2015 IEEE Recent Advances in Intelligent Computational Systems (RAICS) | 10-12 December 2015 | Trivandrum
Home energy management leveraging
open IoT protocol stack
Sahana M N1 ,Anjana S2 ,Ankith S3 ,K Natarajan4 ,
K R Shobha5
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology
Bangalore, India
1
sahanaa.narendra@gmail.com, 2anjana2693@gmail.com,
3
ankith103@gmail.com, 4drknataraj@msrit.edu,
5
shobha_shankar@msrit.edu
Abstract— The demand for energy is ever increasing thanks to
population growth and industrial development. Efficient energy
management at home will be possible provided there is an increased
awareness among consumers on their consumption patterns and
effective use of their appliances. In India, utility companies continue
to gather much of the energy utilization data manually and the
automation in home energy metering is yet to be achieved as the
smart meter adoption is still in its early stages. While addressing
automation in home energy management, it is important to consider
solutions that meet country-specific needs like energy costs, fair
billing, electricity thefts, system scalability and reliability. In this
paper, we present a prototype implementation for home energy
management and control, leveraging Internet of Things protocol
stack comprising emerging IETF standards such as 6LoWPAN, RPL
and CoAP. The open standards based approach enables seamless
integration of the appliances at home to the existing internet
infrastructure making remote monitoring, control and data
collection over the web possible. Further, enabling IPv6 connectivity
to the energy meter leads to better integration of the Data
Management Systems of utilities unlike some of the existing
proprietary solutions. In our IoT based and IPv6 network connected
system, we have a PV panel to generate electricity for DC appliances
apart from the main 230V AC supply. Considering the fact that
energy supply from renewable sources is intermittent, we provide
users with an option of choosing either of the energy sources over
the internet. Wireless node based on CC2538 System-on-Chip is
interfaced with an energy meter connected to the main AC supply,
providing 2 way communications between the utility and the
consumer over the internet. The sensor nodes are also used to
measure the power consumed by the DC appliances and remote
actuation control. Further, a timing based approach is provided for
consumers to “turn on” appliances at preset time periods. All the
data collected by the sensor nodes are communicated in real time
over the internet to the utility and consumer via a border router.
Keywords- 6LoWPAN, RPL, CoAP, Renewable, Contiki
I. INTRODUCTION
According to the report by the International Energy Agency
[1] on understanding energy challenges in India, there is a
significant concern regarding the supply of adequate and reliable
energy to the Indian population amid growing energy demand,
This project was sponsored by Karnataka State Council for Science and
Technology (KSCST), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
978-1-4673-6670-0/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
370
A Paventhan
Education & Research Network (ERNET) India
(Autonomous society under the Ministry of Communication
& Information Technology, Govt. of India)
Bangalore, India
paventhan@eis.ernet.in
bolstered by economic growth. This calls for efficient
management and conservation of energy in the present day
scenario. The traditional electric metering system employed in
India needs infrastructural improvements and a smart
autonomous metering approach. The manual examination of
meters for billing purposes is prone to human error and
manipulation. The data collected from meters is manually fed to
a computer for billing purposes, a method that is again
vulnerable to human error. The monthly bill often shows the
total consumption of electricity for the entire month with very
little insight into the usage pattern and progressive amount to be
paid on a daily basis for the benefit of consumers. Lack of an
interactive real time system to monitor where power is being
consumed excessively and the inability to switch between the
AC and DC grids or to control appliances through the internet
from remote locations are other major drawbacks.
The system that utilizes one-way communication to collect
energy usage data is referred to as automated meter reading
(AMR) system. The idea of AMR technology is to do the meter
reading automatically and accurately. The benefit of AMR lies
is reducing the metering cost for the supplier and billing the
customers with actual meter readings [2]. AMR requires a
specific infrastructure to make it bidirectional. Such an
infrastructure is called Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
system [3].
The Electricity Meter Reading using GSM system [4]
consists of GSM Digital Power Meters installed in every
consumer unit and the meter data is collected and stored in the
utility’s backend database. In Ghana, a GSM based meter was
designed to measure and transmit electricity usage data [5].
Remote reading of electricity meter readings using short
message service (SMS) has been illustrated in the design of an
intelligent SMS based remote metering system [6]. The paper in
[7] explains the design of a power meter based on GSM network
with the main communication technology being GPRS and the
secondary technology being SMS. In [8], a ZigBee-GSM based
automatic meter reading system has been developed. The meters
are equipped with ZigBee technology to send the data to a data
collector device which in turn uses GSM to communicate with
the central computer. In Experimental Study and Design of
Smart Energy Meter for the Smart Grid [9], a complete system
consisting of a smart meter and a data management system is
developed in addition to having a mobile application and a
website. The smart meter is GSM-ZigBee based and is
developed using the Arduino microcontroller.
Smart Personal Sensor Network Control for Energy Saving
in DC Grid Powered LED Lighting System [10] highlights the
importance of using a DC grid in saving energy. A smart
controller can be used for interfacing the electric appliances to
the smart grid system [11] and the electric source of illumination
