Unit 9

eradication, and urbanization.
Various countries including India are

HDI and RANK OF TAMILNADU continuously making efforts to improve and enlarge the scope of
available statistical information.
Human Development Index (HDI)
Introduction
United Nations Development Programme has been publishing Human
Development Report annually since 1990. HDI helped the government The economic and social development of states in India are not
to the real uplifting of standard of living of the people. uniform. Wide regional disparities exist. The western region and
southern regions are better off than the other regions. Tamil Nadu is
Human Development Index (HDI) geographically eleventh largest and population wise third largest.
Tamil Nadu fares well with many achievements. It stands to second in
HDI was developed by the Pakistani Economist Mahbub ul Haq and the terms of contribution to GDP, third highest in terms of per capita
Indian Economist Amartya Kumar Sen in 1990 and was published by income, investment, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and industrial
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It is constructed output. It has been ranked as the most economically free state by the
based on Life Expectancy Index, Education Index and GDP Per Capita. Economic Freedom. In the social and health sector also Tamil Nadu’s
performance is better than many other states and better than national
HDI is based on the following three indicators
average in terms of health, higher education, IMR and MMR
1. Longevity is measured by lifeexpectancy at birth,

Highlights of Tamil Nadu
2. Educational attainments,
Economy
3. Standard of living, measured by real GDP per capita (PPP$).

Growth of SGDP in Tamil Nadu has been among the fastest in India
since 2005. Poverty reduction in Tamil Nadu has been faster than that
Before calculating HDI, the fixed minimum and maximum values of
in many other States. Tamil Nadu contains a smaller proportion of
each indicator are chosen. The performance in each dimension is
India’s poor population.
expressed as a value between 0 and 1 by applying the following
formula
Tamil Nadu is the second largest contributor to India’s GDP.Tamil Nadu
ranks 3rd in Human Development Index (source: UNDP- 2015) Tamil
Dimension Index = (Actual value– Minimum value) / (Maximum value
Nadu ranks 3rd in terms of invested capital (Rs.2.92 lakh crore) and
-Minimum value)
value of total industrial output (Rs.6.19 lakh crore).Tamil Nadu ranks
first among the states in terms of number of factories with 17% share
According to Planning Commission’s National Human Development
and industrial workers (16% share) of the country. Tamil Nadu is
Report 2011, HDI has improved significantly between 1980 and 2011.
placed third in health index as per the NITI AAYOG report.Tamil Nadu
That is, The HDI went up from 0.302 in 1981 to 0.472 score in 2011.
has a highest Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education. Tamil Nadu
As per latest Human Development Report (2016) by the United
has the largest number of engineering colleges Tamil Nadu has
Nations Development Programme (UNDP), India has been ranked
emerged as a major hub for renewable energy. Tamil Nadu has
131st out of 188 countries. Out of 188 countries, India lies in Medium
highest credit Deposit Ratio in commercial and Cooperative banks. has
Human Development bracket. The other nations such as Bangladesh,
highest ranks first on investment proposals filed by MSMEs.
Bhutan, Pakistan, Kenya, Myanmar and Nepal attained the medium
human development. The HDR 2016 stated that regional disparities in
Performance of Tamil Nadu Economy
education, health and living standards within India has caused India’s
downfall to 27 % on HDI score. India’s HDI rank value in 2015 stood
Some of the States like Gujarat and Maharashtra seem to perform well
at 0.624, which had increased from 0.580 in 2010. India’s rank in
in some of the economic indicators. Kerala tops in literacy, IMR and
2014 was 131.
MMR. In recent years Tamil adu’s performance is outstanding and far
ahead of all other states in the spheres of health, higher education,
Top three countries of HDI
growth of MSMEs, poverty alleviation and employment generation.
1. Norway (0.949)
Tamil Nadu is placed third in health index
2. Australia (0.939)
3. Switzerland (0.939)
The Tamil Nadu state has come third after Kerala and Punjab in a
health index report. The neo natal mortality rate is 14 lower than that
Biswajeet Guha has stated that the calculation of HDI neglected many
of many other states and that the under 5 mortality has dropped from
important aspects of human development. He has created four indices
21 in 2014 to 20 in 2015
of HDI as HDI1, HDI2, HDI3, and HDI4. HDI1 is based on UNDP
methodology as given in Human Development Report. He has enlarged
Healthy States, Progressive India Report, (2018) –NITI AAYOG
the scope of HDI by adding three more dimensions such as quality of
life, poverty The reasons for the relative success of Tamil Nadu lie in extending
social policies to cover most of the population.For instance the Public
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Distribution System, midday meals and public health infrastructure Sex ratio (Number of female per 1000 males)
have near universal coverage
Balanced sex ratio implies improvement in quality of life of female
Natural Resource-Water Resources population. The sex ratio in Tamil Nadu is nearing balance with 995
which is far better compared to most of the States and all India level.
Tamil Nadu is not endowed with rich natural resources compared to Tamil Nadu stands third next only to Kerala state and Puduchery Union
other North East monsoon is the major source of rainfall followed by Territory in sex ratio
South West monsoon.
There are 17 river basins in Tamil Nadu.The main rivers are Palar,
Cheyyar, Ponnaiyar, Cauvery, Bhavani, Vaigai,Chittar, Tamiraparani,
Vellar, NoyyalSiruvani, Gundar, Vaipar, Valparai etc. Wells are the
largest source of irrigation in Tamil Nadu (56%).
Infant Mortality Rate (mortality before completing 1 year)
Tamil Nadu is well ahead of national average and other states in IMR.
Mineral Resources
According to NITI AAYOG, the IMR is 17 (per 1000) for Tamil Nadu
which is just half of national average of 34 as on 2016.
Tamil Nadu has a few mining projects based on Titanium, Lignite,
Magnesite, Graphite, Limestone, Granite and Bauxite. The first one is
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) (Mother’s death at the time of
the Neyveli Lignite Corporation that has led development of large
industrial complex around Neyveli in Cuddalore district with Thermal
delivery per 1 lakh)
power plants, Fertilizer and Carbonisation plants. Magnesite mining is
at Salem from which mining of Bauxite ores are carried out at Yercaud Tamil Nadu has a good record of controlling MMR, ranking third with
and this region is also rich in Iron Ore at Kanjamalai. 79 (Kerala 61, Maharashtra 67) against national average of 159 again
half of the national average [NITI AAYOG].
Molybdenum is found in Dharmapuri, and is the only source in the
country. Life Expectancy at birth
Population The average period that a person may expect to live is called life
expectancy.
Tamil Nadu stands sixth in population with 7.21 crore against India’s
121 crore as per 2011 census. However, Tamil Nadu’s population is However, life expectancy in India still falls short of most developed
higher than that of several countries according to UN Report. and developing nations.
Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)
like GDP, the Gross State Domestic Product refers to the total money
value of all the goods and services produced annually in the State.
Tamil Nadu is the second largest economy in India with a GSDP of $

207.8 billion in 2016-17 according to the Directorate of Economics and
Statistics, Tamil Nadu. The GSDP of Tamil Nadu is equal to the GDP of
Kuwait on nominalterm and GDP of UAE on PPP terms. The GSDP of
Tamil Nadu is far higher compared to many countries as shown below.
This is mainly due to population effect. Per capita GSDP would be
better for intercountry or interstate comparisons. Tamil Nadu may go
below if per capita GSDP is considered for comparison.
Density
The density of population which measures population per sq.km is 555

(2011) against 480 (2001). Tamil Nadu ranks 12th in density among
the Indian States and overall it is 382 for India.
Urbanisation
Tamil Nadu is the most urbanized state with 48.4% of urban

population against 31.5% for India as a whole. The State accounts for
9.61% of total urbanites in India against 6% share of total population
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9043303030
Sectoral Contribution of non-food crops is 27.1%. Among the food crops paddy takes a
major share. Among the non-food crops, groundnut and coconut take
The tertiary sector (service sector) is the major contributor to Tamil a major share. Net sown area has been gradually declining; and, rural
Nadu’s GSDP at 63.70%. The secondary sector (Industry) contribution land, labour and capital are moving towards urban projects. As a
is gradually on the rise and now it is 28.5%. Agriculture occupies a result, villages are emptied and cities are over-crowded and
prominent position in congested, leading to spatially unbalanced bulging.
occupation but its contribution to GSDP is declining and now it is just Foodgrain Production
7.76%. This means that the tertiary and secondary sectors have
grown faster, the agricultural sector has grown slow. Agriculture sector Rice production dominates among food grain production with 79.49
provides employment and food to larger proportion of Indians and lakh tones on 2014-15 followed by millets at 40.79 lakh tons. There is
Tamils .But, the same sector is growing slowly means it is not good. significant jump in pulses production from 3.59 lakhs ton in 2011-12
With this trend sustainable development may not be possible to 7.67 lakh ton in 2014-15. There may be changes in these statistics.
Hence updation is unavoidable.
Per capita Income
Productivity Position of Tamil Nadu and India
The Per capita GSDP of Tamil Nadu also ($ 2,200) which is higher than
that of many other States in India. Per capita GSDP of Tamil Nadu is The Government of Tamil Nadu lays emphasis on agricultural
nearly 1.75 times higher than the national average, as per 2018 data. production and productivity. As a result, Tamil Nadu tops in
In term of ₹ the per capita income in Tamil Nadu was ₹ 1,03,600 in productivity, in food crops as well as non-food crops, among the
2010-11 and it has increased to ₹1,88,492 in 2017-18 as per the States in India.
Budjet figures 2018
TAMILNADU ECONOMIC TRENDS
Industry
Chennai is sometimes referred to as the Health Capital of India or the

Agriculture Banking Capital of India, having attracted investments from
International Finance Corporationsand the World Bank. It is also called
Tamil Nadu, with seven agro climatic zones and varied soil types is as Detroit of Asia.
better suited for the production of fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation
crops, flowers and medicinal plants. The State is the largest producer Tamil Nadu has a network of about 110 industrial parks/estates that
of loose flowers and the third largest producer of fruits. Tamil Nadu offer developed plots with supporting infrastructure. Also, the
has historically been an agricultural State. At present, Tamil Nadu is Government is promoting other industrial parks like Rubber Park,
the India’s second biggest producer of rice, next only to West Bengal. Apparel Park, Floriculture Park, TICEL Park for Biotechnology, Siruseri
The state is one of the major producers of turmeric. It is also the IT Park and Agro Export Zones.
leading producer of Kambu, Corn, Groundnut, Oil seeds and
Sugarcane. It ranks first in production of plantation crops and banana The heavy engineering manufacturing companies are centered around
and coconut, second in rubber and cashew nut, third in pepper and the suburbs of Chennai. Chennai boasts of global car manufacturing
fourth in sugarcane. giants as well as home grown companies
The gross cropped area under all crops was 58.97 lakh hectares in the
year 2013-14. The area under food crops account for 72.9% and that
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Automotives
Chennai nicknamed as “The Detroit of Asia”is home to a large number

of auto component industries. Tamil Nadu has 28% share each in
automotive and auto components industries, 19% in the trucks
segment and 18% each in passenger cars and two wheelers
Cement Industry
Tamil Nadu ranks third in cement production in India (First Andhra

Pradesh, Second Rajasthan). Among 10 largest cement companies in
India as on 2018, Ramco Cement and India Cement find prominent
place. And also Tamil Nadu stands second in number of cement plants
with 21 units against 35 units in Andhra Pradesh.
Fire works
The town of Sivakasi is a leader in the areas of printing, fireworks, and

safety matches. It was fondly called as “Little Japan” by Jawaharlal
Nehru. It contributes to 80% of India’s fireworks production. Sivakasi
provides over 60% of India’s total offset printing solutions.
Other Industries
Karur is known for its bus body building which contributes 80% of
South Indian bus body building. TNPL is the Asia›s largest ecofriendly One of the global electrical equipment public sector companies viz
paper mill. Salem is called as steel city and has many sago producing BHEL has manufacturing plants at Tiruchirappalli and Ranipet. The
units and mineral wealth. Sivakasi is the leader in printing, fireworks, Tamil Nadu State Government owns the Tamil Nadu Newsprint and
safety matches production in India. It contributes to 80% of India’s Papers (TNPL), the world’s biggest bagasse based paper mill in Karur.
total safety matches production and 90% of India’s total fireworks Tamil Nadu is a leading producer of cement in India and with
production. Thoothukudi is the gateway of Tamil Nadu. It is a major manufacturing units located at Ariyalur, Virudhunagar, Coimbatore and
chemical producer next only to Chennai. Tirunelveli. The region around Salem isrich in mineral ores. The
country’s largest steel public sector undertaking, SAIL has a steel plant
Textiles
in Salem.
Tamil Nadu is the largest textile hub of India. Tamil Nadu is known as
Coimbatore is also referred to as “the Pump City” as it supplies two
the “Yarn Bowl” of the country accounting for 41% of India’s cotton
thirds of India’s requirements of motors and pumps. The city is one of
yarn production. The textile industry plays a significant role in the
the largest exporters of jewellery, wet grindersand auto components
Indian economy by providing direct employment to an estimated 35
and the term “Coimbatore Wet Grinder” has been given a Geographical
million people, and thereby contributing 4% of GDP and 35% of gross
indication Thoothukudi is known as “Gateway of Tamil Nadu”.
export earnings. The textile sector contributes to 14% of the
Thoothukudi is the major chemical producer in the state. It produces
manufacturing sector. From spinning to garment manufacturing, entire
the 70 per cent of the total salt production in the State and 30 per
textile production chain facilities are in Tamil Nadu. About half of
cent in the country.
India’s total spinning mill capacity is in Tamil Nadu. The western part
of Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, Dindigul and MSMEs
Karur has the majority of spinning mills manufacturing
cotton/polyester/blended yarn and silk yarn used by garment units in The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises are defined under the
Tamil Nadu, Maharastra etc. Yarn is also exported to China, MSMED Act 2006. The enterprises are classified as Manufacturing and
Bangladesh etc. Tirupur known as “Knitting City” is the exporter of Service enterprises based on the investment in plant and machinery
garments worth USD 3 Billion. Karur is the major home for textile and equipment (excluding land and building) the classification of
manufacturing (Curtain cloth, bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is given Tamil Nadu accounts of
table linens, wall hangings etc.) and export hub in India. Erode is the 15.07% Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the country(
main cloth market in South India for both retail and wholesale ready- the highest among all States) with 6.89 lakhs registered MSMEs.
mades. Producing over 8000 varieties of product for a total investment of
more than Rs.32,008 crore. MSMEs produce a wide variety of products
Leather in almost all sectors. The prominent among them are the engineering,
electrical, chemicals, plastics, steel paper, matches, textiles, hosiery
Tamil Nadu accounts for 30 per cent of leather exports and about 70
and garments sector. Around 15.61 lakh entrepreneurs have
per cent of leather production in the country. Hundreds of leather and
registered, providing employment opportunities to about 99.7 lakhs
tannery industries are located around Vellore, Dindigul and Erode.
persons with total investment of Rs. 1,68,331 crore.
Every year the State hosts the India International Leather Fair in
Chennai. Energy
Electronics Tamil Nadu tops in power generation among the southern States as
seen in following table. Installed capacity of power utilities in States in
Chennai has emerged as EMS Hub of India. Many multi – national
southern region
companies have chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing
hub.
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Banking
In Tamil Nadu, Nationalised banks account for 52% with 5,337

branches, Private
 Commercial Banks 30% (3,060) branches,State Bank of India and

its associates 13% (1,364), Regional Rural Banks 5% (537) branches
and the remaining 22 foreign bank branches.
 Total deposits of the banks in Tamil Nadu registered an year-on
year increase of 14.32% by March 2017 and touched ₹6,65,068.59
crores. Total credit of the banks in Tamil Nadu registered a year-on
year increase of 13.50% by March 2017 and touched ₹6,95,500.31
crores.
Tamil Nadu is in the forefront of all other Indian States in installed  The share of Priority Sector Advances stands at 45.54% as against
capacity. Muppandal wind farm is a renewable energy source, the national average of 40%. The percentage of Agricultural advances
supplying the villagers with electricity for work. Wind farms were built to total advances as at the end of March 2017 works out to 19.81% as
in Nagercoil and Tuticorin apart from already existing ones around against the national average of 18%. Banks in Tamil Nadu have
Coimbatore, Pollachi, Dharapuram and Udumalaipettai. These areas maintained one of the highest Credit Deposit Ratio of 119.15% in the
generate about half of India’s 2,000 megawatts of wind energy or two country whereas this ratio is 77.5% at the national level
percent of the total power output of India
Education
Nuclear Energy
a. School Education
The Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant and the Koodankulam Nuclear
Power Plant Tamil Nadu is grouped among high Gross Enrolement Ratio (GER)
States. It ranks third next only to Kerala (81%) and Himachal Pradesh
Thermal Power (74%). The all India average is 43% and the world average is 59%.
Gross Enrolment Ratio is 118.8% for primary level(class 1-5); 112.3%
In Tamil Nadu the share of thermal power in total energy sources is for upper primary level (class 6-8), 62.7% for secondary level (class
very high and the thermal power plants are at Athippattu (North 9-10), 49.26% at Higher Secondary level (class 11-12). This has been
Chennai) Ennore, Mettur, Neyveli and Thoothukudi. possible mainly due to the supply of free food, cloth, foot-wear,
scholarship, laptop etc.
Hydel Energy
b. Higher Education
There are about 20 hydro electric units in Tamil Nadu. The prominent
units are Hundah, Mettur, Periyar, Maravakandy, Parson Valley etc. In Gross Enrolment Ratio under higher education (Tertiary level) Tamil
Nadu continues to be at the top level well ahead of other states. The
Solar Energy
GER is 46.9% in Tamil Nadu which is far higher against national
average and all other States This higher GER is thanks to the
Tamil Nadu tops in solar power generation in India as seen in following
distribution of free food,cloth, footwear, laptop and scholarship
table.
Southern Tamil Nadu is considered as one of the most suitable regions

in the country for developing solar power projects.
Tamil Nadu has 59 Universities, 40 Medical colleges, 517 Engineering

colleges, 2,260 Arts and Science colleges, 447 Polytechnics and 20
dental colleges. Tamil Nadu produces nearly four lakh engineering and
Wind Energy polytechnic
Tamil Nadu has the highest installed wind energy capacity in India. students every year, the highest in the country.
The State has very high quality of off shore wind energy potential off
Educational Loans
the Tirunelveli coast and southern Thoothukudi and Rameswaram
coast
As far as educational loans disbursed by Public Sector Banks under
priority sector are concerned, 20.8% of the total amount was
disbursed in Tamil Nadu between 2013-14 and 2015-16. Andhra
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Pradesh was second with 11.2% of the total loan amount followed by Tuticorin, Salem, and Madurai. which connect several parts of the
Maharashtra (10.2%). Of the total amount of educational loans country. Increased industrial activity has given rise to an increase in
disbursed by Private Banks during the same period, Kerala accounted passenger traffic as well as freight movement which has been growing
for 37.8% followed by Tamil Nadu with 24.8%. Both Karnataka & at over 18 per cent per year
Kerala together accounted for more than 60% of the total educational
loan amount by Private Banks. Ports
Health Tamil Nadu has three major ports; one each at Chennai, Ennore,
and Tuticorin, as well as one intermediate port in Nagapattinam, and
Tamil Nadu has a three – tier health infrastructure comprising 23 minor ports. The ports are currently capable of handling over 73
hospitals, primary health centres, health units, community health million metric tonnes of cargo Annually (24 per cent share of India).
centres and subcentres. As of March 2015, the State had 34 district All the minor ports are managed by the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board,
hospitals, 229 sub-divisional hospitals, 1,254 primary health centres, Chennai Port. This is an artificial harbor and the Second principal port
7,555 Sub-centres and 313 community health centres. in the country for handling containers. It is currently being Upgraded
to have a dedicated terminal for cars capable of handling 4,00,000
Communication vehicles. Ennore Port was recently converted from an intermediate
port to a major port and handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil
Maharashtra has the highest number of internet subscribers in the Nadu.
country at 29.47 million, followed by States like Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh and Karnataka. According to government data, India had a Tourism
total of 342.65 million internet subscribers at the end of March, 2016.
Tamil Nadu had 28.01 million subscribers, while its neighbours Andhra Tamil Nadu has since ancient past been a hub for tourism. In recent
Pradesh and Karnataka had 24.87 million and 22.63 million, years, the state has emerged as one of the leading tourist destinations
respectively. for both domestic and foreign tourists. Tourism in Tamil Nadu is
promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC), a
Transport Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking. The State currently ranks the
highest among Indian States with about 25 crore arrivals (in 2013).
Tamil Nadu has a well established transportation system that connects The annual growth rate of this industry stood at 16 per cent.
all parts of the State. This is partly responsible for the investment in Approximately 28 lakh foreign and 11 crore domestic tourists visit the
the State. Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network in terms State.
of its spread and quality, providing links between urban centres,
agricultural market-places and rural habitations in the countryside. Unemployments and Poverty
However, there is scope for improvement
National average of unemployment rate stands at 50 andTamil Nadu
a. Road ranks 22nd with unemployment rate of 42 per 1000. There are
different kinds of unemployment with different economic implications.
There are 28 national highways in the State, covering a total distance All those aspects need to be studied to fully understand the
of 5,036 km. The State has a total road length of 167,000 km, of employment situation Tamil Nadu is one of India’s richest states Since
which 60,628 km are maintained by Highways Department. It ranks 1994, the state has seen a steady decline in poverty. Today, Tamil
second in India with a share of over 20% in total road projects under Nadu has lower levels of poverty than most other States in the
operation in the public-private partnership (PPP) model. country. After 2005, Tamil Nadu was among India’s fastest growing
states, with growth being driven mainly by services
b. Rail
Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail networkmas part of Southern

