B moves
_ on smooth horizontal surface as shown in figure. R
(_)) t
@ “+ Consider downward motion of body A: T
m
= There are two forces acting on body A: a? J
——
© 1. Weight of body W vertically downward. W |
2. Tension in string is vertically upward. 2 T
v
Since body A is moving downward so, m
pas
= W>T fo ’ f
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Therefore, r
i
Fuee = W- T qo}
mya = mg-T —~ (I) Se
“ Consider Horizontal motion of body B: =
There are three forces acting on body B ac)
1. Weight of body vertically downward. >
2. Tension in string is along the string. Uf )

3. Surface reaction vertically upward.
Since body B moving horizontally it means the weight of body W and surface reaction
R is equal and
opposite so they cancel each other so, v

-
W=-F=0 am
So, the net force acting on body Bis: ta

Fnet = T <—L
ma = T ——_> (2) Ee
“+ Expression of Acceleration: —
ee ae oY
Adding equation 1 and 2 a
mia +m2a = mig-F+F Y)
qe)
a(mitma2)= mg
—=
=)
ey, TEE Tl
(my 4 mz )
“+ Expression of Tension: _ =
—
Dividing equation 1 and 2
—
Mig _ mi g-T =
Me T ©
mal = (mig —T) ma
—
mal + maT = mim2g S
ap)
T(mi+ m2) = mimog KS
T= (Cm ma2)g ©
Mi+ my 2
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ce Q8. Define Momentum? Write down its formula and unit. On which factors Momentum
depend?
= i)
; Ans: Momentum:
Se The quantity of motion contained in a body is called momentum.

=
al » It is denoted by P. Itis a vector quantity.
© ® Its S.l unit is NS or kilogram meter per second (kgm/sec) Newton second or (N-
s).
es)
=~ Formula:
VY) The product of mass and velocity.
O P=mV
a) Factors On Which Momentum Depends:

i __
y) There are two factors on which momentum depends.
— i. The momentum of a body is directly related to mass (m).

gf ii, The momentum of a body is directly related to velocity (V).
=
— ag. Define Law of Conservation of Momentum. Explain the Law of Conservation of
Momentum
= with the help of an example?
4. _
@ Ans: Law of Conservation Of Momentum:

q@) Statement:
7
VY) “The momentum of an isolated system always remains conserved or constant”
xplanation
s Consider a system of two non-rotating balls with masses mi and m2 moving with
different velocities
U; and U along straight line in the same direction.
=
yy
LA Total Momentum of System before Collision:
OG a)
_ m,U, + m Us
—
)) lf U1 > U2, the balls will collide with collide with each other. Suppose their
velocities after collision
©) becomes V: and V2 respectively.
i @) Total Momentum of System after Collision:

@ mV; + MV
» According to law of conservation of momentum:
©. Total momentum of system before collision = Total momentum of system after

collision
@ m,U, + m,U, =m,V, + MoV,
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5)
Q 10. Write down the two Applications of law of conservation of momentum? ° eC
—
1)
Ans: Applications Law of Conservation Of Momentum: T
» \|faballoon is blown up and released, it flies round the room. During the flight,
air escape e
from the balloon in one direction while it moves in opposite direction. a he)
—
* Recoil of a gun when a bullet is fired from gun. This is due to conservation of
momentum. * co
qs)
Q.11. Define friction, Limiting friction, and Coefficient of friction? a
_)>
Ans: Friction: i
aaa YW)
Friction is a force which oppose motion of one body over another body.
@)
“+ Limiting Friction: :
oe
Limiting friction is the maximum value of friction just before start of motion of a
body. _
=
+, hast
“ Coefficient Of Friction:
Coefficient of friction is the ratio of limiting friction to the normal reaction

(surface reaction) —{
|
acting between two surfaces in contact. i
® lt is denoted by p (Meo), it is unit less dimension less quantity, and it is
material constant. =
=
acEs —
wn a
Q 12. Derive the expression for friction. What factors on which friction depends?
@)
Ua)
Ans: Expression: pa
\
Consider a wooden block place on the table. There are two forces acting on it. One
is the weight “W” =)
of the block acting downwards and the other is reaction of the table “R” acting
upward. 5)
Limiting friction “F,” is directly proportional to the normal reaction (surface
reaction) “R”. iS
F F em
io 7
; Tp)
= uR
s B Block >
Where, pis the constant and it is called coefficient of friction. 2
= )
“~R=W= mg Table ;
@;
= W=mg =
mg a)
Se
“+ Factors on which friction depends: ©
©
There are two factors on which force of friction depends: aa
Y
» It depends on the nature of surface. ._.
» = Itis directly related with normal reaction (surface reaction). ‘a
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c Q 13. Write down the different types of friction?
; Ans: Static Friction:
\. : When one body is at rest in contact with another body, the friction between
them is called static
==! friction.
o—
(Q) * Kinetic / Dynamic Friction:
ee!
= When one body is moving over another body, the friction between them is called
kinetic or
= dynamic friction.
_ + Rolling Friction:
Y When a spherical body rolls on a surface, the friction exist during motion is
called rolling friction.
S ® Inrolling friction minimum surface is in contact.
Ce “+ Sliding friction:
< When a body is sliding over a surface, the friction exist during the motion is
called the sliding
"' friction.
Se ¥ In Sliding friction maximum surface is in contact.
q) Q 14. What are advantages and disadvantages of friction? Write down the methods
of reducing
@ friction.
Ans: Advantages of Friction:
& 1. Friction enables us to walks on the ground.
2. Anailstays in the wood because of friction.

3. Nut and bolt can hold a body due to friction.
— “+ Disadvantages Of Friction:
UV) 1. Alarge amount of energy in machines is wasted due to friction.

so 2. Friction leads to wear and tear on moving parts of machines.
> 3. Friction makes scratches on the front glass of cars.
©)
Oo
“* Methods Of Reducing Friction:
@ There are two different methods of reducing friction.
- 1. In machines, the sliding of various parts is usually replaced by rolling and

this is done by
© using ball bearing.
©. 2. The various parts of machines which are moving over another are properly
lubricated by oil,
calk powder, grease etc.
q)
O..
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lanl
Q 15: Give any two examples of Inertia and Newton's Third Law of motion.
Ans: Examples of Inertia:
1. If we put a coin ona card and place a card over a glass and flick away the card
with the
finger, the coin drops into the glass due to inertia.
2. Suppose passengers sitting in a bus. If it start moving suddenly, the passengers

will fell a jerk
in backward direction. Similarly, if the bus is moving and stops suddenly the
passengers will
fella jerk in forward direction, due to inertia. —
fj
UY
“+ Examples of Newton’s Third Law of Motion:
1. When we walking on the ground we push the ground in backward direction with our
feet.
This is our action on the ground. As a result the ground, pushes us with a force in
a forward
direction. This is reaction of the ground due to which we move forward.
'e
uy
2. The gasses formed in rocket engines due to combustion of fuel; rush out with
great speed
through a jet on backside and as a reaction, the rocket moves in upward direction.
Q 16: Write down the differences between Weight and Mass.

Weight Mass
em Al
1 | Weight is that force with which earth Mass is the quantity of matter present
attracts a body towards its center. in a body. qd)
2 | Itis denoted by W. It is denoted by m. Y)

3 | Weight is a vector quantity. Mass is a scalar quantity. ©
_)
4 | Its S.l unit is Newton “N”. Its S.l unit is “kg”. s

5 | Weight is measured throughout spring | Mass is measured with a physical -
balance and it changes with altitude. balance and it remains constant om
everywhere.
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o—
= M.C.Q9.S
TD 1. Which of the following is same as kg m/s?:
e a) Joule b) Newton c) Pascal d) Watt

— 2. Equivalent weight of 10kg is:
SY a) 98N b) 980N c) 100N d) 196N
=) 3. If the mass of body is 10kg its weight will be:
V) a) 98N b) 980N c) 100N d) 196N
) 4. Newton’s First law of motion gives the concept of:

_
q@ a) Energy b) Inertia c) Momentum d) Force
hes’ §=865. The unit of co-efficient of friction p is:

—_ a) Newton b) Joule c) Newton meter d) None of these
<— 6. Whichis the best approximation of the weight of an object of mass 800gm:
= a) 88N b) 80N c) 8N d) 0.8N
ee!
. . 7. kg m/s*is the unit of:
@)) a) Power b) Weight c) Presure d) Momentum
Ty 8. kg m/s is same as:

oD a) N.S b) N/s ¢) Nm d) N/m
at
s 9. The product of mass and acceleration is called:
- a) Momentum b) Force c) Work d) Torque
@amm =: 10. The unit of co-efficient of friction y is:
a) Newton b) Joule c) Newton meter d) None
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Textbook Numerical Problems of Chapter#04 e

Numerical Formulae:- 4°)
1) Atomic Mass:4A =Z+N &

oo
2) Einstein's Mass Energy Equation: E = mc? Here c = 3x10°m/s 6

Total Time a)
3) No of Half Life of Substance : No of Half life =

Half Life
oy
Numerical Problems:-
Q1. Determine the acceleration of a car of mass 900kg, when a net force of 2700N
acts on it.
[ Ans: a = 3m/s*|
med Su
Q2. A body weighing 50N is placed on a wooden table. How much force is required to
set it into
motion? Coefficient of friction between the table and the body is 0.3. [ Ans: F =
15 N]|
Q3. Arectangular metal block of mass 4 kg rests on the top of a metal surface. The
coefficient of
friction between the box and the metal surface is 0.2. What force parallel to the
surface is needed to
move the block? [ Ans: F = 8N|
=!
ye
an)
Q4. A gun of mass 20 kg fires a bullet of 50 g with a speed of 200 m/s. Calculate
the velocity of the
recoil of the gun. [ Ans: V, = —0.5 m/s]
Q5. Two bodies of masses 5kg and 4kg are attached to the ends of a string which
passes over a
frictionless pulley such that two bodies hang vertically. Find the acceleration of
the bodies and
tension in the string. [Ans: a = 1.089m/s?,T = 45.55N]
i)
' i
a wy
Q6. Two bodies A and B are attached to the ends of a string which is passes over a
pulley, so that
they hang vertically. If the mass of the body B is 4 kg. Find the mass of the body
A which moves up
with an acceleration of 0.5 m/s”. (Take g=10 m/s?). [Ans: mz = 3.61 kg|
by S
epare
Pr
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Chapter NO: 4
Mi N AND F E
PALlerns Motion
JOS come Wines Nave a
Aiea
in ther a...
ull or ush
Yon an ebyect
<== =
endulum !t hangs
PX < “ Ly TN fran
- wit ‘ Ne aq fix, P=
wis _@ > im wt \ Pere
N I7
a I
16 a
force that
* pulls things
DOWN
to Earth.
Bre pe red ms Sie Waseea Ahmed
¢ AGOAL WITHOUT A PLAN IS JUST A WISH.

** Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom.
Chapter NO: 5
Sohlar
quanthes Guan
distance (m) Mpeeonert
speed (m/s) velocity (m/s)
time Cs) acce(e. a. (ays?)
mass Cry) force (N)
temperature ( kK) weight CN)
pessure (Fa or Net)” meet Ore

kinetic an 7 (7)
Soe jal energy (J)

work done (Tt)
- power (PF o- F)
- current yt
petential oliHevence (v)
- resistance (=) l
’
Aor eon
ee sepa edb by: & Sir Waseem Al maed
** Education is one thing no one can take away from you.

(AAD sWAAO'’s Coaching Centre
— Se Coaching Ganer For 9", 10, 1* Year and 2™ Year.

AEE ee,
At
Q.1. Define scalar and vector quantities and give examples of each?
Ans: Scalar: TS)

Those physical quantities which are completely specify by their magnitude and unit
only. =
4 __.
» Scalar quantities can be add, subtract, multiply and divide easily. —
Examples:
Mass, length, time, speed, distance, volume, temperature, heat and energy etc.
et!
“+ Vector Quantities:
\ =
@
=
Those physical quantities which are completely specified by their magnitude, unit
but they require
direction as well.
cf
a
>» Vectors are add subtract multiply and divide by the rules Vector Algebra.
Examples;
Velocity, displacement, acceleration, force, weight and momentum etc.
|
a
}
Q 2. How we represent a vector quantities?
m A
Ans: Representation of a Vector:
>» Symbolic representation:
e
a
Vectors are represented by either by bold letters OR by a letter having arrow on

head.
as
Examples: A, A
}
=)
» Graphical Representation: —
Vectors are represented by a straight line having arrow on head. ww
>» Length of line represent magnitude while arrow shows its direction. LA
SS
SS
Q 3. Define Multiplication of a vector by number or scalar? Oo
Ans: Multiplication of a Vector: .
C }
» When a vector is multiplied by a number it remains a vector quantity. If the
number, say “n”, is 1)
positive then the new vector has a magnitude n times the magnitude of the original
vector and ~
its direction remains the same. —
Bi 2 will be 1cm. 11)
‘ . ene . . . =
» Whena vector is multiplied by a negative number say -2, the new vector is two
times the =
magnitude of original vector and its direction is opposite to it. a.
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om s .
e Q 4. Define negative of a vector and resultant vector?
"
qo} Ans: Negative Vector:
e Negative vector of vector A will be a new vector B having same magnitude but
opposite direction.
<__
y Y-axis A
— axis + X-axis
@) B - Y-axis
oats .
<* Resultant Vector:
)
bom
& The process of combining two or more than two vectors to produce a single vector
having the
— combine effect of all the vectors is called the resultant vector.
1]
<L R-A+B
Se Q5. Explain the addition of a vector by head to tail rule OR Add two vector by
graphical method?
S
Ans: Addition of a Vector by Head to Tail Rule:
wy To add vector Ato vector B Move vector A (keeping its length and orientation the
same)
Ww) until its tail touches the head of B. The sum is the vector from the tail of A
to the head of B.
c_
1)
om) Q 6. Define trigonometric ratios?
0 ay
Y) Ans
: Irigonometric Ratios: Px \
a
=> Trigonometry is the important branch of mathematics.it deals with the relations
between angles
and sides of triangles. Consider right angle triangle AABC.
; » Adjacent side to the angle is called Base of triangle.

@ » Opposite side to the angle is called Perpendicular of triangle.
— » Opposite side to the right angle is called Hypotenious of triangle.
a)
(© Trigonometric ratios are:
9
iy
M Per, PBC oO
oF * sinQ-—?=-== 8 90
@ HYP H_ AC
wa A B
ho) ‘ ase BAB
)) “%* cos§ = -=—
HYP H Cc
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oa?
ate = Perp — PB — BC i
* nS Fe a CS
=
=
‘ HYP HAC
“* cosecO = SS
Perp P BC
mM
H HAC oo
% secQ =" =—-— —
Base B B qS)
B BAB ,
% cot? =—— =—-=— =)

Perp P BC =
Y)
Q 7. Define resolution of a vector. By using trigonometric ratios find its

horizontal and vertical =)
components? q)
Ans: Resolution of a Vector:
The process of splitting a vector into its components (parts) is called resolution
of a vector.
Expression: y
Consider a vector F acting at a point making an angle 8 with positive

X-axis. Vector F is represented bya line OB, as shown in (figure 01)
From point B draw a perpendicular BA on X-axis.
—. i)
In this way we get two components OA and AB. -
The components which is along X axis is called horizontal D)
component of vector F and it is denoted by Fx. x Y)
The compone nt AB which is parallel to Y-axis figure 01 nD)
is called vertical component of vector and it is denoted byFy. As shown in (figure
02): =)
=a
Magnitude Of Horizontal Components: =e
=
consider right angle triangle OAB. =
oe) am)
Base OA VW)
Cos0 = Tp ~ OB
ix >
Cos@ = — =,
F
Fx =F Cos0 ——
Magnitude Of Vertical Components:

Again consider right angle triangle OAB. al
: qe)
« , Perp _ AB F> ;
Sind = Typ — op ©.
F i
sino — *% @)
F is
Fy =F SinO ..
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oo)
= Q 8. What are rectangular components of a vector? How a vector composed from its
rectangular
oe
O
on)
components?
Ans: Rectangular Components:
Two components which are at the right angle to each other are called rectangular
components.
Composition of a vector its Rectangular Components:
Reconstruction of a vector from its components is called composition of a vector.
Suppose that we have two rectangular components Fx and Fy of vector.
Fy
By using phythagorus theorum;
(HYP) 2= (Perp) 2+ (Base) 7
Fee Fe 4
@ee=)! Taking square on both side;

Uf)
>" VF?= | F,24 F,?
DD «- [R24 5?
iu
“oO Now, we have to find the direction 6 of vector F.
L))
Y) Consider right angled triangle OAB:
So
© TanO=——>
= Base
a. "
q) Tan6 = z
Se 5
A. 6 =Tan (2 )
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—
Q 8. Write down the differences between Scalar Quantities and Vector Quantities. c
Ans: aT
Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities &
=
1 | The physical quantities which are The physical quantities which are completely
qo}
completely specified by their magnitude specified by their magnitude, unit as well
as —
and unit are called Scalar quantities. direction are called Vector quantities. 5
2 | Scalars can be add, subtract and multiplied | Vector can be add, subtract and
multiplied by r =,
by simple arithmetic methods. geometric and trigonometric ratios. Y)
3 | Scalars are represented by Normal letters. | Vectors are represented by bold
letters or ; =)
letters with arrow on head. 1))
)
4 Mass, Volume, time, distance, energy, Displacement, velocity, acceleration, Area,
—
work etc. are scalar quantities. momentum torque etc. are vector quantities. e
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—
1. A force of 25N acts along the X-axis, its Y-Component is:
— a) ON b) 25N c) -25N d) None of these
When two forcesF,= 6N and F,=6N are acting on a body, then angle between them will
be:
a) Less than 30° b) 30° c) 45° d) 60°
Negative of a vector is that vector which is equal in magnitude, but:
Su
a) Same in direction b) Opposite in direction c) Perpendicular d)Noneofthem.
ed
4. A force of 25N acts along the Y-axis, its X-Component is:
a) ON b) 25N c) -25N d) 5N
Numerical Formulae:-
ee
1) Horizontal Component of vector: Fx =F Cos6
Wa my
YW) 2) Vertical Component of vector: Fy = F Sin@

Ry 3) Magnitude of Resultant Vector: F=./F,*+ Fy?
fi = 4) Direction of Resultant Vector: 0 = Tan ! (2)
o—_
Q1. Find the two rectangular components of force of 100N which is acting at an
angle of 60°
with x-axis. [ Ans: F, = 50 N, Fy = 86.6 N|
Q2. A force of 200N acts an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Find its horizontal
and vertical
components. [Ans: F, = 173.2N,F, = 100N]
Q3. The x and y component of a force vector F are 3N and 4N respectively. Find the
magnitude and
direction of F. [ Ans: F =5 N,@ = 53°(approx)|
am) O4.A force is acting at an angle 30° with x-axis. If the y-component of the
force is 40 Newton.
Find the resultant force and x-component of force. [Ans: F = 80 N,F, = 69.28 N]
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*“* Someone is sitting in the shade today because someone planted a tree a
long time ago.
Chapter NO: 06
Mechanical Equilibrium
° Equilibrium. Definition:
# The body is at rest
# The sum of all forces acting on the

body is zero.
r Types of equilibrium:
# Stable equilibrium: after a small

displacement the body returns to
its original equilibrium position.
¢ Unstable equilibrium: after a small

displacement the body does not
return to the original equilibrium
position and moves to a new
equilibrium position.
# Neutral equilibrium: after a

displacement the body remains in
the displaced position.
“+ A creative man is motivated by the desire to achieve, not by the

desire to beat other.
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oa)
rl Q. 1: Define the following Equilibrium, parallel forces, like and unlike
parallel forces, Axis of
=—=' rotation, moment arm and center of gravity?
(©
pon)
c Ans: Equilibrium
X i) When the resultant of all the forces acting on a body equals to zero the body
is said to be in the
oom
© state of equilibrium.
\
—ee > Parallel Forces:
__})
a When a number of forces act in a body and if their direction are parallel they
are called parallel
: forces.
“© * Like Parallel Forces:

oY weet |
; If two parallel forces have same direction they are called like parallel forces.
=
& “ Unlike Parallel Forces:
)
& If two parallel forces have opposite direction they are called unlike parallel
forces.
)
<L “ Axis of Rotation:
S Some bodies cannot move from place but they can rotate about a fixed line or
axis, this fixed
bs line or axis is called axis of rotation.
)
a “* Moment Arm.
The moment arm is the perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the
line of
oc action of forces.
s *% Center of Gravity:
=)
The point inside or outside of the body where the whole weight of the body
concentrated.
KS
cum 22: Define torque or moment .write down its formula and unit.
VY) Ans: Torque or Moment:
> The turning effect of a force on a body is called torque or moment.

2 Formula:
ae} Torque = Force x moment arm.
oY T =F xr
(6 Where: "T" (Tau) = Torque, “F” = Applied force and “r’ = Moment arm (It is a
vector quantity).
2 voit:
ov
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The S.| Unit of torque or moment is N.m.
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Q 3: What is couple? Calculate the moment of couple. ‘e
Ans: Couple: o
A pair of equal parallel and unlike forces having different lines of action is
called a couple. &
Calculation of Moment of Couple / Expression: —
Consider two equal unlike forces each of magnitude “F” acting at ©
point “A” and “B” the torques or moments of two forces are given by:
The moment of force “F” at A=F x OA

The moment of force “F” at B = F x OB
Both these moments have the same direction so the total
wv
moment of the two forces is equal to the sum of two moments. 0 eS
&
<—
(, Corre
Moment of the couple = F x OA + Fx OB
Moment of the couple = F(OA+ OB) :
Moment of the couple = F x AB

“ Moment Of The Couple: dv)
The product of one of the forces and the perpendicular distance between the line of
action. The
perpendicular distance between the two forces is called the arm of the couple. yy
om
iby S
ared
Prep
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c Q 4: Define equilibrium and Write down its two conditions?

ft) Ans: Equilibrium:
S When the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is equals to zero then the
body is said to be
ta in the state of equilibrium.
(ky) «Conditions:
= 1. First Condition iilibrium:

, The all forces acting on a body is equal to zero.
yF = Fi +B + Ei + ieee =O
Q MF=0
S * Along X-axis:
. Si = Fy, + Fx, + Fx, + . =0
<— EFx=0
_ ‘* Along Y-axis:
be
- Dy “eee, tBgg + Fyg + Bees =0
= DF, =0
oc 2. Second Condition o librium.
= The sum of all torques acting on a body is equal to zero.

= Pe SE Eo A as =0
= XT=0
Oo Q 5: Define equilibrium and its kind?
O Ans: Equilibrium:
oY When the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is equals to zero then the
body is said to be
in the state of equilibrium.
o “* Kinds of Equilibrium:
©.
q)) 1) Static Equilibrium

i 2) Dynamic Equilibrium
oO
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1. Static Equilibrium: a
bom!
A body at rest is said to be in the state of Static equilibrium. ©
=
Example: _
a)
The Spherical ball suspended from the ceiling by a string is an example of static
equilibrium. o—
2. Dynamic Equilibrium: (0
lf a body has uniform motion along a straight line is said to be in dynamic
equilibrium. —)
Y)
Example:
: os se : : :
The motion of paratrooper when it's jump from aero plane while its parachute is
open is an “©
example of dynamic equilibrium. @
i
Q 6.Write down the three states of Equilibrium. Give examples of each. a!
es
Ans: Stable Equilibrium: —
A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if it comes <
a)
back to its original position when itis slightly displaced. }
=
Example: om
1)
» Aconeis standing on its base.
“+ Unstable Equilibrium: yy)
‘e
A body is said to be in unstable equilibrium if it does not come back to its

original position when —'
it is slightly displaced. ‘ =
——)
Example: x
» Acone balanced on its apex. —
F a)
“+ Neutral Equilibrium:
—
A body is said to be in neutral equilibrium if on being slightly displaced, it does
not come back to O
its original position but occupies a new position similar to its original position.
Example:
» Aconeresting on its side.
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— ‘
= M.C.@.8
TD 1. Abody will be ina state of equilibrium if its center of gravity lies:
—_ a) At the point of suspension b) Below the point of suspension

i c) Above the point of suspension d) None of the above three
‘9! = 2.)s Hf the center of gravity of a body is lower than its point of support
then its equilibrium will be:
ee)
a) Static b) Unstable c) Neutral d) Stable
S
tad
The turning effect of a force about an axis is:
a) Force b) Rotation c) Torque d) Momentum
ad
: Uy) 4. Acone is standing on its base is an example of this type of equilibrium:

a a) Static b) Unstable c) Neutral d) Stable
mes! 5. Ifthe body is moving with uniform velocity it is said to be in:
<< a) Neutral Equilibrium b) Dynamic Equilibrium
<L c) Static Equilibrium d) Unstable Equilibrium
==) 6. Iftwo parallel forces have the same direction they are called:
Yr
a
a) Unlike Parallel Forces b) Like Parallel Force

c) Couple d) Rectangular Parallel Forces
see
==)
—
s Textbook Numerical Problems Of Chapter#06
S Numerical Formulae:-
VU) 1) Torque:t =Fxr

= 2) Moment of the couple = Fx AB
© Numerical Problems:-
, Q1.A force of 45 N acts ona body. If moment arm is 2m, find the value of torque.
[ Ans:t =90 Nm|
S © 2. A force is applied perpendicularly on a door 4 meters wide which requires a

torque of 120 Nm to
open it. What will be the minimum force required? [ Ans: F = 30N|
©
©. Q3. What is the moment of the couple of 10N acting at the extremities of a rod
5m long. How can
|}) this couple be balanced? [ Ans:t = 50 Nm]
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Chapter NO: O74
dy 03 2) yy) © GRAVITY and WEIGHT
. SED. <i £
iho BORE
| PNY a
: Ac
\6\
re <\ \\ | r\
f ta me
AI sess
Ports
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— Se Coaching ls For 9**, 10, 15* Year and 2" Year.

sg PSE,
om—«—<,
Q.1. Define circular motion and give any two examples.
Ans: Circular Motion:
e When the body moves on the circumference of circle is called circular motion.
oo
= Example:
))
— N |. The rotation of earth and other planets around the sun.
—_) Il. | The motion moving wheel.
Uf
Y) Q 2. Define uniform circular motion. Explain it with one example.
Ans: Uniform Circular Motion:
“Oo
Y
— When a body moves in a circular path with constant speed is said to be
&
4
—_ in uniform circular motion.