can be controlled according to the load change and energy can
be saved accordingly.
This paper starts with the proposed solution giving a detailed
explanation of our approach. It is followed by the system
architecture and the software implementation. The paper then
highlights its results and is concluded.
II. PROPOSED SOLUTION
The existing systems and designs proposed so far focus only
on measuring the power consumed and relaying the information
to the utility wirelessly. The deployment of smart power meters
in India is not widespread. The existing billing system lacks
transparency and is prone to error as an employee has to visit
every house in order to take readings manually.Household
electrical loads are increasing day by day due to rapid
urbanization. The grid supply is not at pace with this increase
due to various technical and economic reasons. This has resulted
in power shortages in many areas especially in remote areas and
rural sectors of the country. There has been a pressing need to
investigate and look for an alternative non-conventional energy
system to be integrated with the present grid supply system.
We use the emerging 6LoWPAN [12] protocol based
approach for wireless communication and it has many
advantages over ZigBee, although both are based on the IEEE
802.15.4 standard. ZigBee based devices are typically suitable
for communication with one another and they cannot directly
communicate with Internet-based devices and web
servers/browsers. The ZigBee approach does have several
down-sides, including reliance on a single wireless link
technology, tight coupling with application profiles and
scalability limitations. 6LoWPAN or IPv6 over Low powered
Wireless Personal Area Networks is an alternative that employs
the IPv6 protocol and hence provides interoperability between
IEEE 802.15.4 physical link devices and devices on IP networks
[13]. This means that we can obtain global connectivity to sensor
networks directly through the internet without having to go
through the ZigBee to IP conversion process, thus making
6LoWPAN more suitable for Internet of Things based
applications.
In this paper, we propose a novel system that provides users
with a web enabled interface to monitor the power consumed by
various appliances, control the appliances from anywhere in the
world over the internet, switch between the AC and DC grids to
save power as well as reduce the cost and also to automatically
control the working of various devices like street lights on a time
basis. In our solution we incorporate a 12 V, 85Ah battery
charged by a cost effective solar (PV) system at the household
level. The proposed system utilizes solar power for the local
generation of electrical energy to power DC loads thus reducing
371
the dependency on the grid supply. We also have a power meter
connected to the main power supply of the house which
measures the electricity consumed and this data can be accessed
by the user and utility on a real time basis. The power consumed
by various DC loads is also measured.
The system is developed using ContikiOS, an open source
operating system for networked, memory-constrained systems
with a particular focus on low-power wireless Internet of Things
devices [14]. The IPv6 stack in Contiki utilizes the routing
protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) along with the
6LoWPAN header compression and adaptation layer for IEEE
802.15.4 links. 6LoWPAN allows the transmission of IPv6
packets over IEEE 802.15.4 links [15]. It keeps the IPv6
protocol, but compresses it to leave more space for the payload
.This way, transmitting a given amount of data takes less frames
and consequently less power. The 6LoWPAN is often used with
the connectionless, unreliable UDP protocol at the transport
layer instead of the TCP implementation [15]. This allows the
application layer to take better control in handling potential
errors through retransmissions and when required, delay the
transmission.
Above the IP network layer, a suitable application layer
protocol is required. In the Internet, HTTP is one of the
prevailing application layer protocols. But it is not suitable for
use in constrained networks due to its high computational
complexity and high power consumption. This paper presents a
system that uses the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP),
a lightweight HTTP alternative for constrained networks,
developed by the IETF Constrained RESTful Environments
(core) Working Group [16]. The implementation of the IETF
Constrained Application Protocol for the Contiki operating
system leverages the ContikiMAC low-power duty cycling
mechanism to provide power efficiency [17].
III. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
In this section, we look at the hardware prototype of the
Smart Electricity Monitoring and Management System
(SEMMS) and the building blocks used to realize the same. The
main component SEMMS is the Texas Instruments CC2538
wireless microcontroller SoC. The CC2538 module is a low
power mote with integrated sensors, radio, antenna, and
microcontroller and programming capabilities. The device ideal
for a wireless sensor network, combines a powerful ARM
Cortex-M3-based MCU system with up to 32KB on-chip RAM
and up to 512KB on-chip flash with a robust IEEE 802.15.4
radio suitable enough to run independently without requiring
external memory. It is due to its multiple low power modes with
retention that enable quick startup from sleep with minimum
energy spent on performing periodic tasks for wireless solutions.
A. Hardware prototype of SEMMS
Fig. 1 shows the hardware prototype designed to realize
SEMMS. As shown we have used 2 houses which have DC and
AC loads equally distributed, a DC LED street light and an AC
water pump. The DC loads are powered by a 12 V battery which
is charged by a PV panel through a charge controller. The AC
loads along with a power meter are connected to the main
supply. A control board which has smart switches and current
sensors mounted on it to monitor the control the performance of
various appliances is also used in our prototype. PV
Panel Ampere DC
Sensor Load 1 V
Smart
Switch
Charge
Controller
Smart
Switch
Ampere DC
Sensor Load N V
Smart
Switch