Railway, Headquarteredn at Chennai. The present Southern
Railwaynetwork extends over a large area of India’s Southern
Peninsula, covering the States of
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, minor portions of Karnataka and

Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 6,693
km and there are690 railway stations in the State. The
systemconnects it with most
major cities in India. Main rail junctions in the State include Chennai,
Coimbatore, Erode, Madurai, Salem, Tiruchirapalli and Tirunelveli.
Chennai has a well-established Suburban Railway network, a Mass
Rapid Transport System and is currently developing a Metro system,
with its first underground stretch operational since May 2017.
c. Air
Tamil Nadu has four major international airports. Chennai

International Airport is currently the third largest airport in India after
Mumbai and Delhi. Other international airports in Tamil Nadu include
Coimbatore International Airport, Madurai International Airport and
Tiruchirapalli International Airport. It also has domestic airports at
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In the nineteenth century, Tamil scholarsv like C.W. Damotharanar

(1832–1901), and U.V. Swaminathar (1855–1942) spent their lifetime
in the rediscovery of the Tamil classics.
C. W. Damotharanar collected and edited different palm-leaf

manuscripts of the Tamil grammar and literature. His editions included
such texts as Tolkappiyam, Viracholiyam, Iraiyanar-Akapporul,
IlakkanaVilakkam, Kaliththokai and Culamani. U.V. Swaminathar a
student of Meenakshisundaranar, took efforts to publish the classical
texts such as Civakachinthamani (1887), Paththupattu (1889),
Chilapathikaram (1892), Purananuru (1894), Purapporul-Venpa-Malai
(1895), Manimekalai (1898), Ainkurunuru (1903) and
Pathitrupathu(1904). This provided the Tamil people with a revelation
about their heritage. Therefore, the rediscovery of ancient classics and
their publication is considered the foundation
of Tamil renaissance. The publication of these ancient literary texts

created an awareness among the Tamil people about their historical
tradition, language, literature and religion. Modern Tamils founded
their social and cultural identity on the ancient Tamil classics,
collectively called the Sangam literature. Linguists, historians and
Tamil scholars recognised the uniqueness of Tamil culture, which had a
separate and independent cultural existence before the coming of the
Aryans into the Tamil land. In 1816, F.W. Ellis (1777–1819) who
founded the College of Fort St George, formulated the theory that the
south Indian languages belonged to a separate family which was
unrelated to the Indo-Aryan family of languages. Robert Caldwell
(1814–1891) expanded this argument in a book titled, A Comparative
Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages, in
1856. He established the close affinity between the Dravidian
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN TAMIL NADU languages in contrast with Sanskrit and also established the antiquity
of Tamil. Tamil intellectuals of this period identified the fundamental
Europeans established their political power over Indian subcontinent in differences between Tamil/Dravidian/ Egalitarian and Sanskrit/
the latter half of the eighteenth century. While they were concerned Aryan/Brahmanism. They argued that Tamil was a language of
with annexing India, by the beginning of the nineteenth century they Dravidian
were reordering Indian society. New revenue settlements were made.
Influenced by British Utilitarian ideas and evangelicals they also tried Parithimar Kalignar Maraimalai Adigal
to impose their cultural superiority over the Indian people.Indigenous
traditions were treated as primitive. people, who are non-Brahmin and their social life was casteless,
gender-sensitised and egalitarian. Tamil renaissance contributed to the
Indian society was portrayed as conservative where human beings origin and growth of Dravidian consciousness in the Tamil country.
were discriminated on the basis of caste, gender, language and creed. These ideas are exemplified in the Tamil invocation song in the play,
Manonmaniam written by P.Sundaranar (1855–1897).
Tamil Renaissance
Thiru. Vi. Ka , Bharatidasan
The cultural hegemony of colonialism and the rise of humanism
brought several changes in the socio-cultural life of the Indian Tamil renaissance questioned the cultural hegemony of Brahminism.
subcontinent. Modern Tamil Nadu too experienced such a historical These developments were reflected in art, literature, religion, etc.
transition. Tamil language and culture played a significant role intheir Ramalinga Adigal (1823–1874),popularly known as Vallalar,
identity construction. The introduction of printing press, linguistic questioned the existing Hindu religious orthodoxy. Abraham Pandithar
research on Dravidian languages, etc... underpinned the process of (1859–1919) gave prominence to Tamil music and published books on
Tamil renaissance. Although religious literature was taken up the history of Tamil music. C.W.Damotharanar, U.V. Swaminathar,
predominantly for publication in the early years after the advent of Thiru Vi. Kaliyanasundaram (1883–1953), Parithimar Kalaignar (1870-
printing technology, things began to change gradually. Works that can 1903), Maraimalai Adigal (1876–1950), Subramania Bharathi (1882–
be described as secular were taken up for publishing. 1921), S. Vaiyapuri (1891–1956), and the poet Bharatidasan (1891–
1964), in their own ways and through their writings, contributed to the
Advent of the Printing Technology revival of Tamil literature. Meanwhile,M. Singaravelar (1860–1946) an
early pioneer in Buddhist revival, promoted communism and socialism
Tamil was the first non- European language that went into print. As to counter the colonial power. Pandithar Iyotheethassar (1845–1914)
early as in 1578, Tamil book, ThambiranVanakkam, was published and Periyar E.V. Ramasamy (1879–1973) held high the radical
from Goa. In 1709, a full-fledged printing press had been established philosophy to defend the rights of the socially underprivileged and
thanks to Ziegenbalg in Tranquebar. Thirukkural was one of the marginalized section of the people. In addition, the twentieth century
earliest Tamil literary texts to be published in 1812. This led the Tamil language movements such as Tani Tamil Iyakkam and Tamil Isai
resurgence of interest among Tamil scholars in publishing the more Iyakkam, made a significant cultural impact increating a pure Tamil
ancient Tamil classics around that period free from the influence of Sanskrit.
9043303030
V.G. Suryanarayana Sastri (Parithimar Kalaignar) addition, the home had a literary society for the benefit of non-
Brahmin students.
V.G. Suryanarayana Sastri (1870-1903), born near Madurai, was
professor of Tamil at the Madras Christian College. He was one of the Social Reformers of Tamilnadu
earliest scholars to identify the influence of Sanskrit on Tamil, and
adopted a pure Tamil name for himself: Parithimar Kalignar. He was (a) Ramalinga Swamigal
the first to argue that Tamil is a classical language, and demanded
that the University of Madras should not call Tamil a vernacular Popularly known as Vallalar, Ramalinga Swamigal or Ramalinga Adigal
language. Influenced by Western literary models, he introduced the (1823–1874), was born in Marudhur, a village near Chidambaram.
sonnet form in Tamil. He also wrote novels and plays, and a number of After his father’s death, his family moved to his brother’s house at
essays on science. Tragically, he died at the young age of only 33. Chennai. Despite having no formal education he gained immense
scholarship. Ramalinga emphasised the bonds of responsibility and
Maraimalai Adigal compassion between living beings. He expressed the view that ‘those
who lack compassion for suffering beings are hardhearted, their
M a r a i m a l a I Adigal (1876–1950) is considered the father of Tamil wisdom clouded’. He showed his compassion and mercy on all living
linguistic purism and the founder of Tani Tamil Iyakkam (Pure Tamil beings including plants. This he called jeevakarunya. He established
Movement). He wrote commentaries on the Sangam texts, the Samarasa Vedha Sanmarga Sangam in 1865 and it was renamed
Pattinappalai and Mullaipattu. As a young man, he worked in a journal, “Samarasa Suddha Sanmarga Satya Sanga” which means “Society for
Siddhanta Deepika. Later he served as a Tamil teacher in the Madras Pure Truth in Universal self-hood”.
Christian College for many years. He was inclined towards non-
Brahmin movement. His teachers such as P.Sundaranar and Ramalinga also established a free feeding house for everyone
Somasundara Nayagar were key influences in his life. irrespective of caste at Vadalur (1867), in the wake of a terrible
famine in south India in 1866. His voluminous songs were compiled
Tani Tamil Iyakkam (Pure Tamil Movement) and published under the title Thiruvarutpa (Songs of Grace). His
radical views deeply disturbed Saiva orthodoxy, who condemned his
Maraimalai Adigal promoted the use of pure Tamil words and removal writings as Marutpa (songs of ignorance).
of the Sanskrit influence from the Tamil language. The movement
made a great impact on Tamil culture especially in language and Ramalinga bore witness to hunger and poverty in the country: “I
literature. The beginnings of the movement are usually dated to 1916 saw poor people, emaciated with hunger and terribly weary, going to
even though the process of identifying influence of foreign words in every house, yet their hunger was not removed, and my heart
Tamil and eliminating them can be dated much earlier to the late suffered intensely. Those who suffer with relentless disease, I saw
nineteenth century. His daughter Neelambikai, played an important them in front of me and my heart trembled. I saw those people, poor
role in its foundation. He changed his own name Vedachalam and took and of unmatched honor, their hearts weary, and I grew weak.”
on the pure Tamil name of Maraimalai Adigal. His journal
Jnanasagaram was renamed Arivukkadal and his institution, Samarasa (b) Vaikunda Swamikal
Sanmarga Sangam,n was re-christened as Potu Nilaik Kalakam. The
movement was critical of Hindi, Sanskrit and the Brahminical Vaikunda Swami (1809–1851), one of the earliest crusaders for social
hegemony in Tamil society. Neelambikai compiled a dictionary that justice in south India was born at Sasthan Koil Vilai, the present
provided pure Tamil equivalents to Sanskrit words that had crept into Samithoppu, a village near Kanyakumari. His original name
Tamil vocabulary. This movement paved the way for later social Mudichudum Perumal was changed to Muthukutty by his parents due
movements that countered Brahminical and the Sanskrit tradition in to objection raised by the upper caste Hindus. Muthukutti had no
Tamil society. opportunity to have any systematic school education but acquired
knowledge of various religious texts. He preached the ideas of equality
In India, Brahmins enjoyed a high social status, based on their and advocated the rights of depressed class people in the face of stiff
birth, and held great social privileges. In Madras Presidency, Brahmins opposition from upper castes as well as the princely state of
dominated all the fields of society, especially politics, education and Travancore
job opportunities in the government. The 1911 census showed that
Brahmins were slightly over 3 per cent of Madras Presidency’s Vaikunda Swamikal criticised the rule of the British and the
population, and non-Brahmins 90 per cent. Yet in the ten years from rule of Rajah of Travancore as the rule of White devils and
1901 to 1911 Madras University turned out 4,074 Brahmin graduates Black devils respectively.
compared with only 1,035 non-Brahmin graduates. Numbers for other

He visited Tiruchendur temple and experienced a new vision. Calling
groups, based on how the population came to be classified then,
himself Vaikundar, he requested the people to give up all the
included Indian Christian 306, Mohammedan 69 and European and
irrelevant rites and rituals in their worship. His preaching’s against the
Eurasian 225.
prevailing religious order brought about a considerable change in the
In this context, the Dravidian movement emerged as a defence of attitude of the lower caste people. In 1833, Vaikundar commenced his
the non-Brahmins against the Brahmin dominance. Anorganisation meditation at Samithoppu for the abolition of caste differences and
called The Madras Non-Brahmin Association was founded in 1909 to social integration of the society. During this period, he led a life of a
help the non-Brahmin students. In 1912 C. Natesanar, a medical hermit.
doctor, founded the Madras United League, later renamed as Madras

In south Travancore, there were many restrictions on lower caste
Dravidian Association to support Dravidian uplift. The organisation
people such as what they could wear and not wear. At a time when
focused on educating andsupporting non- Brahmin graduates and
there was prohibition on certain sections on wearing headgear he
conducting regular meetings to share their grievances. Meanwhile,
advocated the wearing of a turban in protest. It gave a sense of
Natesanar founded a hostel, the Dravidian Home, at Triplicane
honour to the oppressed people and offered a spirit of self-respect. A
(Madras) in July 1916 to address the lack of hostels for the non-
new confidence was installed in the minds of his followers. Like the
Brahmin students which hindered their educational development. In
9043303030
other contemporary reform movements of India in the 19 th century, ENVIRONMENT FACTORS

Vaikunda Swamigal condemned the worship of idols.
1. Population
The low caste people had no temples for their gods, they erected
small pyramids of mud or bricks in their honor, plastered and white- Population is the total number of people living together in a particular
washed. He considered this kind of worship as an uncivilized custom. place at the given point of time.
The people sacrificed goats, cocks and hens. He condemned these
religious customs and campaigned against animal sacrifice. Vaikunda S. Data for Tamil
Term Definition
Swamigal founded Samathuva Samajam to unite all the people of No Nadu
various castes. He organized inter-dining to accomplish it. Even Indicates the number of live
though he was imprisoned by the Maharajah of Travancore, he never 1 Birth Rate births per 1000 people in a 15.4% (2014)
gave up his principles. His followers called him respectfully as Ayya year
(father). His cult was also known as Ayya Vazhi (The Path of Ayya). Population The average annual growth of
2 15.6% (2011)
His message emancipated the people from the unjust social customs Growth population
and superstitious beliefs. His ideas are collected into a text called Akila Population The average number of 555/ Km2
3
Thirattu. Density people per square kilometre (2011)
The average number of
C. Iyothee Thassar 1.6 Birth Per
Total Fertility children born per woman
4 Woman
Rate during her child bearing years
Pandithar Iyothee Thassar (1845–1914) was a radical Tamil scholar, (2016)
(usually ages 15 to 44)
writer, siddha medicine practitioner, journalist and sociopolitical
The number of deaths under 17 per 1000
activist. Born in Chennai, he was fluent in Tamil, English, Sanskrit and Infant
5 one year of age for every live births
Pali languages. He initiated a new knowledge practice by using Mortality
1000 live births in a year (2016)
journalism as a tool to make inroads into the print public sphere,
Life The average number of years
which, was hitherto an upper caste domain. He campaigned for social 70.6
6 Expectancy an individual is expected to
justice and worked for the emancipation of the “untouchables” from years(2010-14)
at Birth live
the caste clutches. He worked for the construction of a casteless
The percentage of people in a
identity and castigated caste hegemony and untouchability. He
7 Literacy Rate given population who can 80.09% (2011)
considered education as an important tool for empowerment and
read and write a language
became the driving force behind the establishment of several schools
The number of females for
for the “untouchables” in Tamil Nadu. 996:1000
8 Sex Ratio 1000 males in a given
(2011)
population
Pandithar Iyothee Thassar founded the Advaidananda Sabha to
raise the voice for the temple entry of the “untouchables”. In 1882,
John Rathinam and Iyothee Thassar established a movement called,
The first known census was undertaken nearly six thousand years ago
Dravida Kazhagam and launched a magazine called Dravida Pandian in
by the Babylonians in 3800 BC (BCE).
1885. He founded the Dravida Mahajana Sabha in 1891and organised
the First Conference of the association at Nilgiris. He started a weekly
Denmark was the first country in the modern world to conduct a
journal, Oru Paisa Tamilan, in 1907 and published it until his demise in
census. In India, the first census was carried out in the year 1872.
1914.
Censuses have been conducted regularly every tenth year since 1881
Pandithar Iyothee Thassar was disappointed with the Hindu

The World Population Day is observed on 11th July every year. It
dharma, which served as the basis for propagating and validating
seeks to raise awareness of global population issues. The United
caste in Hindu society. Influenced by the Theosophist organizer,
Nations Development Programme started celebrating this event from
Colonel H.S. Olcott, he went to Sri Lanka in 1898 and converted to
the year 1989.
Buddhism. In the same year, he founded the Sakya Buddhist Society
at Madras to construct the rational religious philosophy through The world’s population density is divided into three main
Buddhist religion. He argued that the so-called untouchables were groups.
originally Buddhists who were stigmatized by Brahminism. He further
constructed an alternative history through the interpretation of Tamil • Areas of high density (above 50 people per sq.km) - East Asia,
literature and folk traditions of Tamil from a Buddhist standpoint. In South Asia, North West Europe & Eastern North America.
addition, he stated that the revival of Buddhism could liberate the
people from the evil of caste that afflicted the Hindu society. He called • Areas of moderate density (10 to 50 people per sq.km) - The sub
the “untouchables” Sathi Petham Atra Dravidar (Casteless Dravidians) tropical regions like Angola, Congo, Nigeria and Zambia in Africa.
and urged them to register as casteless Dravidians in the Census.
• Areas of low density (less than 10 people per sq.km) - Central
Africa, Western Australia, Northern Russia, Canada
‘India has an official population policy implemented in 1952. India was

the first country to announce such a policy. The main objective of this
policy was to slow down the rate of population growth, through
promotion of various birth control measures.
The population data of the five most densely populated

districts of Tamil Nadu is given below.
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 Chennai labourers had moved to other colonies seeking work and wages. In the
 Kanchipuram more recent period workers from Tamil Nadu have been moving to
 Vellore countries in the Gulf, United States of America and Australia. In 2015,
 Thiruvallur an independent research study was conducted to understand the level,
 Salem nature and pattern of migration in Tamil Nadu
Of the total migrants in Tamil Nadu, 65 percent have migrated or