== v
Explanation: ¥
iy
— At any point on the circle the direction of the velocity is tangent
a to the circle at the point. If at any point a body is made free of force
e it will move tangential to the circle at the point. Vv
@) Example:
q@) Consider a body revolving in a circle of radius “r’. After some interval of
time
Y)) it moves to position P’ from P. The angle 2 POP’ or"@” subtended at the center,
AN
(i) of circle represent the turning of a body during angular displacement. ie
—.
_—) 2
Ss Q 3. Define centripetal acceleration. Derive the equation a, = — :
<!
-_ Ans. Centripetal Acceleration:
YU) The change of velocity on the circumference of the circle is called centripetal
acceleration.
SS ® It is denoted by a,.
SO Derivation:
= 7
i » Consider a body of mass moving with constant speed “v” around a circle of
radius “r’. As the body
)
“oO moves along the circumference of the circle the direction of velocity is
continuously changing it has
@) an acceleration. The magnitude of acceleration is directly proportional to the
square of the velocity.
©. And inversely proportional to radius of the circle.

m) 4)
Y suet sauwwesmeuensl > (2)
Soe
aL
_ Qn combining equation (i) and (ii) we have
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sg PSE,
3
a
ll
wz
[4
a
|
Fr 1]
bom
Here constant = 1 home!
_ S
Q4. Define centripetal force. Give any two examples.
3
a
lI
bE
Hq I%
~
a
Ans: Centripetal Force: oO
—
=
The force which compel anybody to move in circular path is called centripetal
force.
Example:
> A bucket containing water is rotated ina circle.

» Motion of moon around the sun.
[-
2
Q5. Define centripetal force. Derive the equation F, = a .
_~=
m Ahme
—
—
Ans: Centripetal Force:
ee
The force which compel any object to move in circular path is called centripetal
force.
el
Sh,
=
Derivation:
in
Consider an object of mass m moving with velocity “v” on the circular path
of radius “r’.It has been found Ggperimgntally that the centripetal force is
directly proportional to the mass “m” and the square of the velocity of an object.
r We
And inversely proportional to the radius “r” of the circular path. io)
om
F.cem Meee > (1) Py)
F,.“v?2 0 0 -------------- > (2) SS,
1 5)
ES susemmmeeen > (3) a
On combining equation (1), (2) and (3) we get: “©
mv?
= (constant) mv
2
Here constant = 1 =41™
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sg PSE,
ou!
— Q.6. Define centrifugal force. Give two examples?
(6 Ans: Centrifugal Force:
i.
——
@amm ‘force.
The force which is directed away any object from the center of circle is called
centrifugal
—
© » tis an opposite and equal reaction of centripetal forces.
> f= —™
Y)
' : 1. The earth's revolution around the sun.
VY 2. Atetherball connected to a pole by a string, and passengers feeling pushed
outward ona
= merry-go-round.
eS Q7. Define Centrifuge. Give some of its applications?

— Ans: Centrifuge:
Centrifuge is a device which separates heavier particles ina liquid.
& » Acentrifuge is cylindrical vessel in which a liquid is rotated at a high speed

by an electric
11) motor.
aii, * Applications:
@ ~
LA)
a 1. It is used to drying wet clothes as washing machine dryers.
SM ) 2. It is used to separate sugar crystals from the molasses.
s 3. Itis used to separate the cream from the milk.
>)
my
Gg mm
Q 8. State Newton’s Law of Gravitation. Derive the equation F = 7
eam! Ans: Newton’s Law of Gravitation:

Statement:
>) “Everybody in this Universe attracts every other body with a force which is
directly proportional to
© the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them.”
“oO Derivation:
=
@) Consider two bodies of masses "m," and "mz" and "r" is the distance between
their centers. Then
i
) according to the law of gravitation the forces is directly proportional to the

product of their masses
(3) and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.
Foamym, ------------- > (1)
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AEE ee,
On combining equation (1) and (2) we get,
Fe m,M3z c
r2 ©
— 7mm, 1
F=G74 e
TS
Where "G"is the constant and it is called gravitational constant and the value of
is "G" is 6.67 x —
10 +1N, m?/kg?.
—4
Q 9: By using Newton’s Law of Gravitation. Find the mass of the earth?
Ans: Derivation:
Consider a body of mass “m” placed on the surface of earth. If “M,” be the mass of
the earth and
"R,’ its radius then the force with which the earth attracts the body is given by
equation.
But the force of attraction is equal to the weight of the body.
FSW=mg -rrrrr rrr r ore > (2)
em Ahmed Su
By comparing equation (1) and (2),

m Mae
ase
ale
As we know that,
g=9.8m/sec?, R, = 6.4% 10m and G=6.67X10711N. m?/kg?.
Putting all values,
_ 9.8X (6.4 X10°)?

e 6.67 X10711
ed by S
M, = 6.018 x1024Kg.
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ea
— 10: What is satellite? What are the natural and artificial satellites?
1) Ans: Satellite:
e An object revolving around a planet ina fixed orbit is called a satellite. There
are two kinds
i) of satellite.
o—
“+ Natural Satellite:
5 Natural satellite exist naturally and revolve around a planets. Like moon which
moves around
= the earth.
Y)
+ Artificial Satellite:
’
oOo The satellite sent by the scientists which moves around the earth are called
artificial satellite.
! They are sent for different purposes like telecommunication, space research and
etc.
——1]
M
Q.11. Define orbital velocity. Derive v = [= . OR Derive an expression for the

orbital velocity
<< of an artificial satellite.
<— Ans: Orbital Velocity:
& The velocity at which a body revolves around another body. The minimum velocity
required to place
' or maintain a satellite in a given orbit is called orbital velocity.
w Derivation:
Y) Let a satellite having mass “m” be moving in an orbit of radius “r” with
velocity “v’. The
| gravitational force of attraction between the satellite and the earth provides
the necessary
Sea, centripetal force to the satellite.
F z GmM
Gravitational Force = —, =
z
i 5)
Soe i mv?
— And centripetal Force =
= As gravitational force is equal to centripetal force, therefore
——
a)
GmMe mv"
2 oS
So = 7
Y 2 _ GMe
@))
rae Vis (1)
140) Taking square root on both side
re
Qu The above equation is the equation of orbital velocity of satellite.
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For value of Orbital Vel =
eC
If “g” is the acceleration due to gravity at the position of the satellite, then
W=F, a
=
GmMe iy
mg = re] o—
qey
= ee)
ne
=
ll
#
Coe] :
Su
a Ne!
Substituting value from equation (3) OO

v? = pr (|)!
—
Taking root on both side, Se
i
vale —
If the satellite revolving close to the surface of the earth then, <
r=R, =
i =
= BRe =]
\))
As we know that, rab)
g = 9.8 m/sec?. And R,=6.4X 10°m. YV)
ae)
)
Putting all values, ws .
|
= V9.8x6.4X 10°
= ¥62720000
v = 7919.59 m/sec I
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sg PSE,
Cc Q12. Write down the differences between Centripetal Force and Centrifugal Force.
‘ } Ans:
e Centripetal Force Centrifugal Force
bees
™ 1 | It is directed towards that center. It is directed away from the center.
\
a!
=" 2 | Itisascalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

Y) 3 | It is denoted by F,. It is denoted by F,.
iil
) A | Its S.l unit is Newton “N”. Its S.| unit is Newton “N”.
Q 13. Write down the differences between Gravitational Constant and Acceleration
due to Gravity.
OR Write down the differences between “G” and “g”.
Ans:
Gravitational Constant (G) leration d r
1 | Itrepresents gravitational constant. It represents acceleration due to gravity.
2 | Itisa scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
3 | It remains constant. It varies from place to place.
4 | Its value is 6.67x10714Nm2/ ke’. It is denoted by 9.8m/sec?.
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M.C.9.S =
1.C.9.8 =
1. InS.l unit the value of G is: ©
a) 6.67X10!'Nm2/kg2 b) 6.76X10!1Nm2/kg? &
c) 6.67X107™Nm2/kg? d) 6. 76X107-4Nm2/kg? —_
oz!
y
2. Ifthe speed of moving body in a circle is doubled, its centripetal acceleration
becomes: qo)
—
a) Twice b) Four times c) three times d) Eight times —
3. Orbital velocity of a satellite near the surface of the earth is: Us)
a) 9270km/s b) 9720km/s c) 7290km/s d) 7920km/s ©
4. The value of G was determined by experimentally by: b)
a) Newton’s b) Cavendish c) Galileo d) Pascal =
5. Inartificial satellites the necessary acceleration is provided by: —
a) Frictional Force b) Gravitational Force c)Coulomb’s Force d) Magnetic force <L
Textbook Numerical Problems Of Chapter#07

Numerical Formulae:- ®
1) Centripetal acceleration: a, =
mv A
+ le
Vas
2) Centripetal Force: F, = : =
3) Newton’s Law of Gravitation : F = G—*— Here G=6.67x107 11 Nm?/kg2
Se
Numerical Problems: UY)
Q1. A car goes round a curve at 20 m/sec. The radius of curvature is 50 m.
calculate the centripetal —
acceleration of the car. [ Ans:a, = 8m/s*] a)

Q2. Acar of mass 1500 kg moving in a circular track of radius 20m at constant speed
of 20 m/sec.
Find the centripetal force required for this purpose. [ Ans: F, = 30,000 N]
Q3. A string 2m long is used to whirl a 200gm stone in horizontal circle at a speed
of 2m/sec. Find 1)
tension in string. [ Ans: F, = 0.4N] qe
Q5. Compute the gravitational force of attraction between two boys of masses 50 kg
and 40 kg ©
respectively apart from each other by 1m. [| Ans: F = 13.334x10 ®N] ©.
a) wi)
Q6. Two balls of 40 kg and 20 kg masses attract each other with a force of 3.33x10
’N. Find the @)
distance between the masses if the value of G =1.67x10 14Nm?/kg?. [ Ans:r = 0.40m|
=
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** Action is the foundational key to all success.
Chapter NO:08
relies Three Basic Work or Not Work?

m Concepts : <a Te
are
[Thermodynamics —->
rl Energy \
r v\ / %
Force Applied
orce Applie Ability) | Ability
x
to Do | |to Exert a Measure of
is
done
Work
divided by
f |
4
K
Time taken to In each of the four situations shown, is work being done or not?
y Work is Done
it ;
Distance Moved | Work | | Force How Quickly
is Whenever : ‘ do the Work wesenias |

y a Force is same wil aa Motion
Physicists used to whether less => we
Definition) [Move something
v
j , €.9. : y rics:
Open /\*/Throw) = => —"
Door Ball Running Walking
_— Up Stairs) [Up Stairs eee Chemical
- Leora
Lift | {Climb PUKE
Groceries} | Stairs TCAMS (PO? LALO
Prepared by: Str Wascen Ahmed

“+ Aim for the star. If you miss, you may hit a moon.
S_eE= Coaching cates For 9°", 10°", 1* Year and 2™ Year.

—
Q.1. Define work with its formula and unit. Write the types of work done. Cc
Ans: Works: 6
When a force act on a body and as a result body covers some displacement then there
is work done. =
Formula: —
\)
Work done = Force. displacement aS
W=F.S =
W =FS cos®
2
Where: F = force, S=displacement and @ =Angle between force and displacement So
Unit: v
bom
» TheS.| unit of work is Newton -meter (N.m) which is called joule. io
» The British unit of work is (pound. Foot) i.e (Ib .ft). = —
“+ Types of work done: —
There are three types of work done. _
i
1. Positive Work done: =
a
lf the = 0°, then work is positive and maximum. In this case force and displacement
are in same Y
direction. aD)
2. Negative Work done: o
qe)
If the 6 = 180° then work is negative and maximum. In this case force and
displacement are SS
anti-parallel i.e opposite in direction. s
3. Zero Work done: K
If the 86 = 90° then work then work is zero and minimum. In this case force and
displacement are Y)
perpendicular. wo
Q 2. Define power. Write down its formula and unit.
Ans: Power:
The rate of doing work is called power.
oO
Formula: Ov
Work D Ww =e
Power =—_——— OR Pp =— UW)
time interval t i
> In British engineering system the unit of power is horse power (hp) hp =550ft
Ib/sec and
lhp=746watts. A.
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— Se Coaching cates For 9", 10, 1* Year and 2™ Year.

AEE ee,
— 7 F 2
Cc Q 3. Derive the relation between power and velocity.
iS
=
© Ans: Power and Velocity:
, Suppose a constant force “F” acts on a body and displace it through distance “d”
in the direction of
force in time “t” then work “W” is done and average power develop is:
oo)
© p-W
. 5) t
—)) As we know W= F.S
fy) s
! P= F—
t
) s
Y But = Average Velocity (V)
)
= So, P= Fv
re iF
Hence power is the product of the force and velocity.
Ans: Energy:
The ability of doing work is called energy.
&
&
— Q4. Define energy with its unit. Name the different types of energy.
@ ® tis denoted by “E” .It isa Scalar quantity.

Unit: The 5S. unit of energy is joule.
> Kilo-watt Hour is also the unit of energy and IKWH = 3.6 x10° joule.
ra
s + Types of Energy:
- (i) Kinetic Energy (ii) Potential Energy (iii) ElectricalEnergy (iv) Sound Energy
o—_ (v) Chemical Energy (vi) Heat Energy (vii) Solar Energy etc.
Q5. Define Kinetic Energy. Derive the relation K.E = = mv?

Ans: Kinetic Energy:
Energy of a body due to is motion is called kinetic energy.

oD Derivation:
we Consider a body of mass “m” placed on a horizontal surface initially at rest.

When a force “F” is
eee. applied it covers a distance “S” and its final velocity becomes “V”. Then work
done is:
o. W=kS 9 ———> "(7
@ By Newton’s Second law of motion.
Q. F=ma
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—
In order to find “S” we use third equation of motion: =
S
2aS = vf? — vi? TS
vf wi? =
a= 2a i
H V;=0, and V, oan
ere, /=0, an =
i f ©
_ v2— 92 =)
eB >
2 “>
go V)
2a
_
Putting the values of “F” and “S” in equation (1) @)
=
v2 @
W = ma.— a
2a ba:
1 oe
W ==mv" amy
P — ai.
The work done is capable to move the body so this work done converted into Kinetic
energy.
W=K.E .
—
K.E = mv? _
Q6. Define gravitational potential energy. Derive the equation P. E = mgh. @
Ans: Gravitational potential energy: Y)
ee
Energy of a body due to its position in gravitational field is called gravitational
Potential MW )
energy. s
_—_——)
Derivation:
<=
Consider a body of mass “m” is placed on the surface of the earth. When the force
“F” is o—
applied on the body in upward direction against the force of gravity and body
attain height “h”. VY)
The work done on the body is given by: SS
W=ES 2
Since F=W=m_g andS=h @%
So W =mgh 1)
a
Due to this work done body attain the height “h” so this work done is converted
into Potential iy
Energy. (©
W=P.E
P.E= mgh
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sg PSE,
Q 7. What do you mean by elastic potential energy and derive the equation for
elastic potential
energy? OR Prove that Elastic Potential Energy = = Kx? 2
S Ans: Elastic Potential Energy:
The energy stored in a stretched or compressed elastic material (like spring or

rubber band)
qo} is called elastic potential energy.
; Derivation:
YU) Consider an object is attached with a spring having the mass “m” placed on a
smooth horizontal
~ surface. A force “F” pushes a spring to compress it from its equilibrium position
“O” to another
MS, position “A”. As Shown in figure.
According to Hook's Law, the applied force is directly YOOHSOD000000
Se Proportional to the amount of compression. _ -

bo Fee Fig:1 oO
KX §-——— —__—>
i "OOOO | <—
Where, K is called spring constant.
y a
& Since the compression force is zero at point “O” Fig:2 A o
@) and “Kx” at point “A”. The average force needed to compressed
the spring from the position “O” to “A” is.
O+Kx
o 2
1) a
> ~e
>i
— all
F= > Kx
waa) As we know work done in compressing the spring is:
W = Fx
> W =3Kx.x
od neg
” e| WwW = Kx
@ This work done causes the elastic potential energy therefore,
: - 1
) Elastic potential energy = 5 Kx’
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sg PSE,
Q 8. What do you know about the Interconversion of kinetic and potential energy?
Ans: Interconversion of K.E and P.E: ©

Interconversion of K.E and P.E means that K.E can be converted into P.E and P.E can
be e
converted into K.E. =
om!
Explanation: ©
Consider a body of mass “m” lying at height “h” from the ground. —e
At this position it has P.E = mghand K.E = 0.
Now the body is allowed to fall under the action
of gravity. As the body moves downward closer to
the ground its P.E decreasing and K.E increasing.
It is due the height “h” is decreasing while “v’ is

increasing. When the body just hit the surface
of the ground its P.E is zero and the K.E is maximum.
Loss in P.E = Gain in K.E
1
mgh = 5 mv?
2mgh _ v2 _
mH
7
v? = 2gh D
1)
Taking square root on both side. Ww)
v=./2gh O
Q 9. What do you mean by the conservation of energy? State the law of conservation
of energy. s
Ans: Conservation of Energy: a
=)
Conservation of energy means that the amount of energy in the universe is fixed.
Although a
energy can change forms or we can say that one kind of energy can change into
another kind # )
of energy. However the amount of energy in the universe remains the same. >
“+ Law of Conservation of Energy: O
“Energy can neither be created or nor be destroyed but it can be changed from one
form to z 7
)
another form “
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—
—s
Sc M.C.Q.S
(© 1. The S.1 unit of work is:
A.
Some! a) Watt b) Newton c) N-m d) Dyne
—=
© 2. The S.l unit of energy is:
ee
5 a) Newton b) Joule c) Kilogram d) Coulomb
VY) 3. ihp=
) a) 467 Watts b) 647 Watts c) 746 Watts d) 764 Watts
The work will be negative if the angle between force and displacement is :
ec
P=
e a) 90° b) 180° ) 0° d) 45°
{ = 5. The rate of doing work is called:
—{ a) Velocity b) Acceleration c) Power d) Momentum

6. Ihp=___ Watts
one
A,
~
£
a
b) 674 c) 550 d) 505
—_
—
7. In British Engineering system 1 horse power=
a) 560 ft.lb/s b) 505 ft.lb/s c) 550 ft.Ib/s d) 546 ft.lb/s
TD
—
s
KS
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o—
Texthook Numerical Problems Of Chapter#08:- Se
Numerical Formulae:- =
e
1) Workdone: W = FS cos 8 om
2) Power: P= Fv TS
3) Potential Energy: P.E =mgh —_l
4) KineticEnergy: KE = =mv? =
. ify
Numerical Problems:- |
C)
Q1. How much work is done to displace horizontally a body 40 m by a force of 200N,
whose angle a1)
with the horizontal is 30°? [ Ans: W = 6,928.2 J] ov
Q2. A box is pushed 5m across a level surface by a horizontal force of 200N. How
much is work is &
done on the box? [ Ans: W = 1000]] —
a i
Q3. A boy of mass 50 kg on motor bike is moving with 20m/sec. What is his K.E? x
[ Ans: K. E = 10,000 J y
QA. What is the K.E of 2000 kg car travelling at 90 km/h? [ Ans: K.E = 625,000 J] —
_
—
Q5. What is the P.E stored by a car of weight 2000N when lifted 50m straight up? @)
[ Ans: P.E = 100,000 J] @
Q6. With what constant velocity can 1960 watts motor raise a mass of 100 kg?
[ Ans:V = 2m/s] VY)
4}
=
iS
o—
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“+ All everything that | understand, | understand only because | love.
Chapter NO: 09
inclined plane
wedge
lever
J i
!
© 2006 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ino
Discuss with your partner other examples of simple

machines in action
|
Prepared by: Sie Wasecenn Albmed Sulla
** Before anything else, preparation is the key to success.

S_eE= Coaching Classes For 9", 10", 1** Year and 2" Year.
. = z 2 oo
Q1.Define machine. Write down the useful purposes of machines. e
Sot
Ans: Machine: ©
A machine is a device which is used to do work in a more convenient way or use to
speed up the e
s
work. 7
om
“+ Useful Purposes Of Machines: ‘ ;
—!
1. To lift the heavy load. —
2. To increase the speed of doing work. YS)
3. To change the direction of force.
4. Totransfer energy from one point to another point. “Oo
-
Q 2. Define the following terms. q)
(i) Effort (ii) Load (iii) Input (iv) Output (v) Mechanical Advantage. &
Ans: Effort (P): A force which is directly supplied toa machine is called effort. =
“* Load (W): A resistance which is overcome by a machine is called load. —f
7
“Input: &
be )
It the work done on the machine by the effort is called input. It is given by: @
Input = effort x effort arm. q@
Us
“* Output: W)
qe)
The useful work done by the machine on the load (W) is called output. It is given
by: sl
Output = loads x load arm. | =
“+ Mechanical Advantage: =
The ratio between the load lifted and the effort applied is called the mechanical
advantage of VV)
the machine. -
Formula: Oo
lf “W" is the weight lifted by the machine and “P” is effort applied to the
machine, then
Weight lifted by the machine Oo
Effort applied
Ww So
P
Mechanical Advantage =
M.A =
)
® The M.Ais ratio between two forces, so it has no unit. It is expressed in
numbers. =)
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oo)
c Q 3. Define efficiency. Write down its formula.
oO Ans: Efficiency:
e The ratio between the useful work done by the machine (output) to the work done
on the
a machine (Input) is called efficiency. It denoted by Greek letter n (eta).
eam)
© Formula:
oe!
— . Useful Workdone by the machine
—) Efficiency (qQ) = ——T_4+$_—_{_——
Workdone on the machine
Output
“© a Input
@) Efficiency is usually expressed in percentage
= Output
utpu
— n= ——— x 100%
i} Input
— ® The efficiency of a real machine is always less than 1.A perfect machine has
100% efficiency or 1
y Q4. Write down the kinds of machines that we use in our daily life.
"
e Ans: Kinds of machines:
rad) 1) Lever 2) Inclined plane 3) Screw

q@) 4) Screw Jack 5) Wheel and axle 6) Wedge
Ww)
Q5. Define lever. Write down the kinds of lever.
(go)
0
s Ans: Lever
= A lever is rigid bar which rotates about a fixed point called fulcrum.
Se “ Kinds of Lever:
oo)
VY) There are three kinds of lever depending on the positions of effort, Weight and
fulcrum.
> 1) Lever Of First Kind:

© In the lever of first kind, the fulcrum “F” lies between load “W” and effort “P”.
“Oo Examples:
OY (I) A common balance (ii) A pair of scissors (iii) A seesaw.
7 2) Lever Of Second Kind:
>)
©. In the lever of second kind, the weight “W” lies between the fulcrum “F” and
effort “P”.
= _ Examples:
Ses
Q.. (I) A nut cracker (ii) A punching machine (iii) Adoor.
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3) Lever of Third Kind:
In the lever of third kind, the effort “P” lies between the fulcrum “F” and weight
“W”. —
Example: =
heme)
(I) A pair of forceps (ii) Ahumanarm | (iii) A fire tongs o—
Q 6. Determine the Mechanical Advantage of a lever.
Ans: Mechanical Advantage:

By applying effort (P) at one end of a bar, weight (W) can be lifted at the other
end. ;
The turning effect of any force is called torque, which is equal to the product of
force and
perpendicular distance. If two torques are equal the lever is said to be in
equilibrium.
Weight arm B Effort arm

C RR Re nn me eee ml A
ws :
Center &
Weight-W
ele Fulcrum Effort -P
of
Ah
rw
}
=~ 2
When a lever is in equilibrium then,
Torque of the Effort = Torque of the Load yY)

Effort x effort arm = Load xX Load arm uN
.
Px mAB =WxmBC =)
W_ maAB =
5 m BC om)
Effort arm VW)
M.A = —————
Load arm ——
Thus, the mechanical advantage of lever can be increased by increase the length of
effort arm to a oO
maximum possible limit and by decreasing the length of load arm to a minimum
possible limit. -
ee |
Q7.Define principle of lever. “©
1))
Ans: Principle of lever: Oo
Se
The moment of effort is always equal to moment of load in every kind of lever. ‘ ;
Moment of Effort = Moment of weight ©.
Effort x Effort arm = Load xX Load arm. @))
P x mAB = W x mBC ?
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—
e Q 8. What is an inclined plane and how does it help in doing work?
oy
qoy Ans: Inclined Plane:
Se A plane surface making an angle 8 with horizontal is called horizontal plane.