AC Load 1
Smart
Switch

Figure 1.Hardware prototype of SEMMS
B. Transmission Unit
As shown in Fig. 2, various devices like the power meter, smart
switches, current sensors, PV panel and the battery are
connected to wireless motes. In our experiment we have used the
ElNet-LT Energy meter. The ElNet-LT energy power meter is a
compact, multi-functional, three-phase power meter specially
designed to meet the stringent needs of power and energy
measurement in any electrical installation. The ElNEt-LT has a
digital output that can be used to transmit pulses based on the
energy being consumed in a particular house. External interrupts
are enabled on the mote to detect this pulse and thus determine
the energy consumed. Solid State relays acting as smart switches
are used to control the AC and DC loads wirelessly. The AC
Solid State Relay is a simple way to activate AC loads. It uses a
DC input of 3 – 32V DC to control an AC output of up to 240V
for a maximum of 3A. The DC switch consists of a power
MOSFET. The input voltage to the DC Relay is 5V DC, the
input current is 5 mA and the maximum output current is 10A.
The wireless motes are uniquely identifiable using their IPv6
addresses and are interfaced with the switches to allow the user
to shift between the AC or DC grid and to turn appliances on and
off from any remote location. A charge controller is used to limit
the electric current that is added to or drawn from the battery. It
helps in extending the life of the battery and provides safety.
The PV panel and battery health is monitored using another
wireless mote to give us an understanding of their charging and
discharging cycles. The Allegro ACS712 is used for DC current
sensing. The device consists of a precise, low-offset, linear Hall
sensor circuit with a copper conduction path located near the
surface of the die. Applied current flowing through this copper
conduction path generates a magnetic field which is sensed by
the integrated Hall IC and converted to corresponding voltage.
This is read by the mote and the corresponding power consumed
by each DC load is presented to the user.
C. Receiving and Data processing Unit
The processed sensor values transmitted by the CC2538
motes are received by another CC2538 mote acting as the border
router. The border router is interfaced to a BeagleBK through
Smart
AC Load N
Power Switch
meter Smart
AC Switch
Supply
Figure 2. Logical block diagram of SEMMS sensing modules
the USB 2.0 port. The BeagleBK acts as a gateway connecting
the wireless sensor network running 6LoWPAN to an Ethernet
network. The 1GHz AM3359 Sitara ARM Cortex-A8 processor
is ideal to run Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the BEAGLEBK thereby
eliminating the need of a personal computer or a desktop
computer to be always powered on and connected to the border
router. The BeagleBK passes IP traffic to and from the border
router over a serial line by creating a virtual network interface
using the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP). It acts as an
intermediary device providing conversions between 6LoWPAN
and standard IP headers. This allows users connected to the
internet to access and control the motes remotely. The individual
motes can be accessed, monitored and controlled (actuated) in
real time from remote locations using CoAP, an application
layer protocol, as shown in Fig.3 The motes are accessible
individually using their IPv6 addresses which can be entered in
the web browser just like browsing any other website. Data is
also stored in a MySQL database and a web application is
developed using Visual Studio Express 2013 for Web. This web
application provides a GUI for users to interpret the raw data in
a graphical form and also provides the bill. The GUI also lets
user set timing parameters for the required appliances.
MOTE DATABASE
BEAGLEBONE
BLACK
CoAP/HTTP
INTERNET CLIENT
[BROWSER]
6LoWPAN BORDER
ROUTER GUI
Figure 3.Logical block diagram of SEMMS Data processing unit