2.Agriculture moved abroad while 35 percent have moved within the country.
Most of the people of Tamil Nadu depended on agriculture at the time • Chennai district has recorded the maximum number of emigrants
of independence and even after 40 years of independence. That followed by Coimbatore, Ramanathapuram and Tiruchirapalli districts.
situation is being changed in the recent years. It has been noticed that
the number of farmers in Tamilnadu has got reduced during the last Cuddalore, Karur, Thiruvannamalai, Vellore, Namakkal, Salem,
10 years according to the 2011 census data. Similarly the number of Dindigul, Krishnagiri, Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts record low
agricultural workers also reduced during the same period. number of emigrants.
According to the 2001 census, 49.3% out of the total population of

workers were involved in agriculture. The percentage has reduced to
42.1 in the next 10 years. POLITICAL PARTIES AND WELFARE SCHEMES
In 2011 there were three crore 29 lakh workers in Tamilnadu of which The Justice Party
96 lakh were agricultural workers.
The Justice Party rule in the Madras Presidency constitutes an
During 2015-16 , there were 79,38,000 cultivators in Tamil Nadu. But important chapter in the history of South India. The ideology and
five years earliers there were 81,18,000 cultivators. There was a objectives of the Justice Party had been unique and somewhat
reduction of 1,80,000 cultivators in these five years. Similarly, the different from those of the Congress Party. The Justice Party
area under cultivation also reduced from 64.88 lakh hectares to 59.71 represented the Non-Brahmin Movement and engineered a social
lakh hectares during the same period. That is, the state of Tamil Nadu revolution against the domination of Brahmins in the sphere of public
had lost nearly 1,03,400 hectares on an average during these five services and education.
years
Birth of the Justice Party
Cultivators of shedule caste farmers are only one percent in
Tamilnadu. 96% of this one percent are small, micro farmers. ▪ Various factors had contributed to the formation of the Justice Party,
whicrepresented the Non-Brahmin Movement. The social dominance of
The total geographical area of Tamil Nadu is one crore 30 lakhs and 33 the Brahmins was the main cause for the emergence of the Non-
thousand hectares. Out of this only one third of land is used for Brahmin Movement. Their high proportion in the Civil Service,
agriculture (45,44,000 hectare). 17% of the land is used for non educational institutions and also their predominance in the Madras
agricultural use. Nearly the same size ( 2125 thousand hectares) of Legislative Council caused a great worry among the non- Brahmins.
land are forests. About 4% of the total land is unusable. One tenth of
the land is barren. Other fallow lands are 13 percent. So nearly one- ▪ The Brahmins had also monopolized the Press. The rediscovery of the
fourth of the land is barren and we have to be concerned of the greatness of the Tamil language and literature also provided a
increasing size of the barren land. Grazing land and cash crops occupy stimulus to the non-Brahmins. Particularly, the publication of the book
slightly more than 5% of the total land area. entitled A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian
Family of Languages by Rev. Robert Caldwell in 1856 gave birth to the
Northeast monsoon (Oct-Dec) is a major source of water for Tamil Dravidian concept.
Nadu. The Northeast monsoon rains are stored in reservoirs, lakes,
pond and wells for cultivation. Conventional water bodies like lakes, ▪ Later the ancient Tamil literature had been rediscovered and printed
ponds and canals provide water for agriculture in Tamil Nadu. 2,239 by various Tamil scholars including Arumuga Navalar, C.V.
canals run through Tamil Nadu covering a length of 9,750 km. There Damodaram Pillai and U.V. Swaminatha Iyer.
are 7,985 small lakes, 33,142 large lakes, 15 lakh open wells and
▪ V. Kanakasabhai Pillai in his famous historical work, The Tamils 1800
there are 3,54,000 borewells in the state where agriculture is carried
Years Ago
out with the help of these water resources.
pointed out that Tamils had attained a high degree of civilization before
The area of land that is irrigated using water from lakes is very low.
the Advent of the Aryans. This led to the growth of Dravidian feelings
Nearly 3.68 lakh hectares of land obtain water from lakes. The canals
among the non Brahmins. These factors collectively contributed to the
provide water to 6.68 lakh hectares. Borewells irrigate 4.93 lakh
birth of the Non-Brahmin Movement and the Justice Party.
hectares and open wells provide water to 11.91 lakh hectares of land.
▪ The precursor of the Justice Party was the Madras United League
Wells -62% Canals - 24% Lakes - 14%
which was renamed as the Madras Dravidian Association in November
3. migration 1912. Dr. C. Natesa Mudaliar played a significant role in nurturing this
organization. In 1916 the South Indian Liberal Federation was formed
In Tamil Nadu, two out of every five persons is reported to be a for the purpose of ‘promoting the political interests of non-Brahmin
migrant in the year 2011. Incidence of migrants is higher in rural caste Hindus’.
areas and larger among women. Tamil Nadu has a history of migration
and people have moved for various reasons such as trade, business,
employment etc, to various countries. During the colonial period,
9043303030
▪ The leaders who stood behind the formation of this organization were munsiffs out of the control of the High Court. The Communal G.O.s
Pitti Theagaraya Chetti, Dr.T.M.Nair, P.Ramarayaninger (Raja of (Government Orders) of 1921 and 1922 provided for the reservation of
Panagal) and Dr. C. Natesa Mudaliar. appointments in local bodies and educational institutions for non-
Brahmin communities in increased proportion.
▪ The South Indian Liberal Federation published an English newspaper
called Justice and hence this organization came to be called the Justice ▪ The Staff Selection Board, created by the Panagal Ministry in 1924,
Party. The other news paper which supported the Justice Party was was made the Public Service Commission in 1929. It was the first of its
Dravidan (in Tamil). kind in India. The women were granted the right to vote on the same
basis as was given to men. The Hindu Religious Endowment Act of
▪ Besides, the Justice Party organized a series of public meetings, 1921, enacted by the Panagal Ministry, tried to eliminate corruption in
conferences, lectures to popularise Non Brahmin movement. Similarly, the management of temples.
the Justice Party formed District Associations, the Non-Brahmin Youth
League. ▪ Justice Party Government introduced economic reforms. To assist the
growth of industries State Aid to Industries Act, 1922 was passed. This
Justice Party Rule led to the establishment of new industries such as : sugar factories,
engineering works, tanneries, aluminum factories, cement factories
▪ The Justice Party came to power following the election of 1920 held and oil milling so on. This act provided credits to industries, allotted
according to the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. The Justice Party land and water. This proved favourable forindustrial progress.
captured sixty three out of ninety eight elected seats in the Madras
Legislative Council. As P. Theagaraya Chetti declined to lead the ▪ Similarly, Justice Party Government introduced schemes for rural
ministry, A. Subbarayalu Reddiar formed the ministry. development tohelp agrarian population, public health schemes to
prevent diseases. To improve village economy village road scheme
▪ In the election of 1923 it fought against the Swarajya Party. The was introduced. In the city of Madras the Town Improvement
Justice Party again won the majority and the ministry was formed by Committee of the Madras Corporation introduced Slum Clearance and
Raja of Panagal. In the election of 1926 a divided Justice Party faced Housing Schemes. As a social welfare measures the Justice Party
the opposition of a united Congress. Government gave waste lands in village to Depressed Classes.
▪ Therefore, an independent, A. Subbarayan with the help of the ▪ The devadasi system, a disgrace to women, was abolished. The
Swarajya Party formed the ministry. In 1930 when the next election Justice administration reorganized the working of the University of
was held the Justice Party won the majority and formed a ministry Madras. During the administration of Justice Party, the Andhra
with B. Muniswami Naidu as the leader. University was established in 1926 and Annamalai University in 1929.
▪ In 1932 Raja of Bobbili replaced him as Prime Minister of the End of Justice Party Rule
Presidency. In 1934 Raja of Bobbili formed his second ministry, which
continued in power until the election of 1937. The Government of India Act of 1935 provided for provincial autonomy
and the electoral victory meant the assumption of a major
Achievements of the Justice Party responsibility in the administration of the province. K. V. Reddi Naidu
led the Justice Party, while C. Rajagopalachari led the Congress in the
• The Justice Party remained in power for a period of thirteen years.
South. In the election of 1937, the Congress captured 152 out of
Its administration was noted for social justice and social reform.
215seats in the Legislative Assembly and 26 out of 46 in the
Justice rule gave adequate representation to non-Brahman
Legislative Council.
communities in the public services. It improved the status of
depressed classes through education reforms. In July ,1937 the Congress formed its ministry under C.
Rajagopalachari. Thus, the rule of Justice Party which introduced
Justice Party introduced following reforms in the field of Education:
important social legislations came to an end. In 1944 the Justice party
conference was held in Salem. There Peraringar Anna passed a
1. Free and compulsory education was introduced for the first time in
resolution thereby the name of justice party was changed as Dravidiar
Madras.
Kalagam.
2. Nearly 3000 fisher boys and fisher girls were offered free special
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
instruction by the Department of Fisheries.
Annadurai, on 17th September 1949 along with V.R. Nedunchezhiyan,

3. Midday Meals was given at selected corporation schools in Madras.
K.A. Mathiazhagan, K.Anbazhagan, N.V. Natarajan, E.V.K.Sampath
4. The Madras Elementary Education Act was amended in 1934 and in and thousands of others in Robinson park in Royapuram in Chennai
1935 to announced the formation of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
improve elementary education. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam holds the distinction of being the first
party other than the Indian National Congress to win state-level
5. The Education of girls received encouragement during the Justice elections with clear majority on its own in any state in India.
rule in Madras.
The Election Symbol of the DMK, as approved by the Election
6. Education of the Depressed Classes was entrusted with Labour Commission of India, is the "Rising Sun" with the sun rising between
Department two mountains. This symbol is very significant as people in Tamil Nadu
and Puducherry immediately connect with the symbol.
7. Encouragement was given to Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medical
education. ▪ The government took over the power of appointing district In 1953, MGR joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, popularised the
party flag and symbol which at that time stood for secession from
9043303030
India by showing it in his movies. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam suji, maida and fortified wheat flour under Special Public Distribution
entered the electoral fray rather unsuccessfully in 1957 with even system at subsidized rates have been initiated. Again, 5 Eggs or
senior leader V.R. Nedunchezhiyan losing from Salem although M. Bananas per week as part of Nutritious Noon Meal, has been started
Karunanidhi won after initially having opposed all Indian Government by the DMK.
and later supporting only those parties which promised to help its
secession from India cause. • Zero interest on agricultural loans has been implemented, to help
farmers carry on their agricultural activities more comfortably.
Annadurai wanted a separate Dravida Nadu but the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam changed its stance with the Chinese invasion in 1962 and • More than one crore of people have been given free house sites in
suspended its demand for the length of the war and supported India the state, for construction of a proper shelter with government aid.
raising funds for the war. Kamaraj fully made use of the popularity of
E. V. Ramaswamy and identified himself with Tamil Nationalist • In protest against Hindi being made the official language, the DMK
aspirations. On February 1962, he introduced a bill Changing the name has successfully introduced Tamil as a compulsory language till 10th
of Madras to Tamil Nadu for communications within the state and standard, in all schools in the state of Tamil Nadu.
advocated to establish Madurai as the capital city of Madras.

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
As the 1962 election approached, the two wings of Dravida Munnetra

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is a state political party in
Kazhagam further polarised over the issue of electoral alliance. E. V.
the states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. The party was
K. Sampath favoured alliance with Communist Party of India and
founded in 1972 by M.G. Ramachandran (popularly known as M.G.
Annadurai favoured alliance with the newly formed C.
Ramachandran), a veteran star of the Tamil film industry and a
Rajagopalachari's Swatantra Party. Rajaji, the Chief Minister of
popular politician, as a breakaway from the Dravida Munnetra
Madras State between 1952 and 1954 had been a declared enemy of
Kazhagam.
DMK and now he sought alliance with DMK When the war ended,
nationalistic feelings were so strong that Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
The party headquarters is in Royapettah, Chennai, and was gifted to
gave up the separate Dravida nation idea.
the party in 1986 by its former leader Janaki Ramachandran, wife of
M.G. Ramachandran. The party came to power in 1977 after trouncing
In 1967, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam came to power in Madras
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in the next elections to the legislative
province 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first
assembly in the state and M.G. Ramachandran was named the Chief
entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in Madras
Minister. He was sworn in as chief minister of the State on June 30,
province which later became Tamil Nadu.
1977.
In 1969, party general secretary and founder, C.N. Annadurai died.

In 1979, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam became the first
After his death, there was a power tussle between M. Karunanidhi and
Dravidian and non-congress party to be part of the Union Cabinet,
Nendunchezhiyan and the post of party president was created as a
when two All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Members of
compromise with Karunanidhi becomingthe president and
Parliament, Satyavani Muthu and Aravinda Bala Pajanor, joined the
Nendunchediyan becoming general secretary.
short-lived Charan Singh Ministry which followed the Morarji Desai-led
Since 1969, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is headed by M. Karunanidhi, Janata Party Government of 1977-79.
the Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. The political feud between
MGR continued to enjoy popular support in his third tenure, which
MGR and the party president Karunanidhi emerged as an aftermath of
ended with his demise on December 24, 1987. MGR's wife Janaki
the latter calling himself "Mujib of Tamil Nadu"
Ramachandran subsequently rose to the party's leadership and led the
In 1972, MGR called for a boycott of the party's General Council. With Government as the state's first woman chief minister until the state
the crisisalling into call for corruption probe by MGR, he was eventually assembly was suspended and President's rule imposed.
suspended from the General Council. Thus emerged a new party All
The Election Symbol of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.
is "two leaves". This symbol has a prominent history. When MGR died
Achievements in 1987 and the major clash over taking-over the AIADMK began
between Janaki Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa,the Election
The DMK has initiated all-round development in the villages of Tamil Commission of India refused to recognize both these factions of the
Nadu, by implementing the famous 'Mahatma Gandhi National Rural AIADMK as a true successor of MGR.
Employment Guarantee Scheme', which ensures employment to the
youth in villages of Tamil Nadu. As a result, separate electoral symbols were assigned to both these
groups. The Janaki Ramachandran faction was allotted the symbol of
• Impetus has been given to industrial growth in the state, by "two doves" and the Jayalalithaa faction was allotted the symbol of
improving the condition of roads, building four-lane and six-lane roads "crowing cock".
and constructing bridges across the state.
However, with the party breaking up further and the DMK’s rise to
• Various projects, linking up rivers within the state have been power, the crisis was resolved and Jayalalithaa restored the "two
implemented. Examples of such projects are Cauvery-Gundaru Linking leaves" symbol of the AIADMK in 1989 The party, in the absence of a
Project taken up at a cost of Rs.189 crores; Tamirabarani- personality of MGR's calibre, began to crumble, with infighting, and
Karumeniyaru-Nambiyaru Linking Project taken up at a cost of Rs.369 broke into two factions, one under Janaki Ramachandran and the other
crores. under J. Jayalalithaa, a former film star and associate of MGR. The
factions led by Jayalalitha and Janaki merged in 1988 under the
• A historic food security scheme has been launched in the state, former's leadership. The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
wherein lakhs of beneficiaries have been given rice at rupees one per swept to power in the elections of 1991.
kilogram of rice. Also, distribution of palm oil, red gram, black gram,
9043303030
Achievements The MLF has ensured that agricultural loans at lesser interest rates are
given to the peasants and free electricity is supplied for them to
• MGR involved himself in a number of philanthropic activities and operate successfully in the fields.
initiations. He was the first donor to donate a large sum of 75,000
rupees to Indian Army, during the important Indo-China War in 1962. • The MDMK newspaper Sangoli is a widely published daily in Tamil
He also helped the distressed and needy in critical times like floods, Nadu, voicing the concerns of the marginalized and the downtrodden
fires, riots etc. sections of the state, along with the opinions of the elites and others.
Sangoli represents the MDMK’s political objectives and realities such
• MGR built a number of educational institutes under his personal that it can reach everybody.
supervision. This he did to spread the beautiful message of education,
literacy and awareness to the underprivileged sections of the society • Vaiko has undertaken several foot walks (Padayatra) to highlight the
primarily. protest agendas of his party. The most prominent of his walks was the
one from Kanyakumari to Chennai which he undertook, at the time of
• The AIADMK initiated a number of fiscal and general policies to help the formation of the party. In this Padayatra, he enlightened the
farmers, SC/ST/OBCs, pregnant women, teachers, handloom weavers people of the newly-formed party’s political visions, which earned him
and physically challenged respect from many people.
individuals. For example, the AIADMK introduced the distribution of • The MDMK has put up a determined consistent fight against the
bio-pesticides, certified seeds, soil health cards, and gypsum etc. to imposition of Hindi in the Tamil-speaking belt of India. The Hindi
farmers. It has introduced urban cooperative banks for self-help agitation, which the MDMK participated in, raising its voice against
maternity loans during pregnancy of a woman as well as the delivery making Hindi the official language of India is a famous struggle.
of the child. It has very significantly introduced the Nutrition-
integrated • In fact, the MDMK asserts that Tamil should be made one of the
official languages as it is one of the oldest languages in the country.
Child Development Service Scheme.
• The party observes that reservations for the socially minor
• There is a fund called the National Teachers Welfare Fund, for communities should be enhanced as this would lead to social justice
teachers introduced by AIADMK. movement, which is a primary aspect of the MDMK.
• During the December 2004 Tsunami, the Tamil Nadu government, • The MDMK believes that the rivers of Kerala should be re-directed to
headed by Jayalalitha, introduced various schemes and financial Tamil Nadu through channels and tunnels, so that irrigation in the
policies to attract huge profit, which was directed to help the tsunami state can be carried out without shortage of water.
victims.
Pattali Makkal Katchi
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Pattali Makkal Katchi was founded by Dr. Ramdoss and the state
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is a political party in the president is G.K. Mani. Ramdoss had earlier worked with the Vanniyar
Indian state of Tamil Nadu formed in 1994 by V. Gopalswamy (also Sangham (Vanniyar Union) founded by him in 1980. Pattali Makkal
known as Vaiko), a member of Rajyasabha and a party activitist of Katchi is based amongst the Other Backward Classes community.
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Mr. V. Gopalsamy grew in the party Pattali Makkal Katchi has advocated the bifurcation of the state of
from his student days. He actively participated in the party agitations Tamil Nadu, a proposal that was seen as a casteist line. Pattali Makkal
and courted imprisonment several times. Katchi is stronger in the northern half of the Tamil Nadu State.
He was detained under MISA during emergency with other party Achievements of the Party
leaders and workers. His sympathy for the cause of the Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam is widely known. With the looming possibility of • The Pattali Makkal Katchi has under its banner, a number of frontal
a vote of confidence in Parliament against the UPA, Two party MP's, L. mass organizations such as the PMK Minority Wing, the PMK Youth
Ganesan and Genjee N. Ramachandran, claimed that they enjoy the Wing and the PMK Students Federation, each of which have fought for
support of the majority of party cadre, decided to pledge support to interests of the various sections it caters to.
the UPA Government
• One of the most phenomenal contributions of the PMK is in its Union
The Election Symbol of Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, as Minister’s efforts to improve the rural healthcare facilities of people
approved by the Election Commission of India, is “Top”. It is usually across the country, especially women and children. It was to this end
drawn on a tricoloured party flag of the MDMK, which is coloured red that Anbumani Ramadoss as a Health Minister established the famous
in the top and bottom panels and black in the middle panel. National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005. This government
initiation brought massive development to the rural poor, in terms of
They later withdrew their claim and joined Dravida Munnetra better medical facilities and enhanced treatments.
Kazhagam when it was found that they had forged letters of support of
Party executives. • Ramadoss has been a strong advocate of the anti-tobacco
campaigns, and it was his concerted efforts which made ads against
Achievements of MDMK the sale of tobacco mandatory in television or in movies. As a Health
Minister, he implemented strict measures to control sale of tobacco
• The MDMK has a number of frontal organizations under its banner. and alcohol in the country. His strong advocacy banned the drinking
One of the most competent and significant is its labour wing called and smoking of alcohol and tobacco, or their respective
Marumalarchi Labour Front (MLF) which has actively protested for the advertisements in and around educational institutes or in the interest
rights and demands of the peasant and farmer sections of the society of the public
in Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry.
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RESERVATION POLICY IN TAMILNADU  Brahmins – two out of twelve (2/12),