Where 8 # 0° and0 #
= 90°
a
+,
fUy) ** Mechanical Advantage:
Ss Consider a smooth plane AB with make an angle 8 with horizontal. A load (W) is
placed on inclined
=== plane. Now effort P is applying on it through a distance “I” and weight is
raised to height “h”. As
VV) shown in figure. For an ideal machine:
“© Output = Input. .
ay
@) W xh = Px 1
= WB
e -
— But from figure:

Vv) oe
= + sin 0
(
ay) he above equation shows that the smaller the value of angle “0”, the greater
will be the mechanical
may) advantage.
KS Q 9. Define fixed pulley. Determine the mechanical advantage of fixed pulley.
UY) Ans: Fixed Pulley:
A pulley whose block is fixed to a strong beam or ceiling and cannot move
> up and down is called fixed pulley.
2)
“* Mechanical Advantage:
“© When a load “W” is tied at one end of rope passing over pulley and effort
q@) is applied downward at the other end. For an ideal machine:
= Output = Input
(©
©. Load X Load arm = Effort x effort arm.
@)) Wx OB = Px OA a
= W Effort
A) Simple Pulley
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w_ 0A =
P OB =
>
ll
Hd
lal
=
>
ll
i Y l
om
Q.10. Define Screw Jack. Write down the construction of Screw Jack and determine
its mechanical ( 5
advantage. —
__))
Ans: Screw Jack: os

A screw jack is a simple machine which is commonly used to lift heavy loads.
Construction:
It consists of a long screw rod “R” passing througha —

threaded block “B” and handle “H” which is called e
Tommy bar to turn the threaded block “B”. —
ama —_,
As a result it rises up and lift the heavy load.
Mechanical Advantage:
—
The car or Automobile of weight “W” is placed on the plate of screw jack. &
The pitch of screw is “h”. The effort “P” is applied 7
at the handle “H” the effort Moves through a WY
distance 2tr i.e. (One revolution).Where “r” is the q@)
length of rod ,the weight “W” is lifted through Y)
a height “h”. For an ideal machine:
—2
Output = Input 8
Load X load arm = Effort x Effort arm o—
W xh=Px 2tr H Y)
(_})
21r =
M.A= == Screw Jack Y
SS
—
qo}
The above equation show that the pitch of screw jack is very small as compared to
the length of the ©.
Tommy-bar so the mechanical advantage of screw jack is very large. YQ
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eo s . r
e Q.11. Define wheel and axle. Find its mechanical advantage.
i‘.
© Ans: Wheel And Axle:
Wheel and axle is a simple machine containing two cylinders of different diameters,
connected with a common shaft used for lifting heavy load.
a“ r”
» Thecylinder with larger radius “R” is called wheel. While the radius with smaller
radius
called axle.
“+ Mechanical Advantage.
When the effort is applied to turn the wheel through
one complete revolution the axle also turns
through one revolution. Thus in the same interval of time
the effort will move through a distance 21R and the load will
move through the distance 2tr.
For an ideal machine:
Output = Input
Load X Load arm = Effort x Load arm
W x 2mr = PX 27R
W _ 28R
P 2nr
R
M.A ==
©
a) The Wheel and Axle
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—
M.C.@.8 Ee
1. Itis not a Simple Machine: (©
a) Pair of Scissors b) Pair of forceps c) Door d) Bicycle e
2. Itisasecond kind of lever: —_
a) Human Arm b) Door c) Sea-Saw d) Scissors a)
3. For an ideal machine efficiency is:
a)O b) 3 c)1 d)2

4. The M.A of moveable pulley is: “oO
1)
a) b) 2 c)3 d)4 as
Ye
_ =
5. The M.A of simple pulley is:
il
a) 1 b) 2 c)3 d) 4
6. Aninclined plane 5m long has one raised by 1m Mechanical Advantage will be:
A
ue
a) 15 b) 5 c)= d=
Textbook Numerical Problems Of Chapter#09:-
e
—= =
e
Ss
—
=
1) To Find Load (W)and Ef fort (P) : Output = Input
2) Mechanical Advantage: M.A = —

oe
3) Efficiency:E = x 100% 2
=)
. om)
Numerical Problems:- VY)
Q1. An object of weighing 980N is raised 2m above the ground using an inclined
plane of length >
10m. Calculate the effort applied parallel to the inclined plane. [ Ans: P = 196 N]
Oo
Q2. An object of mass 100 kg is raised 4m above the ground using an inclined plane
of length 10m.
Calculate the effort applied parallel to the inclined plane. [ Ans: P = 392 N] “©
Q3. A load of 21000 N placed on the top of a screw jack is lifted by a force of
300N. If the length of
Tommy-bar is 35 cm and the pitch of the screw is 2.5mm, find its mechanical
advantage and —
efficiency. [Ans: M.A = 70, E = 7.95%| Tt):
Q4. The length of the handle of a screw jack is 40 cm and its pitch is 4mm. How
much load can be ian
lifted by applying a force of 5N on the handle? [ Ans: W = 3142N | @)
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** Discipline is the bridge between goals and accomplishment.
Chapter NO: 10
Properties of Matter States of Matter - solids, liquids and
pee 4 gases | Chemisty for All| The Fuse.

a solid | liquic
Liquids O
skateboard aaa NAb" ) Vp 0 r
hat ja ae any)
iti
“4
pencil wuilk (
Ap, (= “" hot air ‘i a i We
tie eee i Ss of x _ 0 isi matrigid 1 () tigi

snow drink hot
re (0 () fred shape |) no Fred shape] (no Fred shape

SJ sea O fined volume |) fied volume. |()no fied volume
, “qq
TD END |
Ons) QO chocolate) juice

5 J Q
j y* > anos L.
bicyele Wiig \
eo” \
fog wind
“+ Never lose hope, because stars always shine in darkness.

ee Coaching Classes For 9", 10", 1°* Year and 2" Year.
Q. 1. Define Matter also write down name of its states and write down the
properties of each —_
state? S
qe)
Ans: Matter: _
E
Anything which occupies space and having mass. OR =
e/a)
Anything which can be felt with ordinary sense is called matter is called matter.
rT:
=)
“+ States of matter: 5S
Matter has been classified into three states: 1) Solids 2) liquids 3) Gas VU)
1) Properties of Solids: ——e!
) Properties of Solids O
1. Solids have fixed volume and fixed shape @
2, The force attraction between molecules is very strong. =
3. Solids have less kinetic energy. &
=
2) Properties of Liquids: =
|
1. Liquids have fixed volume but no fixed shape. <—
2. The force attraction between molecules is lower than solids. __
3. Liquids have greater kinetic energy than solids but less than gases. =
|
3) Properties of Gases: 11))
1. Gases have no fixed shape and volume. @
2. The force of attraction between gas molecules is very less. Y)
3, Gasses possess greater kinetic energy. To
Q 2. Define term elasticity and Elastic limit? =
7)
Ans: Elasticity: _
Se
The tendency of a material to return to its original Shape after the removal of
deforming force is @a—~
known as elasticity. VY)
“Strain: =
: ‘ 8s : »)
The change in the shape, volume and length of an object caused due to stress is
called strain.
“ Elastic limit: ©
It is the maximum value of stress within which the body exhibits the property of
elasticity. Below 1 )
the elastic limit, the body regains its original shape after removal of deforming
force. bes
qo}
Q 3. Define stress. Write down its formula.
When a body is made to change its length, volume or shape by the application of an
external Se
force, the opposing force per unit area is called Stress. A.
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o—
Cc Formula:
Sst
am na
Wy) Stress = —
al Area
=
— oo 3
— A
)
_ . , © The S.l unit of stress is N/m?
—) Q4. Define longitudinal strain. Write down its formula and unit?
Lf
Y) Ans: Longitudinal strain:
When the stress bring change in length then the strain is called longitudinal
strain.
Y Formula:
i __
1 ,
. 5 . change tnlength
e Longitudinal strain = eile ELS
a! orignal length
» Q5. Define Young’s Modulus of elasticity. Derive its equation.
Ans: Young’s Modulus of elasticity:

)))
Oo The ratio of the stress to the longitudinal strain is called Young’s Modulus of
elasticity.
YU) Equation:
) stress(o)
(
— vi ’s Modulus = ———
s SHAE: S VOR OUE Longitudinal strain(e)
Soe
As we know that: o =< and € =—
F
Tp a Y =a
L
, Q6. State Hooke’s law. Give its mathematical equation.
@ Ans: Hooke’s law:
. 7 The strain produced in an elastic body by applying stress is directly

proportional to the stress
(©) applied within the elastic limit.
=)
©. Mathematical Equation:
)
o Stress « Strain
5 Stress = (constant) x Strain
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—
Q 7. Explain Hooke’s law applied to a helical spring? <
oma
Ans: Explanation Hooke’s law applied to a helical spring: qo}
Consider helical spring be suspended vertically from a ce
e “ Ss) b> (S2 ey
fixed support. A block is attached at the lower end. = b— = - —
Due to gravity the block is displaced downward. os Ps d=2cm & d=4om o
: ‘ s i — 0 (|
After little while the block comes to rest and attains = ae =

equilibrium. There are two equal and opposite =
forces acting on the block: Fo ¢ | A
. . Hooke's law: F 0 d. Ifa force Y)
1. The force of gravity acting downward. of 4N stretches a spring a¥ F=4N rw | —
2. The tension in the string in upward direction. length of 2 cm, and 8N force {_))
will stretch it 4.cm, = )
According to Hooke’s law
F=AN coe
“Tension is proportional to extensions”. If “F” stands for tension and “x“ for
extension then, —
€
Fo x —
Where k is called spring constant and negative sign shows that tension and
extension act in opposite e
iS _
direction.
Q8. Define pressure its formula and unit.
Ans: Pressure:
It is the force acting normally per unit area of a surface.
Formula:
Force
Pressure =
Area
p= F
A
| a.
Unit: The unit of pressure is N/m. Or Pascal (Pa). ,
ne «
Q 9. State Archimedes principle with example?
—e
Ans: Archimedes Principle: 2)
ov
When a body immersed completely or partially in a liquid will experience an up
thrust al
(upward force) equal to the weight of the liquid (or fluid) displaced by the body.
—
Wy)
Examples: =),
1. A piece of cork keeps floating on the surface of water because its weight is
less than that of the
up thrust. SS
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SV = Coaching Classes For 9°", 10", 1°* Year and 2" Year.
ce 2. Put the closed end of test tube vertically on the surface of water and push
it down in the water.
A force acting vertically upward on the tube is called up thrust.
Sc Q10.Define Atmospheric pressure and Barometer?

i= Ans: Atmospheric Pressure:
o— —
(DO The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere on the surface of earth is
called
Ss atmospheric pressure.
__))
+.
iY) “* Barometer:
The device used to measure the atmospheric pressure is called Barometer.
» Atsea-level, the value of atmospheric pressure is about 10° Pa or one bar

(standard pressure).
ov
& Q11.State and explain Pascal’s law. OR State Pascal’s law write its three uses in
daily life.
& Ans: Pascal’s Law:
5% Statement:
& When the pressure is applied to a liquid, it is transmitted equally in all

directions.
wo “+ Do your work with your whole heart, and you will succeed- there’s so little
competition.
@) Experiment:
WV) Take a spherical vessel is fitted with four water-tight pistons

\W) having same area of cross section as shown in figure.
) «=—s The vessel is completely filled with water.
») «© Force is applied on the piston Ato move it inward.
From experiment it is found that the piston B, Cand D move

outward through the same distance showing that
\ the pressure transmitted equally in all directions.

> “+ Daily life uses / Applications:
) Pascal Principle
emmtends' 1. Hydraulic press.

= 2. Hydraulic brakes.
“© 3. Hydraulic lift or jack.
Q12. Write down the principle, construction , working and use of the hydraulic lift
or jack.
i) Ans: Hydraulic Lift Or Jack:
Principle:
2p
v A hydraulic lift or jack works on the principle of Pascal’s law.
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Construction:
It consist of two cylinders with air tight pistons of smaller

and greater area respectively connected with each other
with the help of tube. It conatins an in compressible fluid.
Working:
The small force Fi is applied to a piston of smaller area Ai.Thus the presure on
the piston is given by: Y)
Fy a
P=—— S$ > _ |] )
i (1) “Oo
This presure is equally transmitted throughout the liquid. Thus an upward presure
of P2is applied to —
the larger piston of area Aj is: &
F.
P=—> _____» a)
_C
Ay all
<—
By combaining equation (1) and equation (2) we have, a)
ct e
— ena a
Ay Az
It is clear from the above equation F2 > Fi since A2 > Al. Thus, a small force
acting on a small area Ai SS
generates a large force F2 acting on large area Ao. s
SI
*%* Uses:
It is used to lift heavy loads such as vechicles for service purposes.
Q 13. Write down the principle, construction , working and use of the hydraulic
brakes.
>
Ans: Hydraulic brakes: =)
Foot pedal ©)
Principle: /
Pipe line to Special fluid —
i inci ; other wheels eS
A hydraulic brake works on the principle of Pascal’s law. at , a
fonstraction: Master cylinder el
A hydraulic brake consists of a tube which contains Wheel cylinder ©
oil called brake oil. This tube is fitted with a piston working Return spring La
in a master cylinder. The master cylinder linked with Brake shoe q@)
four other small cylinders, each containing a piston of je
large area, for each wheel of vechicle. Essential parts of a hydraulic a.
brakes and their working =
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—
e Working:
mre Foot presure is transmitted via levers to the piston in
gen’ the master cylinder and so increasse presure in the

= brake oil. This presure is transmitted equally and
@amm simultaneously to wheels and apply brakes.
Uses: It is used to control control the speed of the vehicles.
>) Q 14. Write down the principle, construction , working and use of the hydraulic
press.
Y) Ans: Hydraulic Press:
SO Principle:
1)
VY A hydraulic press works on the principle of Pascal’s law.
Le) .
<—. Construction:
—
<= A hydraulic press consists of a narrow cylinder A connected
| toa wider cylinder B. Both cylinders are fitted with water
tight pistons. The piston B is provided with a rigid roof over it.
I
— Working:
_ Hydraulic Press
@ The piston in the narrow cylinder A can be moved up and
@ down by a lever. The piston A transmitted presure equally to the

YU) piston B moves upward. The piston B only compresses the
aes} material placed between the piton and roof.
“SS (Uses:
= It is commonly used for compressing soft materials like cotton in to bales.

c
' Q15. What is buoyancy? Stare the laws of floatation.
Y) Ans:Buoyancy:
>> It is the property of a fluid (liquid or gas) through which it exerts an upward
force or upthrust ona
) body which is completely or partially immersed in the liquid. This upward force
is called buoyant
force.
=
oO *% Laws of floatation:
@ 1. If the weight of the body is more than upthrust it sink.
SS 2. Ifthe upthrust is more than the weight of the body it floats.
© 3. If the up thrust and the weight of the body became equal it will neither sink
nor float but
©. remains in the liquid.
2 Examples:
1) Cork 2) Ship 3) Needle 4) Submarines
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Q 16. Define surface tension and describing four example showing surface tension.
Ans: Surface Tension: —=
The surface tension is the tendency of fluid surfaces to shrink into the minimum
area possible. OD)
Formula: c= &
‘ ; . ©
Unit: TheS.| unit of surface tension is N/m. —
—))
Examples: Y)
1) Small insects can walks on the water because of the surface tension. oO
2) Drops of any kind of are spherical because their surfaces tend to contract and
force each Y)
drop into the shape having the least surface area i.e. a sphere. e
3) If we put steel needle horizontally on the surface of water it does not sink
into water =
because of surface tension. <
4) Soaps and detergents help the cleaning the clothes by lowering water’s surface
tension to :
more readily soak in soiled areas. e
iD)
Q17. Define viscocity. Write down the uses of viscous fluid. %
Ans: Viscocity: 2
Viscosity is the physical property of fluids (liquids or gases). It shows

resistance to flow. =
=)
Unit: The unit of coefficient of viscosity is poise. .
iL
i—
Uses Of Viscous Fluid: wy

1. One example is brake fluid. Brake fluid transmits force through the braking
system, and it > al
would not operate properly if it had a different viscosity. ©)
2. Anil of high viscosity may be used as lubricant. Oo
3. For light machinery like sewing machine. Comparatively less viscous oil is used
as lubricant. @)
“ad
Q18. Explain Magdeburg hemisphere experiment. rt ,
Ans: Magdeburg Hemisphere Experiment: ra
The existence of atmospheric presure was first demonstrated by a German scientist.

His _
experiment is historically known as Magdeburg — hemisphere experiment.
** Explanation / Procedure:
He took two hollow metalic hemisphere. The air inside the hemisphere
was pumped out by vacum pump. After the partial removal
of the air from inside the hemispheres it was almost impossible

to seprate them by pulling them a part. It is due to the fact that
the presure exerted by the atmosphere on the outer walls of the
hemisphere is much greater than the presure exerted by the
air inside the hemisphere.
Magdeburg hemisphere apparatus
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em)
= M.C.0.S
q®)) 1. The pressure of a liquid depends:
1 : .
e a) Only upon its density
oe b) Only upon its height above point inside the liquid.

— c) Upon its density as well as height above the point inside the liquid.
q°) d) Neither upon its density nor height

—
=)
2. Archimedes principle is applied to determine:

a) Specific Heat b) Specific Gravity c) Specific resistance _d) Latent Heat
3. The viscosity of Ethanol is:
a) 0.019 b) 0.1 c) 1.000 d) 0.801
4. Elasticity of a substance depends on its:
a) Temperature b) Size c) Mass d) Nature
5. Which one has maximum elastic limit:
a) Crown Glass b) Steel c) Iron d) Brass
6. Rain drops are spherical in shape because of this property of water:
a) Density b) Viscosity c) Pressure d) Surface tension
7. Itis not a vector quantity :
a) Momentum b) Weight c) Pressure d) Torque
8. Archimedes principle is applied to determine:
a) Specific Heat b) Specific Gravity c) Specific resistance d) Latent Heat
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** Everything that is done in the world is done by hope.
am, Caer
Effects of Heat
Expansion gaps
(/) Bimetal
|» Cool /warm house Ventilation oh

( a ie Insulation 6
RET Ee AUC. = ine
Digital
thermometer
Thermostat
Fire alarm
¢* Failure is success if we learn from it.

Centre
2" Year.
(AAD sWAAO’s Coaching
S_eE= Coaching Classes For 9", 10", 1° Year an
Q. 1. Define the following terms:
1) Heat 2) Temperature 3) Thermometric Property 4) Thermometer.
Ans: Heat:
— Heat is the form of energy which is transfer from hot body to cold body.
)
© “+ Temperature:
The degree of hotness and coldness is called temperature. OR
Average or mean kinetic energy of all molecules is called temperature.
“© “ Ther ic Property:
The property of a substance which changes gradually with the change of temperature
is called
thermometric property. This property is used in thermometer.
Q 2.Define Thermometer. Write down the types of scales with which we can measure
the
x temperature
Ans: Thermometer:
Thermometer is an instrument with which we can measure the amount of temperature.
YW) “+ Types of Scales: There are three types of scale from which we can measure
temperature.
qd 1) Centigrade or Celsius:
In this scale melting point of ice is taken at O°C

called lower fixed point, and the boiling point of
water at 100°C called upper fixed point. This scale
divided into 100 parts each part is called 1°C.
Fahrenheit Scale:
In this scale melting point of ice is taken at 32°F

called lower fixed point, and boiling point of water
is 212°F called upper fixed point. This scale is
divided into 180 parts each part is called 1°F.
Kelvin Scale:
In this scale melting point of ice is taken at 273K

called lower fixed point and boiling point of water
is at 373K. This scale is divided into 100 parts and
each part is called 1K.
Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin
Bolling
Point Of se 212°F 100°C = 373.15 K
Water
Highest
Temp. ——0 2 434°F ———-_- 56.7°C + 330 K
ever recorded
in US
Freezing
Point o' ee 328 eC 273.15 K
Water (|) oF 18°C 255K

Moon, at _0 |) ——— ed ——
its coldest -280°F A7THC 100 K
Absolute _g -460°F ———- -273°C -oK
era + Fe are
!
.
V ¥ H
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Q 3. Define thermal expansion and its types? ir
Ans: Thermal Expansion:
Increase in the size of an object due to the application of heat is called thermal
expansion. =
“+ Types of Thermal Expansion: =
“+ Linear Thermal Expansion:
Increase in the length of an object due to the application of heat is called linear
thermal
expansion.
“Surface Thermal Expansion: i»)
@
Increase in the surface of an object due to the application of heat is called
surface thermal “ :
expansion. e
hom
“+ Volume thermal expansion: i 5
Increase in the volume of an object due to the application of heat is called volume
thermal <L
expansion, :
Q 4. Define Co- efficient of linear thermal expansion and prove that AL = L,AT OR
Ly = Ly(1+ AT). &
Ans: Co-efficient Linear Thermal Expansion: q@)
Increase in length per unit length per degree raised in temperature. @
Y))
It is denoted by 0 and its unit is K~1. aa
Derivation: SS)
5)
Consider a metallic rod of length “L” at temperature T, as shown in figure.
Temperature is changed toT>. i—_
7 em
Ts > Ty \ }
Length changes to l,. >
= yl
Experiment Shows that: ©
ee)
Ale], SS SOC—) )
Al x AT (2) i)
—_—_—.| SS -
Combining equation 1 and 2 we get, —
(Wy)
Al x 1, AT =
Al= al,AT @))
Where ais the proportionality constant and it is called coefficient of linear
expansion. —
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o—
Ce As we know Al = lo —]
a
TS) l, = ri = a1,AT
e lb = 1,+a1,AT
hm
= l= 1,4+aAT)
qe)
a Q.5.Define Co - efficient of volume thermal expansion and derive the equation AV
= BV,AT-.
Ans: Co — Efficient Of Volume Thermal Expansion:
Increase in volume per unit volume per degree raised in temperature. It is denoted
by B and unit is
ao
@) Derivation:
U
e Consider a metallic box of volume “V,” at temperature T, as shown in figure.
‘ Temperature is changed toT>.
=
< T eat,
=a’ Volume also changes to V5.
r Experiment Shows that:

1)) Ty, Vy
2 AVaV, (1) :
VY) AV x AT). ———————___—__ (2)
i?
qe) Combining equation 1 and 2
=) AV « V,AT "
—
AV = BV, AT T>, Vy
ame! = Where “”is a constant and its value depends on nature of material. It is
known as coefficient of
volume thermal expansion.
a) Q6. Show that B = 3a.
Ans: Derivation:
iv
“© Consider a rectangular block of length 1, width w, and height h,
qd) at temperature T, as shown in figure.
S= = Volume at temperature T,:
©. V,=1,Xw, xh,
=)
@) Volume at temperature T>: enneed Lercpermecrncnsd

So V, = ly X w2X hy > ()
A. I5,W2,h at Tz
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As we know that,
oo)
ho
W2 = W,(1 + a AT) =
=
oo)
hy = hy(1+ a AT) we
~ AV=Vo-Vy ©
—_—
V2 = AV+Vy —)
Putting values in equation (1) we get, VY)
AV +V; = (1 #@AT) X wi(1 + GAT) XH, (14+ a AT).
a)
AV + Vy = 1, x w, x hy x (1 + a AT) Vv)
AV +V, = V, x (1+ aAT)3? ————__——_ (2) e
~ (a+b)? =a? +b? + 3a2b + 3ab2. ol
(1+ a AT)? = (1)3 + (a AT)? + 3(4)2(a@ AT) +3(1)(a AT)? <—
(1+ aAT)? =1+4+ a3 AT? + 3a AT + 3a? AT? <
Since a is very small, ignoring «and a? terms. oO
(1+ a AT)? =1+430AT 7)
Putting (1 + a AT)? value in equation (2). Y)
AV +V, = V, X(1 + 3a AT) NO)
AV+V, = V,+V,30 AT =)
AV +44-G _
A ie @ =
V,AT —
vat °** a
1 =
AV =
“B= Tt Oo
Therefore, Oo
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o—
— Q 7. Define Bimetallic strip. What are its uses?
—
qo} Ans: Bimetallic Strip:
—
e When two metallic strips having different linear expansion are joined together,
Bimetallic strip
— formed.
© “* Working Of Bimetallic Strip:

<x
=) When bimetallic strip is heated, bending takes place because one strip expands
more than other.
Y) For example, brass expands more than iron and so they can form bimetallic strip
as shown in figure.
Iran
) ZZ)
q)) Brass
a (a) (b)
=
— “+ Uses of Bimetallic Strip:
aaa! 1. It is widely used as thermostat device which keeps the temperature almost
constant.
2. It has a variety of other application e.g. in thermostat, fire alarm,

thermometers, electric
irons, domestic hot water system etc.
a Q 8. Define bimetallic thermostat and explain its working.

a) Ans: Bimetallic Thermostat:
‘aD) Thermostat is a device which is used to maintain a particular temperature.

Bimetallic thermostat is a
Vv) thermostat which is made up of bimetallic strip. It is used in refrigerators,
electric ovens, room
qe) heaters or air conditioners etc.