372
 IV. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
This section describes how the various functionalities of the
whole system is programmed. The system uses two main
software codes, one for the border router connected to the
BeagleBK (acting as the gateway) and the other for the end
nodes running CoAP. The various protocols used to implement
SEMMS are shown below.
Layer Protocol
Application Layer CoAP
Transport Layer UDP
Network Layer IPv6/RPL
Adaptation Layer 6LoWPAN
MAC CSMA
Radio Duty Cycling ContikiMac
Physical Layer IEEE 802.15.4
Border routers are found at the edge of a network and are
used to route data between the WSN (RPL network) and an
external IP network. The border router forms a DAG (directed
acyclic graph) with the other CC2538 motes and acts as the root
node. It receives a prefix from the BeagleBK and this is used for
assigning its own IPv6 address as well as those of the end nodes.
The border router hosts a webpage to display the addresses of
the neighboring nodes and the routes through which they can be
reached. The end nodes are programmed as CoAP servers.
Erbium CoAP, a low power REST engine developed for Contiki,
is used. The REST engine defined in Contiki 2.7 includes a
framework for developing both CoAP server and CoAP client
applications. The end nodes in our system run the CoAP server
and this makes these IPv6 enabled nodes reachable from any
internet enabled device. CoAP resources are defined using the
RESOURCE macro. For example, the following macro defines
a resource for PV Solar panel generated voltage.
RESOURCE (pvvolt, METHOD_GET, “pvvolt");
void pvvolt_handler (REQUEST* request, RESPONSE*
response)
The code at the end nodes can be summarized as follows:
The server program of CoAP uses resources and associated
functions. We have resources for individual loads, solar panel
and battery.
1. A resource is defined using a resource macro. Resource
handlers are defined and they contain the responses to
the requests (computations and calculations for the
sensor values).
2. Resource handler for PV Solar panel voltage and
battery voltage: The output of the voltage divider is
connected to the ADC pins. Calculations are performed
on the digital values obtained in order to compute the
voltages generated by the PV Solar Panel and battery.
3. Resource handlers for computing energy consumption
of individual loads in the PV Solar panel grid: The
outputs of the current sensors are connected to the pins.
At short periodic intervals, the current is multiplied by
373
ADC pins. At short periodic intervals, the current is
multiplied by the battery voltage to obtain the power.
Energy is obtained as power * time.
4. Resource handlers for computing total energy
consumed by the loads in the main grid: The digital
output of the energy meter is connected to a GPIO pin.
An interrupt is generated for each pulse received.
Multiplying the total number of pulses by a predefined
factor will give the total energy consumed.
5. Resource handlers for switching of loads: Logic high or
logic low is applied to the GPIO pins connected to the
relays depending on whether the corresponding load
needs to be turned on or off.
6. The resources are activated to make them available on
the CoAP webpage.
7. The results can be retrieved when required using the
‘GET’ functionality.
8. Switching of the loads can be performed when required
using the POST button on the CoAP webpage.
The Contiki programming model is based on protothreads.
The kernel invokes the protothread of a process in response to
an internal or external event and is not sequential. Fig.4 gives
an overview of a single event of a mote transmitting data to the
border router followed by processing and storage of this data.
The flowchart in Fig.5 shows the events that occur when an
appliance needs to be actuated. It gives an overview of how the
command is communicated via the user application to the end
node.
START
THE BORDER ROUTER FORMS A MESH NETWORK
WITH ITS NEIGHBOURS
NO
NEIGHBOUR
A
TX VALUE?
YES
READ THE SENSOR VALUE FROM CoAP IN REAL TIME
OBTAIN THE TRANSMITTED VALUE IN IP NETWORK
USING GET METHOD OF CALIFORNIUM CoAP
THE VALUES ARE STORED AND UPDATED
CONTINUOSLY IN XAMPP’S MySQL DATABASE
DATA IS PRESENTED TO THE USER IN A GUI
DEVELOPED USING VISUAL STUDIO EXPRESS
A STOP
Figure 4. Flowchart showing methods involved in processing transmitted data
 While this CoAP interface can be used for real time
START
monitoring of data, Californium CoAP is used to store the data
in a database and present it to the user via a user application
USER CHOOSES TO SWITCH ON/OFF developed using Microsoft Visual Studio Express 2013 for the
THE STREET LIGHT VIA THE GUI Web. Fig. 7 shows a sample of the electricity bill that can be
made available to the user and utility showing total consumption
USER CHOOSES THE CHECK BOXES FOR THE TIME SLOTS IN of electricity at any given point of time. By this approach,
WHICH THE LIGHT SHOULD BE ON AND SETS PLAN notifying the user of any tariff hikes at peak hours becomes
easier, thus allowing the user to prioritize his usage patterns and
cut down on the cost. Fig.8 shows graphs indicating the PV solar
NO
panel’s health and the power consumed by an appliance.
VALID
A
PLAN SET?