 Muslims – two out of twelve (2/12),
 Reservation is a social measure carried to secure rights, powers  Anglo Indians and Christians - two out of twelve (2/12)
and privileges for the deserving people.  Scheduled Castes - one out of twelve (1/12).
 It is a form of Social Justice.  This position continued up to 1947.
 The Indian Constitution provides ample opportunities for
reservation.
 Currently, reservation of 15%, 7.5% and 27% seats are provided
The Congress Government
for candidates originating from the SC, ST and OBC communities at
Central level in case of direct recruitment on all-India basis by open
 between the year 1947 and 1967.
competition.
 It took various social measures for the upliftment of the socially
 In case of direct recruitment on all-India basis otherwise than by
affected.
open competition, the percentage fixed is 16.66 per cent, 7.5 per cent
 During 1946-47, T.Prakasam, Chief Minister of Madras Presidency
and 25.84 per cent, respectively.
opposed the Communal G.O. of 1947 on the grounds of efficiency and
 Tamil Nadu was one among the pioneer States which implemented
intelligence and he issued a G.O. to reserve twenty percent of seats in
social welfare measures like reservation, for the weaker sections
the educational institutions and Government jobs for “Open
Competition”.
TAMIL NADU
1951
Non-Brahmin Manifesto
16% Reservation for SC/ST and 25% Reservation for OBCs introduced
 In 1913, three Muslim Leagues and the South Indian League gave
by P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja.
petition to the then Viceroy of the Madras Presidency against the
domination of a particular caste in Government jobs.
Total Reservation stood at 41%.
 The Justice Party significantly worked to elevate the status of Non-
Brahmin Backward Hindus.
Sattanathan Committee
 The first expression in Madras to the demand for greater
participation by the under privileged sections of the society was given formed in 1971 by the then DMK Government to study the position of
in the manifesto issued in 1916 by a small body of elites. the Backward Classes.
 This manifesto which came to be known as the Non-Brahmin
Manifesto of 1916 was designed to secure the advancement of Non- It recommended the introduction of "Creamy Layer" and altering
Brahmins in the face of the so-called Brahmin monopoly in education, Reservation percentage for Backward Classes to 16% and separate
and in the professional and Government services. reservation of 17% to Most Backward Classes (MBCs).
 It tried for communal representation when it formed the Ministry in
1920. DMK Government increased OBC reservation to 31% and Reservation
for SC/ST has been increased to 18%.
Resolution of 1921
Total Reservation stood at 49%.
 In August 1921, a resolution was passed in the State Legislative
Council recommending the Government to take steps to increase the ADMK government -1980
proportion of posts in Government offices held by the Non-Brahmin
Community. under MGR excludes "Creamy Layer" from OBC reservation benefits.
 The appointments were divided into proper order like Brahmins,
Non-Brahmins, Indian Christians, Muslims, Europeans and Anglo- Income Limit for availing Reservation benefit has been fixed at Rs
Indians and others. 9000 Per Annum.
 It was accepted by the Board of Revenue.

DMK and other Opposition parties protested the decision.
 The resolution was accepted by the Government.
 The first communal G.O was introduced in the year 1921.
Later Creamy Layer scheme was withdrawn and Reservation % for
OBC has been increased to 50%.
Communal G.O
Total Reservation Stood at 68%.

 Another communal G.O. was introduced in 1922 which enhanced
the opportunities of appointments of the Non-Brahmins.
Vanniar Sangam demand-1989
 In the meantime, the Government passed a G.O. in the year 1925
through which the Government published two lists announcing the Statewide Road Blockade Agitations were launched by Vanniar Sangam
Depressed Classes and castes other than the Depressed Classes. demanding 20% reservations in State Government and 2%
 This was the first order, making the converts from the Depressed Reservations in Central Government exclusively for Vanniyar Caste.
Classes eligible for the grant of half fee concession under the Rule 92.
This helped the Adi-Dravidas also to gain in the field of education. DMK Government Split OBC reservations as 2 Parts with 30% for OBC
 The year 1927 was another milestone for passing the third and 20% for MBC.
communal G.O., which also enabled the Non-Brahmins to have their
share. Separate Reservation of 1% introduced for Scheduled Tribes.
 The communities were grouped into five categories; but the
proportion of appointments to be given to each group was revised in Total Reservation percentage stood at 69%.
the following order.
 Non-Brahmin Hindus, five out of twelve (5/12),
9043303030
lawyer K. M. Vijayan CASE -1994 RESERVATION HISTORY OF INDIA
Supreme Court instructed Tamil Nadu Government to follow 50% 1931

reservations in the case filed by famous lawyer K. M. Vijayan on behalf
of VOICE Consumer forum.  Separate election Camps were declared for backward classes.
 Gandhi’s till death hunger strike (Poona, Sept. 24, 1932).
Anandakrishnan, one of the members of Oversight committee, and  Finally, the agreement between Leaders of Caste-Hindus and of
then Anna University Vice-Chancellor announced that 50% reservation Dalits was agreed upon and is well known as Poona Pact.
will be followed.  As Rettamalai Srinivasan was a member of the Madras Legislative
Council, he got the chance to go to London to take part in Round Table
The state’s Assembly passed the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Conferences.
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Seats in  The British Government nominated him and B.R. Ambedkar as the
Educational Institutions and Appointments or Posts in the Services representative of the minorities and SCs of India.
under the State) Act, 1993 under Article 31-C to keep its reservation
limit intact at 69%. Champakam Dorairajan Case 1951
Due to initiative taken by the then Jayalalitha Government, 69% State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan is a landmark decision of
Reservation was included in 9th Schedule (76th Amendment Act) by the Supreme Court of India.
Parliament in 1994.
This judgement led to the First Amendment of the Constitution of
IR Coelho vs State of Tamil Nadu -2007 India.
question the constitutional validity of IX schedule of Indian It was the first major judgement regarding reservations in Republic of
Constitution. India. In its ruling the Supreme Court upheld the Madras High Court
judgement, which in turn had struck down the Government Order
IX schedule provided exceptions to legislations placed in it from (G.O) passed in 1927 in the Madras Presidency.
Judicial review.
The Supreme Court's verdict held that providing such reservations was
Supreme Court held that the laws placed under IX schedule after in violation of Article 16 (2) of the Indian Constitution.
Kesavananda Bharati judgment (24th April 1973) cannot be exempt
from Judicial review. First amendment 1951
The Bench held that all such laws included in the Ninth Schedule after The champakam dorairajan case judgement necessitated the
April 24, 1973 would be tested individually on the touchstone of Constitutional First Amendment, which added Clause (4) to Article 15
violation of fundamental rights or the basic structure doctrine. in 1951.
The laws would be examined separately by a three-judge Bench and if Article 15 (4) - Nothing in this article or in clause (2) of Article 29 shall
these were found to violate the fundamental rights, abridge or prevent the State from making any special provision for the
abrogate any of the rights or protection granted to the people would advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of
be set aside. citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
RESERVATION BASED ON RELIGION 1953 – First Backward Commission
There is no reservation granted on the basis of religion in the Central  The first Backward Classes Commission was appointed under the
educational institutions at the national level, although reservation has chairmanship of Kaka Kalelkar under Article 340 by the Central
been extended to religious minorities in some states. Government.
 The commission took two years to study the problems of the
In 2007, The Tamil Nadu government has allotted 3.5% of seats each Backward Classes and submitted its report in 1955.
to Muslims and Christians, thereby altering the OBC reservation to  It identified the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (here
25% from 30% (since it excludes persons belonging to Other after cited as SEBCs).
Backward Castes who are either Muslims or Christians).  The Central Government asked the State Governments to decide
on the SEBCs.
2009
Recommendations
In 2009, the Tamilandu Government headed by Karunanaidhi allotted
a separate quota of 3 percent for Arunthathiyars within the 18 percent  The most interesting thing was that the Backward Classes
quota of Scheduled Castes. Commission recommended land reforms, reorganisation of village
economy, Boothan movement, development of rural and cottage
Facts industries, rural housing, public health and rural water supply, adult
literacy, university education and representation of BCs in Government
Chief Minister K Palaniswami has issued orders that four percent
Services.
reservation, from the existing three percent, would be applicable for
 The census report of 1961 was based on caste and had considered
differently-abled persons as per the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
women as belonging to the Backward Class.
Act, 2016.
 Further it recommended 70 per cent of reservation in all the
technical and the professional institution for the BCs.
9043303030
1979 Mandal commission It inserted new clauses such as Articles 15 (6) and 16 (6).
The Mandal Commission, or the Socially and Educationally Backward Above 50 percent rule
Classes Commission was established in India on 1 January 1979 by the
Janata Party government under Prime Minister Morarji Desai, with a Tamil Nadu leads the reservation race in the country, as it provides
mandate to "identify the socially or educationally backward classes" of 69% reservation in government jobs and in higher education.
India.
In November 2018, Maharashtra became the second highest state to
In 1980, based on its rationale that OBCs ("Other backward classes"), provide reservation to the tune of 68 percent.
identified on the basis of caste, economic and social indicators,
comprised 52% of India's population. Proposals
The Other Backward Classes, as identified by the Mandal Commission, Haryana in 2016 proposed to increase the reservation up to 67 percent
make up about 52% of India’s population according to the 1931 including 10 percent for jats.
Census, the last enumeration of castes in the country.

Rajasthan also proposed in 2017 to increase the reservations up to 54
The Commission's report recommended that members of Other percent including 5 percent for Gujjars.
Backward Classes (OBC) be granted reservations to 27% of jobs under

Currently, Rajasthan reserves 49 per cent of seats in educational
the Central government and public sector undertakings, thus making
institutes: 16 per cent for Dalits, 12 per cent for Adivasis, and 21 per
the total number of reservations for SC, ST and OBC to 49%.
cent for OBCs.
Though the report had been completed in 1983, the V.P. Singh
Rajasthan is followed by Telangana (2017) and Andhra Pradesh
government declared its intent to implement the report in 13th August
(2017), each of which has proposed laws that are meant to provide 62
1990.
and 55 percent reservations respectively.
Indira Sawhney Case -1992

Gujarat also proposed to increase the reservation above the 50
In 1991, the Congress government headed by the Narasimha Rao was percent ceiling by providing reservation to Patidars community.
the first time ever a government came with the idea to grant
In total, there are seven states that have passed laws on reservation
reservation to those belonging to upper caste but are economically
above 50 percent (though most of these are not enforced, pending
weaker
decisions in the higher judiciary).
It is also known as Indira Sawhney Case consisted of 9 judge benches.
Supreme Court, in Mandal Judgement, reiterated that Reservation

percentage cannot exceed 50% and "Creamy Layer" to be excluded
GEOGRAPHY OF TAMIL NADU AND ITS IMPACT ON
from Reservation benefits. ECONOMIC GROWTH
Backward Classes of the Citizens of in Article 16(4) can be identified Introduction

only on the basis of caste and not on the economic basis.
 Tamil Nadu is a state with varied cultural practices and traditions.
Article 16(4) VS Article 16(1). Its physical geography includes sunny beaches, waterfalls, hills,
forests and a lot of flora and fauna.
The backward classes in Article 16(4) are not similar to as socially  During Sangam age, The Tamilagam was ruled by cheras, Cholas
backward classes in Article 15(4) i.e. SC and ST. and Pandyas and there were small kingdoms controlled by kings like
Adhiyaman and Pari also. After the Kalabras, the Tamil Country came
Creamy layer can be and must be eliminated from the Backward under the control of Pallavas, Mughals, Marathas and Vijayanagara
Classes. Empire until its administrative control was taken by the British.
 Madras was one of the presidencies of the British. Madras
The creamy layer criteria were introduced at Rs 1 lakh in 1993 and
Presidency has under its control parts of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,
revised to Rs 2.5 lakh in 2004, Rs 4.5 lakh in 2008 and Rs 6 lakh in
Karnataka and Odisha. After independence, following linguistic division
2013, but now the ceiling has been raised to Rs 8 lakh (in September
of the states, Telugu-speaking areas went to Andhra Pradesh. After
2017).
bifurcation, the Madras State was changed into Tamil Nadu by
C.N.Annadurai, the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on 14 January,
Article 16(4) permits the classification of backwards classes into more
1969.
backward classes.
Location and Area

Reservation shall not exceed 50%.
Landmass From 804’N to 13035’N latitudes

Recent developments
From 76018’E to 80020’E longitudes
Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019 Area 1,30,058 sq.km

Eastern extremity Point Calimere
The Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act 2019, or 124th Western extremity Anaimalai
Constitutional Amendment bill, the Act providing 10 percent Northern extremity Pulicat lake
reservation in government jobs and educational institutions to Southern extremity Kanyakumari
Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) of General Category, came into
effect on January 14, 2019.
9043303030
It is the 11th largest state in India and it covers 4% of the area of our Western Ghats
country.
Length It extends from the Nilgiris in the north to
Boundaries and Neighbours Marunthuvazh Malai at Swamithope in
Kanyakumari district in the South.
East Bay of Bengal
Height It ranges from 2,000 to 3,000 metres
West Kerala
Passes Palghat, Shecottah, Aralvaimozhi, and Achankoil
North Andhra Pradesh
Major hills The Nilgiris, Anaimalai, Palani hills, Cardamom
Northwest Karnataka
hills, Varusanadu, Andipatti and Agasthiyar hills
South Indian Ocean
As per, the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, State boundaries were
reorganized on linguistic basis. Nilgiri hills
 Gulf of Mannar and Palk Strait separate Tamil Nadu from Sri Lanka.
Location Northwestern part of Tamil Nadu
 Tamil Nadu has 940km long coastal line which is the third longest
Peaks It consists of 24 peaks with more than 2,000 metres
after Gujaraj and Andhra Pradesh.
height
Highest peak Doddabetta (2,637 metres)
Administrative Divisions
Second highest Mukkuruthi (2,554 metres)
Divisions Numbers peak
Districts 37 Major hill Ooty and Coonoor
Revenue Divisions 87 stations
Taluks 301 Special It has more than 2,700 species of flowering plants
Revenue Villages 17,680 features and the state animal Nilgiri Tahr is found in this hill.
Municipal Corporations 15
Municipalities 152
Panchayat Unions (Blocks) 385 Anaimalai hills
Town Panchayats 561
Village Panchayats 12,618 Location It is located in the border of Tamil Nadu and
Lok Sabha Constituencies 39 Kerala and is located to the south of Palghat Gap
Assembly Constituencies 234 Tiger Reserve Anaimalai

Reserved Forest Aliyar
Hill station Valparai
All districts of Tamil Nadu except the Chennai, The Nilgiris and Hydroelectric Kadamparai
Kanyakumari were bifurcated at different points of time. Power Plant
Dams Aliyar and Tirumurthy dams
Physiographic Divisions
Palani hills
Tamil Nadu is located on the Peninsular Plateau otherwise known
as Deccan Plateau. It is also a part of the ancient Gondwana land that Location Eastward extension of the Western Ghats
broke away 135 million years ago during Cretaceous Period.
District Except its western part, these hills are located in
Dindigul district
Tamil Nadu (Based on Landscapes) Highest peak Vandaravu (2,533 metres)
Second Highest Vembadi Shola (2,505 metres)
peak
Westen Hill station The hill station of Kodaikanal (2,150 metres) lies
Ghats in the south central portion of the range
Eastern
Ghats Cardamom hills
Location Southwestern part of Tamil Nadu

Plateaus Other name Yela Mala hills
Commonly Cardamom, Pepper and Coffee
grown crops
Coastal Hills meet with Northwest – Anaimalai hills
Plains Candamom Hills Northeast – Palani hills
Southeast – Varusanadu and Andipatti hills
Inland
Plains
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Varusanadu and Andipatti Hills Servarayan Hills
Location Eastward extension of Western Ghats Location It is located near the Salem city
Hills Megamalai, Kalugumalai, Kurangani hill Height It ranges from 1,200 metres to 1,620 metres
Waterfalls Suruli, Kumbakarai Hill station Yercaud (Poor man’s Ooty)
Sanctuary Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel wild life sanctuary Peak Solaikadu (1,620 metres)
(Virudhunagar district) Reason for the The name of the range comes from the local deity,
Rivers Vaigai river and its tributaries originate in this name Servarayan
region
Kolli Hills
Pothigai Hills
Location It is located in Namakkal district
Location Its major part lies in Tirunelveli district with its Height 1,300 metres
southern slope in the Kanyakumari district Area 2,800 sq.km
Other names Shiva Jothi Parvath, Agasthiyar hills and Southern Flora Ever-green (or) Shola forest, Coffee plantations,
Kailash fruits, flowers and silver oak estates
Special Evergreen forest, waterfalls and ancient temples Important Arpaleeswarar temple
features Pilgrim Centre
Tiger Reserve Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Waterfall Agaya Gangai
Mahendragiri Hills Pachaimalai
Location It is situated along the border of Kanyakumari and Location It is the lowest hill range, spreads over the districts
Tirunelveli districts and is a part of the southern of Permbalur, Tiruchirapalli and Salem
range of the Western Ghats. Popular Jackfruit
Height 1,645 metres agricultural
Special feature ISRO Propulsion Complex, a test facility for Indian product
Space Research Organisation’s launch vehicles and Reason for the The vegetation in this range is greener than the
satellite propulsion systems, is situated on the lower name vegetative cover of the other hills in this region
slopes of this mountain
Major hills in Tamil Nadu
The Eastern Ghats
Coimbatore Maruthamalai, Velliangiri and Anaimalai
Eastern Ghats is a discontinuous and irregular one. It is dissected at Dharmapuri Theertha malai, Chitteri and Vathalmalai
many places by the rivers, which drain into the Bay of Bengal. Its Dindigul Pazhamalai and Kodaikanal
height ranges from 1,100 to 1,600 metres. These hills separate the Erode Chenni hills and Sivan hills
plains from plateaus Javadhu, Servarayan, Kalvarayan, Kollimalai and Vellore Javadhu, Yelagiri and Rathinamalai hills
Pachaimalai are the major hills of the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu and Namakkal Kolli hills
are located in the northern districts of the state.
Salem Servarayan, Kanjamalai and Chalk hills
Villupuram Kalvarayan and Gingee hills
Javadhu Hills
Perambalur Pachaimalai
Kanyakumari Marunthuvazh malai
Location It is an extension of the Eastern Ghats spread
across parts of Vellore and Tiruvannamalai districts Tirunelveli Mahendragiri and Agasthiyar Malai
and separates these two distrits The Nilgiris Nilgiri hills
Peaks It ranges from 1,100 to 1,150 metres.

