ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN MODELS

Organizational
Design & Change
Models
Andrea Carter
Department of Psychology, Adler University
MIO - 504A
Dr. Jim Brown
 8 Organizational Design Models

ACTION ORGANIZATION APPRECIATIVE

PLAN, DO,
RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT INQUIRY
CHECK, ACT
MODEL PROCESS (AI)
(PDCA)
(ARM) (ODP)

BURKE-LETWIN'S
SCHEIN'S KOTTER'S CAUSAL MODEL OF
LETWIN'S 3 STEP
3 STEP MODEL 8 STEP LEADING ORGANIZATIONAL
MODEL
EXPANSION CHANGE MODEL PERFORMANCE &
CHANGE
 Plan, Do, Check, Act
(PDCA)
Shewhart's Model
Developed in the 1920's

McLean, G.N. (2006). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. Berrett-Koehler.

 Shewhart's Model (PDCA)
Developed in the 1920's

Plan - Desicions made about what might be done to

improve the organization & it's processes

Do - Plans are carried out in a pilot or trial

Check - Quality Management

Act - Implementation

McLean, G.N. (2006). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. Berrett-Koehler.

 Action Reseach Model (ARM)
Kurt Lewin's Model
Developed in the 1940's

"No research without action; no action without research."

McLean, G.N. (2006). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. Berrett-Koehler.

Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 34-46.
 Action Reseach Model (ARM)
Kurt Lewin's Model
Developed in the 1940's

1. Identifying idea for improvement

2. Finding fact
3. Trial (actioning changes)
4. Evaluation (including what was learned)
5. Starting over

McLean, G.N. (2006). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. Berrett-Koehler.

Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2, 34-46.
 Organizational Development Process
(ODP) Model

McLean, G.N. (2006). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. Berrett-Koehler.

 Organizational Development Process
(ODP) Model

1. Entry - Readiness & OD Consultant

2. Start-Up - Basic Infrastructure
3. Assessment & Feedback - Analysis/Diagnosis
4. Action Planning - Goals, Objectives, Steps
5. Implementation - Intervention
6. Evaluation - "How well did intervention achieve objectives?"
7. Adoption - change becomes institutionalized or begins again
8. Separation - OD consultant withdraws

McLean, G.N. (2006). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. Berrett-Koehler.

 Appreciative
Inquiry (AI)
Model
Cooperrider &
Srivastva
(1987)

McLean, G.N. (2006). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. Berrett-Koehler.

Martinez, H. (2017) AI Case Study Examples. US Navy Leadership Summit
 Appreciative Inquiry (AI) Model
Cooperrider & Srivastva
(1987)

Uses same steps as ODP with one modification

POSITIVE FOCUS

Main drawback - hard to convince clients of validity

McLean, G.N. (2006). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. Berrett-Koehler.

Martinez, H. (2017) AI Case Study Examples. US Navy Leadership Summit
 Letwin's 3 Step Model

Teaching. (2014, April 27). Lewin, stage module of change unfreezing changing refreezing part 5 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kerDFvln7hU
Burke, W. W. (2018). Organizational Change: Theory & Practice (5th Ed). Sage Publications.
 Letwin's 3 Step Model

1. Unfreezing - Urgency to demonstrate

awareness of how current status is hindering
the Organization
2. Change - Transitioning or Moving = Intervention

3. Refreezing - Most critical stage yet often missed

Teaching. (2014, April 27). Lewin, stage module of change unfreezing changing refreezing part 5 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kerDFvln7hU
Burke, W. W. (2018). Organizational Change: Theory & Practice (5th Ed). Sage Publications.
 Schein's Expansion Of
Letwin's 3 Step Model

Schein pointed out that Lewin's steps were not discrete actions.

Then, in 1987, he expanded the model, calling the steps stages

and elaborated on the process.

Teaching. (2014, April 27). Lewin, stage module of change unfreezing changing refreezing part 5 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kerDFvln7hU
Burke, W. W. (2018). Organizational Change: Theory & Practice (5th Ed). Sage Publications.
 Schein's Expansion Of
Letwin's 3 Step Model
Unfreeze Change Refreeze

3 ways to unfreeze: 2 ways to change: 2 ways to refreeze:

1. Disconfirmation 1. Identification with new

1. Personal & Individual
2. Induction of Guilt/Anxiety model

2. Interpersonal
3. Creation of Psychological 2. Scan for relevance

Saftey

Teaching. (2014, April 27). Lewin, stage module of change unfreezing changing refreezing part 5 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kerDFvln7hU
Burke, W. W. (2018). Organizational Change: Theory & Practice (5th Ed). Sage Publications.
 8 Step Leading Change Model
John Kotter (1996)

Burke, W. W. (2018). Organizational Change: Theory & Practice (5th Ed). Sage Publications.
 8 Step Leading Change Model
John Kotter (1996)

1. Entry - Readiness & OD Consultant

2. Start-Up - Basic Infrastructure
3. Assessment & Feedback - Analysis/Diagnosis
4. Action Planning - Goals, Objectives, Steps
5. Implementation - Intervention
6. Evaluation - "How well did intervention achieve objectives?"
7. Adoption - change becomes institutionalized or begins again
8. Separation - OD consultant withdraws

Burke, W. W. (2018). Organizational Change: Theory & Practice (5th Ed). Sage Publications.
 Causal Model of
Organizational
Performance &
Change
Burke-Litwin

Burke, W. W. (2018). Organizational Change: Theory & Practice (5th Ed). Sage Publications.
 Causal Model of Organizational
Performance & Change
Burke-Litwin
External environment: the forces and variables outside the organization that
influence Leadership, Management Pratices, Motivation, and Individual &
Organizational Performance.

Environmental factor examples:

- Customer behaviour & satisfaction
-Marketplace conditions
- Political Circumstances
-Governemental Regulations
- World Financial & Economic Conditions
- Technology
Burke, W. W. (2018). Organizational Change: Theory & Practice (5th Ed). Sage Publications.
References

Anderson, D. L. (2016). What is organizational development. In Organizational development: The power of

leading organizational change. Sage Publications.

Burke, W. W. (2018). Organizational Change: Theory & Practice (5th Ed). Sage Publications.

Dr. John Kotter. (2013, August 15). Leading change: Establish a sense of urgency. [Video]. YouTube.

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Yfrj2Y9IlI

McLean, G.N. (2006). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. Berrett-Koehler.

Teaching. (2014, April 27). Lewin, stage module of change unfreezing changing refreezing part 5 [Video].

Retrieved from YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kerDFvln7hU