———
Ne current Heatiig
Working:
Element
Electric source
Suppose that bimetallic thermostat is connected

——
to an electric room heater. When current is flows O——— >a
its temperature rises and attains a value at which
bending of bimetallic strip is so large that the (a) Hot surrounding

electric contact is broken and the current stop to jeune Jz
flow. This result in the fall of temperature reaches Current
which reaches such a value that bimetallic strip is Element

straightens to close the circuit again. The process y \
of on and off is repeated and the temperature is controlled.
Heat zs
Q 9. Define Bimetallic Thermometer. Explain its construction
and working. (b) Cool surrounding
©. Ans: Bimetallic Thermometer:
@)) Thermometer is device used to measure temperature. Bimetallic thermometer made

up of
i bimetallic strip. It is used for the measure of high temperature.
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‘ _ o—
Construction and Working: 75 c
Bimetallic thermometer made of bimetallic strip. The strip z a9}
is in the form of coil. One end of the coil is fixed and other Pointer ? am:
. . . , Scale "Cc =
end is connected with a pointer that’s moves ona —

temperature scale. When the temperature is raised, i
the coil expands and pointer moves ahead ona scale. mae Fixed end (
a
Q10. Define anomalous expansion of water. ; S

Write down the effects of anomalous expansion of water. Bimetal Thermometer —_
Ans: Anomalous Expansion Of Water:
Anomalous expansion of water is the unusual behavior of water. When water is heated
from 0°C to
4°C, It contracts instead of expanding. After 4°C it starts expanding on heating

normally like other q))
liquids. Conversely it expands when cooled down to from 4°C to 0°C. =
% nomalo’ nsio ter: —
1. Incold areas, where the temperature falls below O0°C, the surface of sea or
lakes are covered <—
with ice but more dense water settles down in the bottom. Because of this fishes
and other
aquatic animals can survive even during extreme cold weather.
2. In winter season the water supply pipes open to the atmosphere often burst when
c
temperature of the surrounding falls below 4°C. This is due to the fact that water
below 4°C @
expands and exerts the pressure to the walls of pipes and causes damage to it.
3. During the rainy seasons, a lot of water sweeps through the numerous cracks and
fissures in if
rocks. In winter, when temperature falls below 4°C, water expands and develops a
high Y)
pressure. This result in the breaking of the rocks. at
(
——
Q11. Define Thermal Expansion of Gasses and Gas Law. s
Ans: Thermal Expansion of Gasses:
Like solids and liquids, the gasses also expand on heating, but gasses expand
greater extant. a
their co-efficient of expansion is very high. E.g. (Bursting of bicycle tires in
summer). VY)
“+ Gas Law: SS
Behavior of gas can be completely describe by pressure, volume and temperature. The
relation O
between two of these variables keeping the other constant is called a gas law.
))
Q 12. State Boyles Law and Charles’s Law. oD
CLD)
Ans: Boyle’s Law: i
“+ Statement: \ 2)
“For a fixed mass of a gas at constant temperature, the volume of a gas is
inversely proportional 7) =
to the pressure” Y
Sie
1
Va = (At Constant temperature) Qu
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= “+ Charles’s Law:
@
on)
© Statement:
- “For a fixed mass of a gas at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to the
bee! temperature”
a |
— 5
V « T (At constant Pressure)
Q 13. Derive the General Gas Equation. OR Derive PV = nRT.
Ans: General Gas Equation
By combining Boyle’s law and Charles’s law into one equation we get general gas
equation.
According to Boyles’s Law
1) 1
et Vas —_—_>
Py
i__ According to Charles's Law
<& VoeT =
By combining equation 1 and 2 we get,
T
Var
P
ie
il
V = (constant) x :
1
e
The value of the constant depends on the mass of the gas expressed in moles. For
one mole of the
gas, the constant is called the universal gas constant which is denoted by"R”and
its value is
8.3145 J/mol K.
Tt)
rWa
ol3
, For “n” moles of a gas,

_) nRT
om_—, V=—
7 P
G a)
—_ PV = nRT
=,
The above equation is called general gas equation.
lb
Q 14. What is absolute zero?
Ans: Absolute zero:
h
—
iy
The temperature of —273°C which is equal to 0°K on

absolute scale of temperature is called absolute zero.
=
i
® According to Charles's law, the absolute zero is the temperature at which the
volume of the gas
should be zero.
According to Kinetic Theory, the absolute zero is the temperature at which all
molecules of a
material body cease to move.
rep
:
a.
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Q 15. Define the following terms with formula and unit.
(1) Heat Capacity (2) Specific Heat Capacity (3) Latent Heat. oO
. H . om)
Ans: Heat Capacity: e
. . bes
The amount of heat requires to raise the temperature of a body by 1K. —
Formula: (0
Heat Capacity(C) = = >
Unit: The unit of heat Capacity is J.K~?

“+ Specific Heat Capacity:
The amount of heat requires to raise the temperature of the unit mass of the
substance by 1K. ——
S
Formula: =
&
ol
Specific Heat Capacity(c) = — c
Unit: The S.| unit of specific heat capacity is J/kg. Kor J kg 1K : __
~ Latent Heat. &
"| i)
The amount if heat required to change the state of a substance without any change
in temperature. q@))
al)
Formula: WY
Latent Heat (L) = “ qa)
Unit: The S.| unit of Latent heat is J/kg or J kg71. —

Q 16. State Pressure’s Law and Law of Heat Exchange.
Ans: Pressure’s Law:
Statement: —
“For a fixed mass of a gas at constant Volume, the pressure of a gas is directly
proportional to the =>
temperature” el
P x T (At constant Volume) Oo

yi
“+ Law of Heat Exchange: q)
Statement: —
qo)
“When two bodies are brought in thermal contact they exchange heat irrespective of
the =
temperature. If two bodies of different temperature are brought in contact, the
body of higher = y
temperature will lose more heat and give that heat to the body of lower temperature
will lose less )
heat and give that heat to the body of higher temperature. Thus there is a net loss
of heat from the Se
body of higher temperature and net gain by the body of lower temperature.” Au
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Class 10* Physics
Be ee eee Ue eeu
eum)
Q17. Write down the differences between Heat and Temperature?
Ans:
Heat
Temperature
1 Heat is energy that flows from a high

temperature object to low temperature
object.
Temperature is degree of hotness and

coldness.
2 Heat can be measured by calorimeter.
Temperature of the body is measured by

thermometer.
Heat of a body is the sum of all kinetic and
potential energies of all molecules of the

body.
Temperature of a body is a average kinetic

energy of its molecules.
3 | Itis denoted by “Q”.
It is denoted by “T”.
4 | S.1 unit of heat is joule (J).

S.| unit of temperature is kelvin (K).
Q18. Write down the differences between Heat and Temperature?
Ans:
q * Heat Capacity Specific Heat Capacity
s 1 Heat capacity is quantity of heat required Specific Heat capacity is the
quantity of heat
a to produce unit temperature change. required to change the temperature of unit
< mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
mn 2 Its S.1 unit is J/K Its S.] unit is J/kg K
VW)
3 Its value depends on mass and nature of Its value depends on the nature of the
> the substance. substance.
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:)
M.C.@.8 =
1. The maximum density of pure water is at:
an
a) O°C b) 100°C c) 4°C d) -40°C
mM
2. Evaporation take place at:

a) O°C b) 100°C c) -100°C d) All temperatures
3. The conversion of liquid into vapors at all temperatures is called:
a) Boiling b) Melting c) Sublimation d) Evaporation
4. Latent Heat of Vaporization of water is:
od Sula
—)
a) 3.6x10°J/kg b) 2.26x10°/kg c) 2.26x109)/kg d) 2.26x107-6J/kg
it
5. The temperature of a substance changes from -20°C to 20°C.

What is temperature in Kelvin scale?
ru
Ah
a) OK b) 20K c) 40K d) 293K
6. Specific heat of ice is:
y22 2
a) 4200 Jkg 4K + b) 2100 Jkg *K + .

c) 4300 Jkg~*k7? d) 4100 Jkg~*K7+ oO
uw)
7. Boiling point of pure water is: Y)
a) OK b) 273K c) 373K d) 227K (©
hang,
8. When water is changed into ice it: =
a) Expands b) Contracts c) Become lighter d) Become heavier j
fey 9, —
9. The temperature of a substance changes from -20°C to 40°C. LA
What is temperature in Kelvin scale? G , )
a) K b) 20K c) 40K d) 293K
d by
re
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c Texthook Numerical Problems Of Chapter# 1 1:-
S Numerical Formulae:-
— 1) Change in length: AL= 1,0 AT 2) General Gas Equation: PV = nRT Here R=

8.31)/mol-K
?
© + _ AQ -_ AQ
3) Heat Capacity: C = = 4) Specific Heat capacity: c = aa
>
_ 5) Latent Heat of Fusion: L = “3
oO Numerical Problems:-
q) Q1. A steel rod has a length of 10m at a temperature of 25°C. Calculate the
increase in Length if it is
Se heated to 35°C. (a For steel=1.1x10 °K 4). [Ans: AL = 1.10x10m 3]
A.
Q2. Calculate the volume occupied by 2 moles of a gas at 7°C and a pressure of
latm = 1.01x10°N/m?[Ans:V = 0.046m?].
Q4. 0.5 kg of copper needs 1950 J of heat to raise its temperature through 10°C.
Calculate the heat
= =
<— Q3. What is the pressure of 20 moles of a gas ina 60m? cylinder at 37°C? [Ans:
858.7 atm]
e capacity of the copper. [ Ans:C = 195 J /K]
@) Q5. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 300kg of Iron through
50°C? (Specific
@) Heat of Iron is 499.8j/kg°C). [Ans: AQ = 7497000 J]
7 am)
Y) Q6.How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 500g of Water from 30°C
to 100°C ?
(DO (Specific Heat of Water is 4200J/kg°C).[Ans: AQ = 147,000 J].
= Q7. Find the amount of heat required to convert 5kg ice at O°C into water without
changing the
temperature while latent heat of fusion of ice is 3600//kg.[Ans: AQ = 336000].
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** Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving.
Prch © smnaness
Low grich - Low frequency
= Lion roar
sth
scil ~ Frequency (y¥)
T=1%y
eriz(Hiz F
. Time Per od (THA
f
Amptitude (A)
weve SMall Amplitude -Soft
Aatubance
PAA AS
Soft sound
es ance Large Amplitude
Tere
Louder sound
Mechanical Waves
Requ
nr AAA ‘
pvt PRAARE Whistle and bird
ires a medium
PURE SOUND
= Pieatam — a
Can become r
NOSE
Unpleasant sound
Asis] che lel sl
Sound ts produced by a
vibrating body
Eo: Gutar
Can cause hearing

impanment
To anc to moton
of an object
(Oscillatory Moticn)
Victin, Drums, Sitar etcJ
Loud sound
= loudness Sound needs
Because of
Ear Orum so Situated at the upper
end of the wind pipe

| Ear Creer
Stretched y
Swetcned (Fee
Electromagnetic Waves
Do not require a medium
Longitudinal
Waves
Sound waves
Light
Microwaves
Infrared
‘Transverse
‘J 3
Waves xA-rays
Ultraviolet rays
Water waves :
Radio waves
oon ATaane:cll
** Setting goals is the first step in turning the invisible into the visible.
Ve Coaching Classes For 9**, 10°", 1* Year and 2™ Year.

Q. 1. Define the followings terms:

(1) Wave (2) Wave motion (3) Oscillation or vibration (4) Oscillatory or Vibratory
motion
(5) Periodic motion (6) Displacement (7) Amplitude (8) Time period (9) Wave
length.
almani
Ans: Wave:
A mechanism in which energy is transferred from one point to another point and the
molecules
of the system do not change its position is called wave.
Sul
“* Wave motion:
al )) A mechanism in which disturbance is transferred from one point to another

point and the
= molecules of the system do not change its position is called wave.
fama)
=) = Oscillation or vibration:
at otra w EW AtONS
Acomplete round trip of vibratory motion is called oscillation or vibration.
+,
“+ Oscillatory or vibratory motion:
When a moving body moves to and fro about mean position then it is called
oscillatory or
vibratory motion. E.g. motion of pendulum and spring.
fi
e
o,
q@) “* Periodic motion:
S¢
A motion which repeats itself in equal interval of time is called periodic motion.
“+ Displacement:
The minimum distance cover by a body from its mean position. It is denoted by (X).
Its unit is
meter (im).
Nf
“+ Amplitude:
The maximum distance covered by moving bady from its mean position. It is denoted
by (X-). Its
unit is meter (m).
“+ Time period:
The time required by the moving body to complete one round trip about the mean
position. It is
denoted by (T).
d by S
(Tl }
SS + Wave length:
It is the distance between two consecutive crusts or troughs. It is denoted byA

(lambda). Its unit
is meter (m).
ep
Pr
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S_eE= Coaching Classes For 9**, 10°", 1* Year and 2™ Year.

il
Q 2. Define frequency. Write down its formula and unit.
Ans: Frequency:
=
=
The number of vibrations in one second is called frequency OR The number of waves
passing in
one second is called frequency. It is denoted by /. Its unit is hertz (Hz). a
ij
Formula:
la
= ))
Sle
j= number of waves OR number of vibrations
time a
Q 3.Define Simple Harmonic Motion. Write down its condition and give some examples.
[=
Ans: Simple Harmonic Motion:
vy
The vibratory motion in which acceleration is directly proportional to its

displacement and
the acceleration is always directed towards mean position is called Simple Harmonic
Motion.
* Conditions:
1. There must be elastic restoring force acting on the system.
2. The system must have inertia.
3. The acceleration of the system should be proportional to its displacement from
the mean
position.
4. The acceleration of the system always directed towards the mean position.
Ww
Examples:
qo)
1) The motion of pendulum 2) The motion of the swing 3) The motion of the string of
sitar. =)
=)
Q4. Prove that the motion of a body attached with a spring and placed on a smooth
surface is =
simple harmonic motion. OR Prove that a « —x. —_
oa)
Ans: Derivation:
Consider spring mass system. When spring mass system is displaced

through displacement x. Then according to Hook’s Law,
Fax
F=Kx
Where K is constant which is called spring constant.
When spring mass system is released due to restoring force it will

move back towards mean position with force.
F=—Kx ———— +» __ (4) q@)
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o——
a= = According to Newton’s Second Law,
qo} F=ma
e Putting values of “F” in equation (1)
bee |
a ma = —Kx
Oo
— Kx
——_, a=-—
=) m
Y) __(*
yy a--(®)z
) a = —(constant) x
‘|
® ao —X.
—
= Q5. Define Simple Pendulum. Write down its formula for its Time period.
on)
aon Ans: Simple Pendulum:
: 1
— An ideal simple pendulum consist of a point mass suspended by a weightless and
inextensible string
from a fixed support is called Simple pendulum.
—
oo Formula for Time period:
] 1
v We can find the time period of the simple pendulum by using the following
formula.
V) T= 2!
——
©
= Here; |=lengthofstring and g = acceleration due to gravity.
Se
—
Y)
——
Q6. Prove that the motion of Simple pendulum is $.H.M.
Ans: Derivation:
Consider a simple pendulum. In the beginning, bob of the pendulum is at

point “O” then it is displaced to “A”. The distance between O and Ais “x”
~) Then Work done = Fd = Fx.
And it gains maximum potential energy at “A”. When released, it starts

Periodic motion around its mean position “O”. It means that potential
a) ) Energy is greater at “A” and “B”. Kinetic energy is maximum at “O” due to
© Maximum velocity. Its velocity decreases at the time when it is
moving “O” to “A” or “O” to “B” and decreasing of velocity M
MM ) means acceleration is negative and at extreme position, it is zero. So, we can
say that the
. acceleration of bob is directly proportional to the displacement in opposite
direction.
o.
wy ao —x.
=
~~
_
Hence motion of a simple pendulum is $.H.M.
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Pa Te Cad ytd
sr ns em eur ee

Q 7. Define the following terms with examples:
(1) Resonance (2) Mechanical Waves (3) Longitudinal Waves

(4) Travelling or Progressive Waves (5) Stationary or Standing Waves.
(6) Transverse Waves.
Ans: Resonance:
When the frequency of vibrating body acting on a system coincides with the natural
frequency of the
system then the induced vibration has very large amplitude. This unique case of
induced vibration is
called resonance.
Examples:
1.
‘.
+,
+
++
Pushing a person in a swing is a common example of resonance. The loaded swing, a

pendulum,
has a natural frequency of oscillation, its resonant frequency, and resists being
pushed at a
faster or slower rate.
An aircraft passing near a building shatter's its window panes, if the natural
frequency of the
window matches the frequency of the sound waves sent by the aircraft engine.
Mechanical waves:
Waves which are produced by oscillation of material particle. Medium is required

for the
propagation of mechanical waves. E.g. (Ripples on the surface of water, Sound waves
and waves
produced ina rope.)
Transverse Waves.
lf particles of medium vibrate perpendicular to the propagation of waves is called

transverse
waves, It consists on crest and trough. E.g. (Light waves, Micro Waves and Radio
Waves etc.)
Longitudinal Waves OR Compression Waves:
The waves in which particles of medium vibrate parallel to the propagation of wave
is called
longitudinal waves or compression waves. It consist of compression and rarefaction
E.g. (Sound
waves, waves in spring and Seismic waves etc.)
Travelling OR Progressive Waves:
The waves which move from one place to another along the medium are called
travelling or
progressive waves. E.g. (Sound waves, light waves and electromagnetic waves etc.)
Stationary or Standing Waves.
When two waves of equal amplitude, frequency and wave length travelling through the
same
medium in opposite direction meet one another, the result is a wave which does not
travel in
either direction such waves are called stationary or standing waves. E.g. (Waves in
string tied
with two ends, waves ina string of sitar and violin.
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d Su
a
=)
me
TI
m A
e
:
ise
V2
jj
“t
irV
by
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epa
P

== 8. Define interference of waves. Write down types of interference.
Oo Ans: Interference of Waves:

‘,
_ When two or more waves come close to each other then they interact with each
other, this
bes) 4 PNenomenon is called interference of waves.
eo)
\ ; 4 Types of interference of waves.
— bait St F
a (I) Constructive interference (ii) Destructive Interference.
“+ Constructive Interference:
In this interference crest of one wave falls on crest of another wave and same for
trough is called
constructive interference.
“* Destructive Interference:
In this interference crest of one wave falls on trough of another wave and trough
of one wave
falls on crest of another is called destructive interference.
Q9. Find a relation between velocity, frequency and wave length.
Ans: Derivation:
Consider a wave travel covers a distance equal to one wave length during time
period T. if the wave
length is"A”, then velocity of a wave is given as,
ee
aaa _ Distance
Y) Time
———T
(WY) a
.. vas
=) T
= 4
V= om A
_
. As we know that
oo)
_ T
> V=fA
Q 10.Define Sound. How sound is produced?
“oO Ans: Sound:
Sound is the form of energy. Sound is the sensation provided by the ear.
© “> How Sound is produced:
“%
©. The sound is produced by vibrating body. OR The sound is produced when a body
vibrates at
oY least twenty in a second to produced audible sound.
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Vani
Q11.Definethe following terms:
(1) Audible sound = (2) Infrasonic Sound (3) Ultrasonic Sound

(4) Musicalsound (5) Noise
irr
Sound wave which have frequency between 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is called audible sound
because they can be hear by human ear.
“* Infrasonic Sound:
The sound wave which have frequency less than 20 Hz are known as infrasonic sound.
“+ Ultrasonic Sound:
| —
a)
The sound wave which have frequency greater than 20,000 Hz is called ultrasonic
sound.
** Musical sound:
Asound which produced pleasant effect on hearing is called musical sound. E.g.
Sound of Birds
» Components of musical sound is harmonically related.
+,
+ =©Noise:
Asound which produced unpleasant effect on hearing is called noise.

e
» It has no definite frequency caused by irregular and sharp vibrations.
Q 12. What are the characteristics of a musical sound?
—s
Ans: Characteristics of a Musical Sound:
Following are the three characteristic of musical sound.
Wa
1. Loudness:
It is the property of all sounds. It depends upon the intensity of the sound waves.
Loudness
enables us to distinguish between a faint and a loud sound.
yt
ps ©)
2. Pitch:
The characteristic of sound by which we can distinguish between flat and shrill
sound is
called pitch of the sound. It depends upon the frequency of the vibrating body. The
greater
the frequency, the higher will be the pitch of the sound.
1 by
re
3. Quality or Timber:
The characteristic of a sound by which we can distinguish between two sounds of
same pitch
and loudness is called quality or timber of the sound.
JA
re
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o— : :
e Q 13. Write down the factors on which the loudness of sound depends.
A
=
© Ans: Factors on which the loudness of sound depends:
}
eS Loudness of a sound depends on the following factors:
=
=H
— 1. Amplitude of motion of vibrating objects:
(6 The loudness of sound is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude of
the sound
— producing waves.
=’ 2. Distance ofa Source:
VW) The loudness of a sound is inversely proportional to the square of its distance
from the
source. So the smaller is the distance the louder is the sound.
) 3. Area of vibrating body:
@) Loudness of a sound is directly proportional to the area of vibrating body.
1 4. Direction of wind:
— If the sound waves travel in the direction of wind a loud sound is heard. But if
the sound is
)
= travelling against the wind a faint sound will be heard.
<= ty of medium
n Density of medium:
— Loudness of sound also depends upon the density of the medium through which the
sound
is travelling. Thus the larger the density the louder is the sound. If the density
is less faint
sound is heard.
J
wi
S
I
bee
@ Q 14. What is echo? What do you understand by beats?

@ Ans: Echo:
} The sound heard after reflection from an obstacle is known as echo.
oe
©
= » The minimum distance of sounding body from the obstacle to hear echo should be
about 17m.
—
— ** Beats:
The periodic variation in intensity of a sound at a given point due to the

superimposition of two
waves having slightly different frequency is called beats.
rW
oa)
VV) » The maximum beat frequency that a human ear can detect is 7 beats per second.
> Q 15. Define Ultrasonic waves. Write down its characteristics and applications.
>)
2) Ans: Ultrasonic Waves:
i
@) Ultrasonic waves are longitudinal waves with frequencies above the audible
range. They can
@) be produced by setting a quartz crystal to oscillate electrically.
_
= >» Ultrasonic waves of the frequencies of the order 10°Hz or more can be produced
with such a
WO) device.
*% Application:
@ 1) To examine the soft fleshy parts of the body.
S 2) To obtain cross sectional pictures of patients.
A). 3) To make ultrasound guidance devices for blinds.
iL)
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Q 16. Write down the differences between Musical Sound and Noise. oa
Ans: Cc
ii)
Musical Sound Noise Sc
A
“
1 | Musical sound produce pleasant effect on | Noise produce unpleasant effect on
hearing. i —
hearing. o—_
2 | It has some regularity. It has an abrupt sound. : \ )
)
ee
3 | It has definite frequency. It has no definite frequency. =)
fy)
4 | It depends upon pitch quality and It depends upon intensity of sound. Y)
loudness of sound. x @)
)
Q 17. Write down the differences between Musical Sound and Noise. S
Ans: —
i __
Transverse waves Longitudinal Waves gt
1 | Transverse waves consists of crests and Longitudinal waves consists of

compressions .
troughs. and rarefactions a
2 | They can be propagated through solids They can be propagated through solids, e
and surfaces of liquids but not in gasses. liquids as well as through gasses. 7) )
3 | The position above mean line is called The region where the crowding of the a
crest. particles of the medium is greater is called @)
compression. uf)
4 | Light waves is an example of transverse Sound wave is an example of

longitudinal qo}
wave. waves. =)
|)
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© M.C.Q 8
& 1. Sound waves cannot travel through:
) a) Water b) Solid c) Vacuum d) Gases
aaa) 2. Maximum beat frequency that human ear can detect is:
— a)6 b) 7 c) 10 d)5
VY) 3. Loudness of sound depends upon:
) a) Area of vibration b) Amplitude c) Frequency d) All of them

A
WY 4. The time period of Second’s pendulum is:
e a) 1 second b) 2 seconds c) 3 seconds d)5
ho)
— 5. The wave produced by a vibrating body in air is:
<q a) Transverse Wave b) Longitudinal Wave
Y c) Electromagnetic Wave d) Stationary Wave
=_
— 6. The speed of sound at N.T.P (Normal Temperature and Pressure) is:
wo a) 336m/s b) 340 m/s c) 342m/s d) 350m/s
1|))
~ 7. The sound waves are:
© a) Transverse Wave b) Longitudinal Wave c) Electromagnetic Wave d) Stationary

Wave
,
= 8. Productionofbeatsisduetothe = of sound.
=) a) Interference b) Reflection c) Refraction _d) Diffraction
SS
== 9. The wave produced by a vibrating body in air is:

A) a) Transverse Wave b) Longitudinal Wave
c) Electromagnetic Wave d) Stationary Wave
Oo 10. If frequency of a pendulum is 10Hz, then time period will be:

a) 1 sec b) 10 sec c) 0.1 sec d) 0.01 sec
11. The wave produced by a vibrating body in air is:
a) Transverse Wave b) Longitudinal Wave

a c) Electromagnetic Wave _ d) Stationary Wave
©, 12. It is a scalar quantity:

i a) Torque b) Frequency c) Electric Intensity d) Momentum
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13. The minimum distance between sound and barrier for distinct echo is: —
a) 17m b) 20m c) 27m d) 23m bes
14. Loudness of sound depends upon: Tt
a) Wave length b) Amplitude c) Frequency d) Velocity oo
=
15. In an elastic spring, simple harmonic motion is produced due to: i—
a) K.E of spring b) Weight of spring ©
c) Restoring force d) Mass of the spring an
_))
16. A form of disturbance which travels through a medium due to periodic motion tL
Py)
of particle medium about their mean position is called: :
a) Resonance b) Frequency c) Wave motion d) Time period )
Texthook Numerical Problems Chapter# 12 =
—
1) Velocity of Wave: V = fA 2)Time period: T =
n Al
number of waves OR number of vibrations
3) Frequency: f= 4) Frequency: f =
time
5) Time period of Simple Pendulum: T = an ft (Time period of Second pendulum is 2

Seconds)
Q1. The wave length of a wave is 0.1m. Its speed is3x108m/s. What is the frequency
of the
wave? [ Ans:3x10°Hz]
r Was
Q2. Asound wave of frequency 400 Hz and wavelength 3m passes through a certain
medium.
Calculate the velocity of the wave in that medium. [ Ans:1200m/s]|
(md
dd
Q3. A sitar string vibrates at 400 Hz. What is the time period of this vibration? [
Ans: 2.5x10°-*sec]
Vi
f/
.
QA. Find the time period of a simple pendulum whose length is 144cm. [ Ans: T =
2.41 sec]
Q5. Calculate the length of a second’s pendulum. [ Ans: 1 = 0.994 m]|
Q6. A piece of a paper completes 50 vibrations in 5 seconds. When some waves pass
through surface of water. Find the time period and the frequency of the piece of
paper. If the wave
length of the wave is 10m, find the velocity of the wave.[Ans: T = 0.1sec, f =
10Hz, v = 1m/s]
=
z
are
Q7. 40 waves pass through a point on the surface of a pond in 2s. Calculate the
wavelength if the a
velocity of waves is 3.5 m/s. [Ans:A = 0.175 m|]
ep
Pr
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“+ If someone achieve great success, is proof to all that others can achieve it as
well.
]
Prop
apter N
Reflection
We will focus on specular reflection
Ca) Specular reflection Cb) Diffuse reflection
Po NS
Refraction of Light
Prepared by: Sir Wascem Ahmed
“* Well done is better than well said.