Highest peak Melpattu
Peaks in Western Ghats Height (m)
Special feature The Vainu Bappu Observatory (VBO) Kavalur, Which
Anaimudi 2,695
began operations in 1967, is located on these hills.
Doddabetta 2,637
Mineral Many parts of this range are covered with bluish
Mukkuruthi 2,554
resources grey granites
Vembadisolai 2,505
Flora Fruit bearing trees, medicinal herbs and
Perumalmalai 2,234
sandalwoods.
Kottaimtalai 2,019
Kalvarayan Hills Pagasura 1,918
Location This range, along with the Pachaimalai,

Aralvaimalai, Javadhu and Servarayan hills, Peaks in Eastern Ghats Height (m)
separates the river basins of Cauvery and Palar. Shervarayan temple 1,623
Height It ranges from 600 to 1,220 metres Mazhamalai 1,500
Sections Northern section – Chinna Kalvarayan (825 metres) Urgamalai 1,486

Southern section – Periya Kavarayan (1,220 Kuttirayan 1,395
metres) Muganur 1,279
Reason for the The name ‘Kalvarayan’ comes from the word Valsamalai 1,034
name ‘Karalar’ the ancient name of the present tribes
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Plateaus Drainage
Location It is located between the Western Ghats and the Most of the rivers of Tamil Nadu originate from Western Ghats and
Eastern Ghats flow towards est and drain into the Bay of Bengal. All the rivers of the
Shape It is roughly triangular in shape and is broader in state are non-perennial except Thamirabarani. It is perennial as it is
the north and very narrow in the south. fed by both the southwest and northeast monsoons.
Area 60,000 sq.km
Height Its height increases from east to west and ranges Cauvery
between 150 to 600 metres.

 The river Cauvery originates at Talacauvery in the Brahmagiri hills
of Kodagu (coorg) district of Karnataka in the Western Ghats.
 It serves as the boundary between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for a
Bharamahal Plateau
distance of 64 km.
 It is a part of the Mysore plateau situated in the northwestern part  It forms Hogenakkal waterfalls in Dharmapuri district. Mettur
of Tamil Nadu. Its height ranges from 350 to 710 metres. Dharmapuri Dam, also called as the Stanely Reservoir, is located across this river
and Krishnagiri districts are located in this region. in Salem district. A tributary called Bhavani joins Cauvery on the right
bank about 45 km from the Mettur Reservoir.
Coimbatore Plateau  Thereafter, it takes easterly course to enter into the plains of Tamil
Nadu.
 It lies between the Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts. Its height  Two more tributaries, Noyyal and Amaravathi, confluence the
varies from 150 to 450 metres. This region includes Salem, river on the right bank at Thirumukkudal 10 km from Karur. The river
Coimbatore and Erode districts. is wider in this region, where it is called ‘Agendra Cauvery’.
 The are of this plateau is about 2,560 sq.km. Its height varies from  In Tiruchirrappalli district, the river branches into two parts. The
352 to 710 metres. Moyar river separates this plateau from the Mysore northern branch is called Coleroon or Kollidam and the southern
plateau. branch remains Cauvery. From here, the Cauvery delta begins. After
 Rivers like Bhavani, Noyyal and Amaravathi, Which originate from flowing for about 16km, the two branches join again to form the
Western Ghats, form valleys in this region. Many intermontane ‘Srirangam Island’.
plateaus are found in the region of the Nilgiris. Sigur plateau is one  The Grand Anaicut, also called as Kallanai was built across the river
such plateau. Cauvery.
 After Kallanai, the river breaks into a large number of distributaries
Madurai Plateau and forms a network all over the delta, which is called as the ‘Garden
of Southern India’. It merges into Bay of Bengal to south of Cuddalore.
Madurai plateau found in Madurai district extends up to the foothills
of the Western Ghats. Vaigai and Thamirabarani basins are located in
this zone. Pamban, Hare, Krusadai, Nallathanni Theevu, Pullivasal, Srirangam,
Upputanni Island Grounds, Kattupalli Island, Quibble Island and
Plains
Vivekananda Rock Memorial are some major islands of Tamil Nadu
The plains of Tamil Nadu may be divided into two, namely inland
plains and coastal plains.
Palar
1. Inland Plains
 The Palar river rises in the Kolar district of Karnataka. The Palar
drains an area of 17,871 sq.km, out of which nearly 57% lies in Tamil
 Inland plains are drained by the rivers Palar, Ponnaiyar, Cauvery
Nadu and the rest in the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
and Thamirabarani.
 Its total length is 348 km, out of which 222 km of its course falls in
 Cauvery plains is one of the most important fertile plains of the
Tamil Nadu. Ponnai, Goundinya Nadhi, Malattar, Cheyyar and Kiliyar
state. The plains of Cauvery is found in Salem, Erode, Karur,
are its major tributaries.
Tiruchirapalli, Pudukottai, Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam
 It flows through the districts of Vellore and Kancheepuram before
districts.
entering into Bay of Bengal near Kuvattur.
2. Coastal Plains
Then Pennaiyar / Then Ponnaiyar
 Coastal plains of Tamil Nadu are also called Coromandel or

 It originates from the eastern slope of Nandi Durga hills in eastern
Cholamandalam (land of cholas) palin, which extends from Chennai to
Karnataka. It drains an area of 16,019 sq.km, of which nearly 77%
Kanyakumari. It is formed by the rivers that flow towards east drain in
lies in Tamil Nadu.
the Bay of Bengal.
 It flows for a distance of 247 km in the southeasterly direction in
 It is more than 80 kilometres wide at some places. Tough it is an
the districts of Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Vellore, Tiruvannamalai,
emerged coast, some parts are submerged into the sea. The sand
Cuddalore and Ponnaiyar near the Union Territory of Puducherry.
dunes formed along the coast of Ramanathapuram and Thoothukudi
 Chinnar, Markandanadhi, Vaniar and Pambar are its tributaries.
districts are called Teri.
There are reservoirs at Krishnagiri and Sathanur across this river.
 Coral rocks are found at the head of Gulf of Mannar in the east
 The Ponnaiyar is considered sacred by Hindus and festivals are held
coastal plain.
during the Tamil month of Thai (January – February).
 The Coromandel Coast along the Bay of Bengal consists of many
beautiful and exotic beaches. The golden sands of Tamil Nadu beaches
are scattered with palm and casuarinas groves. Marina and Elliot
beaches of Chennai, Kovalam and Silver beaches of Kanyakumari are
some of the famous beaches in Tamil Nadu.
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Vaigai Winter temperature in Tamil Nadu 150C – 250C

In hill stations Occasionally the temperature
 It rises from the eastern slopes of the Varusanadu hills of Western below 50C
Ghats of Tamil Nadu. It drains an area of 7,741 sq.km. Its length is In Nilgiri valleys 00C
258 km.
 It flows through the districts of Madurai, Sivaganga and
Ramanathapuram.  This drop in temperature leads to the formation of thick mist and
frost. This season is dry.
Thamirabarani
Summer Season
 The name is interpreted as Thamiram (copper) and Varuni
(Streams of river). The water of this river gives a copper like  The apparent migration of the sun towards north during March,
appearance due to the presence of dissolved suspended red soil. April and May results in the reception of vertical sun’s rays by South
 It originates from a peak in Pothigai hills on the Western Ghats India. Thus there is a steady rise in temperature from the equator.
above Papanasam in the Ambasamudram taluk. The origin of the river Hence, Tamil Nadu located to the south of Topic of Cancer,
is associated with Sage Agasthiyar. It courses through the districts of experiences high temperature. Temperature varies from 300C to more
Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi and finally flow into the Bay of Bengal. than 400C
Karaiyar, Servalar, Manimuthar, Gadananathi, Pachaiyar, Chittar and  During the month of May, the state receives rainfall from pre-
Ramanathi are its main tributaries. monsoon showers and convectional rainfall.
Major waterfalls in Tamil Nadu Southwest Monsoon
Districts Waterfalls  The intense heating of the landmass of the north during March to
Dharmapuri Hogenakkal May creates a well-developed low pressure in North India, which draws
Thirunelveli Kalyanatheertham, Courtallam wind from the Indian Ocean. This results in the formation of southwest
Theni Kumbakkarai and Suruli monsoon. During this season, Tamil nadu is located in the rain shadow
Namakkal Agayagangai region for the wind, which blows from the Arabian Sea. As a result,
The Nilgiri Catherine and Pykara Tamil Nadu receives only a mearge rainfall from this monsoon.
Salem Kiliyur  Rainfall during this season decreases from west to east.
Virudhunagar Ayyanar  Coimbatore plateau receives an average of 50 cm rainfall. The
Coimbatore Vaideki, Sengupathi, Siruvani and southern districts like Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli and The Nilgiris record
Kovaikutralam 500-100cm rainfall during this season.
Tiruppur Tirumurthy
Coriolis Force: An apparent force acts as a result of the earth’s
Madurai Kutladampatti
rotation deflects moving objects (such as projectiles or air currents) to
Kanyakumari Tirparappu, Kaalikesam, Ulakkai and
the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern
Vattaparai
hemisphere.
Climate Northeast Monsoon
 Tamil Nadu lies to the south of tropic of cancer, which is near the  The high pressure created over Central Asia and northern part of
Equator. India becomes the source for the northeast monsoon winds. The
 The annual temperature ranges from 180 to 430 and the annual apparent migration of the sun from Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of
rainfall is 958.5 mm. Capricorn causes a change in receiving temperature and air pressure
 Tamil Nadu falls within the hot climate zone, the east coast of during this season. It makes the wind to blow towards Bay of Bengal
Tamil Nadu enjoys tropical maritime climate. from North India. After reaching Bay of Bengal, the wind gets
 The western region of the state enjoys the mountainous climate. deflected by Coriolis force and takes the northeast monsoon. As the
 Low altitude and distance from the sea are the reasons for high northeast monsoon is a part of returning of southwest monsoon wind,
temperature and dry conditions in the central part of Tamil Nadu. it is also called as the retreating monsoon.
 The migration of vertical sun’s rays leads to the formation of  Tamil Nadu accounting for its 48% of annual rainfall during this
different seasons in Tamil Nadu. season. Coastal districts of the state get 60% and the interior districts
get about 40-50% of their annual rainfall.
Seasons of Tamil Nadu  Tropical cyclones are common during this season. Cyclone
Season Period originating from the Bay of Bengal bring heavy rainfall to the east
Winter Season January, February coastal regions of Tamil Nadu.
Summer Season March – May  More than 50% of the state’s rainfall is received from tropical
Southwest Monsoon June – September cyclones. Eastern Coastal region receives 100 to 200 cm and the
central and northwestern parts receives 50 to 100 cm of rainfall. The
Northeast Monsoon October – December
cyclones sometimes disturb the cultivation of crops and cause severe
damage to life and property.
Winter Season
Chinnakallar near Valparai is the 3rd wettest place in India and the
During January and February, the vertical rays of the sun fall wettest place in Tamil Nadu.
between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Equator. Hence, Tamil Nadu
and India on the whole receive slanting rays from the sun. So, the
weather is slightly cooler during these months.
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Soils of Tamil Nadu Desertification is one of the major problems of Tamil Nadu. According
to the desertification atlas prepared by the ISRO about 12% of the
 Soil is the loose material mainly formed by the weathering and total geographical area is under desertification and land degradation.
erosion of rocks. It forms an important element of agriculture. Theni, the Nilgiris and Kanyakumari are the worst affected districts.
 It takes 300 – 1,000 years to form two inches of soil. About 12,000 hectares (120 Sq.km) were affected by sand deposition
 The soil of a place depends on the factors like climate, parent rocks in Theni and Rajapalayam.
and vegetation cover.
Natural Vegetation
SOILS IN TAMIL NADU
 As per National Forest Policy, 1988 a minimum of one-third of the
Alluvial soil
total geographical area must be under forest cover. According to the
Tamil Nadu State of Forest Report – 2017 assessment, the area under
Formation These soils are formed by the deposition of silt by
forest in the state is 26,281 sq.km, which constitutes 20.21% of the
the rivers. It is porous and loamy.
total area. Tamil Nadu constitutes 2.99% of India’s forest cover.
Minerals It is rich in lime, potassium, magnesium, and
 The Western Ghats is one of the 34 global hotspots of bio-diversity
phosphoric acid.
 Categories of forest classified under the provision of Indian Forest
It is deficient in nitrogen and humus
Act.
Crops Paddy, sugarcane, banana and turmeric
Found in Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam, Villupuram, Forest Type Area (sq.km)
Cuddalore, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari Reserved Forest 19,459
Protected Forest 1,782
Unclassified Forest 1,266
Black soil
Total 22,507
Formation These soils are formed by the weathering of

Forest Types
igneous rocks. It is developed over the Deccan lava
granite region under semi-arid conditions.
1. Tropical Evergreen Forest
Minerals It is rich in calcium, magnesium, carbonates,
potash and lime
Location Regions receive heavy rainfall
It is poor in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and organic
Nature of the Dense, multi-layered forest
matter
forest
Crops Cotton, sorghum, cumbu and fodder crops
Found in Western Ghats of Tirunelveli, Kanyakumari, the
Found in Coimbatore, Madurai, Virduhunagar, Tirunelveli and
Nilgiris and Coimbatore districts
Thoothukudi
Flora Cinnamon, Malabar ironwood, Panasa, java
Other names Regur soil, Black cotton soil
plum/jamun, jack, kindal, ayani and crape myrtle
Red soil
Semi – Evergreen Forests
Formation This soil is sandy and loamy in texture

Location Regions of sub-tropical climate cover the Eastern
Total cover It covers over two – third of the total area of Tamil
Ghats
nadu
Found in Servarayan, Kollimalai and Pachaimalai hills
Minerals It is rich in iron oxides.
Flora Indian Mahogany, monkey teak, wooly cassia, jack
It is poor in nitrogen, phosphorus, acids and humus
and mango trees
Crops Paddy, ragi, tobacco and vegetables
Found in Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram districts
2. Montane Temperate Forest
Laterite soil
Found in Anaimalai, Nilgiris and Palani hills over a 1000
metre altitude
Formation This soil is formed by the process of intense
Nature of the Evergreen and usually short
leaching
forest
Crops Paddy, ginger, pepper and plantains
Flora Nilgiri Champa, wight’s litsea and rose apple
Found in Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur and Thanjavur
Other name Sholas
Saline soil
3. Tropical Deciduous Forest
 Saline soils are found in Vedaranyam and the Coromandel coast.

Location It lies in the margin of semi – evergreen and
 On December 26, 2004, the tsunami waves brought a lot of sand
evergreen forests
and deposited it all along the east coast of Tamil nadu. The tsunami
Characteristics The trees in this forest shed their leaves during
made the coastal areas unsuitable for cultivation
the dry season
Soil Erosion Nature of the The trees reach upto a height of 30 metres
forest
 Soil is a non-renewable resource Flora Silk cotton, kapok, kadamba, dog teak, woman’s
 Deforestation, overgrazing, urbanization and heavy rain are tounge, axle wood, siris and bamboos
responsible for soil erosion in Tamil Nadu.
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4. Mangroves 6. Vallanadu Black Buck Thoothukudi 1987

Sanctuary
Location Coastal areas, river deltas, tails of islands and 7. Grizzled Giant Squirrel Virudhunagar 1988
over sea faces Wildlife Sanctuary
Nature of the Evergreen, moderate in height and has leathery 8. Kanyakumari Wildlife Kanyakumari 2007
forest leaves Sanctuary
Adaptations Adapted to survive in tidal mud and salt water 9. Sathyamangalam Wildlife Erode 2008
Found in Pichavaram, Vedaranyam, Muthupet, Chatram Sanctuary
and Thoothukudi 10. Megamalai Wildlife Theni and 2009
Flora Asiatic mangrove, white mangrove, wild Sanctuary Madurai
jasmine/Indian pivot 11. Point Calimere Wildlife Thanjavur and 2013
Sanctuary – Block A and Tiruvarur
Role of Mangroves in Coastal zone management Block B Nagapattinam
12. Kodaikanal Wildlife Dindigul and 2013
 Mangroves helps in the prevention of coastal erosion from waves
Sanctuary Theni
and storms. It also protects coral reefs and sea grass meadows from
13. Gangaikondan Spotted Tirunelveli 2013
being smothered in sediments
Deer Sanctuary
14. Cauvery North Wildlife Dharmapuri and 2014
Pichavaram mangrove forest is located near Chidambaram, Cuddalore
Sanctuary Krishnagiri
district. This is the second largest mangrove forest in the world
15. Nellai Wildlife Sanctuary Tirunelveli 2015
covering about 1,100 hectares (11 sq.km) of area. It is separated from
the Bay of Bengal by a sandbar. It consists of species like Avicennia
and Rhizophora. It also supports the existence of rare varieties of shell
Bird Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu
and fin fishes.
S.No Name of the District Year of

Tropical Thorn Forest Sanctuary Establishment
1. Vettangudi Birds Sivaganga 1977
Location These forests are found in plains up to 400 metres
Sanctuary
altitude
2. Pulicat Lake Birds Tiruvallur 1980
Found in Dharmapuri, Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar
Sanctuary
Flora Palm, neem, rusty acacia and shrubs
3. Karikili Birds Sanctuary Kancheepuram 1989
4. Kanjirankulam Birds Ramanathapuram 1989
Sanctuary
Districts with prominent forest cover in Tamil Nadu
5. Chitrangudi Birds Ramanathapuram 1989
District Area (sq km) Sanctuary
Dharmapuri 3,280 6. Koonthankulam Birds Tirunelveli 1994

Sanctuary
Coimbatore 2,627
7. Vellode Birds Sanctuary Erode 1997
Erode 2,427
8. Vedanthangal Birds Kancheepuram 1998
Vellore 1,857
Sanctuary
The Nilgiris 1,583
9. Udayamarthandapuram Tiruvarur 1998
Dindigul 1,662
10. Melaselvanur – Ramanathapuram 1998
Keelselvanur Birds
Biosphere Reserves Sanctuary