YES

A 1 OR 0 IS STORED IN XAMMP FOR EVERY HOUR TO

INDICATE ON AND OFF RESPECTIVELY

A BASH SCRIPT IS RUN CONTINUOSLY TO READ THIS VALUE

AND TO USE CALIFORNIUM CoAP TO ALLOW
COMMUNICATION FROM THE BORDER ROUTER TO THE END
MOTE THROUGH THE COMMAND LINE AND HENCE
ACTUATE THE LOAD CONNECTED TO THE MOTE

A STOP NO Figure 7. Sample bill

If plan
changed
YES

Figure 5. Flowchart showing the steps involved in timing control of appliance

V. RESULT
The working of the prototype was tested to obtain the
following results. We used a 100W bulb and a water pump as
AC loads. A 15W LED strip, a 60W bulb and a table fan was
used as DC loads. For the 6LoWPAN stack using Contiki the
current consumed for transmission was measured to be 30 mA
which gives a power consumption of .099 W for the motes.
Each mote can be accessed by entering its IPv6 address in the
browser. The information of mote and the devices connected to
it is now available to the user. Fig. 6 shows CoAP client making
use of the Copper plugin for Firefox web browser. The browser
displays individual icons for each request method like GET,
POST, PUT and DELETE. The panel on the left shows the list
of resources that can be use with these methods.

Figure 8. Graphs showing PV voltage and power consumed by an appliance

Table 1 shows the comparison between energy consumed

by two different illumination sources tested to be used as street
lights. Taking into consideration three different cases the
following results were obtained. Experiment i and Experiment
ii are the situations when street lights need to be manually
turned on and off as is the case in India. In experiment iii we
used the time based approach to automatically switch on and
Figure 6. Monitoring SMWQC sensors in CoAP

374
off the LED light powered by a 85Ah battery. In Experiment i
a 100W bulb was chosen taking into consideration the average
power rating of street bulbs. Assuming that the light was left on
for the whole day, the energy consumed for the month is
144kWh. In Experiment ii the light is manually operated from
06:00 PM-06:00 AM and the energy consumed for the month is
72kWh. The bill as per utility costs would be Rs 244.8 and Rs
86.4 respectively. In experiment iii a 15W LED bulb is
programmed to automatically operate from 06:00 PM-06:00
AM without human intervention. A fully charged 12V, 85 Ah
battery can store 85 Ah X 12 volts = 1020 watt-hours of energy.
Thus by connecting a 15W LED, we get 1020 Wh / 15W = 68
hours of working. According to this the LED light can work up
to 5 days without the battery having to be recharged by the PV
panel. Fig. 9 shows the interface used to save the settings for
time based control of appliances.
TABLE 1. ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONSUMED BY USING TIMING APPROACH
Experiment No. i ii
Appliance Incandescent Incandescent
bulb bulb
Power Rating (W) 100 100
Supply Voltage (V) 230 230
Current (A) .4742 .4742
Hours used per day 24 12
(h/day)
Energy Per day 4.8 2.4
consumed Per 144 72
(kWh) month
Figure 9. Interface to set timing pattern for loads
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we were able to successfully implement an
internet-based approach to monitor and control the electricity
and usage on a real time basis. The prototype implementation
was carried out using a 6LoWPAN enabled wireless sensor
network with CoAP at the application layer. The current
electricity demand in households cannot be met completely
without the use of renewable sources of energy. This paper
successfully demonstrates a way of managing power from both
renewable and non-renewable energy sources operating in
parallel. Using appliances powered by the battery can reduce the
dependency on AC power thus reducing cost and saving energy.
A power meter is used to measure energy consumption for the
purpose of calculating the bill in real time and making it
available to both the user and utility. Users can also control the
loads from any location through this internet based approach.
This can also be useful for the utility to shut down supply to
specific individual homes, industries, etc. if they consume
excess power. The automatic timing based switching of loads
can be an extremely useful way of conserving energy and
eliminating human intervention. For example, street lights can
be turned off during the day when they are not required to be
powered on. Future enhancements could include prepaid billing
and possible ways of using other renewable sources of energy.
The ubiquitous spread of internet in the future would only make
this system even more practical and viable.
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