S_eE= Coaching Classes For 9'", 10°, 1°* Year and 2™ Year.
Q. 1. Define the following terms. <

=
1. Light 2. RayofLlight 3. Beam of light 4. Medium qo}
5. Rarer Medium 6. Denser Medium 7. Rectilinear Propagation of Light. a
ee
Ans: Light: ©
~ —
Light is a form of energy with which can see all types of objects easily is called
light. qe)
—
“+ Ray of Light: —
The path on which light energy travel is called a ray of light. VV)
“+ Beam of Light: = =,
Collection of rays is called beam of light. @))
“* Medium: e
Atransparent material from which light can be passed is called medium. —
“+ Rarer Medium: —
A medium from which light can be passed easily is called rarer medium. In rarer
medium the a’
distance between the molecules is greater due to this light can be pass through
medium easily. —
*+ Denser Medium: @)
A medium from which light cannot be passed easily is called denser medium. In
denser medium aD)
the distance between molecules is smaller or closely packed due to this light
cannot pass easily. YW)
qo)
“+ Rectilinear Propagation of Light: ae

When the ray of light travels in a straight line this type of propagation of light
is called rectilinear =
ti f light. =
propagation of lig ~
Q 2. Define Reflection of light. Write down its kinds. A

G f)
Ans: Reflection of light: a

>
When a light is travelling through medium and it strikes the surface of an opaque
body some
part of the light is reflect back in the same medium is known as reflection of
light.
‘v rays reflected 7
“+ Kinds of Reflection of light: \

There are two kinds of reflections: \ /
/
2) Irregular Reflection.
1) Regular Reflection
*+ Regular Reflection:
When some parallel beams of light strike on an ideal smooth and

polished surface, they reflect back in a particular direction and still
parallel to each other, this reflection is known as regular reflection.
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“Irregular Reflection:
—
a
=
qo} When some parallel beams of light strikes on a rough surface,
_ they reflect back in a different directions. This reflection is
e known as irregular reflection.
oO Q 3. Write down the laws of reflection:

————— A
™=—, Ans; Laws Of Reflection:
—_))
Y) There are two laws of reflection: /

1, The angle of incident is always equal to angle of reflection.
(_)) 4i=c2r
q@) 2. The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal lie in the same medium.
omen)
om luminous object
= ee
S a
veal fevekie nt meorrimeal reflected

x : *
4 a
smooth relecting
= Surface
Y)
= Q 4.Define plane mirror. Explain briefly the image formation by a plane mirror.
And the
Ss characteristics of image formed by plane mirror.
q@._—s Ans: Plane Mirror:
VY) Aflat smooth reflecting surface with which shows regular reflection is known as
plane mirror.
> “+ Image Formation by plane mirror:
Suppose MM’ be a plane mirror as shown in figure.

Consider a single point “P” lying on tip of object.
Image
From point P rays are travelling in all direction. “P" me Image formed bya Plane
| ) Some of these rays strike the mirror and reflects The mirror.
WY backs, Obeying the laws of reflections.
= If these reflected rays are produced
(0 backward, they appear to come from point “P”

©. Hence point “P” is the image of P. Similarly
the infinite points lying on object produces
KS infinite point’s, infinite images of points
a. then complete image of an objects is formed.
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“+ Characteristics Of Image Formed By Plane Mirror: —

c
) The image is laterally inverted. oD
2) The size of the image is same as that of the object. al
=
) The image is erect and virtual. &
_
) The image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror. o—
Q5. Define Spherical mirror with its two types. \ ))
=!
Ans: Spherical Mirror: —_)
ry
A mirror whose reflecting surface is the part of sphere is called spherical mirror.
Y)
“+ Types of Spherical Mirror: Sania EEO | “Oo
There are two types of spherical mirrors - —_] v)
rincipal =
1) Concave mirror: peg F . e
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is c a

towards the center of the sphere. It is also called ; ;
converging mirror because it converge all parallel rays <L
of the light after reflection at a fixed point called “focus”. =
i
2) Convex mirror: Convex Mirror.
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is
on the opposite side of the center of the sphere. Pricipal

axis
It is also called diverging mirror because it

diverge all parallel rays of the light after reflection.
Q.6. Define the following terms:
1) Center of curvature 2) Radius ofcurvature 3) Pole or vertex o—

Y)
4) Principle axis. 5) Focal length 6) Principal focus or focus. 7) Aperture.
—
Ans: Center Of Curvature: =>
It is the center of the hollow sphere from which the curved mirror is obtained.
“+ Radius of curvature (R): “oO
| _ . oY
The distance between center of curvature and the pole of the mirror is called
radius of tail
curvature. =
“* Pole or vertex: o.
The geometric center of the spherical mirror is called pole (P) or Vertex. ) ) :
*+ Principle axis. a
The straight line passes through center of curvature and pole is called the
principal axis.
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°= = Focal Length (f)
om The distance between principal focus and pole is called focal length.
— “+ Principal focus or focus:

aos In case of spherical mirror, the rays coming parallel to principal axis after
reflection converge
— to a point. That point is called principal focus.

WD)
— = 6 Aperture:
—_ The height of spherical mirror is called aperture of the mirror.
YW) -
= ai
= =~
a ie
O radius of curvature fg a
) ra bol
e
iD) Principal axis_ sy a p=

e h centre of i=
= ‘ curvature A
S 1 c=
gl *, os «
| te fe
=)
Q 7. Explain the rules of reflection and formation of images by a concave mirror.
peamen!
e Ans: Rules of reflection and formation of images by a concave mirror:
: * Rulel:
QD
Y) Aray which is parallel to the principal axis
) is reflected through the focus (f).
*% Rule2:
VY) A ray which passes through the principal focus
> is reflected parallel to principal axis

OS * Rule3:
O A ray which is coming through the center of
= principal axis
rad) curvature is reflected back along the same path.
c Ray passing through centre of
Som camcabate:
©. * Ruled:
1
| }) A ray incident on the pole at an angle @ with a
= 6
So the principal axis is reflected back at the same angle.
oe A ray on the Pole at an angle 6
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Q8. Find the position, nature and the size of image with the help of a ray diagram
when an Object oe
is placed on the following position in front of a concave mirror. c
: — ee i )
(i) At Infinity (ii) Beyond center of curvature. (iii) At center of curvature —
(iv) BetweenFandC = (v) At focus (F) (vi) Between f and P e
Ans: The Position, Nature And The Size Of Image:
1. When Object at infinity:

+
* Position of image:
Image is formed at focus (F).
“+ Nature of image: —
Image is real and inverted.
“+ Size of image:
Figure No 01
Image is highly diminished.
2. When Object at beyond C.

* Position of Image: Oo
Image formed in between F and C.
* Nature of image:

Figure No 2
“+ Size of image:
Image is small in size.
3. When Object at C.
Image is formed at C.
+ Nature of image:

“> Size of image:
Image is equal in size. Figure No 03 .
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“== 4. When Object is at between C andF.

SS “+ Position of image:
))
— Image formed beyond the C. ° P
A — =a
& ** Nature of image: o
—_= é P
(© Image will be real and inverted. ae F =
— gee
= “+ Size of image:
Y) Image is magnified. Figure No: 04
Oo
Q)) 5. When Object is at F:
+, ar .
ST ae s
S ** Position of image caw 4 SZ
— Image from at infinity. or Ss
) ~ ee
— Se . =
, “* Nature ofima O oe E
<4 | | é =F a3
, Image is real and inverted. eee ere Ee
i a —_ { =
- % Size of image: — a é
cS — oo
1) | is highl ified a -_
) mage is highly magnified. Figure No: 0S
wy
YU)
ay 6. When Object in between P and F:

= *+ Position of image:
= Image formed behind the mirror.
; “+ Nature of image:
Image will be virtual and erect.
* Size of image:
Image will be magnified.
Figure No:06
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. : : ‘ 14 411
Q 9. Derive the mirror equation OR mirror formula. fh Fy
Ans: Derivation:
Consider the formation of an image by a concave
mirror when an object is placed between principal A
focus “F” and center of curvature “C” of the mirror. a
“a ne . - ‘ “Migr oT
AB” is an object placed before the mirror between & h ~ o
ie,
the focus and the center of curvature. . 6 - -
Two rays “AP” and “AD” are incident on the mirror. h . ae
Ray “AP” is reflected with the same angle along the on
direction “PA” obeying the law of reflection. —_———— i of
As shown in figure.
«———- f -—---
As triangles A A’PB’ and A APB are similar: af} <i
AB _ PB ———_ J]
Therefore, Aiea par
re? 2 ee —=
eae DP ff =
7A (1) =
Ray “AD” which passes through focus “F” becomes parallel to the principal axis
“PB”. e&
As triangles AABF and AFPD are similar: a>)
>)
AB _ BF a
DB FP ___
oO
ee WY)
hy f S
By comparing equation (1) and (2) we get, ©
”
Pam ”
q. 7 &
Dividing both side by “p”, we get a
Pop oS
pqs pf =
Ss
Bo B® a
pq pf pf —=
i.41i a4 wy
Soe SS
its 3
i_f,é Ss
fp 4 oY
()
>.
The above equation is known as the mirror equation OR mirror formula. @)
=
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mani
Q10. Define Magnification. Write down its formula.
Ans: Magnification:
The ratio between the size of image and size of the object is called magnification.
Formula:
|
ho P
Q 11. Write down the characteristic of the image formed by concave mirror.
d Sula
Ans: Characteristic Of The Image Formed By Concave Mirror:
1. Image formed by concave mirror is always real and inverted,

2. Image will be formed in front of the reflecting surface.
3. Size of the image depends on object distance.
_ 22
Q 12. Write down the characteristic of the image formed by convex mirror with the
help of
Ah
diagram.
il
Ans: Characteristic Of The Image Formed By Convex Mirror:

ay
1. Image formed by convex mirror is always

virtual and erect. J
Image forms behind the mirror. 0
Image is smaller in size than object.
Image is always formed in between a

pole P and principal focus f.
a ‘
F co
Princ|pal
aris
y
=
Q 13. What are the uses of Concave and Convex mirrors?
Ir
Ans: Uses Of Concave Mirrors:
1, Concave mirror are used as shaving mirrors, reflectors in vehicles headlights,

hand torch and
table lamps etc.
2. Large concave mirrors are used in the field of solar energy to focus sun rays on
objects to be
heated.
Concave are used as objective in big telescope.
Doctors used concave mirror for the examination of ear, nose, teeth, throat and
eyes of the
patient.
—_
+
“* Uses of Convex Mirrors:
ared b
=
)
1. Convex mirrors are used as rear view mirrors in automobiles to see the traffic
at back side as
they give erect images and also highly diminished that gives the wide field view of
traffic
behind.
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nil
Q. 14. Write down the differences between concave mirror and convex mirror.
Ans:
eS
Concave mirror Convex mirror
a)
1 | Concave mirror having reflecting surface | Convex mirror having reflecting

surface lies
lies towards the center of curvature. away from the center of curvature. —
2 | It forms real and inverted image. It forms virtual and erect image. 5
Yv)
3 | It is a converging mirror. It is a diverging mirror.
"TY
4 | Its focal length is positive Its focal length is negative.
=
at
ce
Q 15. Write down the differences between Real image and Virtual image. -
Ans: <<
oy
Real image Virtual image _
Ce
1 Real image is always inverted. Virtual image is always erect. e
ri
2 | Real image can be seen on screen. Virtual image cannot be seen on screen. oY
3 | Real image exist physically Virtual image does not exist physically. Y)
a)
4 | Real image always forms in front of Virtual image always forms behind the qe)
reflecting surface. mirror. a)

M.C.Q.S ro
oo)
1. Avirtual, erect and diminished image is always obtained from a: Up)

a) Plane mirror b) Concave mirror c) Convex mirror d) Parabolic mirror SS
2. It always gives virtual image :

a) Concave lens b) Plane mirror c) Convex mirror d) All of them
db
3. IfP=15cm, q= 3cm then magnification is:
1)
a)2 b)
c) 45 d)15 ©
4. If P=3cm, q= 6cm then magnification is: =)

a)2 b) 12 c)4 d)3 ad
oY
5. Ifradius of curvature of a concave mirror is 20cm its focal length will be: <.
a) 40 cm b) -40 cm c) 10cm d) -10 cm :
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— 6. The image formed in a plane mirror will be:
Cc a) real b) Inverted c) Virtual andinverted = d) Real and inverted.
i
Y 7. The image formed by a plane mirror will be:
& a) Real b) Inverted c) Virtual and inverted d) Real and inverted.
=
—
qe)
——)
Textbook Numerical Problems Of Chapter# 13:-
1) Mirror Formula: + = : +4
2) Magnification:M=— 3) Magnification:M= M =? 4) Focal Length: f = “

hy
» lf “q” is positive then nature of image is real & If “q” is negative then nature
of image is virtual.
» If fis positive then nature of mirror is concave & A fis negative then nature of
mirror is convex.
J
Q1. An object is situated ata distance of 20cm from a concave mirror. Find the
nature and position
of the image if the focal length of the mirror is 15cm[ Ans: gq = 60 cm, Nature =
Real].
Q2. If an object is placed at a distance of 10cm froma spherical mirror and its
virtual image is
formed at a distance of 5cm from the mirror. Find the focal length and nature of
mirror.
[Ans: f = —10cm, Nature = convex]
Q3. An object is placed at a distance of 30cm from a concave mirror of focal length
5cm. if the object
is 5cm high, find the position and size of the image. [Ans: q = 6cm, h; = 1cm]
fj
Q4. The focal length of a concave mirror is 10cm. Where should be an object be
placed so as to get
its, real image magnified twice. [Ans: p = 15cm]
if
QS. The radius of curvature of a concave mirror is 40cm. where should an object be
placed so as to
get its, real image magnified four times. [ Ans: p = 25 cm]
by S
Q6. An object is situated at a distance of 20cm from the convex mirror of radius of
curvature 20cm.
find the position and nature of the image. [Ans: p = 6.66cm, Nature = virtual].
—
=)
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Eyepiece (ocular)
Eyepiece
Compound Microscope Tbe
Se Head
Arm
, Nosepiece (turret)
7 sad a OURCNG Lenses
i - Stage Clips
Coarse Focus Knob
lens in laboratory cc
Optical Fiber
Fine Focus Knob. crungsglas oder
Iris Diaphragm subjectif constity
i} Illuminator
Magnifying
Glass.
Prepared by: Sir Waseem Ahmed

“+ The way you think, the way you behave, the way you eat, can influence
your life by 30 to 50 years.
S_eE= Coaching Classes For 9°", 10", 1° Year and 2™ Year.

Q1: Define the following terms:
1. Refraction of light 2. Incident Ray 3. Refracted Ray 4. Point of Incidence
= 5. Emergent Ray 6. Angle of Emergent 7. Critical Angle 8. Prism

fe,
a Ans: Refraction of Light:
ea) a
—
qe) When a ray of light enters from one medium into another obliquely it undergoes
a change not
— only in direction, but in velocity as well this change is called refraction of
light.
a * Incident Ray:
a =
The light ray coming from the source and strike the boundary of another medium is
incident ray.
\
“+ Refracted Ray:
The ray refracted from the point of incident into the second medium is called
refracted ray.
tt
+ Point Of Incident:
The point on which incident ray strikes on the surface is called the point of
incidence.
"a
re)
|
em /
~
—-]
+t rgen
The ray after passing through the second medium comes again in the first medium is
called
emergent.
“+ Angle of Emergent:
The angle formed by emergent ray and the normal is called emergent angle.
SE
))
———— * Critical Angle:

=) The angle of incidence for which the value of angle of refraction is 90° is
called critical angle.
Se “+ Prism:
o—
Prism is a transparent refracting body which is bounded by three rectangular and

two triangle
surfaces.
Q 2. Define laws of reflection OR Snell’s Law.
Ans: Laws Of Reflection OR Snell’s Law:
dbyS
Reflection of light takes place under two laws are given below:
1. The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray at the point of incidence all
lie in the
NF
same plane.
The ratio of sine of angle of incidence i to the sine of refraction r is constant
for all rays of
JOC
NO
light passing from one medium to another. This constant is called refractive index.
Sine of angle of incidence

Refractive Index = — ;
Sine angle of refraction
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_ Sin Zi —
Sin Zr Cc
Q 3. What is refractive index or refractive constant?
Ans: Refracted Index: Na

o—
The ratio between the speed of light from the first medium to the second medium is
called refractive ‘ 5
index of the medium. It denoted by n. —
1
_ Speed of light in rare medium —_)
Speed of light in denser medium
Q4. Explain refraction of light through water.
Ans: Refraction of Light through Water:
Water is denser as compared with air so when the

light ray enters from air to water it bends towards
the normal and when it enters from water to air
then it goes away from the normal, due to
this anything laying at the bottom of water
looks slightly above the actual position
and in this way depth of water
apparently looks shallow.

Q5. Define total internal reflection. On which factors total internal reflection
depends? @)
Ans: Total Internal Reflection: (i) a r é YW)

~_ @ ty a >
' it
When a light ray passes from a denser medium water ‘

into rarer medium and the value of the angle it i
of incidence becomes greater than the critical :
angle, there is no refracted beam but the —
whole ray is internally reflected back in {iv} i () air o—

denser medium. Such reflection is water t water e T ‘, ; t f))
called total internal reflection. ' iss
Total internal reflection
“+ Factors Or Condition For Internal Reflection: ©)

— 1
There are two factors or conditions on which total internal reflection depends: Oo
)
i. Light must pass from denser medium to rarer medium. q@
ii. |The angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle. a
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oa)
— : : sa: ‘ : :
© Q 6. What is periscope? Write down its construction and working.
Ans: Periscope:
= Periscope is an instrument used in submarines with the help of which we can see
over the surface
=
oan, the sea.
(YM) Construction:
a
=~ it consist of totally reflecting prisms fixed
VY) at two ends of a tube and three convex lenses. -

So 5 ih
@ Working: Two prism are used in a Periscope
" When the rays of light from the object enter into the prism without any change of
direction and
Sa meet the hypotenuse at an angle of 45° which is more than critical angle 42°
they suffer total
— internal reflection and get bent at an angle of 90°. They fall over the second
prism perpendicularly.
gai They suffer total internal reflection again and emerge out perpendicularly. In
this way, the rays of
<< light coming from the above the surface of the sea able to reach inside the
submarine and an
aa observer can see above the sea.
_,
= Q 7. What are optical fiber? Write down its uses.
q)) _—
gy Ans: Optical Fiber:
ap)
Y) An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica)
or plastic to a
© diameter about a mm slightly thicker than that of a human hair.
s Uses
=> 1. Optical fibers are used to carry telephone signals and other modern
communication system
using laser beam.
om 2. They are used by doctors and engineers to light up some inaccessible spots
for inspection
Y) or to photograph.
> Q 8. What is alens? How many kinds of lenses are there?
oumbente Ans: Lens:
©) A lens is a piece of glass or other transparent material with curved sides for
concentrating or
w dispersing light rays.
SS * Kinds Of Lens:
)
(© There are two kinds of lenses.
©.
@ 1. Convex lens or Converging lens.
- 2. Concave lens or diverging lens.
Se
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ani
Q 9. Define Convex Lens. What are its types?
Ans: Convex Lens:
of
Convex lens is thick at the middle and thin at the edges. It is also called
converging lens because it
converge all the parallel rays after refraction at a fixed point.
LI
* Types of Convex Lens:
|
=
There are three types of convex mirror.
1. Double Convex Lens:
| a
Both the surfaces of a “Oo

double convex lens are convex. 1)
(1) (2) 3) ©Y
2. Plano— Convex Lens: Converging lenses =
One of the two surfaces of a Plano - convex

lens is plane and other is convex.
CUrT
3. Con = ens:
One of two surfaces of a concavo — convex
Y
lens is concave and other is convex.
Q 10. Define Concave Lens. What are its types?
ee
Ans: Concave Lens:
Concave lens is thin at the middle and thick at the edges. It is also called
diverging lens because it aes
)
diverges all the parallel rays after refraction in different directions. =,

“+ Types of Concave Lens: 3)
There are three types of convex mirror. eS
oo
1. Double Concave Lens:
Both the surfaces of a double

concave lens are concave.
byS
2. Plano—- Concave Lens:

One of the two surfaces of a Plano - concave
7
)
lens is plane and other is concave. @
Plano-Cancave Double-Concave Convexo-Concave Sl
Lens Lens Lens . y
3. Convex — Concave Lens: ond
)
L
One of two surfaces of a convex — concave lens is convex 7
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Cc Q.11: Define the following terms:

rae} 1. Center of Curvature 2. Optical Center 3. Aperture
——
e Ans: Center of Curvature:
— The center of the sphere from which the lens is taken out is called center of
curvature. It is
qs) denoted by 2F.
—!
=>; << Optical Center:
V) The geometric center of a lens is called the optical center.
“Oo “+ Aperture:
@) The circular diameter of the lens is called aperture.
& Q 12. Show the graphical construction of images by lens using ray diagram OR
Explain the
Cc refraction and formation of images by a concave lens.
nisl =
c Ans: Graphical Construction of Images by Lens:
—— i. a rinci
e Aray parallel to the principal axis after refraction passes, or appears to pass,
through the
principal focus F.
ii. A Ray Passing Through The Principal Focus:
6 |t CNX |
O TSF
' j F
= F \J NN object H\
=
Aray that passes or appears to pass through the principal focus F is refracted
parallel to
VY) the principal axis.
Oo iii. ARay Passing through The Optical Center:

tons A ray that passes through the optical center O, goes straight without bending.
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Q 13. Describe the position, nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens
with the help of
ray diagram, in each of the following cases:
(i) When the object is at infinity. (ii) When object is at beyond center of
curvature 2F.
(iii) When object is at lies at 2F. (iv) When object lies in between 2F and F.
(v) When object lies at F. (vi) When object lies between F and optical center O.
Ans: The Position, Nature and the Size of image:
1. When Object at infinity:
Parallel rays from the

object at infinity
Image will form at focus (F).
“* Nature of image:
Image will be real and inverted.
* Size of image:
Image is highly diminished.
2. When Object lies at beyond

center of curvature.
* Position of Image:
Image will form in between F and 2F.
“> Nature of image:

Image will be real and inverted. Real image
“> Size of image:

Image is diminished.
3. Object lies at 2F.
‘+ Position of image:
Image is formed at 2F.
“* Nature of image:
* Size of image:
Image is larger than object.
+
.
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<a =—
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mani
=—
a)
=
Y) Ans: Ray diagram of image formed by concave lens:

A
(_))
4,
+
Object is at between 2F and F.