11. Vaduvoor Birds Tiruvarur 1999
S.No Biosphere Reserves in Tamil Nadu Sanctuary
1. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve 12. Karaivetti Birds Ariyalur 2000
2. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve Sanctuary
3. Agasthiyarmalai Biosphere Reserve 13. Theerthangal Birds Ramanathapuram 2010
Sanctuary
Wild life Sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu 14. Sakkarakottai Tank Ramanathapuram 2012
Birds Sanctuary
S.No Name of the Sanctuary District Year of 15. Oussudu Lake Birds Villupuram 2015
Establishment Sanctuary
1. Mudumalai Wildlife The Nilgiris 1940
Sanctuary
2. Mundanthurai Wildlife Tirunelvi 1962
Sanctuary
3. Point Calimere Wildlife Nagapattinam 1967
Sanctuary
4. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Coimbatore 1976
Sanctuary
5. Kalakad Wildlife Tirunelveli 1976
Sanctuary
9043303030
TAMILNADU SOCIAL WELFARE SCHEMES • Those in the VI to X Standard receive the meal in all the school
working days (220 days).
Tamilnadu Schemes
Objectives
JJ in Day 1 in 2016
• Achieving universal primary education, motivation for further
• prohibition in a phased manner education, increasing enrolment, retention & reducing dropouts.
• 100 units of free power in two - month bill cycle • To make available nutritious food to children enrolled in schools
• Orders free 200 units of power to handloom weavers. thereby reducing child mortality, morbidity & malnutrition.
• free breakfast scheme for government school students • To develop the grasping power of children by improving the nutrition
• waiver of crop loans for farmers (5780 crores) level.
• 8 grams of gold to women for “thali” • Combating all diseases including those resulting due to deficiencies.
• Reduce gender gap in education.
Recent schemes under New CM • To develop the feelings of brotherhood and to develop positive
outlook through combined fooding for the children belonging to
• Funds for Pregnant women from 12k to 18k different religions and castes.
• Amma Two Wheeler scheme
• Neera Drink Day and Menu
• Kudi maramathu thittam
• Monday - White Rice, Vegetable Sambar with one boiled egg (one
50% reservation for women in local bodies banana for those who do not eat egg)
• Focusing on women empowerment • Tuesday - White Rice, Vegetable Sambar with one boiled egg (one
• Tamil Nadu is the 17th state to legislate 50% representation for banana for those who do not eat egg) and 20 gms of boiled green
women in local bodies gram or Bengal gram (alternatively)
AMMA Scooter • Wednesday - White Rice, Vegetable Sambar with one boiled egg (one
banana for those who do not eat egg)
• 70th Birth Anniversary of Jayalalitha on 24th, February 2018
• subsidy component of 50 per cent upto Rs 25,000 for • Thursday - White Rice, Vegetable Sambar with one boiled egg (one
• For working women banana for those who do not eat egg)
• License Holder, 8th standard, 2.5 lakhs annual income
• Age 18 to 40 • Friday - White Rice, Vegetable Sambar with one boiled egg (one
• Physically challenged and transgender also banana for those who do not eat egg) and 20 gms of boiled potato
Kudi Maramathu Scheme TN CM GIRL CHILD PROTECTION SCHEME
• aims to restore the water bodies of Tamil Nadu such as dams, lakes • Earlier as Sivagami Ammaiyar Memorial girl child protection scheme
and reservoirs with the help of local farmers • Promoting education of girl children,
• Government Order on 4th July, 2018 regarding the appointment of 7 • eradicating female infanticide,
IAS Officers as monitoring officers of the scheme • discouraging the preference for male child,
• launched on 13 March 2017 by Chief Minister Edappadi K. • promoting the small family norm,
Palaniswami at Manimangalam village in Kancheepuram district • promoting the welfare of girl children in poor families and to raise
• It included maintenance works in supply channels, canals, tanks, the status of girl children.
shutters, strengthening and reconstruction of surplus weirs and • Encourage girls to get married only after the age of 18 years.
sluices. • Encourage parents to adopt family planning norm with two girl
• It has been allocated an amount of 100 crores in its first phase. children.
• As per the scheme, the beneficiaries or the farmers have to
contribute 10 percent of the allocation. eligibility criteria
• This contribution can be in the form of cash, labour or material.
• The family only has one girl child and no male child in the family.
• The scheme has also received financial assistance from the World
• In future no male child should be adopted.
Bank.
• Age of the child should be less than 3 years at the time of enrollment
• It aims to remove weeds from water bodies and strengthen their
in the scheme.
water-banks.
• Annual income of the family should not exceed Rs. 72,000/-
Nutritious Meal Programme • Either of the parents should have undergone sterilization within 35
years of age.
• Mid-Day Meal Scheme • An amount of Rs. 50,000 is deposited in the name of the girl child
• popularly called as Puratchi Thalaivar MGR Meal Programme born on or after 01/08/2011,
• launched in Primary Schools for classes I-V during 1st July 1982 and • in the form of fixed deposit with the Tamil Nadu Power Finance and
to Pre-school Children of 2-5 years in Rural areas. Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited for a family with one
• extended to Nutritious Meal Centres in urban areas from 15-9- 1982 girl child only.
• further extended to school students in the age group of 10 to 15 • The copy of the fixed deposit receipt is given to the family of the girl
from September 1984. child.
• The students in 1 to V Standard do receive nutritious meal • An amount of Rs. 25,000 is deposited in the names of two girl
throughout the year (except holidays) children born on or after 01/08/2011
9043303030
• In the form of fixed deposit with Tamil Nadu Power Finance and • The fixed deposit will be renewed periodically once in five years.
Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited,
• For a family with two girl children only. • An annual incentive of Rs.1,800 is being given to the girl children on
• The copy of the fixed deposit receipt is given to the family of the girl completion of the five years of deposit and it will continue up to the
children. 20th year of deposit for her educational purpose.
• The above deposit is renewed at the end of every 5 years
• On completion of 18 years of age the amount deposited along with • The maturity value is payable to girl child only if the child studies up
interest will be given to the girl child. to 10th Std and has appeared for the Public Examination.
• To get this benefit, the girl child should appear for 10th standard
• The fixed deposits under the scheme are maintained with the Tamil
public examination.
Nadu Power Finance and Infrastructure Development Corporation
• Thus, the matured amount will help the girl child to pursue her
Limited, in a specially designed cumulative interest payment scheme.
higher education.
• An annual incentive of Rs.1800 is given to the girl child every year
Result
from the 6th year of depo
• Annual income limit Rs.72000/- • child sex ratio which was 942/1000 in 2001 has risen to 943/1000 in
• From the year 2013-14, Marriage Assistance Scheme have also been 2011
extended to the beneficiaries under the Girl Child Protection Scheme
who were enrolled in the years from 1992 to 1995. Marriage Assistance Schemes
• Female literacy from 64.55% in 2001 to 73.44% in 2011 and
• Reduction in the dropout rate of girl children. Standard Criteria
Cradle Baby Scheme • Scheme - I: Rs.25,000/ + 8 gm (1 sovereign) gold coin 22 carat is

provided for making Thirumangalyam.
• Launched in the year 1992 at Salem • Scheme - II: Rs.50,000/ + 8 grams gold (1 sovereign) 22 carat
• Later in 2001 Madurai, Theni, Dindigul and Dharmapuri gold coin for making Thirumangalyam
• In 2011 Cuddalore, Ariyalur, Perambulur, Villupuram and • Social Welfare and Nutritious Meal Programme Department
Thiruvannamalai Educational Criteria
• For Scheme - I: The bride should have studied 10th Std (passed or
Objective failed) / for Tribes 5th Std
• For Scheme - II: Degree Holders/ Diploma holders
• To eliminate the incidence of female infanticide and to create
awareness among people regarding equality of gender. MOOVALUR RAMAMIRTHAM AMMAIYAR NINAIVU MARRIAGE
• To provide social empowerment to girl children. Beneficiaries
• Deserted, abandoned & surrendered babies ASSISTANCE SCHEME
Eligibility • To provide assistance to poor parents in getting their daughters

married and to promote the educational status of poor girls.
• Cradles are placed in reception centers, District social welfare board • Not exceeding Rs.72,000/- per annum for the family
offices, District Collectorates, Hospitals, Primary Health Centers, • Bride should have completed 18 years of age at the time of
Orphanages, and Children Homes to receive unwanted babies
marriage.
• There is no upper age limit.
• Surrendered/abandoned children are then placed in Government
• Only one girl from a family is eligible
recognized institutions/centres for adoption by eligible couples
Dr. DHARMAMBAL AMMAIYAR NINAIVU WIDOW REMARRIAGE

• The differently abled children who are unable to be given in for
adoption are handed over to specialized agencies for care and ASSISTANCE SCHEME
protection.
• To encourage widow remarriage and to rehabilitate widows.
• NGO/citizens are encouraged to bring abandoned babies. • Minimum age of 20 years for the bride and maximum age of 40 for
the bridegroom
• The District social welfare officer and extension officers (Social
• No income ceiling and educational criteria for scheme I - 15000 by
welfare) are the officials for availing the information to beneficiaries
ECS and 10000 by Cheque
and also organize camps, seminars and conferences to create
• In case of Degree/Diploma – 30000 by ECS and 20000 by Cheque
awareness about female infanticide.
E.V.R MANIAMMAIYAR NINAIVU MARRIAGE ASSISTANCE

• Cradle baby centers set up cost is Rs. 47.45 lakh and each center
SCHEME FOR DAUGHTERS OF POOR WIDOWS
have a superintendent, an assistant nurse, an assistant and other
workers and adequate stock of milk powder, medicine and clothes. • To help the poor widows by providing assistance for the marriage of
their daughters.
Benefits
• Annual income of the family should not exceed Rs.72,000/-
• Bride should have completed 18 years of age at the time of
• Under Assistance to scheme for Girls Child, an amount of Rs.50,000
marriage.
is deposited in the name of a girl child for a family with only one girl
• There is no upper age limit.
child and
• Only one daughter of the poor widow is eligible
• a sum of Rs.25,000 is deposited for a family with two girl children.
9043303030
ANNAI THERESA NINAIVU MARRIAGE ASSISTANCE SCHEME THAI Scheme

FOR ORPHAN GIRLS
(Tamil Nadu Village Habitations Improvement)
• To help the orphan girls financially for their marriage.
• Bride should have completed 18 years of age at the time of • By Tamilnadu Rural Development since 2011/12
marriage.
• There is no upper age limit. • to overcome the bottlenecks in the uneven distribution of resources
and to provide minimum basic infrastructure facilities to all the
Dr. MUTHULAKSHMI REDDY NINAIVU INTERCASTE MARRIAGE habitations.
ASSISTANCE SCHEME • Tamil Nadu is the only State focusing on ‘Habitation’ as the unit of
development and no other State in the Country is implementing such
• To abolish caste and community feelings based on birth and wiping an innovative scheme.
out discrimination by encouraging inter-caste marriage.
• Inter caste married couple. Minimum Basic Requirements
• No income limit
• Bride should have completed 18 years of age. • Water Supply
• There is no upper age limit. • Street Lights
• two categories of inter-caste marriages • Cement Concrete Roads
• Category I - one spouse should be from Scheduled caste / Scheduled • Link Roads
tribe and the other from a different Community. • Cremation / Burial Grounds
• Category II - one spouse is from other community (forward • Pathway to Burial Ground
community) and the other from the Backward Class / Most Backward • Since 2013
Class Community.
AMMA Schemes
SATHIYAVANI MUTHU AMMAIYAR NINAIVU FREE SUPPLY OF

AMMA Unavagam
SEWING MACHINE SCHEME

• Under the scheme, municipal corporations of the state run canteens
• Sewing Machines are supplied free of cost with a view to increase the serving subsidized food at low prices
self employment potential

• All Municipal Corporations
• for rehabilitation of destitute women/widows, deserted wives,
differently Abled men and women, socially affected women and women
• Since 2014
from economically weaker sections.
• Destitute women/widows, deserted wives, differently abled men and AMMA Baby Care Kit
women, socially affected women and women from economically
weaker sections. • Every mother who gave birth in the government hospital gets 16
• Not exceeding Rs.72,000 per annum types of products worth Rs 1000
• 20 to 40 years
• Should have knowledge of tailoring • kit contains a baby towel, dress, bed, mosquito net, baby oil, soap,
• implemented by the Social Welfare and Nutritious Meal Programme sanitizer, doll, medicine (for both the mother and the baby)
Department.
• Since 24-02-2013 AMMA Kudineer
AMMA Thittam • Launched on September 15, 2013 on the `105’ birth anniversary of
• Assured Maximum Service to Marginal People in All Villages Annadurai
• a group headed by Revenue Department officials and Tashildar • a mineral water production and distribution project
would visit every village on every Tuesday to meet the people and
seek their grievances • The project involves production and packaging of mineral water in
one litre plastic bottles, and selling them in long-distance running
• Patta Transfers (With out Sub Division related) state-owned buses and in bus stations.
• Ration Cards - Corrections
• Birth / Death Certificates • The price has been fixed at INR 10 per bottle
• Community Certificate / Income Certificate / Nativity Certificate /

• The scheme is run by the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation,
Residential Certificates
with a production plant in Gummidipoondi in Thiruvallur district
• Legal heir certificates
• Fist Graduate Certificate
• poor families across the city would receive 20 litres of purified
• Two Girl Children only certificate
drinking water free of cost.
• Old Age Pension
• Certificates to farmers
• In the first phase, 100 localities in Chennai will be chosen for this
initiative.
• on a 55-acre land that belongs to the Institute of Road Transport

(IRT), a subsidiary of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation.
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• The total dissolved solids (TDS) in the water is reported to be below • Tamil Nadu Seeds Development Agency (TNDSA) will act as the
50 parts per million (ppm) nodal body
• expanding a scheme for urban citizens to grow vegetables at home
• Since 2014 to Tiruchirappalli and Madurai.
• The scheme, which involves providing kits with necessary ingredients
AMMA salt to people to try out vegetable farming in urban environment, has been
successfully implemented in Chennai and Coimbatore following its
• made by the Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation (TNSC) for the benefit of
launch last year (2015)
the weaker sections
Amma pharmacy
• Launched on 26, June 2014
• three varieties - Double Fortified Salt, Refined Free Flow Iodized Salt
• These medical shops sell all kind of medicines - generic and branded
and Low Sodium Salt
lower than the market rates.
• priced at Rs. 25, Rs. 21 and Rs. 14 • It will ‘sell quality medicines at fair prices’
• Daily wage labourers are the most benefited from this scheme.
• To give an impetus to the development of the backward area of • Chennai, Erode, Salem, Cuddalore, Erode, Madurai, Sivaganga and
Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu in South India. Virudhunagar
• To generate employment opportunities to ameliorate the living AMMA Call Centre

condition of the weaker segment of the society.
• In 20, January 2016 the toll-free number 1100
• To exploit the potential resource of the sea for the production of salt, • For round the clock throughout the year
salt based bye-products and marine chemicals. • In the initial phase to receive at least 15,000 calls per day
• for people to register grievances about government departments.
• To eliminate the commonly prevailing micronutrient deficiencies like • The details of the grievances from callers would be sent to officials
Iron and Iodine among the school going children, women and other concerned through e-mail, phone call and text messages.
rural population by the supplementation of Iron & Iodine through • The caller too would be informed about the officer, who has been
iodized Salt and Double Fortified Salt. informed of the complaint and further the action taken on it
• The Amma call centre is considered as an extension of CM’s cell,
AMMA Amudham Super Markets where she receives petitions from the public directly or by post or e-
mail.
• 54 AMMA Amudham Departmental store in 25 districts on
11.01.2016. AMMA Service Centre
• By Tamilnadu Civil Supplies Corporation
• under Prize Stabilization Fund • It was announced in August 8, 2014
• To provide provisional things in the cheap price • Amma Makkal Sevai Maiyyam' (Amma People's Service Centre)
• The corporations on every Wednesday hold this centre - For Urban
AMMA CEMENT Audience
• to facilitate delivery of public services such as issue of birth and
• It was announced by Jayalalithaa in September 2014 death certificates, trade licenses, ration cards, drinking water and
• First from Srirangam constituency in Tiruchi district in January 2015. sewage connections, permission for building and so on.
• to help lower and middle income groups purchase cement at • the objective of the service centres was to help out those who could
subsidised prices. not meet officials on tour, and to avoid any delay in the delivery of
• Amma Cement hit markets at Rs.190 a bag services.
• Produced by Tamilnadu Cements Corporation Limited (TANCEM) • Since June 21, 2013
• Beneficiaries – Government’s Solar Powered Green house Scheme
and PM Awas Yojana AMMA Vegetable Shops
• The original cost of a cement bag is about Rs 360 here and the price
will be reduced to nearly half under the scheme. • Pannai Pasumai Nugarvor Kootturavu Kadai or farm fresh
• Consumers building houses will be issued 50 bags per 100 square cooperative store
feet, subject to a maximum of 750 bags for 1,500 square feet. • To stem rising vegetable prices
• The general public can get a minimum of 10 to a maximum of 100 • fair price vegetable shops to sell farm-fresh vegetables at
cement bags under the scheme. substantially lower rates in Chennai and its suburbs
• sold through 220 go down of the Tamil Nadu Civil Supplies • The government departments (cooperation, food and consumer
Corporation (TNCSC) protection) procure vegetables directly from the farmers for the shops.
• sold through 250 go down of the Rural Development and Panchayat • With this step, the government has been able to keep the prices low
Department across the State. by keeping the middlemen at bay.
• What is noteworthy that the move has not burdened the exchequer
AMMA SEEDS with a subsidy burden.
• launched “Amma seeds” scheme on January 2, 2016. AMMA Micro loans scheme
• to provide certified quality seeds to farmers with a view to increase
agricultural production in the State • Launched on January 23, 2016
• to encourage farmers to use certified seed. • To provide micro loans for small traders who were affected by last
• Urban residential area will be encouraged to produce Vegetable year’s (2015) floods.
above the roofs of the houses. • The traders can avail loan up to Rs.5,000 from cooperative banks
• sold through Amma Service Centres and at a reasonable price and the government will pay the interest of 11%.
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• They can repay it as little as Rs. 200 a week over 25 weeks. INDUSTRIES
• Those who do not repay the loan in 25 weeks will be charged a
nominal interest of 4% on the outstanding amount Industries use raw materials and convert them into usuable
• Those who pay on time are eligible for higher loans up to Rs. 25,000. product or goods.
• Sellers of flowers, fruits and vegetables, and other small vendors
• The objective of the scheme is to help out small traders who are Textile Industry
forced to take loans at a high rate of interest from moneylenders
Textile mills are concentrated in Coimbatore, Tirupur, Salem,
AMMA Mobile Palladam, Karur, Dindigul,
Virudhunagar, Tirunelveli,
Thoothukudi, Madurai and Erode.
• Announced in September 2015
Total power looms in Tamil Nadu 3,50,000
• mobile phone handset with a 3G sim card, a camera and GPRS
Tamil Nadu contribution in India’s 30%
• Under the scheme, "computerized mobile phones" loaded with exports of textile products
special Tamil software would be provided to 20,000 self-help group Well known for handloom, power Erode
(SHG) trainers in the first phase at a cost of Rs 15 crore, loom and readymade garments
Manchester of Tamil Nadu Coimbatore
• The monthly cost for operating the phones would be borne by the Textile Valley of Tamil Nadu Coimbatore, Tirupur and Erode.
Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women. Textile capital of Tamil Nadu Karur
AMMA Laptops
Silk Textiles
• From 15, September, 2011 for school students
Tamil nadu occupies fourth position in the country in silk
• studying in Government and Government-aided schools and colleges
production. Kancheepuram silk is known all over the world. The annual
in the state to facilitate them in acquiring better skills.
silk production in Tamil Nadu is around 1200 metric tons.
• From Plus Two onwards to Under Graduates, including those
pursuing Engineering and Polytechnic.
Important silk-weaving centres in Tamil Nadu
• Though of different brands, each laptop is equipped with a dual core
processor with 2GB RAM, 120 Hard Disk with WiFi facility.
Kancheepuram, Arani, Kumbakonam, Salem, Coimbatore, Madurai
• Designed to ensure computer penetration and bridging the digital
and Tirunelveli.
divide
• The state-owned ELCOT (Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu) Ramanathapuram is known for the manufacturing of synthetic silk
functions as the nodal agency clothes
• other states with Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha following suit.
Leather Industry
Transgender measures
 Tamil Nadu accounts for 60% of leather tanning processes of India
• first state to introduce a transgender (hijra/ aravani) welfare policy. and 38% of all leather footwear, garments and components.
• a special database of transgenders - first in the country  Vellore leather accounts for more than 37% of the country’s
• Transgender welfare board - 15 April as ‘Thirunangai Day’ exports of leather and leather related products.
(Transgender Day) to commemorate the day in which the Transgender
Welfare Board was formed Leather tanneries located areas in Tamil Nadu
• Free ration cards and free housing schemes
• opportunity to change sex without any fee through operation at the  Vellore, Panipet, Ambu and Vaniyambadi
Government General Hospital.
• Free education in Manonmaniyam Sundaranar university Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI)
• Monthly stipend of 3000 rupees
• Swapna is the first trans person to clear TNPSC Group IV exams  It is a CSIR research laboratory located in Chennai.
• K. Prithika Yashini received appointment orders from Chennai City

Paper Industry
Police
 Tamil Nadu Newsprint and papers Limited (TNPL) is a government

Miscellaneous
of Tamil Nadu enterprise located at Kagithapuram in Karur district.
• AMMA Bus – Chennai Small bus  It was started in 1979 with an installed capacity of 2.45 lakh MT of
• AMMA TNFDC Fish Stall Chennai production per annum. TNPL producing different varieties of paper
• FREE RICE (20KG) For the Poor from bagasse and pulpwood.
• AMMA Mixie, Grinder and Fan

Other paper mill located areas
• Free Milch Cow and Goat
• AMMA Gym
 Pukkathurai (Kancheepuram district), Bhavanisagar, Pallipalayam,
• Proposed AMMA Cinemas
Paramathi Vellore, Coimbatore, Udumalaipet, Thoppampatti,
Nilakkottai and Chernmadevi
Cement Industry
 India is one of the largest cement producers and ranked second in

the world with an annual production capacity of 181 million tons.
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 Tamil Nadu Cements Corporation Limited (TANCEM) is one among IT & ITES SEZ located areas
the major cement producers. It has two cement units one at Ariyalur
and another at Alangulam. Chennai TIDEL-II, TIDEL-III and Bio-
 Asbestos cement sheet plant at Alangulam and stoneware pipe unit Pharmaceuticals
at Virudhachalam are the other units of TANCEM. Coimbatore TIDEL Partk-IV
Private Cement Industries

Manufacturing & Engineering Industry
 Sankar Cement, Zuari Cement, Ultratech Cement, Madras Cement
and Dalmia Cement  The Manufacturing industry broadly covers manufactures of
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, basic metal and alloy
Geographical Indication (GI Tag) industries, metal products and repair of capital goods.
 Tamil Nadu’s share of the industrial output is around 11-12% of the
 GI Tag is a name or sign used on products which corresponds to a country’s output.
specific geographical location. It provides rights and protection of  Tamil Nadu accounts for about 17% of India’s software exports
holders.
Automobile Industries
Some important GI Tags of Tamil Nadu are:
Tamil Nadu accounts for ab out 21% of passenger cars, 33% of
Place Product commercial vehicles and 35% of automobile components produced in
Arani Silk India.
Kancheepuram Silk
Coimbatore Wet Grinder and Coracotton Major automobile manufactures in Tamil Nadu
Thanjavur Paintings, Art plate, Doll and Veenai
Nagarcoil Temple Jewellery Ford, Hyundai, HM-Mitsubishi, Ashok Leyland and TAFE
Erode Turmeric
Chemical and Plastic Industry
Salem Venpattu (Salem silk)
Bhavani Jamakkalam
This sector contributes 13% to the state’s GDP and constitutes 8%
Madurai Sungudi
of the total exports of the country.
Swamimalai Bronze Icons
Nachiarkovil Kuthuvilakku Handlooms and Powerlooms
Pattamadai Mat
Nilgiri Orthodox Embroidery The handloom sector in the state is the single largest cottage
Mahabalipuram Stone Sculpture industry. These societies mainly produce the cloth required for the
Sirumalai Hill banana scheme of ‘Free supply of Uniforms to school Children’ and ‘Free
Eathomozhi Coconut Distribution of Sarees and Dhotis Scheme’
Sugar Industry
Information Technology
 Sugar industry is an important agro-based industry. The sugar
 According to National Association of Software and Service industry provides large scale direct employment to several thousands
Companies (NASSCOM), Tamil Nadu is the second largest software and indirect employment to several lakhs of farmers and agricultural
exporter in the country next to Karnataka. labourers in the rural areas who are involved in the cultivation of
 Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh together account for 5.9% of sugarcane, harvesting, transporting and other services.
India’s total software exports.  There are 34 sugar mills in Tamil Nadu, in which 16 are in the
cooperative sector and 18 in the private sector.
Special Economic zone (SEZ)
Tourism Industry
 It is an area in which the business and trade laws are different
from the rest of the country.  Tourism is considered as an industry because of its enormous
potential in creating employment for a large number of people.
Important objectives: Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism
Development Corporation (TTDC). The state ranks the highest among
 Increased trade balance Indian states.
 Employment
 Increased investment Population
 Job creation
 Effective administration The total population of Tamil Nadu is 72,140,703 or 7.21 crores as
per 2011 Census.
SEZs located areas
Male 3,61,37,975
Nanguneri, Ennore, Hosur and Perambalur Female 3,60,09,055
Decadal growth (2001-2011) 15.61%
Tamil Nadu’s share in country’s 5.96%
total population
Highest Urban Population Chennai (4.219 million)
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Regions of High Population Sex Ratio
Coimbatore, Chennai, Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram, Villupuram,  The sex ratio represents the number of females per 1000 males
Dharmapuri, Salem, Madurai and Tirunelveli.  The sex ratio of Tamil Nadu is 996 in 2011.
Regions of Moderate Population Districts with highest sex ratio
Tiruvannamalai, Cuddalore, 30-35 lakh Nilgiris (1041), Thanjavur (1031)

Tiruchirapalli and Thanjavur
Vellore, Dindugul, Virudhunagar and 15 – 20 lakh Districts with lowest sex ratio
Thoothukudi
Dharmapuri (946), Salem (954)
Literacy Ratio
Regions of Sparse Population
 The literacy rate of Tamil Nadu is 80.33%

Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur, Less than 15 lakh
 The male literacy rate is 86.81%
Pudukottai, Ramanathapuram and
 The female literacy rate is 73.86%
Sivagangai
 Kanyakumari district has the highest literacy rate (92.14%)
Nilgiris district (least populated Less than 10 lakh (7,64,826)
 Dharmapuri district has the lowest literacy rate (64.71%)
district)
Chennai 90.33%
Thoothukudi 86.52%
Population Density
Nilgiris 85.65%
Population Density of Tamil Nadu 555 per sq.km Kancheepuam 85.29%

th
Tamil Nadu ranks among the 12 rank.
Indian states
Transport
Roadways
Regions with high density of Population
The State has a total road length of 1,67,000 km, in which 60,628
No Region Persons per sq.km
km are maintained by State Highways Department. It ranks second in
1. Chennai 26,903
India with a share of over 20% in total road projects under operation
2. Kanyakumari 1106
in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Model.
3. Tiruvallur 1049
4. Kancheepuram 927 Types of the Roads Length (km.)
5. Madurai 823 National Highways 4,994
6. Coimbatore 748 State Highways 57,291
7. Cuddalore 702 Corporation & Municipalities Road 23,350
8. Thanjavur 691 Panchayat Union 1,47,543
9. Nagapattinam 668 Village Panchayat Union 21,049
10. Salem 663 Others (Forest Roads) 3,348
11. Vellore 646 Commercial 1,213
12. Tiruchirappalli 602 Non Commercial 20.34 lakhs
The least density of population is recorded in the Nilgiris (288 per
sq.km)
Railways
Religions
 The headquarters of Southern Railway is located in Chennai. The
Hinduism 87.58% present Southern Railway network extends over a large area of Tamil
Christians 6.12% Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, minor portions of Karnataka and Andhra
Muslims 5.86% Pradesh.
Jainism 0.12%  Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 6,693 km with 690
Sikhism 0.02% railway stations. Main rail junctions in the state include Chennai,
Buddhism 0.02% Coimbatore, Erode, Madurai, Salem, Tiruchirappalli and Tirunelveli.
Other religious 0.01%  Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network, a Mass
Unstated religion 0.26% Rapid Transport System (MRTS), and is currently developing a Metro
system, with its first underground stretch in operation since May 2017.
Urban and Rural Population Airways:
The urban population of Tamil Nadu is 3,49,17,440, which  Tamil Nadu has four major international airports: 1. Chennai, 2.
constitutes 48.40% of the total population of the state. The rural Coimbatore, 3. Madurai, 4. Tiruchirappalli.
population of the state is 3,72,29,590 which constitutes 51.60% of the  Chennai International Airport is the third largest airport in India
state population. after Mumbai and Delhi.
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Waterways: Imports of Tamil Nadu
 Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin are the three major ports in Tamil  Machineries like transport equipment, machine tools, non-electrical
Nadu. machinery, electrical machinery, pharmaceutical products, petroleum,
 Tamil Nadu has an intermediate port at Nagapattinam and 15 fertilizers and newsprint are its major imports.
minor ports.  The state contributes 10.94% to the country’s trade through major
ports.
Chennai Port
NH – 44 is the longest national highway in Tamil Nadu which runs from
This is an artificial harbor and the second principal port in the Hosur to Kanniyakumari (627.2 km) via Dharmapuri – Salem – Karur
country. It is currently being upgraded to have dedicated terminal for – Dindigul – Madurai – Tirunelveli.
cars capable of handling 4,00,000 vehicles.
NH-785 is the shortest national highway in Tamil Nadu which runs
Ennore Port from Madurai to Natham (38 km).
Ennore intermediate port was recently converted as a major port

and handles the major coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. Man made Disasters in Tamil Nadu
Man-made Disaster
Minor Ports
Man – made disaster can include hazardous material spills, fires,
 All the minor ports are managed by the Tamil Nadu Maritime
groundwater contamination, transportation accidents, structure
Board, Chennai Port.
failures, mining accidents, explosions and acts of terrorism.
 The ports are capable of handling over 73 million metric tonnes of
cargo annually (24% share of India).
Communication Industrial Disaster
Communication is derived from the Latin word communicare, Overheating, electrical faults, aging of the material and use of sub-
meaning ‘to share’. They are mass communication and personal standard quality of electrical gadgets are the main factors contributing
communication. to the increasing fire accidents in industries.
Postal Districts and Headquarters in Tamil Nadu Impacts
Zone districts Head quarters Explosions, leaking of poisonous gases, injuries and deaths caused
Chennai Chennai by machines are the other causes of industrial disasters. (e.g) Sivakasi
Western Coimbatore is considered the “fireworks capital of India”. Series of industrial
Central Thiruchirapalli accidents causing deaths are reporting frequently in the regions of
Southern Madurai Virudhungar and Sivakasi.
Trade
Export Another industrial accident which took place at Coimbatore on 2nd
It means goods and services sold for foreign currency. Tamil Nadu February 2016 in a tyre melting unit.
contributes 12.2% to the country’s exports.
Stampede
Import
It refers to goods and services are brought from overseas In April 2019, seven people were killed and 10 injured in a
producers. stampede during a local festival at a temple near Thuraiyur. The

incident took place when hundreds of devotees gathered at the
Balance of Trade Karuppasamy temple in Muthaiampalayam village.
The difference between the values of export and import is called Road Accidents
the balance of trade
Tamil Nadu leads in the number of road accidents in the country
Major Exports of Tamil Nadu
Disaster emergency contact number 1077
i. Agricultural products Tobacco, cereals, cotton, sugarcane,
paddy, groundnut, spices and
For the management of disaster in the state, the following
vegetables.
forces and organizations are in service
ii. Leather Products Wallets, Purses, Pouches, handbags,
belts, footwear, and gloves
 State Disaster Management Authority (Chairman – Chief Minister)
iii. Gems and jewellery Pearls, precious stones, gold  Relief / Disaster Management Department
jewellery, decoration and antiques  Police
iv. Chemicals and related Paper, chemicals, rubber and glass.  Forest Department
Products  Fire and Civil Defence Services
 Health Services
 Transport Department
 Public Works Department
 Veterinary Services
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 Food & Civil Supplies Department 4. OBJECTIVES OF e-GOVERNANCE POLICY
The Organizations at District Level a) Provide direction to e-Governance implementation in various

departments of the State Government.
 District Magistrate (Chairman – District Collector)
 Revenue Department b) Ensure common framework, standards and seamless inter-
 Civil Administration operability and portability between systems, software and data.
 Local Police
 Civil Defence c) Promote proactive delivery of online services to citizens.
 Fire & Emergency Services
 Home Guards (also Local Community, Non – Governmental d) Improve productivity levels within Government.
Organisations, Voluntary Agencies) etc.

e) Facilitate sharing and reuse of Information and Communication
Technology infrastructure and hardware resources.
f) Increase the level of Penetration of Broadband Connectivity.

E – Governance in Tamil Nadu
g) Promote the use of Tamil language and Tamil Unicode Standard in
E – Governance - 2017
all e-Governance Applications/Websites/Portals.
INTRODUCTION
h) Establish an integrated environment for delivering seamless
Government to Citizen (G2C), Government to Employee (G2E),
Tamil Nadu is a pioneer among States in India in promotion of
Government to Government (G2G) and Government to Business (G2B)
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and e-Governance
services in a cost effective manner.
by successfully implementing various e-Governance programmes
including those under the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP).
5. TYPES OF SERVICES
The Government of Tamil Nadu has aligned itself to the NeGP

The services delivered by the Government departments can be broadly
vision of "Making all Government services accessible to the
classified as follows:
common man in his locality through common service delivery
outlets and ensuring efficiency, transparency and reliability of a) Government to Citizen (G2C) - Government to Citizen Services
such services at affordable costs to realize the basic needs of include all services being extended to citizens through various
the common man". Government Departments. The citizen should be able to access
Government services / information from the confines of his home and
e-Governance enables greater transparency and access to
through Mobile Phone / Browsing Center / Common Service Centre
information. Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
etc.
enabled technology can totally transform Governance by adoption of
global best practices in Governance. b) Government to Business (G2B) - Government to Business
services include every level of interface that Private Sector Units
2.VISION FOR e-GOVERNANCE
irrespective of scale of operation, have with Government. This includes
a wide range of activities ranging from registration, granting of
By year 2023, make the Government services accessible
permits and licenses, collection of taxes, filing of returns,
online from anywhere or nearby Common Service Delivery outlets,
procurement, tenders etc.
mobile platforms, handheld devices etc., thus enabling the citizen to
avail of all Government services easily, thereby increasing the
c) Government to Government (G2G) - The services provided
accountability, transparency and efficiency in delivery of services.
between Government Organisations, Departments, Authorities and
other Government Organisations, Departments and Authorities.
3. NEED FOR THE POLICY
d) Government to Employee (G2E) - Government to Employee

a) Information Technology Act, 2000 of Government of India and the
services like Human Resource Management, e-Payroll, e-Mail, e-
Tamil Nadu Information Technology (Electronic Service Delivery)
Pension etc.
Rules, 2016 based on it mandate that public services are to be
delivered electronically wherever and to the extent possible.
6) APPLICABILITY OF THE POLICY
b) More and more Government services are being accessed by citizens

a) The policy shall be applicable to any authority or body in Tamil
electronically and through the internet which necessitates the creation
Nadu established or constituted under any Central or State law owned
of a policy for e-Governance.
and controlled by the State Government or which receives any aid (aid
shall include Government aid in the form of Government land at
c) Improve productivity and efficiency in delivery of services by
concessional rates or any other monetary concessions like exemption
Government departments.
from tax etc., by Government as specified by Government, from time
d) To create a comprehensive framework for the initiatives taken by to time) directly or indirectly from the State Government and shall
various departments for implementing e-Governance in their include the bodies (like Cooperatives, Trusts, Societies, Public Sector
respective departments and to promote the best practices. Undertakings, Boards etc.) whose composition and administration are
predominantly controlled by the State Government or the functions of
such body are of public nature or interest or on which office bearers
are appointed by the State Government.
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b) The policy shall also be applicable to Partnerships, Joint Venture 7.6 National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) (now
companies etc. of the State Government. BharatNet/TamilNet)
7. CORE INFRASTRUCTURE The National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) (now BharatNet) is
a project, which aims to provide broadband connectivity to all Gram
In order to provide seamless service, the following Panchayats of India. The TamilNet project aims to provide broadband
infrastructure will be leveraged: access to urban areas, besides to Village Panchayats and links
between State Headquarters, Districts and Blocks. The State will
a) State Data Centre (SDC) leverage both BharatNet and TamilNet to provide optical fibre
b) Virtualization and Cloud Infrastructure connectivity to all parts of the State and ensure delivery of e-services
c) Disaster Recovery Centre and Near Line Disaster Recovery Centre and e-applications.
d) Tamil Nadu State Wide Area Network (TNSWAN)
e) National Knowledge Network (NKN) 7.7 State Resident Data Hub (SRDH)
f) National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) (now BharatNet/TamilNet)
g) State Resident Data Hub (SRDH) State Resident Data Hub (SRDH) is an Integrated Framework
h) Digital Signature / e-Sign which provides a unique centralized database of citizens with Aadhaar
I) e-Mail & e-Mail Policy linkage. It acts as a single source of validation for information related
to the population. SRDH integrates all the departmental databases and
The core infrastructure would be effectively utilized by the individual links them online using AADHAAR Number. SRDH creates a mechanism
departments adhering to the standards and guidelines prescribed by for citizen identification while providing various benefits and targeting
the Government from time to time. of beneficiaries under different scheme. SRDH will be integrated with
all e-Governance applications wherever possible. The State will also
7.1 State Data Centre (SDC) come up with a framework for using Aadhaar number for the State
Government Schemes.
The State Data Centre (SDC) would provide the necessary
foundation for efficient electronic delivery of services. State Data 7.8 Digital Signature / e-Sign
Centre would provide for many functionalities including acting as
Information Technology Repository of the State, providing Secured To enable proper identification and authentication of electronic
Data Storage, Online Delivery of Services, hosting State Portal, State transactions, use of Digital Signatures / e-Sign facility for online
Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG) and e-Forms. processing would be encouraged. Each Department would arrange for
procurement of Digital Signature Certificates / e-Sign facility for
7.2 Virtualization and Cloud Infrastructure various Officers according to the requirement. Timely instructions and
training would be provided to Officers who are entrusted with this
The State Government will put in place 'Cloud Infrastructure'
authority.
including virtualization of existing computing resources so as to enable
speedy, efficient, cost-effective deployment, scaling-up and sharing of 7.9 e-Mail & e-Mail Policy
Information Technology resources.
All Government officials will be provided with unique e-Mail
7.3 Disaster Recovery Centre and Near Line Disaster address based on their designation. A separate e-Mail Policy will be
Recovery Centre drawn up for the purpose.
The Government is committed to provide data recovery 8. SERVICE DELIVERY CHANNELS

services for Government Departments by establishing a Disaster
Recovery Centre and Near Line Disaster Recovery Centre in the State. a) All citizen services that are feasible to be delivered electronically
would be made available online through the State Portal, from where
7.4 Tamil Nadu State Wide Area Network (TNSWAN) citizens can directly apply for the services. However, people who do
not have access to internet may access these services through other
The Tamil Nadu State Wide Area Network (TNSWAN) has been
delivery channels like e-Sevai Centers, Common Service Centers
implemented as an effective grid for the State Government
(CSC), Facilitation Counters etc.
Departments with vertical connectivity between State Head Quarters,
District Head Quarters, Taluks and Blocks. On need basis, various b) The Portals and Websites of Government Departments would be
departments can establish horizontal connectivity. The State would integrated with the State Portal.
continue to work towards dependable connectivity of increased
bandwidth to enable all e-Governance IT applications function c) The State would also promote m-Governance to use mobile
effectively and provide citizen-centric services in an efficient manner. technology for providing services to citizens.
Advantage would be taken of the high bandwidth availability from the
National Knowledge Network as a redundant connectivity. 8.1 State Portal, State Service Delivery Gateway
7.5 National Knowledge Network (NKN) The departments would convert their application forms into e-
Forms such that the citizen would be able to visit the State Portal,
The National Knowledge Network (NKN) is a state-of-the-art identify the service, apply using the e-Forms and get an
multi-gigabit network for providing a unified high speed network acknowledgement. The departments would have ensured complete
backbone for all knowledge related institutions in the country. The backend computerization of their processes, such that the application
purpose of such a knowledge network goes to the very core of the will be routed through the State Service Delivery Gateway (SSDG)
country's quest for building quality institutions with requisite research into the Departmental e-Governance application which will be handled
facilities and creating a pool of highly trained professionals. at different levels based on hierarchy. The State Portal facilitates
minimum navigation
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for citizens in accessing services through the internet. Eventually, the g) Standardized Digital Address Number (SDAN)
State Portal will become the one stop-shop for citizens to avail of
Government Services. Going forward, the departments are encouraged To identify the location of a place/property in the State, Standardized
to host their applications in State Data Centre and connect their offices Digital Address Number (SDAN) System will be implemented using
through Tamil Nadu State Wide Area Network and also ensure that appropriate technology.
their applications are compatible with SSDG framework and guidelines.
Also Government websites / other information access & service 10. GUIDELINES FOR e-GOVERNANCE
delivery mechanisms will be made user friendly for differently-abled