Position of image:
Image will form beyond the 2F,

Nature of image:

size |
Object lies at F:
Position of i e:
Image from at infinity.
Nature of image:
Size of image:
Image is highly magnified.
2F
Object lies between F and optical center:
Position of ima
Nature of image:
Image will be virtual and erect.
Size of image:
Image formed Behind the object.
Q 14. Draw the ray diagram for the image formed by a concave lens. Write down the
characteristics of the image formed by a concave lens.
image formed by a convace lens
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Page | 109

“+ Characteristics Of Image Formed By Concave Lens:
(i) For all positions of the object, the image is always virtual and erect. —~
(ii) The image is always smaller than the object. q®)
(iii) It is always located between the principal focus and the optical center. cS
Q15. Write down the characteristics of convex lens and concave lens.
Ans: Characteristics of Convex lens:
ulai
(i) Convex lens forms real and inverted image.
(ii) Convex lens converges all the parallel rays.
(iii) The focus of convex lens is positive.
(iv) Convex lens is thick from the middle and thin from the edges.
edS
“* Characteristics Of Concave Lens:
-]
(i) Concave lens forms virtual and erect image.
(ii) Concave lens diverges all the parallel rays of light.
(iii) The focus of concave lens is negative.
(iv) Concave lens is thin from middle and thick from the edges.
Q 16. Define the following terms:
1) Least distance of distinct vision 2) Power of accommodation 3) Power of lens
Ans: Least distance of distinct vision:

The shortest distance from which an object can be seen clearly is called least
distance of distinct
vision. For a child, it is 5cm and for a normal eye, it is at 25cm.
“+ Power Of Accommodation:
This is the ability of the eye to change the focal length of its lens to form a
clear image of an
object on retina is called its power of accommodation.
by
“* Power Of The Lens:
It is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens. Its unit is diopter.
Formula:
red b
Powel Gn ai =
(in diopter) Focal Length in meter)
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7 Q17. Explain the defects of vision, their causes and how they can be corrected.
; Ans: Defects of Vision:
(
e There are four main defects in the human eyes
i.
~
om=> 1. Short sightedness (Myopia) 2. Long sightedness (Hypermetropia)
qe) 3. Astigmatism A, Lack of accommodation (Presbyopia)

—
=) 1) Short sightedness (Myopia):

VY) In short sightedness a person can see nearly
objects clear but distant objects are not seen clearly.
@)
a) a “ Causes:
(1) —
The reason for this defect is either the focal length

is too short or eye ball is too elongated.
mM
A
Short sightedness
|
r
% Effects:
The light rays from a distant object are focused in front of retina.
“+ Correction: | 7
For the correction of this defect, a concave i :
lens of suitable focal length is used in front
mA
e
\)
\
ab) ss
. , of cornea to diverge the rays of light so —_—__»—____
VV) that the eye lens can focus the
( } image clearly on the retina.

—) correction by a concave lens
‘ = 2) Long sightedness (Hypermetropia):
= In long sightedness a person can see distant
= objects clear but can’t bjects clear! biect

dam jects clear but can’t see near objects clearly. oO PoC
VW) “* Causes: pe
Ss The reason for this defect is either the focal i
ZT @) length is too long or eye ball is to short. .
“2 Long Sightedneérs
: “Effects:
rad) The light rays from near objects are focused in behind the retina.
Se “+ Correction:
qo)
> For the correction of this defect, a convex

ol lens of suitable focal length is used in front
q)) of cornea to converge the rays of light so
that the eye lens can focus the Correction by a convex lens
Q.. image clearly on the retina.
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, ; —
3) Astigmatism: =
oo)
In astigmatism a person can’t see objects clearly. (
“Causes: SS
=
The reason for this defect is either the cornea i—
or the surface of the eye is not perfectly spherical. (Oo

—————
“+ Effects: —
The eye has different focal points in different planes and an object is not focused
clearly on the YS)
retina.
“+ Correction:
For the correction of this defect, an asymmetrical lenses of different radii of

curvature in
different planes are used. —

4) Lack of accommodation (Presbyopia): <=
Itis a defect of long sightedness (or in some cases short sightedness) in the old
age. <—
Causes: =
The reason for this defect is either the cornea or the surface of the eye is not
perfectly spherical.
q@
% Effects:
An old person can’t see objects clearly. Y)
* Correction —
This defect can be corrected by convex lenses. However, for looking at distant
objects one will s
have to use concave lenses.
=)
Q 18: What is a magnifying glass or simple microscope? Explain its construction,
working and a
magnification. YV)
Ans: Magnifying Glass or Simple Microscope:
It is a simple double convex lens.
Construction and Working:
Simple microscope consists of a convex lens
of short focal length. The object whose
magnified image is to be seen is placed
within the focal length of the lens. This
produces an enlarged, virtual 2F-°

and erect image towards the object itself.
Formation of virtual image

with a simple microscopes. AQ.
oe)
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—)
gem’ . Magnification:
<
Magnification of Simple Microscope is determined by,
M=1+
mM
—_ Where, f is the focal length of the lens and d is the near point distance of the
object which
(O is about 25cm for the normal eye.
a!
= Q.19: Explain the construction and working of a compound microscope with the help
of ray
VY) diagram.
Oo Ans: Compound Microscope:
A compound microscope is an optical device used to see very small objects such as
germs and
al other microbes etc.
e
ha! Construction:
A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses namely objective and eye piece.
<—{ “+ Objective:
—
& Objective is a convex lens of short focal length and placed before object. It is
fixed.
=
@) “+ Eye — piece:
q@) Eye — piece is a convex lens of long focal length and placed before eye. It is
moveable.
0: Working:
qo)
=~ The object AB is placed between F and 2F of the objective. It gives real,

inverted and magnified
=) image I, of the object AB. Position of the eye piece is adjusted such a way that
the image I, acts as
object for the eye piece. This image is focused within the focal length of the eye
piece resulting in an
) erect, highly magnified and virtual image I. This image can finally be seen by
the eye. The focusing
of the final image is achieved by mounting the eye- piece in a tube that can be
adjusted up and
down with the help of a geared wheel.

‘ r f
objactiva og
é
#
© ZF,
=
Formation of image ina
ov
— compound microscope.
A.
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al ‘I
Q 20. Explain the construction and working of an astronomical refracting telescope

with the help
of ray diagram.
Ans: Astronomical Refracting Telescope:
An astronomical telescope is an optical device which is used to see heavenly bodies

such as
moon, stars, planets etc.
oo)
Construction: —!
It consists of two convex lenses namely objective and eye-piece. .
=
~
+,
* Objective:
Objective is a convex lens of long focal length and placed before object. It is
fixed. @)
“> Eye —piece: —

=
Eye — piece is a convex lens of short focal length and placed before eye. It is
moveable. =
Working:
When parallel rays of light form a distant objects falls on the objective, a real,
inverted and
diminished image I, is obtained at principal focus of objective. The image I, acts
as the object for the
eye piece. Now the eye piece Is so adjusted that the final image is at least
distance of distant vision.
) Ah
ye
oil
So we can see the image clearly. The final image is virtual, inverted and magnified
as compared to
that we see by naked eye.
seen
ir W
rays from
distant object objective ’ SS

FF enna ; eye piece =
a ] 4 =
oP. | “ Fo Fi > Oo
P Oe 1 ss 4 m1
. 7 > a observer @g
Fas | eg <
pa
I2
final irmage
D
a=
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Class 10* Physics
Be ee eee Ue eeu
<a =—
EEF IS
Coaching Centre
Coaching Classes For 9", 10°, 1°* Year and 2" Year.
Q 21. Write down the differences between Convex lens and Concave lens.
Ans:
Convex Lens Concave Lens
1 | Convex lens is converging lens. Concave lens is diverging lens
2 | Convex lens forms real image. Concave lens forms virtual image.
3 | Convex lens focal length is taken Concave lens focal length is taken
positive. negative.
4 | Convex lens is used to correct long- Concave lens is used to correct long-
sightedness. sightedness.
Q 22. Write down the differences between Convex lens and Concave lens.
Ans
Reflection Refraction
1 | Reflection is the turning back of light Refraction is bending of light and
change
after striking a surface is called in velocity of light as it enters from one
reflection of light. medium to another is called refraction of
light.
2 | The angle of incidence is equal to the The angle of incidence is not equal to
the
angle of reflection.4i = 4r angle of reflection. 4i + Zr.
3 | It takes place mostly because of It takes place in lenses, plane glass and
mirrors or smooth shining surfaces. prism etc.
Q 23. Write down the differences between Compound Microscope and Astronomical
Telescope.
Ans:
Compound Microscope Astronomical Telescope
1 | Compound microscope is used to see Astronomical microscope is used to see far
very small objects. away objects.
2 | The object is placed at the focus. The object is placed at infinity.
3 | The lens of eye-piece is small in size The lens of eye-piece is large in size
with
with short focal length. large focal length.
4 | Compound microscope objective forms | Astronomical microscope objective forms
a larger image near the eye-piece.
a small image near the eye-piece.

Page | 115

o—
M.C.Q.8 =
aay
1. Refractive index of water is: Ne
a)i.5 b) 1 c) 2.4 d) 1.33 ——
CI
2. Human Eye is similar to: oz
a) Microscope b) Telescope c) Camera d) periscope UM )
3. Refractive index of Ruby is:
a) 1.51 b) 1.52 c) 1.53 d) 1.54 Y)
4. The least distance of vision for normal Eye is: ——,

a) 20cm b) 25cm c) 30cm d) 35cm “oO
5. Ifq=6cm and p=2cm then magnifying power of lens will increase: v
a) 2 times b) 3 times c) 4times d) 5 times e
6. For total internal reflection the angle of incidence must be___ the critical
angle. r=
a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to d) Half of =
7. Which one of the following has maximum value of refractive index: <i
a) Ruby b) Crown glass c) Quartz d) Diamond __
8. Refractive index of common salt (Sodium chloride) is: -
a) 1.33 b) 1.52 c) 1.53 d) 1.54 —
|
9. When a Ray of light enters obliquely from a rarer into a denser medium the v
angle of refraction becomes angle of incidence: . J
a) Greater than b) Smaller than c) Equal to d) Unrelated to WY)
10. Which one of the following has maximum value of refractive index: =
a) Water b) Glass c) Air d) Diamond s
11. Refractive index of glass is: —_
a) 1.52 b) 1.33 c) 2.42 d) 1.64 c
12. Optical fiber is the practical application of: —
a) Polarization b) Refraction VY)
c) Interference d) Total internal reflection. —
13. The concave lens is used: =>
a) For the correction of short Sightedness b) Refraction O&O
c) For the correction of long Sightedness d) Aberration __
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Textbook Numerical Problems Of Chapter#14
Numerical Formulae:
Speed of light in rare medium
’ ‘ a ee:
1) Refractive Index : n = Speed of light in denser medium 2) Mirror Equation: fp +
4
aimani
3) Magnification: M = a 4) Magnification: M ==
ao
lf “q” is positive then nature of image is real & If “q” is negative then nature of
image is virtual.
If fis positive then nature of lens is convex & If fis ie then nature of mirror is
concave.
ul
Numerical Problems:
Q1. The speed of light in diamond is 1.24x10°km/s and that in air is3.0x10°m/s.
Calculate the
index of refraction of diamond. [ Ans: ng = 2.42]
Q2. Calculate the speed of light in glycerine if its index of refraction is 1.47.
[Ans: V = 2.04x10°m/s]
Q3. Find the focal length of a convex lens if p=5 cm, q= 10 cm and the image formed
is
virtual. [ Ans: f = 10 cm]
Q4. Find the focal length of a convex lens if p=5 cm, q= 10 cm and the image formed
is real.
[ Ans: f = 3.33 em]
)
ee
QS. An object is placed 20 cm from a convex lens of focal length 15 cm. Find the
position and
magnification of the image. [Ans: gq = 60cm, M = 3]
Q6. An object is placed 12 cm from a convex lens of focal length 18 cm. Find the
position and
magnification of the image.[Ans: q = —36cm, M = 3]
Q7.Calculate the distance of the object from a convex lens having a focal length of
15cm if the
magnification is 3 and the image is real. [Ans: p = 20 cm].
Q8. The focal length of a convex lens is 50 cm. An object 5 cm high is placed at a
distance of 25 cm.
Determine the position, nature and the height of the image.
[Ans: q = —50 cm ,h; = 10 cm, Nature: Image is virtual]
Q9. The focal length of a convex lens is 50 cm. An object 5 cm high is placed at a
distance of 75 cm.
Determine the position, nature and the height of the image.
[Ans: q = 150 cm,h; = 10 cm, Nature: Image is real]
pared by S
)
me
w
pas
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** The time to repair the roof is when sun is shining.
hapter NO: I
NATURE OF LIGHT
screen wilh optical optical screen

two slits SCIEN (front view)
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Penetrates
Earth {| Yl iN a YC 2
Atmosphere?
Wavelength
(meters) Infrared Visible Ultraviolet
103 102 10°5 5x 106 10°8 19-19 10-12
About newt We) NE NS VAM
BS
a ti «~« & & x

Buildings Humans Honey Bee Pinpoint Protozoans Molecules Atoms Atomic Nuclei
Frequency
(Hz)
104 108 1012 1015 1016 1018 1020
Temperature
of bodies emitting
the wavelength
K
wS 1K 100 K 10,000 K 10 Million K
Sir Waseem: Almned
** Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever.
S_eE= Coaching Classes For 9, 10", 15* Year and 2" Year.
Q 1. What is Newton’s corpuscular theory of light?
w=) Ans: Newton's Corpuscular Theory of Light:
= This theory which was proposed by Newton’s is given briefly as under.
— 1. Light consists of tiny (minute) particles called corpuscles.
(© 2. These corpuscles are emitted from a source of light (like sun).

— 3. These corpuscles are travelled in a straight line.
5) 4. When these particles enter in eyes, they create the sensation of light.
VY) 5. Velocity of light in denser medium is greater.
Oo Q 2. What is Huygens’s wave theory of light?
a) Ans: Huygens’s Wave Theory of Light:

S This theory which was proposed by Huygens’s is given briefly as under.
i
- 1. Light is a form of energy and it travelled in the form of waves.

: ; 2. Medium was essential for the propagation of waves therefore it was assumed
that all space
<— was filled with a hypothetical medium called ether.
3. Waves in different medium propagate with different speed.
Waves of different wavelength bend differently.
. Wave theory explained the rectilinear propagation of light. Formation of shadow,

reflection,
@) reflection and a few other properties of light.
nn &
I
o Q 3. What is quantum theory and dual nature of light?
rao Ans: Quantum Theory and Dual Nature of Light:

—
s This theory which was proposed by Max Plank in 1905 is given briefly as under.
1. When the light falls on a metal surface, electrons are emitted from it.
les? «2. «<The physical nature of light was not that of a wave but of little
packets of light energy called
cA photons.
Y) 3. Light has a dual nature. Sometimes it behaves as a particle and sometimes as
a wave. It never
> exhibits both characteristics at the same time.
a 4. |t explains the existing phenomenon of light through empty space.
sss. Define the following terms:
“Oo
S _—_ Ans: Dispersion of Light:
(© When a beam of sunlight (white light) falls on a prism, it splits up into seven
colors. This
©. phenomenon is called dispersion of light.
1) Dispersion of Light 2) Rainbow 3) Spectrum 4) Electromagnetic Spectrum 5) Photon
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* Rainbow:
The rainbow is an arc of spectral colors formed across the sky during or after
rainfall in the
morning and evening.
“Spectrum:
A band of colors formed by a prism or by rainbow is called spectrum. It has seven
colors as
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet (VIBGYOR).
“> Electromagnetic Spectrum:
alimani
Light is electromagnet in nature so the spectrum formed by electromagnetic

radiations are
known as electromagnetic spectrum. It consists of radio waves, microwaves etc.
J Sul
“+ Photon: A)
A photon is a packet of energy and it behaves as a particle but actually it is not
a particle. =
N
Q.5. How does the rainbow form? =
_ 7
Ans: Formation of Rainbow: Ue ,
When rain falls, drops of water behave like prisms.
The light enters the raindrop from one side and does not
pass through. It is reflected from the opposite side and
emerges through the side it entered but at an angle
of about 42° to its original direction. We see an arc with
m A
o
a
ee
—
red on the top and the violet below. Sometimes the light Woley do} Y)
is further reflected before emerging and this gives rise to Sf a!
e " \ }
a secondary rainbow seen above the first one. fa =

Formation of Rainbow. —
Q 6. What is greenhouse and the greenhouse effect? Write down the hazards of
greenhouse KS
effect. +
Ans: Greenhouse:
by
Greenhouse is made up of glass relatively opaque to infrared radiation. Heat is

trapped in the
green house. The term green house is used for earth atmosphere along with ozone
layer which
behaves like a greenhouse.
“+ Greenhouse Effect:
edb
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. When the
Sun's
energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of itis reflected back to space and the
rest is
absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. The absorbed energy warms the
atmosphere
and the surface of the Earth.
ar
Prep
Masjid New

rant
“+ Hazards of Greenhouse Effect:
Heavy industries and automobiles are polluting the atmosphere, damaging the ozone
layer and
producing greenhouse effect.
ha) Due to this, temperature of the earth may rise to such an extent that it will
melt the polar ice-
oa! - -
ay caps raising the level of the ocean, drowning all the coasts.
q%))
a
Q7. Which waves are there in the electromagnetic spectrum of radiations?
Ans: Waves of Electromagnetic Spectrum:
** Radio Waves:
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves with a large range of wavelength from a few
millimeters
to several meters.
+,
“ Infrared waves:
Infrared waves are also called heat waves. These waves are radiated by hot body at
different
temperatures. The earth’s atmosphere, at a mean temperature of 250K, radiates
infrared waves
with a wave length having a mean value 10,1m.
1 Ah
er
+,
* )©Microwaves:
Microwaves are radio waves with shorter wavelength between 1mm and 300mm.
Microwaves
are used in radars and microwaves ovens.
se
a
+,
se
** Visible waves:
=) Visible waves have a wave length range between 400mm and 700nm. The peak of
solar radiation
_ is at a wavelength of about 550nm. The human eye is most sensitive to this wave
length.
ome “ Ultraviolet waves:
S |
~~»
a!
The wave length of ultraviolet waves range from 380nm down to 60nm. These are
emitted by
hotter Stars having a mean temperature greater than 25000°C,
fi
Yo| by
re
4,
** Gamma rays:
The wavelength of gamma rays is less than10~ 11m. They are emitted by the nuclei of
certain
radioactive substances.
I re
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oo)
Q. 8. Write down the differences between a
Ans: r }
Newton’s Corpuscular Theory Wave Theory =
1 According to corpuscular theory light consist | According to wave theory light is
a form of —_
of small particles called corpuscles. energy because it travels in the form of
waves. MA )
2 These corpuscles are emitted from a source Light is a form of energy and it
travelled in the I
of light (Like Sun). form of waves = )
3 Light particles travels with the velocity of Waves travel with the velocity of
light but not in t f))
light in the straight line. straight line. _

4 Light travel with high velocity in denser Light travel in slow velocity in denser
medium. )
medium. @)
mM
h
a 2
1. The speed of light in vacuum is :

a) 3x10°km/hr. b) 3x10°m/min c) 3x10°km/s d) 3x10°m/s
a
2. The speed of light in water is :
rr
a) 2.25x108m/s b) 2.26x108m/min c) 2x10®m/s d) 3x10°m/s
3. Rainbow appears due to:

a) Absorption of light b) Dispersion of light
a
—
=
7)
c) Refraction of light d) Reflection of light ©
4. To disperse white light into different colors we use: >
a) Convex Lens b) Prism >
c) Concave mirror d) Convex mirror Se
om
5. X-Rays wave length ranges from: YS)
a) 0.1nm to 0.0inm b) 1.0nm to 0.0inm —
>)
c) 0.1nm to 0.0inm d) 1.0nm to 0.1nm oO
_K_)
6. Electromagnetic waves carries: :
a) Wavelength b) Energy c) Frequency d) Charge “oO
7. Small drops of rain water disperse sunlight into different colors is called: ov
a) Dispersion b) Energy c) Rainbow d) Spectrum
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Chapter NO:16
Eleetricit
DAs,
ia
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1. Define the followi =
Q.1. Define the following terms: Ce
1. Charge 2. Insulator 3. Conductor 4. Electric field. aay
Ans: Charge: c
bs =)
Electric charge basically is a basic property of elementary particles of matter.
The protons in an o_
ae
atom, for example, have a positive charge, the electrons have a negative charge,
and the neutrons i)
have zero charge. —*
® TheS.| unit of charge is Coulomb (C). a
“+ Insulator: Oo
Those materials which do not allow the charge to pass through them are called
insulators. The
electrons in an atom of an insulator are bound tightly with nuclei and thus charge
cannot pass
through them. &
Examples:
Wood, plastics, rubber etc. <<
“+ Conductor: =
=
Those materials which allow the charges to pass through them are called conductor.
The 7
}
electrons in an atom of a conductor are bound loosely with nuclei and moves freely
within the vO
material. These free electrons conduct electricity. @
Y)
Examples: ra}
\ )
Copper, Iron, Aluminum, silver etc. s
i
“Electric Field: ‘
The region around a charge particle where another charge particle experiences an
electric force » a
=z
when placed at any point in the field. Y)
ify
Q 2. State Coulomb’s law. Derive the equation for it. >

Ans: Coulomb's Law: O
Statement: 5
)
“The force of attraction or repulsion between the two charged particles is directly
proportional to W
the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between the —
charges” i
©
Derivation:
Consider two charges qi and qp are placed at a distance r, According to Coulomb's
law force of q@))
attraction or repulsion is, YS
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a
— F & qyq2 ———~_ (1)
c
= And
i)
ia i
e Fe = —————>__(2)
= r
"O By combining Equation 1 and 2 we get,
qe)
=) Fa ae
— =
Where K is the constant of proportionality whose unit is Nm*/C?, Value of this

constant is
©) commonly expressed in terms of another constant €, (epsilon). As,
1
it it
Atte:
Where €p is called permittivity of free space so, coulomb’s law

can be written as,
L F- 1 M4 q2
4tte. r?
=
a
= Q 3. Define electrostatic induction. Explain it with experiment.
@)) Ans: Electrostatic Induction:
1)
o When a charged body is bought near to an uncharged body then the uncharged body
gains some
YW) charge without any direct contact. This phenomenon is called electrostatic
induction.
= a) Two metal spheres A and B fitted with wooden stands are placed together form a
single
= “+ Experiment:
conductor,
=
— b) A negatively charged ebonite rod is now brought near the sphere A such that it
does not touch
VY) the sphere. As a result positive charge induced on Sphere A and negative
charged on the sphere
Ss B.
a c) Still keeping the charged rod in the same position, the sphere B is moved away
from the sphere
© Aat a short distance.
=!
a) d) The negatively charged rod is now removed and then the sphere A and B are
tested for charged.
@) *» To test the nature of charges on the spheres, an electroscope is used. It is
observed that A is
Se positively charged and B is negatively charged. Separation of charges by this
phenomenon is
known as electrostatic induction.
©. a so
qd) Charged_ Oe : fe 2 C A J | ( B )
. abnoite or <5 Me +4 N77
> = lL te chy c I = ch iw
a. ene ee (a) +ve and - ‘sainumge a Saws B. ee So on
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Q 4. Define the following with its formula and unit: io!
1. Electric Field intensity 2. Electric potential difference 3. Electromotive Force

(e.m.f) 4) power
(S
p_)
Ans: Electric Field Intensity: e
oo)
The force per unit positive charge in an electric field is called electric field
intensity. It is represented . ;
by E. it is a vector quantity. =
Se
Formula: S
pore F Y)
Electric Field Intensity(E) = ———— = —
Charge q O
Unit: The S.| unit of electric field intensity is newton per coulomb (N/C). @
“+ Electric Potential Difference: —
ih ™"
The work done per unit charge in moving the charge from point Ato point B against
the electric field \
is called electric potential. The difference of electric potential between two
points are called electric = =
potential difference. <i
Formula: —
om)
AV =Vp_ —V, = “42 oO
Vest 1)
4 |
Unit: The S.| unit of electric potential difference is joule per coulomb (J/C) also
called volt. am
i !
i
“+ Electromotive Force (e.m.f): =)
The energy required to derive the charge around the circuit is called electromotive
force. ,
Formula: —
Energy supplied
emf =
Charge
Unit: The S.1 unit of e.m.f is volt.
Power:
The rate of doing work is called power. <i

Formula:
Work done
Power = ——————_ %)
time ©.
Unit: The S.| unit of power is watt. a
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Q 5. What is a capacitor? Explain the construction and working of a parallel plate

capacitor.
© Ans: Capacitor:
Se A device which can store the electric charge and electrical energy is called a
capacitor.
o— “+ Construction of parallel plate capacitor:
),
i)
© The parallel plate capacitor consists of two parallel conducting plates with air
or some other
1 insulator, called dielectric, between them.
tee ett
—
>
—
= ws
Pid
—
, Two metallic plates A and B are fixed on insulated stand. We charge the metallic
plate A positively in
* Working of parallel plate capacitor:

_
= small steps. This can be done by rubbing a glass rod against silk cloth and then
touching it with plate.
1) This process may be repeated many times to enhance the amount of charge on the
plate. This
increases its potential. After a while the plate A cannot be charge any more. The
other plate will
@ have a negative charge induced on it and these positive and negative charges hold
each other. The
Y) stored electrical energy in a capacitor can be utilized according to the need.
\
=)
=) Q6. Define Capacitance. Derive the formula for the capacitance of a capacitor OR
derive C = . :
= Ans: Capacity of a Capacitor OR Capacitance:
VY) The measurement of the ability of a capacitor to store electric charge is

called capacitance.
> Derivation:
O Consider a capacitor, the charged stored on the plate of a capacitor is directly

proportional to the
electric potential difference (Voltage) V between them.
7) }) qx Vv
{ q = (constant) V
q°) q=CVv
»)
oO. Where Cis a constant called capacitance of a capacitor whose value depends upon
the area of the
@ plates, the distance between the plates and medium between them. Its S.| unit is
farad.
= C=
<10
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Q 7. Define electric cell. What are primary and secondary cells with examples? ‘e
=
Ans: Electric Cell: TS)
Acell is a device which supply electricity. An electric cell converts chemical
energy in electrical om
energy. =
—
“+ Primary Cell: qo}
oe!
me
Such type of cells whose working does not depend upon any external source is called
primary
cells. They cannot be recharged after discharging.
SU
Examples:
Voltaic cell, Daniell cell, Laclanche cell and dry cell.
e
—
—
“> Secondary Cell:
This type of cells can be recharged after they have run down by passing a current
through D.C
supply, to reverse the chemical reaction of the cell.
|
a
i)
Al
Examples:
Lead-acid accumulator.
Q 8. Define electric current. What is its formula and unit?
Ans: Electric Current:
Sse
The flow of charges per unit time is called electric current.
Tt
(
Formula: he!
Electric Current — 222° _——)
Time
q —
= t oo
Uf)
Unit: The S.| unit of current is ampere. It is denoted by A.
Y -
Q 9. Define resistance with its formula and unit. What are the factors on which
resistance
depends?
}
@
—_
Ans: Resistance:
The opposition to the flow of current is called resistance
Potential difference
Formula: Resistance =
=o Current
Unit: The S.| unit of resistance is ohm and is denoted by omega (1).
|
Prepared
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o—— < : ;
¢ “+ Factors on which resistance depends:
qn} The factors on which resistance depends are as under:
Ee 1. Nature of the conductor.
co 2, Length of the conductor.