10.1 General
citizens.
a) The roll out of the e-Services would facilitate information

8.2 Unified Payment Gateway
availability, online submission of forms, online processing and
Based on the requirements of the Departments, their web- payments, online verification, online status tracking and online
based applications would have interfaces with a Payment Gateway so availability of services with special stress being on service delivery in
as to enable payment transactions online. A Mobile Payment Gateway Tamil.
would also be introduced at appropriate time.

b) All the e-Governance applications will provide easy access to
8.3 Mobile Governance (m-Governance) differently-abled citizens.
Considering the mobile phone penetration among Citizens, the c) Departments would ensure that their e-Governance projects are
Government recognizes the need for utilizing the mobile mode of accompanied by plans for re-engineering Government and
enabling easier access to services that can benefit the citizen. Administrative processes and change management systems associated
Utilization of mobile telephone in delivery of services would be with them.
encouraged in all Departments. Departments would ensure that their

d) The Departments would ensure that the e-Governance Applications
applications are compatible to mobile access and utilize the common
developed by them conform to various national policies such as e-Mail
mobile infrastructure provided by Government of India and the State
Policy, Localisation Policy, Web-Server Policy, Anti-Virus Policy,
Government like Mobile Service Delivery Gateway (MSDG) etc.
National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy etc.
8.4 Mobile Application

e) The Departments are encouraged to provide services electronically
To enable the citizens to access Government services / status and create a statutory right to such services under the Tamil Nadu
of their request through mobile phones, mobile applications will be Information Technology (Electronic Service Delivery) Rules, 2016,
developed in English and Tamil Language using open standards, to the based on Information Technology Act 2000 of Government of India,
extent possible. The State Portal and Government Departmental which has been notified in the Tamil Nadu Government Gazette on
Portals will be made 'mobile compliant' in due course. 14.12.2016.
9. STANDARDS FOR e-GOVERNANCE f) The departments are encouraged to use Business Analytics and
Decision Support Systems in their e-Governance Applications wherever
a) The Government will come out with a 'Tamil Nadu Standards possible.
Manual' which will prescribe metadata standards for all e-Governance
and Information Technology applications. g) Departments are encouraged to move their existing applications to
Cloud based technology in a phased manner. The new applications
b) To the extent feasible, the State Government will align itself with developed shall be compatible with Cloud environment.
the National Standards and Policies established or prescribed by
Government of India in respect of e-Governance with necessary h) The Government would set-up a Knowledge Management Facility
amendments as may be required. that would maintain Project Management Information System (PMIS)
related to e-Governance projects in the State.
c) Open Source and Open Standards
i) Public Private Partnership would be encouraged in e-Governance
The Departments would ensure use of Open Source and Open projects in the State wherever and to the extent possible.
Standard technologies for Software Development, unless the use of
proprietary technology is unavoidable. This would enable respective j) Social media shall be leveraged to increase the awareness on the
Departments to prevent vendor lock-in, unnecessary cost on user delivery of services to citizens.
licenses and long-term cost liabilities. Service-Oriented Architecture

k) Departments, as far as possible, are encouraged to host their
for software development would be followed to ensure interoperability.
services within the State. In any case, Departments shall host their
d) Appropriate standards as prescribed by Government shall be public services online, from facilities within the country.
followed for Data Classification, Data Retention, Metadata and Inter-

10.2 Databases
operability of applications.
a) Ownership of data, including citizen related data, Government

e) All the standards developed/approved by Tamil Virtual Academy
financial data etc. arising out of any Information Technology project or
shall be adhered to in respect of Tamil Computing.
already available with the State Government would be with the State
f) All the applications to be developed in the State by all Government Government and/or its various departments, bodies, agencies only and
Departments shall conform to State Data Centre standards without may be shared with Government departments and agencies within the
fail. provisions of the various Acts.
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b) Government would ensure security and privacy of citizen data, prescribed by Government of India. The specifications provided by the
while compiling citizens database in accordance with the various Acts software vendor shall be vendor and platform independent and include
in this regard. maintenance of the application post the implementation period and the
required training shall be provided by the Vendor. All the e-
c) The Departments would be advised to standardise the databases to Governance projects shall adhere to the framework / guidelines as
Unicode standards. prescribed by National e-Governance Plan (NeGP).
d) The Departments will be encouraged to consider digitization of their 10.4 Hardware

old records and files.
a) Hardware suppliers shall provide drivers compatible with Open
e) The Government, over a period of time, shall put in place a system Source software.
for making available relevant data and statistics on a single “Open
Government Data” online platform for use by the Government b) All hardware procurement shall be made in compliance with “The
Departments and general public. Tamil Nadu Transparency in Tenders Act 1998” and rules thereto and
all the policy guidelines as amended from time to time shall be
10.3 Software complied with. The departments shall ensure that the bidders provide
appropriate Certification from Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
a) In general, the ownership of the source code of custom developed vendors to satisfy Common Criteria, provide Annual Maintenance
software for Departments would rest with the Departments, and the Contract (AMC) for 2 more years in addition to the OEM warranty of 3
reuse of these software components in projects of Government would years and also comply with “Tamil Nadu e-Waste Policy 2010” for the
be highly encouraged. disposal of hardware.
b) Tamil Nadu Geographical Information System (TNGIS) Platform 10.5 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Considering the urgent needs of the Geographical Information System
users and to avoid duplication and wastage of resources, a common A “National IPv6 Deployment Roadmap” policy has been
platform for Tamil Nadu State Spatial Data Infrastructure (TNSSDI) released by the Government of India for migration from IPv4 to IPv6
has been established. Tamil Nadu Geographical Information System by all Government Departments, private organizations and other
Policy will be drawn up.The individual departments would collaborate stakeholders in the country. It is therefore recommended that
with, make available to and utilize the maps and the geographical henceforth the hardware, software and network equipment
information services provided by the Tamil Nadu Government procurement by the Departments would ensure IPv6 compliance.
Geographical Information System (TNGIS) of Tamil Nadu e-
Governance Agency for better planning and monitoring. 11. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR e-GOVERNANCE
c) The Asset Management System is intended for creating and The following Institutional mechanisms exist or will be put in place for
managing a repository of all Information Technology hardware assets providing support to
combining inventory and financial aspects to support the project
during its life cycle. It includes procurement, deployment, e-Governance in the State:
management and disposal of the hardware components. Departments
would implement an asset management tool to manage their hardware a) The Government through Information Technology Department
assets. would be the overall facilitator for promoting Information Technology

and e-Governance in the State.
d) In order to address the Software Change Management Process, the
Departments are encouraged to utilize the Software Asset b) Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited (ELCOT) shall provide
Management Services that would be provided by Tamil Nadu e- hand holding support to various Government Departments,
Governance Agency using a centralized Asset Management Tool. Organizations, Boards etc., in the areas of infrastructure for e-
Governance, Capacity Building, procurement of hardware, software,
e) e-Office services etc.
To promote paperless office and to increase the efficiency of c) Commissionerate/Directorate of e-Governance is the nodal agency
office work, e-Office Application will be implemented in all for the implementation of common e-Governance Projects of the State.
Government Offices throughout the State. Steps will be taken to An 'IT Cadre' comprising IT professionals who will be working under
ensure that Government files/documents/records are made available the Directorate of e-Governance is being created. These professionals
in a digitized form and are easily accessible to those authorized for will render their assistance to all the Government Departments who
access. are implementing projects at the State / District level. It will also act
as the coordinating agency for electronic delivery of services.
f) Government e-Marketplace
d) Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA) is a State Nodal Agency
To enhance transparency, efficiency and speed in public procurement, and an intrinsic arm of Government to support and drive all e-
all Government Departments will be encouraged to use the Governance initiatives of the Government. TNeGA is implementing the
'Government eMarketPlace (GeM)' website. various e-Governance Projects under the National e-Governance Plan
like e-District Programme, Common Service Centres (CSC), Capacity
g) All software procurement shall be made in compliance with “The Building (CB) Training and Tamil Nadu Geographical Information
Tamil Nadu Transparency in Tender Act 1998” and all the policy System (TNGIS).
guidelines as amended from time to time shall be complied with. The
departments should ensure that Intellectual Property Right (IPR) and e) Tamil Virtual Academy (TVA) aims at providing internet-based
Source Code are owned by the Government / Department. The resources and opportunities for the Tamil communities living in
applications to be developed shall comply with Open Standards as different parts of the globe as well as others interested in learning
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Tamil, Tamil Computing software and acquiring knowledge of the 11.2 District e-Governance Society (DeGS)
history, art, literature and culture of the Tamils and to identify,
establish, maintain and promote the solutions for the Tamil computing District e-Governance Societies headed by the District Collectors /
requirements of Tamils living abroad, Government, Academia, Media Commissioner, Corporation of Chennai (in Chennai District) have been
and Business institutions. formed for implementing the e-Governance initiatives at the District
level. They would provide a platform for all the stakeholders to discuss
f) Tamil Nadu Arasu Cable TV (TACTV) Corporation would be one of and deliver services at the field level. The society would work closely
the agencies assisting in providing e-services in all parts of the State with other implementing support agencies and monitor the e-
through its wide network and reach. Governance activities at the district level.
g) Tamil Nadu FibreNet Corporation Limited (TANFINET) is being 12. CAPACITY BUILDING
formed to provide network connectivity throughout the State which
will provide the back bone for triple play services (voice, data and a) Time bound training programme in Information and Communication
video), bandwidth to e-Sevai Centres, etc. Technology (ICT) skill development and capacity building of the
Government employees would be conducted by the respective
h) Individual Departments would continue to be responsible for Departments
promoting and monitoring the implementation of e-Governance within
their respective spheres and to deploy adequately trained and qualified b) The Departments would build capacities within the system for e-
persons at all levels for this purpose. Governance, Program and Change Management by training the
manpower and deploying appropriate infrastructure and machinery.
i) National Informatics Centre (NIC), under the Department of
Electronics and Information Technology of the Government of India, is c) For the purpose of training, employees would be categorized based
a premier technology driven organization, set up for the active on their roles and responsibilities and they would be given suitable
promotion and implementation of Information and Communication training through Governmental and non-Governmental institutions.
Technology (ICT) solutions in the Government. NIC leverages ICT to
provide a robust communication backbone and effective support for e- d) Departments may avail the services of Electronics Corporation of
Governance to the Central Government, State Governments, Union Tamil Nadu Limited (ELCOT), Information and Communication
Territories, Districts and other Government bodies. It offers a wide Technology Academy of Tamil Nadu (ICTACT), Centre of Excellence for
range of ICT services. Capacity Building in Information and Communication Technology,

Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA), Tamil Virtual Academy
j) Several other Governmental/Quasi Governmental agencies will have (TVA), National Informatics Centre (NIC), National Institute of
a key role to play in e-governance. Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT) etc.
(i) Society for Electronic Transactions and Security (SETS) is e) Department level Project e-Mission Teams (PeMT) would be
supporting Tamil Nadu in providing e-security solutions. the primary focus for implementing e-Governance initiatives. Tamil
Nadu e-Governance Agency, will work in close coordination with these
(ii) Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is PeMTs to help them develop a department-level e-Governance plan /
assisting the Government in the areas of cloud computing, Open road map) Once the e-Governance in the department attains a certain
Source technologies and platforms, Tamil computing interfaces etc. level of maturity, departments may implement Business Intelligence
tools to further enhance the delivery of services.
(iii) The Information and Communication Technology Academy of
Tamil Nadu (ICTACT) is assisting in bridging the gap between Industry f) Departments shall ensure the appointment of in-house Information
and Academia by conducting training programmes for multiple Technology team.
stakeholders.
g) Tamil Nadu e-Governance Agency (TNeGA), Electronics Corporation
(iv) Services of Standardisation, Testing and Quality Certification of Tamil Nadu Limited (ELCOT), National Informatics Centre (NIC) and
(STQC) other vendors will play key roles in designing and assisting
Departments in implementing appropriate training programs for the
/ Electronics Test & Development Centre (ETDC) are available for Officers and other employees.
quality testing,
h) They will also assist respective Departments in developing training
National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT), programs related to infrastructure management, back-end
for training and capacity building, Software Technology Parks of India management, service management, content development, hosting,
(STPI) and Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), for providing security and other related areas that would help respective
connectivity, networking support, hosting services etc. Departments to become self-reliant in their march towards e-
Governance.
11.1 State e-Governance Mission Team (SeMT)
13. APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
State e-Governance Mission Team (SeMT) has been
established to help the line Departments to implement their e- 13.1 Application Lifecycle
Governance initiatives that are aligned with National e-Governance
Plan (NeGP) goals. SeMT would act as an e-Governance advisory body At present, different approaches are being followed while
to all departments and would closely work with departments. developing information technology applications. However, there is a
definite requirement for a streamlined and systematic step-by-step
approach in the processes involved in software development so as to
ensure that any form of transition from paper based/manual to online
processes is made smooth and adequate safeguards are put in place to
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ensure implementation that is both incident free and within a secure of e-Governance as its Member-Secretary. It will co-opt additional
environment. Departments would adhere to the Standards, Guidelines members as necessary from time to time.
and Orders issued for software development by the Government from
time to time. It is required to have the application audited and b) A mechanism for the impact assessment of the service delivery
certified by a third party agency on various security aspects before would be established by the Departments.
deploying in State Data Centre environment. All the applications to be
developed shall adhere to Open Source and Open Standards and be 16. BUDGETARY ALLOCATION
certified by Cert-In empaneled agency. The applications developed by

a) The Departments would earmark 0.5% of their annual budget for e-
the departments shall in general be hosted at State Data Centre or
Governance and would be encouraged to increase the same to 3% in a
else at any other Data Centre owned by any Government Agency;
phased manner over a period of 5 years.
however, if there is non-availability of space at Government Data
Centres, the departments shall host their application in Data Centres
b) The focus of the budget earmarked for e-Governance would be
situated within India only.
towards electronic delivery of citizen services and providing backend
infrastructure support for the same.
13.2 Source Code Repository
17) IMPLEMENTATION
A source code repository shall be made available where source
code pertaining to different applications will be stored. They will be
Information Technology Department in Government will coordinate the
used by multi-developer projects to handle various versions and
overall implementation of the policy.
handle conflicts in an organized fashion. This will effectively help the
departments in managing the source code in an efficient manner.
13.3 Use of Tamil in e-Governance
a) All applications and websites shall provide bi-lingual content/

services (Tamil & English)
b) The use of Tamil language would be encouraged using Unicode

standard in e-Governance initiatives across applications and processes
so that the benefits of e-Governance reach the citizens of the State.
c) Tamil would co-exist with English complying with national and

international standards for information interchange.
13.4 Adoption of New Technologies
The Government would support adoption and usage of

emerging digital technologies in e-Governance like Social Media,
Internet of Things, Block Chain Technologies, Digital Payments, Data
Analytics, etc. which will play an active role in improving the lifestyle
of citizens in the years to come.
14. SECURITY IN e-GOVERNANCE
Departments shall have periodic cyber security audit of

their websites, portals and applications. All the applications
developed for e-Governance shall be compliant to Tamil Nadu e-
Security Policy 2010, enacted under Information Technology Act,
2000.
14.1 IT Security Policy
To protect the IT infrastructure, websites, applications and

information of the Government Departments from external attacks,
intrusion and hacking, an enhanced IT Security Policy will be drawn up
for the State.
15) REVIEW AND AUDIT
a) The State Government would constitute a State Level Apex

Committee for e-Governance headed by the Chief Secretary to
Government, for periodic review of the implementation of the policy
and would provide necessary guidelines for its implementation. The
Committee would comprise Secretaries from the Departments of
Information Technology, Personnel & Administrative Reforms,
Planning, Development and Special Initiatives and State Informatics
Officer, National Informatics Centre as its members and Commissioner
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eradication, and urbanization.

Various countries including India are

1. Longevity is measured by lifeexpectancy at birth,

3. Standard of living, measured by real GDP per capita (PPP$).

Infant Mortality Rate (mortality before completing 1 year)

Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)

Tamil Nadu is the second largest economy in India with a GSDP of $

The density of population which measures population per sq.km is 555

Tamil Nadu is the most urbanized state with 48.4% of urban

TAMILNADU ECONOMIC TRENDS

Chennai is sometimes referred to as the Health Capital of India or the

fourth in sugarcane. giants as well as home grown companies

Chennai nicknamed as “The Detroit of Asia”is home to a large number

Tamil Nadu ranks third in cement production in India (First Andhra

The town of Sivakasi is a leader in the areas of printing, fireworks, and

In Tamil Nadu, Nationalised banks account for 52% with 5,337

 Commercial Banks 30% (3,060) branches,State Bank of India and

Southern Tamil Nadu is considered as one of the most suitable regions

Tamil Nadu has 59 Universities, 40 Medical colleges, 517 Engineering

Wind Energy polytechnic

Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail networkmas part of Southern

Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, minor portions of Karnataka and

Tamil Nadu has four major international airports. Chennai

In the nineteenth century, Tamil scholarsv like C.W. Damotharanar

C. W. Damotharanar collected and edited different palm-leaf

of Tamil renaissance. The publication of these ancient literary texts

compared with only 1,035 non-Brahmin graduates. Numbers for other

help the non-Brahmin students. In 1912 C. Natesanar, a medical hermit.

doctor, founded the Madras United League, later renamed as Madras

other contemporary reform movements of India in the 19 th century, ENVIRONMENT FACTORS

Pandithar Iyothee Thassar was disappointed with the Hindu

‘India has an official population policy implemented in 1952. India was

The population data of the five most densely populated

Of the total migrants in Tamil Nadu, 65 percent have migrated or

According to the 2001 census, 49.3% out of the total population of

Annadurai, on 17th September 1949 along with V.R. Nedunchezhiyan,

1935 to announced the formation of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.

advocated to establish Madurai as the capital city of Madras.

As the 1962 election approached, the two wings of Dravida Munnetra

In 1969, party general secretary and founder, C.N. Annadurai died.

RESERVATION POLICY IN TAMILNADU  Brahmins – two out of twelve (2/12),

Indians and others. 9000 Per Annum.

 It was accepted by the Board of Revenue.

Total Reservation Stood at 68%.

lawyer K. M. Vijayan CASE -1994 RESERVATION HISTORY OF INDIA

Supreme Court instructed Tamil Nadu Government to follow 50% 1931

RESERVATION BASED ON RELIGION 1953 – First Backward Commission

Census, the last enumeration of castes in the country.

Backward Classes (OBC) be granted reservations to 27% of jobs under

Indira Sawhney Case -1992

It is also known as Indira Sawhney Case consisted of 9 judge benches.

Supreme Court, in Mandal Judgement, reiterated that Reservation

Backward Classes of the Citizens of in Article 16(4) can be identified Introduction

Location and Area

Landmass From 804’N to 13035’N latitudes

Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act, 2019 Area 1,30,058 sq.km

Assembly Constituencies 234 Tiger Reserve Anaimalai

Location Southwestern part of Tamil Nadu

Varusanadu and Andipatti Hills Servarayan Hills

Mahendragiri Hills Pachaimalai

and separates these two distrits The Nilgiris Nilgiri hills

Peaks It ranges from 1,100 to 1,150 metres.

Kalvarayan Hills Pagasura 1,918