_— 3. Cross section area of the conductor.
4, Temperature of the conductor.
) Q10. State Ohm’s law. Derive the equation V = IR.

VY) Ans: Ohm's Law:
“Oo Statement:
1))
® “The current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference,
__ provided that the temperature and other physical conditions of the conductor
remains constant”
——
=) Derivation:
<— Consider a conductor, the amount of current “I” is passing through a conductor
and the potential
a difference between two ends of conductor is “V” then
& Val
@ V=IR
@ Where R is a constant of proportionality and is resistance of the conductor, R is

the physical
Ga) property of conductor.
© Q11. Define the following:
a) 1. ElectricCircuit 2. Conventional Current 3. DirectCurrent 4. Alternating
Current
a 5. Farad 6. Volt 7. Ampere 8. Ohm.
VY) Ans: Electric Circuit:
A
Any closed path through which an electric current can flow is called an electric
circuit.
>
O “* Conventional Current:
Earlier scientists had no knowledge about electrons. They thought that the current
flow
“oO positive charged body to negative charged body. This current is known as
conventional current
aD) whereas the actual flow of current is negative to positive terminal. The
concept of conventional
eS current is still in use.
© “ Direct Current:
The current which does not change its direction is called direct current. It is
denoted by D.C.
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“Alternating Current: 1
©)
The current which changes its direction many times in a second is called
alternating current. It is Se
denoted by A.C. =
©
“Farad: Ss
When capacitor stores a charge of 1 coulomb if the potential difference between the
plates is 1 YY)
volt is called “Farad”. SO
@)
* Volt: Se
If one joule of work is done to move 1 coulomb charge from one point to another
point then the a
potential difference between the two points will be 1 volt. xf
iv
“* Ampere: S
@)
If 1 coulomb of charge passes through a particular point in 1 second then the
current will be 1 @)
ampere. wm)
(i i
*% Ohm: Ss
lf 1 ampere current passes through a conductor when potential difference across its
end is 1 SS
volt then the resistance will be 1 ohm. oy
Q 12. Define resistor. In how many ways resistors can be connected in a circuit? 2
4
Ans: Resistor: oi
A resistor is a device in an electric circuit which offers resistance in the way of
current is ca
called a resistor. oD)
»)
Connection of resistor in a Circuit: @).
se
Resistor are connected in an electric circuit in two ways: a
1. Series
2. Parallel
Q 13. Write down the characteristics of a series circuit.

Ans: Characteristics of a Series Circuit:
1. Only one path is available for the path for the flow of current,
and same amount of current passes through each resistor.
I= I, = Ip = I3
2. The sum of potential difference across individual resistor is
equal to the voltage of the battery.
V=V,+V,4+ V3
3. The resultant resistance will be the sum of the resistance of each resistor.
R=R,+R,+R3
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‘Ee Q 14. Write down the characteristics of a parallel circuit.
OG
—
ra} Ans: Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit: R,
I
a) 1. Many paths is available for the path for the flow of ra/ | R, B |
— a
a. current, and current passes through each resistor AMM\y Ja R,
— is different. Sum of all resistors current is equal I R;
© to the total current supplied by the battery.
—— l= I, + I5 + I; V |
= ) 2. The potential difference across each resistor is same. -l|h = |
V) V=V, = V2 = V3
3. The resultant resistance will be the sum of reciprocal of
) all the resistance in the circuit.
} 1 1 1 1
Y a
e R Ry Ry R3
— Q 15. With the help of circuit derive the expression R, = R, + R2+ Rg
+........... When resistors
_&_ are connected in series.
<< Ans: Resistors in Series:
— When the resistors provide a single path for the passage of current is called
series combination.
i.
yy Derivation:
q@ Consider three resistors R,,R2 and R3 are connected together in series
combination. As shown in
a a figure. R F R,
(j f )) + = -
2) AAI AAA
( ) 4 Z x 1
— ps
é ay a tO :
As we know in series combination,
=
om! I=]=hL=1],
Y) And
>> V=V,+V.+V3 —— (1)
=)
© According to Ohm’s law: V = IR.
“75, Put value of “V” in equation 1 we get,
2 )) IR, = IR, + IR, + IR3
— IR, = F(R, + Rs + R3)
\ R, = R,+R.+R3
= Ifthere are more than three resistors the above equation becomes:
Rg = Ry +Ro+R3+ seeeeeeeeseeersaees
rfepe
Masjid New

Q 16. With the help ofa circuit diagram, derive the formula = = — + — + ~ bese.
When
1 Rz Rg
resistors are connected in parallel.

Pp (©
Ans: Resistors in Parallel: S

iy
When the resistors provides many path for the passage of current is called parallel
combination. —
Derivation:
Consider three resistors R,,R, and Rg are connected together in parallel

combination. As shown in —_
figure. Y)
lk | =
i,
As we know in series combination: —
a
V=V,=V, = V3
And Ww)
1=1, +1, +1; —————> (1) ©
According to ohm’s law: s

_——ael
V=IR.
l= y oo)
R
ay a”
Put value of “I” in equation 1 we get, —
Masjid New

c Q.17: State and explain joule’s law. OR Derive the expression W = I*Rt.
Tt}, Ans: Statement:

= “The amount of heat per second that develops in a wire carrying a current is
proportional to the
; — electrical resistance of the wire and the square of the current. The heat
evolved per second is
o—
oO equivalent to the electric power absorbed, or the power loss”
qo)
—
Derivation:
= wee EEL
—
ama!
fi
VY) Consider a charge “q” pass through a resistance “R” in time t when the
potential difference across its
end is “V”, then

So Wo“g
Vv W=qv —- (1)
=
= By the definition of electric current
<< I =4
<—
_ q=It
ae! ,
= And from ohm’s law, we know that V = IR
Putting the value of q and V in equation no 1, we get,
W =It(IR)
W =I?Rt
Q. 19: Find the relation between power, voltage and current. OR Derive P = IV.
Ans: Derivation:
As we know that by the definition of power,
P=— ————{ (1)

According to Joule’s law:
W=lRt
Put the value of W in eq. 1, we get
_ PPRt
a:
P=I°R
P=LIR
According to Ohm’s law,V = IR then equation 3 becomes:
P=IV
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sr ns em eur ee
Pa Te Cad ytd F
Q 20. Write down the differences between Current and Potential Difference
(Voltage).
Ans:
Current
Potential Difference (Voltage)
1 | The flow of charges per unit time is called

current.
The work done per unit charge to move it

from one point to another point in an electric
field.
2 It is denoted by |
It is denoted by V.
3 | Its S.l unit is ampere (A).
Its S.l unit is Volt (V)
4 | Itis calculated by I ==
It is calculated by V =1
Q 21. Write down the differences between Alternating Current A.C and Direct Current
D.C
Alternating Current A.C
Direct current D.C
1 The direction of current changes many time

in a second.
The direction of current does not change.
2 ‘| It has frequency
It has no frequency.
3 | It is produced by generators.
It is produced by cells.
4 | Itis less dangerous
It is too dangerous.
Q 22. Write down the differences between Series Circuit / Series Combination and
Parallel Circuit / Parallel Combination.
Ans:
Series Circuit / Series Combination Parallel Circuit / Parallel Combination
1 | Inseries current flow in one path In parallel current flow in multiple paths
2 In series same current flow through each

components.
In parallel different current flow through each

components.
3 In series potential difference in each

component is different.
In parallel potential difference in each

component is same.
4 | Net resistance of all the resistances is equal

to the sum of individual resistance.
R= Ry + R3 + R3 +
Net resistance of all the resistances is equal to
sum of the reciprocal of individual resistance.

1 1 1 1
+—+
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ee ey

o—
c M.C.@.S
ee!
oO: 1. Ifl=1.5 amp, R= 10 ohms, then Vis:
— a) 15volts b) 1.5 Volts c) 150 Volts d) 10 volts
.
i 2. The substance placed between the conductor plates of the capacitor is called:
eo)
rao) a) Dielectric b) Capacitor c) Insula d) Resistance
ee!
= 3. The rate of flow of the charge in a conductor is called:
VY) a) Circuit b) Volt c) Farad d) Coulomb
q 4. Joule per coulomb is called:
a) Ampere b) Ohm c) Volt d) Watt
©)
e 5. Three resistances of 3 are connected in parallel. Their total resistance will
be:
bot 1
7 a) 30 b) 90 c) 10 d) 32
. 6. Rechargeable cell is called cell.
— a) Daniel b) Secondary c) Primary d) Voltaic
=! 7. Kilowatt hour is the commercial unit of:
& a) Power b) Electrical Energy c) Time d) Velocity
rab) 8. Coulomb per Volt is called:
a) Ampere b) Ohm c) Farad d) Watt.
TY 9. Ifl=1.5amp , R=10 Ohm the voltage (V) is:

aan) a) 10 Volts b) 1.5 Volts c) 150 Volts d) 15 Volts
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oo)
i : &
Textbook Numerical Problems Chapter# 16:- =
qo)
Numerical Formulae:- S
=
1) Ohm’s Law: V = IR 5) Potential difference/Voltage: AV = 7 —_
2) Current:] = a ©
t —
3) IN SERIES COMBINATION: l=],=L=1], &V=V,+V,+ V3 & R=R,+R2+R3 —
= =V,=W= aoe hy by bt =
4) INPARALLEL COMBINATION: I=1,+I2.+]13 & V=V, =V2=V3 & RR + Re + Rs V)
Numerical Problems:- =
Q1. What is the potential difference across an electric iron of resistance 27.4 Q
when the current @)
through it is 8.75 A? [ Ans: V = 239.75 V] S
Q2. Find the potential difference between the two ends of a conductor if it offers
a resistance of 5 0. =
Take the current flowing through the conductor as 5 amperes. [ Ans: V = 25 V] <
Q3. Calculate the amount of current through an electric heater if it takes 1800C of
charge to heat a —
room in 3 min.[ Ans: =10A|
i.
Q4. An electric toaster has a resistance of 12 9. What current will it draw from a
120V Supply? e
[Ans:I = 10 amp] @)
QS. Find the resistance of an electric bulb if 0.60 A current is passing through it
and the potential @)
difference across the bulb is 90V. [ Ans: R = 1.5x107Q] Tp)
Q6. The potential difference applied to the terminals of a portable radio is 9.0
Volts. Find the qo}
resistance of the radio if a current of 25 mA is flowing through it. [ Ans: R = 360
0] s
Q7. Calculate the amount of work done in carrying a charge of +25jic from Ato B. If
Ais ata >
potential of -60 V and B is at 10 V.[Ans: W = 1.75x10 *Joules]. K
Q8. Resistance of 4, 6 2 and 12 OD are connected in parallel and then joined to an
emf source of A
6V. Find the value of Y)
an
a. the equivalent resistance of the circuit >
b, the total current from the circuit
c. the current passing through each resistance ,
@
[ Ans: (a) R= 20, (b) 1=3 amp, (c) 1, =1.5 amp,I, = 1 amp,I, = 0.5 amp |
Q9. A series circuit consisting of three resistors having resistance 402
of 20 0, 40 2 and 50 2 respectively, is connected across a voltage any vf —

source of 120V as shown in figure below. Find the current in the ati q?))
circuit and the potential difference across each resistor. | Ry ©.
AWW
202 wv)
[Ans:(a) [= 1.09 amp (b) V, = 43.64 Volt,V, = 54.5 Volt,V3z = 21.8Volt]
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apter NO:I
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om
Q. 1. Define the following terms: ce
—,
1. Magnet 2. Magnetism 3. Magnetic Field 4. Magnetic Force rT
Ans: Magnet:
=i
=
e
Magnet is a naturally occurring substance which attracts the things made up of
cobalt, iron and —
nickel. The fundamental name of magnet is load stone. Its chemical formula is
(Fe,03). ©
—
ee)
“+ Magnetism: —
The power of attraction present in a magnet is called magnetism. VY)
a . . . = a)
* Magnetic Field: “Oo
The region around the magnet in which its effect can be experienced is called
magnetic field.
—_
The force with which magnet attracts other magnet substance is called magnetic
force. 4 =
Q 2. Define ferromagnetic substances. What are soft ferromagnetic substances and

hard <—
ferromagnetic substances?
. =
Ans: Ferromagnetic Substances: &

Those substances which behaves like a magnet in the presence of a strong magnetic
field is q))
called ferromagnetic substance. E.g. lron, nickel, Cobalt etc. q)
“* Soft Ferromagnetic Substances: Ww)

©
field are called Soft ferromagnetic substances. E.g. Soft Iron.

“+ Hard Ferromagnetic Substances:
Those ferromagnetic substances which lose their magnetism when removed from the
magnetic =
Se
Those ferromagnetic substances which retain their magnetism when removed from the
cA
magnetic field are called hard ferromagnetic substances. E.g. Steel. Y)
Q 3. Explain the different methods of making magnet. >
Ans: Methods of making magnet: muha
There are different methods of making magnet among these two are described below: O
1) })
“+ Single touch method: eee . s
sg ee —
If we take hard steel bar and rub it with one end ge “‘% aay
of a magnet in the direction from south to north, [ee =
keeping the magnet in an inclined position. On ‘ wi nya io
s ss fae Ss @)
reaching the end N, the magnet is lifted and the Mating & Magnet ty ainak }
same end is brought back to the south end of the bar. touch method Se
This process is repeated several times. The bar SN will the magnetized. a.
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6) oa)
Cc “+ Electrical method:
qu} A“U” shaped steel bar is wound with an insulated
= copper wire, making sure that two core arms are wound
& in opposite direction. The coil is connected to the battery
— and strong current is passed for few seconds.
© Electrical
— Q4. Write down the similarity between static electricity and magnetism. | method
of
5) ow, ; _. ; magnetization St
=— Ans: Similarity Between Static Electricity And Magnetism:
1, There are two types of charges positive and negative. Similarly there are two
types of
4 magnetic poles, North and South.

Y 2. Like charges and like poles repel each other while unlike charges and unlike
poles attract
— each other.
pm 3. Charged objects produce electric field of force. Magnetic objects setup
magnetic field of
— force.
ates) 4. Certain substances may be electrically charged by rubbing together,
certain magnetic
substances may be magnetized by another magnetic.
Q5. What is Maxwell's right hand rule?

q@) Ans: Maxwell’s Right Hand Rule:
According to this rule, “If we hold a current carrying wire
VY) in our right hand, curling the fingers in the direction of

T lines of force, the thumb will show the direction of current.”
s Q. 6. Define electromagnet. Write down the uses and factor affecting the strength
of
ao electromagnet.
=
Se Ans: Electromagnet:
ola)
VY) A magnet which can be energized by an electric current is
> called an electromagnet. If soft iron is placed in a solenoid
: carrying current, the magnetic field due to the current in
O the solenoid is multiplied by thousands. Such type of
—— magnet is called electromagnet. Its magnetism
“© increases as we increase the current. As soon
ov as the current is stopped it loses its magnetism.
“+ Factors affecting the strength of electromagnet: Q”
o 1. Length of the conductor. Electromagret | *
©. 2. Amount of current passing through the conductor.
Y)
& * Uses:
a. 1. Electric Bell 2. Telephone 3. Telegraph 4. Galvanometer 5. Ammeter.
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* : Om
e lications: =
=
1. Inindustries 2. Electricbell 3. Telephone receiver 4. Elevated train etc. —
qe)
Q7. Draw neat and labelled diagram of electric bell. ——)
—,
Ans; Electric Bell: =
o—
—
Sef iron oo ra T, —
Onre
| im, =
| a ay
[H a. Eattery Y)
] a)
oe JH & oO
+ 4
a +f Push, @
i 4 = file: _
if
fi
(9 —
Saft Iron ten!

armature Ceriacte F gl
Contest adjusting Seraw - Spring Spring = Ty Electric Bell =
Q 8. Define Electric bell and write down the construction and working of an
electric bell.
=
—)
Ans: Electric Bell:
ee
An electric bell is a mechanical bell that functions by means of an electromagnet.

When an >
electric current is applied, it produces a repetitive buzzing or clanging sound.
\S
Construction:
An electric bell consists mainly of a horse shoe type electromagnet and armature.
One end of
armature winding is connected to terminal T; and the other to a spring, which is
mounted on a soft
iron strip. Arod is attached to the armature and the free end of the rod carries a
small hammer, A}
rW
which strikes a bell. A very light spring is attached to a screw, which is joined
to terminal To. lL r)
Working: >
When the push button is pressed the electric circuit is completed and the armature
is attracted
towards the electromagnet as a result, the small spring gets detached from the
screw due to which
the electric circuit is broken and the electromagnet is demagnetized. Hence, the
attraction
disappears and the armature is brought back by the spring to its original position.
Contact of the
spring with the screw is now remade, which completes the electric circuit. The
action is repeated
over and over again consequently. The armature vibrates and hammer attached to it
strikes the
gong and the bell rings and sound is produced.
pared b
re
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— Se Coaching le For 9°", 10, 1* Year and 2™ Year.

AS eS Ee
Q 9. Define the following term:
ba!
ra} 1. Galvanometer 2. Ammeter 3. Voltmeter 4. Simple electric motor.
i . .
e Ans: Galvanometer:
<a A galvanometer is an instrument used for detecting the presence of current in a

circuit.
WO) “+ Ammeter:
Ammeter.
—
Ammeter is the modified form of galvanometer used to measure large amount of

current.
—_
Y) ** Voltmeter:
) Voltmeter is the modified form of galvanometer used to measure high potential

difference
between the two points of a circuit.
= “+ Simple Electric Motor:
Sea
= Simple electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
<— Q10. How can a galvanometer be converted into ammeter?
Ans: Conversion of Galvanometer into Ammeter:
“i
po
e To convert a moving coil galvanometer into an ammeter, a wire of suitable low
resistance is joined
@) parallel to galvanometer. This resistance is called “SHUNT”. In circuits ammeter
is connected in
@ series. ~
ov (BE
Wy TT
\ ) eee
=)
=) (a)
= nh —
_ t
SS 2 Shunt (b)
Q11. How can a galvanometer be converted into voltmeter?
Ans: Conversion of Galvanometer into Voltmeter:
To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, a high resistance is joined in series.

Function of high
resistance wire is to prevent the galvanometer from the high value of current
flowing in the circuit
Y otherwise it will alter the potential difference being measure. In circuits
voltmeter is connected in
a) ) parallel.
qd) High resistance
ae in series
ey -»
~
or my 4H HH
an VOLTMETER 1 i
(1) <a:
= =v }-—
Se
_ (a) {b)
=)
Masjid New

Q.12. What are simple electric motors? Write down its construction and working with
diagram. —
bs
Ans: Simple Electric Motors: =
\
Those appliances which convert electrical power into mechanical power are called
Electric —_
Motors. bal
om
Construction:
a
Simple electric motors are consists of a rotating in the field produced by an
electromagnet. This coil =
is wound on a soft iron core to intensify the magnetic field.
fH)
jf
N ‘1))
oY
/— po)
A HL * =
Commutator ——— _——,
—m/ E —
carbon —
. brushes _.
The D.C electric motor -_
=
)
—
Working: q@)
When a current is passed through the coil (clock wise}, the coil experiences a
torque. It rotates in a
)
anti-clock wise direction. The couple becomes zero when force of coil becomes
perpendicular to the we
field. For the coil to continue to rotation, a commutator is used which reverse the
direction of - =
current at a proper time.
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o——~€
Ce M.C.@.8
Se
=
© 1. Shunt converts a galvanometer into :
= a) Voltmeter b) An Ammeter c) A Watt meter d) A Calorie meter
i __.
)
—_ 2. The relation between magnetic field and electric current was discovered by:
(© a) Newton b) Faraday c) Oersted d) Fleming
5 3. To measure potential difference the voltmeter always connected in the circuit
in:
. = a) Series b) Parallel to Ammeter c) Parallel d) Any way
( f )
: 4. Right hand rule is introduced by:
a) Maxwell b) Faraday c) Oersted d) Ampere
q@ 5. Itisa device which converts electrical energy into mechanical:
a a) Electric Coil b) Solenoid c) Electric Generator d) Electric Motor.
= 6. The relation between magnetic field and electric current was discovered by:
— a) Newton b) Faraday c) Oersted d) Fleming

<< 7. High resistance converts a galvanometer into:
— a) A Voltmeter b) An Ammeter c) A Watt meter d) A Calorimeter
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Chapter NO: 18
Eleetroniecs
Types of Transistor by EEEPROJECT.cOM
ied
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Class 10" Physics Prepared By Sir Waseem Ahmed Sulaimani
S_ EE Coaching Classes For 9", 10, 1 Year and 2" Year.

Q. 1. Define the following:

(1) Electronics (2) Doping (3) Holes
Ans: Electronics:
It is a branch of physics that deals with the development of electron emitting

devices and, their
aimanti
utilization and controlling flow in electrical flow in electrical designed for

various purposes.
“* Doping:
The process of adding small calculated amount of impurities to the pure

semiconductor is called
doping. It increases conductivity.
| Sul
“+ Holes:
When a silicon or germanium crystal is doped with trivalent element such as indium,
a space is
left in the crystal due to the shortage of an electron this space is called a hole.
It behaves like a
positive charge so it flows in the direction opposite to electrons.
Q 2. Define semiconductors? What are its types?
Ans: Semiconductors:
Substance which are neither good conductors nor good insulators are called
semiconductors.
1) * Types Of Semiconductors:
YW) There are two types of semiconductors.

See
qe)
=) 1. n-type Semiconductor:
A pure semiconductor material doped with a pentavalent element is called an n- type
eS semiconductor.
—
Y) 2. p-type Semiconductor:
A pure semiconductor material doped with a trivalent element is called a p- type

semiconductor.
“=
Q 3. How n-type and p-type semiconductors are made? ° @) e 2
ree
—s, Ans: n—type Semiconductor: :® mE if electron
fa) When a pure semiconductor such as germanium (Ge) - we 1
SS is doped with a pentavalent impurity such as arsenic (Sb) a @ie7a sine e Ga
1) is called n-type doping. Four valence electron of arsenic (Sb) oe 7" 5 we ;
~ forms covalent bond with neighboring germanium (Ge) atoms. ' i
=f’ = The fifth electron behaves as a free electron which makes
rad) Germanium (Ge) a better conductor. This type of material e(G,)e
KS is called n-type semiconductor because negative charges o
A. is available for flow of electric charges. retype semiconductor
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p—type Semiconductor:
When a pure semiconductor such as germanium (Ge) is doped

with a trivalent impurity such as indium (In) is called p-type doping.
Three valance electrons of indium forms covalent bond with ;
neighboring germanium atom. A hole is created in place of

forth electron. This hole behaves like a positive charge and
moves freely which make germanium a better conductor.
This material is called p-type semiconductor because

positive charge available for flow of electric current.
Q4. What is diode or p-n junction? Write down its formation.
a
Ge
i Hole
,@
i
4
-= AG, aa, ©
e(S)2 elinte eGe
eo ~~ 4 @) _ @
i ’
\ 4
2,
P-type semiconductor
Ans: Di -n junction:
It is a two terminal device which allow current
to flow only in one direction. It is formed

from p-type and n-type semiconductors.
+ Formation of diode or p-n junction:
A diode is formed by joining two equivalently
doped P-Type and N-Type semiconductor. When they

are joined a junction is formed between
p-type and n-type semiconductor.
The p-type semiconductor has excess of
holes (positive charge),
p-n junction diode
and the n-type semiconductor has excess of electrons.
Q 5.Define biasing. Explain with diagram the forward bias and reverse bias of diode
or p-n
junction.
Ans: Biasing:
The process of applying potential difference to a diode or p-n junction is called

biasing.
+ Forward Bias:
If the p-type of diode is connected to positive terminal of battery

and n-type to the negative terminal of the battery, then
diode or p-n junction will be forward biased. As a result of
forward biasing the potential barrier is eliminated.

Thus current flows through diode.
® In forward biased condition the diode
has a very low resistance.
Pp n
— o— ~~. +o
oOo +e
o> P —, ~<eo
f ‘
hole electron
Vy
+
Forward Bias
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eT ee Fd
a

Cc “+ Reverse Bias:
il
qo} If the p-type of diode is connected to negative Pp n

= terminal of battery and n-type to the positive os a
— terminal of the battery, then diode or p-n junction a 2 dk *
o——~, will be reversed biased. As a result of reversed o ? , \« *
TS) biasing the potential barrier is increased.
— Thus no current flows through diode.
=
A ® Inreversed biased condition the diode has o — | =
YV) a very high resistance. Reverse Bias +
“© Q 6. What is rectifier and rectification?
} ))
o Ans: Rectifier:
& A device which can be convert Alternating current (A.C) to Direct current (D.C)
called rectifier.
a
ae % Rectification:
<L A process in which Alternating current (A.C) converting into Direct current
(D.C) is called
sa rectification.
=
oe! Q 7. How can a diode or p-n junction be used as a half wave and full wave
rectifier?
A)
al Ans: Half Wave Rectification:
If A.C is applied to diode, then during the

positive half cycle of A.C the diode will be
forward bias and current flows through
resistance R. During the negative half r
cycle of A.C, the diode is reverse bias wt (- nf

and no current flows through junction.
This is called half wave rectification.
Hication
“+ Full Wave Rectification:
In this case two diodes are used to
convert both positive and negative
half cycle of A.C during the positive D
half cycle of A.C one diode is in YVA
forward bias and the other one is it =i
in reverse bias condition. The Ofer Full-wave restification

forward biased diode conducts "
the current and the output voltage
appears across R. Same thing happens

in the negative half cycle of A.C, this type of rectification is called full wave
rectification.
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o—
Q 8. What is a transistor? What are its major parts? —
Ans: Transistor: TS
|
Transistor is three terminal semiconductor device formed by sandwiching n-type
semiconductor =
between two p-type or by sandwiching p-type semiconductor between two n-type
semiconductors. : —
om
eri ther Collector ( )
— oN P NI JE
“ae Wee 1))

| Pied ov
Major Parts: eC
(i) Base (ii) Collector (iii) Emitter <—
“+ Base: a)
=
Base is the central layer of transistor which is a very thin about 31m to Sum.
)
“+ Collector: w
‘*
Collector is the thickest layer placed one side of the base. a
“+ Emitter: qo)
——-
Emitter is also a thick layer placed on the other side of the base.
Q 9. Write down the types of transistor.
Ans: Types of Transistor:
There are two types of transistor:
(I) npn transistor (ii) pnp transistor Oo
(i) npn Transistor r 0 -
collector ¢ collector ¢ @)
If p-type semiconductor is sandwiched in | | et
between two n-type of semiconductors Pilon w J
i , ‘ | | ff» f Se
then the transistor is called npn transistor. base/ B~ \on npn fe 7 \ —_
b+ Fe mn i" vt | (©
(ii) pnp Transistor: l 5 LIK | ase b\ JK | a.

Nea ——, =
If n-type semiconductor is sandwiched q)
in between two p-type of semiconductors npn and pnp i LT emitter @ emitter @ -=
then the transistor is called pnp transistor. _ |lransistors Transistor svmbols a.
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—)
Cc Q 10. Write down the working of transistor.
zr
T) Ans: Working Of Transistor:
e We consider a transistor for example a pnp transistor. Let the two p type ends
i.e. emitter and
io collector, are connected to the batteries as shown in figure.
We
oY =| = aT
7 Workbmeg off prmp-transistor
Emitter-base junction is forward bias whereas collector-base junction is reverse

bias. The forward
fs) bias causes the holes in the p-type emitter to flow towards the base which
constituent emitter
— currentI,. These holes cross into the n-type base, they try to combine with
electrons but base is
, lightly doped and it is very thin. Therefore only few holes combine with
electrons and the remaining
& holes cross into the collector and becomes collector current I. In this way
almost the entire emitter
current flows in the collector circuit. From the above description it is clear
that:
I=ht+1,
A) Thus there are two current paths through a transistor. One is the base-emitter
path (input) and the
( D other is collector-emitter path (output). The importance of a transistor is due

to the facts that if the
a) base-emitter potential of base current I, is changed by a small amount then the
collector current I,
—)) charges by a large amount.
c Q 11: What is an amplifier? How can a transistor act as an amplifier and a

switching device?
o—
VY) Ans: Amplifier:
An electronic amplifier is a device for increasing the power of signal. It does

this by taking power
> from a supply and shaping the output to match the input signal.
2 * Transistor Act As An Amplifier:
“O In a transistor base current I, plays a vital role in the collector current I,.
A small change is the
) ase current produces a large change in the collector current. Due to this
characteristic a
1) b tt prod | hange in the collect t. Due to this characteristi
KS transistor is used as an amplifier in various electronics circuits.
(©
©. YA frJ {_\
wv =| SN
oe put Large out put
*\)\ An amplifier changes a small voltage inte a large signal

=) voltage out put.
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“+ Transistor Act As A Switching Device:
The transistor is used as a switching device. Anything which can ‘switch on’ a
small base current to a —~
transistor will release a large collector current to operate a lamp, loudspeaker or
relay. =
om
Q12: Write down the advantages and uses of transistors. e
eo)
. i . )
Ans: Advantages of Transistor: ©
oe)
1. Transistors are exceedingly small light. 2
2. They are not easily broken. A
3. They produce little heat. Y)
4. They can be used with very small potentials. me
“+ Uses Of Transistors: ))
z 1
The transistors are used as a switching device. They are now being used in: e
1. Radio, q
2. Television. <
3. Audio and video cassette recorders. a)
4. Telephones. —
5. Computers etc. e
Q13. Define radar. Write down its uses. @
ab}
Ans: Radar:
F a)
Radar stands for “Radio Detection and Ranging”. ©
It controls many systems which are utilizing \\ SS
for the purpose of locating and . ' s
objects which do not come \ .
of necked eye and telescope. s | am \ Target =
Re ae o—
\ a rae | VY)
“ Uses: >
1. Radar is used for forecasting of weather. Radar =)
2. Radar is used for aviation of planes. 2)
3. Radar is used to locate the track of satellites. O
4, Radar is used for military purpose on land and sea.
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Q 14. Write down the difference between p-type Substance and n-type Substance.
Ans:
ce p-type Substance n-type Substance
=
a= 1 When the impurities of group Ill elements When the impurities of group V
elements are
( are added to pure germanium or silicon then | added to pure germanium or silicon
then
—_' p-type substances are formed. n-type substances are formed.
— 2 p-type substances have ability to accept p-type substances have ability to

donate
nar< electrons. electrons.
VY) 3 p-type substances have excess of holes. n-type substances have excess of
holes.
— Ans:
|
i Eorward biased Reversed biased
— 1 | When p-type of diode is connected to When n-type of diode is connected to
positive
& positive terminal and n-type connected to terminal and p-type connected to
negative
negative terminal of the battery is called terminal of the battery is called
reversed biased.
7 forward biased.
Y 2 In forward biased resistance is low due to In reversed biased resistance is
high due to
VY) decrease in depletion layer. increase in depletion layer.
qo} 3 In forward biased current flow from diode. In reversed biased current cannot
flow from
a, diode.
=
Se
U) M.C.0.5
>. 1. Rectification is obtained from a:
> a) Transistor b) Capacitor c) Resistor d) Semiconductor Diode
Ae} 2. Amplification can be obtained by:
——a a) Radar b) Transistor c) P-N junction d) Capacitor
@ 3. In P-Type substance the charge carrier are:
KS a) Electrons b) Proton c) Holes d) Neutron
rc , 4. N-Type material is formed when semiconductor is doped with element:
7 a) Divalent b) Trivalent c) Pentavalent d) Tetravalent
Js
@) 5. Amplification can be obtained by:
eS a) Radar b) Transistor
Q 15. Write down the difference between
c) P-N junction d) Capacitor
Masjid New
Page | 147
“+ If you want to go somewhere, it is best to find someone who has already
been there.
hapter N
Nuclear Reactor.
Secondary
cooling system
Steam
y turbine
Primary core
cooling system [iin] ia +
Generator
Hot water ——>
Control Soe
rod | | ;
Uranium | bee
fuel pote
= ° Condenser
Nuclear reactor Steam generator _ y

——— y
Reactor building Cooling tower
2
Pa De
by: Sir Waseem Ahmed Sul

“+ People often say that motivation doesn’t last. Well, neither does bathing
that’s why we recommended it daily.

sg PSE,
Q. 1. Define following terms:
—— 1) Particles of nucleus 2) Atomic number(Z) 3) Atomic mass number (A)

qe)
S 4) Radioactive element 5) Isotopes 6) Radioactive isotopes
= 7) Half-life 8) Critical mass.
o)aumm)
a)
© Ans: Particles of Nucleus:
~§) Nucleus is the central part of an atom which consists of protons and neutrons.
These two are
VY) collectively called nucleons. Proton is a positive charge particle while
neutron has no charge.
———) ® The atomic nucleus is denoted by (zX“) where X is the symbol of element, “A”
is the mass
oO number and “Z" is the atomic number of the element.
q@) “+ Atomic Number (2):
——
e Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of any element is called its atomic
number. It is
a denoted by “2”. Number of neutrons in the nucleus is denoted by “N”.
— “* Atomic Mass Number (A):
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic
mass
. number and it is denoted by “A”.
a) “* Radioactive Element:
@) Element which have mass number greater than 82 are able to emit radiation
continuously. These
Va element are called radioactive element.
V)
——
_— “+ Isotopes:
Ss Isotopes are the atomic species of the same element which have the same atomic
numbers (Z)
but different mass number (A). They have the identical chemical properties.
o_
— “+ Radioactive Isotopes:
VY) Some unstable isotopes are able to emit alpha, beta and gamma radiations, these
isotopes are
> called radioactive isotopes.
O “+ Half Life:
u The time interval in which half of the radioactive atoms in any given sample
decay into daughter
element is called half time of the element. It is denoted byT1/,.-
mm «= **—s Critical Mass.
ne The mass of radioactive substance requires for producing a smooth reaction is

called critical
©. mass.
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Q 2. Give examples of isotopes.
Ans: Examples of Isotopes:
Hydrogen has three Isotopes:
be
a) Protium :H! b) Deuterium :H? ¢) Tritium :H? —_
Il. Uranium also has three Isotopes: ©
a) 9l234 b) 235 c) W238 = )
7)
ll. Oxygen also has three Isotopes: 3

a) gots b) 3017 c) 3018
Q 3. What is radioactivity? Explain the discovery of radioactivity with the help of

experiment.
Ans: Radioactivity:
Ahme
The phenomenon of disintegration of unstable nuclei with the emission of particles

and rays is
known as radioactivity.
Experiment:
Place a small quantity of radioactive substance such as radiumin a cavity of a
block of lead so that
radiations are able to come out from the mouth of this cavity. A photographic plate
is placed at
some distance above the lead block so that radiations from radium fall upon it.
This apparatus is
placed in an evacuated chamber and then this chamber is placed between the poles of
a strong
magnetic field. After developing the photographic plate, we get three separate
images on the
photographic plate. This shows that there are three types of radiations. One of
them bend towards
negative pole are positively charged and we named them alpha particles, second
bends towards
W
4 i —
positive pole are negatively charged and we named them beta particles, and third
one remains un
deflected hence they are neutral and we called them gamma rays.
" Phetographic Plate
as
ii
ii
Wacwurn
Megnstic ~ Q '/ @
fiber yon peer era) co
*
%
Lead block WES LL elie era
j~— Radioactive
sSubsiance
Prepared b
Masjid New
Page | 149

sg PSE,
Q 4. Write down the properties of alpha particles, beta particles and gamma
particles.
A.
aT) Ans: Properties of Alpha Particles:
S 1, They are positively charged particles.

a 2. Their ionization power is very large.
om—
net 3. They produce burn and sores on human body.
\ ; 4, Their penetrating power of a — particles is very small.
5. They get absorbed after passing through a small distance in air.
* Properties Of Beta Particles:
ht 1, They are negatively charged particles.

@) 2. The kinetic energy of —particles are less than that of a —particles.
= 3. Their ionization ability is less than a —particles.
= 4, Their penetrating power is greater than «a —particles.
oC 5. Their mass is less than a — particles.
1
x “+ Properties Of Gamma Particles:
They do not have any charge.
Their velocity is nearly equal to the velocity of light.

Their penetrating power is very large.
They get absorbed in various materials.
When they strike metals, electrons are ejected.
see
—)
ub wWwnp
Q5. Define nuclear fission with the help of equation.
=,
Ss Ans: Nuclear fission:
cj __ The splitting of a nucleus of a substance into two or more parts or fragments

with the emission
— of huge amount of energy is called fission reaction
Y))
_ Equation:
—
= ?
>= on? + 92739) ———® _ sgBal** + 36Kr°° +30n?+ E
—O a
Process:
—— Frocess:
a1) To carry out fission reaction a heavy nucleus Tl neuron
: such as a uranium is bombarded by slow : *
—_ . . 935 | Usss Zo
— moving neutrons and due to this 92U fission
; . 444 90 fragment anit Sy
\ breaks up into 5sBa“” and 3«Kr _ fission neutron
along with three neutrons and a
))} huge amount of energy ome a=

KIL :
<_ - \ L NO
al * .
=) A fission process
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o—
Q6. What is the chain reaction? CC
Ans: Chain Reaction: (©
—
When uranium undergoes the fission process, in fission reaction each nucleus emits
two or —
three neutrons. These neutrons may collide with the other uranium nuclei and cause
fission in im
them. Thus starting from one neutron, three neutrons are obtained in first step,
nine in second, (
twenty seven in third and eighty one in the fourth step. This process continues, so
in a very —
———
short interval fission process starts in numerable nuclei and large amount of
energy released. —
This is called chain reaction. If the chain reaction is not controlled, it releases
a vast amount of
energy that will lead to a tremendous explosion as in an atomic bomb.
“>
O _s-” i a
pO Se ‘=
“ Q, *— ae o> )
Uranium 4. i —
Neutron ——_ a =” = —
a 2 oe - oo, <i
i _e-
-e— on!
A Nuclear Chain Reaction ao hes!
oY
Q7. What is the nuclear fusion reaction? @)
Val
Ans: Fusion Reaction: o
WY)
The process in which two lighter nuclei are fused to form another heavy nucleus is
called =
nuclear fusion reaction. In this reaction, energy is released is larger than that
released in s
nuclear fission.
Se
Equation: —
W 2
G a)
aH? +1H? = —— > _ >He*+on'+ Energy.

Q 8. What is nuclear reactor? Write down its major parts.
Ans: Nuclear Reactor:
Asystem used to obtain a controlled amount of heat from nuclear fission reaction is
called
nuclear reactor. This heat can be used to run a turbine for generating electricity.
))
o . SS
** Majors Parts: =
(i) Fuel (ii) Moderator (iii) Neutron absorber (iv) Coolant.
Fuel: oD)
Fabricated uranium is commonly used as a fuel in the nuclear reactor. It is used in

the form of
=
cylindrical rods. a.
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sg PSE,
c “+ Moderator:
i
= Moderator is the substance which slows down the speed of fast moving neutron. In
nuclear
reactor graphite or heavy water is used.
a)
©
i) “+ Neutron Absorber:
o—
‘ \ Cylindrical rods made up of boron are used as neutron absorber.
oe)
= “+ Coolant:
VY) Coolant in a nuclear reactor is used to remove heat generated from it. It
flushes out heat to
electrical generators and environment.
i) concrete fea
e shield ~~" Pa
—_ mar
boron rod ——$ Shean to burbine
i
S uranium
wl rod eae
o =
ay) Graphite peat

q@) cone : ——— waber im
ie
= Details of a reactor
Q 9. What do understand by Atomic bomb and Hydrogen bomb?

VY) Ans: Atomic Bomb:
a It is a war weapon. It works on the principle that if fission chain reaction is

not controlled then
Oo enormous amount of energy in the form of heat is produced.
y
Oo >» Heat energy by atomic bomb can destroyed a small city and radiations emitted
by it are
~ harmful to living beings.

J) “* Hydrogen Bomb:
Oo It is a war weapon. The heat energy released by a hydrogen bomb is greater than
that released by
= the explosion of an atomic bomb. It works on the principle of fusion reaction it
requires tremendous
©. amount of heat energy which provided by atomic bomb and when fusion starts it
acts as a hydrogen
| bomb,
» Energy released by a hydrogen bomb is equivalent to one million tons of TNT.
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sg PSE,
ou)
Q10. Write down the uses of radioisotopes in Medicine, in Industry and in
Agricultural.
Ans: Uses of Radioisotopes in Medicine:
man
1. Radioactive phosphorus is used to locate the position of tumor in the body.
2. Radioactive phosphorus is also used for treatment of leukemia. jam

3. Radioactive cobalt is used in treatment of cancer. aw
4.
They in low dosages can also be used for sterilizing bandages, instruments and
other surgical
accessories.
“ Uses of Radioisotopes in Industry:
me
Radioactive isotopes are used to detect leakages in pipes. -

Radioactive cobalt is used to detect cracks in welded joints.
They are used to check and control the thickness of metal sheets, or plastics. _
They are used to for estimation of wear and tear of mechanical tools and parts
especially
om
moving parts. —S__
** Uses of Radioisotopes in Agricultural:

Radioactive isotopes are used to produce different varieties of seeds.
They are used to kill germs,
They are used to preserve food. a)

4. They are used to determine the optimum amount of nutrients in-take by the
plants.
eI le
e
—)
se
Q11. What are the harmful effects of radiations?
Ans: Harmful Effects of Radiations:
The danger from a — particles is comparatively small unless they enter the body.
f —Particles and y —particles can cause burns and sores on skin.
Very large amount of radiations can kill a living being.
Long exposure time to the radiations may cause cancer, blood diseases, eye
cataracts
and damage of living cells.
2k
S
=
red by
Q12. Write down the precautions to minimize radiations dangers.

Ans: Precautions to Minimize Radiations Hazards:
1. One should keep a safe distance from the radiation emitting sources.
2. The doctor, while giving treatment to a patient by the radiation, should take
the minimum
possible time for radiation exposure.
3. The radiations from a reactor are shielded by thick concrete walls. =
4. Inalaboratory, the radioactive substance should be covered in a lead box with a

lead lid.
=
pi
)
—
Pr
Masjid New


oam«=,
Cc Q. 13. Write down the difference between Fission reaction and Fusion reaction.
a)
a i
qo} Ans:
|
e Fission reaction Fusion reaction
=e Pies VN Tee en Peet eet en
oa
f ) 1 | In fission reaction, heavy nucleus is In fusion reaction, two lighter
nuclei fused
— broken into two or more nuclei. together to form a heavy nucleus.
=) 2 | Infission reaction less amount of In fusion reaction greater amount of
Y) energy is released as compared to energy is released.
: fusion reaction.
Oo 3 | The reaction can easily be performed. The reaction cannot be easily
performed.
.
\))
alte Q 14. Write down the difference between a-particles and B- particles.
a — particles B — particles
i
—
= 1 | They have positive charge. They have negative charge.
Vv 2 | The mass of a-particles is equal to the The mass of B-particles is equal to
the mass
ap) nucleus of helium. of electron.
Y) 3 | The a-particles produces fluorescence in | The B -particles produces
fluorescence in
ar zinc Sulphide. platinocynide.
~— 4 | The a-particles has less penetrating The B-particles has more penetrating
power
ower. than a—particles.
s p p
io!
om«»,
,
J) 1. The lightest particle in an atom is:
SS a) Neutron b) Proton c) Alpha particle d) Electron
O 2. The element having Atomic No greater than 82 are called:
, a) Semiconductor b) Conductor
“7 5) c) Insulator d) Radioactive element
3. Which of the following is used for the study of thyroid glands?
= a) |-132 b) P-32 c) CD-60 d) Na-24
~
(© 4. The half-life of Radon ssRn”? is:
©. a) 3.82 days b) 38.3 days c) 3.38 days d) 8.33 days
@)) 5. Nucleus of this atom is called a — particle:
bee a) Helium b) Uranium c) Polonium d) Radium
A)
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6. In nuclear reactor control rods are of: ae
a) Carbon b) Boron c) Aluminum d) Sodium ot
7. In Uranium 52U?** is the number of neutron is: ©
al
a) 92 b) 146 c) 238 d) 330 e
—
8. The emission of rays from the nucleus is called a /an: rT +
a) Chemical Process _—_b) Atomic process c) Radioactivity d) Atomic dispersion. =
9. Which of the following is more penetrating? Y)
a) a — rays b) B — rays c) y —rays d) X- rays
oy
=
bos]
Texthook Numerical Problems Of Chapter? 19:- Se
Numerical Formulae:- <q
1) Atomic Mass:A=Z+N eS
2) Einstein's Mass Energy Equation: E = mc? Here c = 3x108m/s
3) No of Half Life of Substance : No of Half life =
=
oY
Total Time q )
Half Life
rs
Numerical Problems:- oD
—_ =,
Q1. The nucleus of nitrogen contains 9 neutrons. Find its charge number if its mass
number is 16. —
[ Ans: Z = 7] 7
Q2. The mass of gC? nucleus is found to be 0.164x10 *’kg less than its
constituents. Calculate the a
energy released. | Ans: E = 1.476x10 17] Y)

Q3. How much energy will be released when 15gm of mass is completely transformed to
energy? —
[ Ans: F = 1.35x101J]
Q4. Radium has a half -life of 1600 years. How much of 60gm radium would be left
after 4800 years. ,
[Ans:7.5 gm] ——«

QS. Half-life of radon is 3.82 days. How much of a 100gm sample of radon would be
left 7.64 days. ad)
[ Ans: 25 gm] —
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<€ cientific Reasons:
}
=
Q: Give Scientific Reason:
=
: — 1) Why is sliding fiction greater than rolling friction? [2019]
om)
2) Why is ammeter, low resistance connected in parallel with the coil of
galvanometer? [2019]
3) Itis dangerous to jump from a fast moving vehicle. [2018]
4) Why Aquatic animals survive in frozen seas. [2018]
5) Why is the explosive sound produced in the sun not heard on the earth?
6) Why is the flash of lightening seen earlier than the sound of thunder?
d Sulai
Ans:
Reason # O1:
3 2
The physical contact area of rolling objects is very small and also they rotate
easily. But the sliding
objects have a large area of physical contact. That is why sliding friction is
greater than rolling
friction.
3S
Reason # 02:
When a small resistance (shunt) is connected parallel to a galvanometer, it is

converted into
ammeter. When the current passes through the circuit, this low resistance (shunt)
stop much
amount of current and very little current reaches to the galvanometer.
Th A Am
—il)
=)
Reason # 03:
It is dangerous to jump from a fast moving train because when a person jump from a
fast moving
| =
“=ey) train, his lower portion of the body comes at rest and the upper portion of
the body is still in motion,
may) due to this the person falls down.
G&, Reason #04:
Aquatic animals survive in frozen seas because in cold areas, where temperature
falls below 0°C, the
a, 2
Si
surface of the sea or lakes are covered with ice but more dense water settles down
in the bottom.
Because of this fishes and other aquatic animals can survive even during extreme
cold weather.
by
Reason # 05:
As we know, a vast vacuum is present i.e. there is no medium the sun and earth.
Sound wave cannot
travel without medium. So the explosive sound produced in the sun is not heard on
the earth.
re
Reason # 06:
As we know that the speed of light is greater than the speed of sound so the light
reached first due
5] yO] a BUTS 4
Masjid New
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Physic’s Notes For Class 10“ ese ER me el Le

For Video Lectures Visit Our Youtube

Address: Plot# 429/442, Sector 9/A, at The Auxin Educational

Academy, Near Yaseen Masjid New Saeedabad Baldia town Karachi.

Prepared by: Sir Wascenn Alumed Sulaiman

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Coaching Centre We Build Educated Leaders For Nation.

Q.1: Define Physics and its branches?

MAIN BRANCHES OF PHYSICS:

Atomic Physics deals with the structures and properties of atoms.

Solid State Physics:

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<— Steps of Scientific Method:

The explanation of the observation and facts is called hypothesis.

Se » Ahypothesis is a guess of scientist in which he tries to explain the

If a hypothesis is accepted, it is called a theory.

Scientist make experiment to test a theory. If theory is proved by experiment, it

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Q 4: Define Error and its types?

Error due to making a mistake in reading a scale.

Which may be positive and negative.

» Changes in temperature, humidity, voltage are some example of random error.

Q 5: what are the contributions of Muslim scientists in the field of science?

Ans: Contributions of Muslims Scientists in the field of Science:

The traditional Islamic institutions of learning produced numerous great

“+ CONTRIBUTIONS OF ABU ALI HASSAN IBN-AL-HATHAM:

He was a great scholar of physics mathematics engineering astronomy and medicine.

He invented pin hole camera.

He described the working and the internal structure of the Eye.

“+ CONTRIBUTIONS OF ABU REHAN MUHAMMAD BIN AHMED AL-BERUNI: N

He proved practically that the earth is round.

He disclosed that the earth is not stationary but it is floating in space.

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“ CONTRIBUTIONS OF YAQUB IBN-E-ISHAQ-ALKINDI:

His most important work was on sound and optics.

- 1. Kitab-Al-Manazir is written by:

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CC Q1: What is the measurement?

Q 2: Define Physical Quantities? Write down its types?

3) ANS: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:

=) JYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:

@ “+ FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES WITH UNITS IN S.1SYSTEM:

® They are obtained from simple multiplication and division of fundamental

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SOME DERIVED QUANTITIES WITH UNITS INS. SYSTEM: =

S.NO | QUANTITY UNIT “SYMBOL =

Q 3: Define System of Units and its types?

ANS: SYSTEM OF UNITS:

A set of fundamental and derived units is called a system of units.

TYPES OF SYSTEM OF UNITS: =

There are four system of units are used in scientific work. @

and second respectively. =

“+ E.P.S System (British Engineering System): J ))