‘ A\FIA) A snd (2), we have A = A\F,(A) EXERCISE 1 Tick - the correct option in the following questions: AcB=> (a) BY CAT (b) AV B® (c) AT ABt = 4g (d) AP UB? The closure of a subset A of a topological space X is defined as the of A and the set of all limit points of A. (a) sum (b) union (c) intersection _ (d) none of these A= (a) AVA? (b) AN AY (c) AVA (d) APA A is the (a) largest open subset of A (b) largest open superset of A (c) smallest closed subset of A (d) smallest closed superset of A 4 subset F of a topological space X is closed if and only if F = (a) F (b) (FP (c) Fe (d) none of these \ Fis a subset of a topological space X, then F = (a) F (b) (F)° (Fo) F AcB=> BAB=6 (b)AcB (0) BCA (d) AUB=¢9 "A and Bare disjoint sets, then 8) A° B46 (b) ANB=$ (c) ANB =(0} (4) ANB ={h 2 A be a subset of a topological space X, then a Point x i f@arca wae () A OB 7 (4) rane oy (xvii) A subset A of a topological space 1S nowhore dense in Xi py), (a)x (b) A (c)A (4) ¢ (xviii) In a topological space X, : (a) ¢°=X (b) o'=6 () dp (DP ridvg (xix) Ina topological space X, : (a) =X (dv) X"=A — (c) X# X (d) Xx (ox) (A’)' = . (a) ¢ (b) A (c) A” (d)A Q2 Tick V the correct option in the following questions: Let A be a subset of a topological space X. A point x« A® is % iO) to be an exterior point of A if there exists an open so! containing x such that (a) U, NAS = 9(b) U, CAS (6) U, AAS = X (d) none of tine fi) Ext(A®) = a Eta (b) x (c) Int(A) — (d) none of then a i) ae ae fein) (a) -euia") (a) ¢ (b) X ° (1 Ina topological space x fe) ra) (a) qa”) (a) Ext(X)= Eg) (c) nt(X) = inti 4) a eee (vi) Ina topological space X, lala Ext(X) = : (a) Ext(X) = Ext(¢) (b) Ext(9) = ny x)pei) = nt 4) (d) none of these , et of a topological space X, then Ext(A) is the (b) Ext(A) UExt(B) (d)X (c)X (dA € (byANA®—(C) An(Af (d) none of these Za (W)AT-A (0) AVA (a) An A (b) A OF, (A) A UF;(A) (d) none of these (A)= (b) AY (c)X (d) ¢ aA (0) Ae (c) ANF(A) — (d) AUF; (A) Ais open <> ANF,(A)= fa) (b) A (0) F(A) (d)X Solve / answer the followi i S ing short questions: Define a topological Space. 7 . 7 ua 3! tossible topologies on the set X = {0,1}. a ey find all possible Sierpinski spaces. ice rr ree io three Sierpinski Spaces. ma th, ere A, =(9,0),qceQ (Qis the set of rational ler Ay :qeQ,.q>J2}er?mw tna Tuy mers F s which consist Of exacy fwi) List all topologies on * (a,b) members - ; (vill) Let X be an indiscrete topological space and A be a Bing subset of X. Find A Ais any subset of a cof Let r bea collection | inclusion, Show that the in inite topological space X, then fing 4 { subsets of X tolally ordered yy (ix) tersection of any two members of (x) ins . (xi) Prove that if x is a limit point of the set A, then x is also a point of A\{x} _ {xii) Prove that if Ac B. then A < B ; {1.2,3) Find indiscrete and discrete topologies on x- etrizable space. Give an example to show that topological space need not be a metrizable space (xv) Define A-inclusion topology on X: (xvi) Define A-exclusion topology on X. (xvii) Define the subspace of a topological space Tor eke Let X={abede) with ry = {alalto}{e}ab}{ac}{bc){abe) 1 and Y = {b,¢,d.e}. find the relative topology on Y. how that the subspace of a discrete topological space 1s #s discrete space. Show that the subspace of an indiscrete topological space is as indiscrete space. Solve / answer the following short questions: Define open and closed sets in a topological space. Show that every subset of a discrete topological space |s closec If Y is an open subspace of a topological space X, then show '* gach open subset of Y is also open in X. how that every subset of a topological spa ce ‘ if its each singleton subset is open. Sie ae Is the union of two topologies on X a topology on X? Justify ¥ answer Dn ry uate the neighbourhood of a point in a topological space {abed) with topology r= (@(a}{b)(ab).X), ther ne possible neighbourhoods of a (xiii) (xiv) Define mi (xviii) (xix){ the topological space itself is a neighbourhood of each ological Spaces show thal of its points. the intersection of two neighbourhoods of a point is also Show that hood in a topological space. its neighbour! show that the union ‘of two neighbourhoods of a point is also its neighbourhood in a topological space. Aisa neighbourhood of x, and Ac B, then show that Bis also neighbourhood of x. - Define the closure of a subset A of a topological space X. Define an isolated point of a subset of a topological space. Show that each point of a nonempty subset of a discrete topological space is its interior point. ; Show that the interior of a subset of a discrete topological space 's the set itself. Give an example of subsets. I A and B are two subsets of a topological space X, then show that ARBCANB. i) Consider the topological space X={a,b} with the topology 1 =(¢,X,{a}}. Find the interior and limit points of the set A= X. Write three different topologies on X ={2,5,4,7} each having f a topological space having two disjoint dense exactly four members. Give an example of two subsets A, B of R_ such that nt(A\ B) c Int(A) \ Int(B). ae I answer the following short questions: ane a limit point of a set in a topological space. and B are subsets of a topological space X, then show that ae implies A? < BY, le ; ~ Def an interior point of a subset of a topological space. Define a discrete topological space. : ta mae space with an example. wo ; cBon ce Subsets of a topological space, then show that Let x _ ={a,b, i 6} with + = {9,%a,b},{c},X} and A= {a}, then find all limit Points of 4 ong Questions, logical Pace and A 9 at A= Av, aa be any arbitrary subset of Let (x st) be * Hen showy , topo}vagy on te coat ne Fare PFO IMAL One gy potogy & Q7 Define usual toy A (i) RA (5, 10, 15) we open e f is yen nh PY , MH a enhe open nor clasedd in FE (with Ue ncuat Weg, (i is on R) space and AL X Lat AN any ¢ J closure of A respectively supi tha wal of X Q.8 Lot (X,2) be a topological denote the derived sel and A AcA® Show that Ais a closed sub! ¢ sot of real numbers along wilh the Usual topaigg, Q.9 Consider R, th sot of limit points: of defined on it. Determine and justify the 0) Z, the set of integers. (ii) Q, the sot of rational numbers. (iit) (0, 1] (iv) 0, 1 \ 411° 4 “) {pa4""H Ta 410 if A and B are subsets of a topological space X then justify whether (i) BR(AUB) = Ext(A) NEXUB).. (i) Be(A) E(B) & (AB). Show that a subset A of a topological space (X,r) has emply frontier if and only if A is both open and closed. Manca Let (X,r,) be a discrete topological space and Ac. X. Find the lerived set of A. Also show that A = (xe X: ANU, ¢ ¢,forall open sets U, containing x) (R.r.) be the cofinite topological space and Av R Show A‘ is always a closed set. EO @ limit point of a set A in a topological space be a subset of (X,r) and A be the closure of A and AY i ved set af A, then show that f= Aut To A's closed if and only it A a Fy are lopalogies on a set X, show thal r, mr, is alse ® bul F,6) naed nat be @ topologyQ ee) be a cofinile topalagioal space Justily and determine nor the sete (ee) and [0.1] closed in R jy example of @ cofinite topological space under which each soot @ bolt) open and closed. Also show that in a topolagical ‘on of any finite number of closed sets is closed ms PU, 2004 (M.Sc. Math) » (Xr) be a topological space and A,B. X . Show that Ais open if and only if A = A (a) A (ii) (AUBY 5A WB QUO Give an example to justify that the intersection of countable al in. number of open sets may not be ope! ee | Ais a subset of a topological space X, then show that Ais open each of its points. if Ais the neighbourhood of p SS \{ Ais a subset of a topological space X, then justify that xc A iff for each neighbourhood Nof x, NaAx#¢. (i) (ii) ASOD) Give an example to show thal an arbitrary intersection of open sets in a topological space is not open. For a subset A of a topological space, show that A‘ = (A")°. Let A be a subset of a topological space X. A point x < X is in A ‘and only if for every open set U containing x, UN Az ¢. TnI Let A be a subset of (X,r). Then prove that M A=AUE(A). (i) A°=A\F(A). tA OAC aT A os 8 are two subsets of a topological space (X,r), then show that ‘ Ena) (A), EAA) Bxt(B) < Bxt(A ™B). BAB) - Ext) Ext(B) n pilinw Subs pac "8 discrates \ PU, 2001 (M.Sc. Math ag integers as subspace of ey © Prove that th opology ouSummary * — Acollaction + of subsets of a nonempty Sat X iy gay topology on X if it is closed under the formation of and finite intersections and contains both ¢ and x . Ir is a topology on X, then the pair (X.r) is called a top space. For a nonempty subset A of X, r4 ~ {&AX) 18 always a top. ‘on X. The topological space (X,r,) is called the Sierpinsky me, The collection +- {4X} is an indiscrote topology on X. ang space (X,r) is called the indiscrete topological space or simp), indiscrete space . The power set P(X) of a nonempty set X is called the discs, topology on X and the space (X,P(X)) is called the disor, topological space or simply a discrete space . Ir, and r, are two topologies on X such that r, < r;, then ; said to be coarser or weaker than r, and r, |S Said to be fine » stronger than r,. The discrete topology is the strongest topology and the indiscre» topology is the weakest topology. Let (X,¢) be a metric space. A subset of X consisting of all thow points of X whose distances from some fixed point of X are ‘en than some fixed positive real number is said to be an open ba © en sphere. bset U of a metric space X is said to be an open set if ear of Uis the centre of some open sphere contained in U . open sets is precisely the given topology nempty set and A= X be an arbitrary subset 0! Of ¢ and every superset of A. This is called ine * ly on Xx.COO ie ypological Space pron Vi Lot X bea nonempty set and Av & bean arbitrary, subset of ¥ al nsiat of X and every subset of which does got intersect A This is called the A exclusion topology an X Let (Xr_) be a topological space and Y« X a nonempty qpeat, tan ry (VVVer,) me topology on Y, called the ‘on Y or relative topology on Y. The pair spology induced by ty ace of X. The topology ty 'S also called t (Yury) 18 {ho inherited topology. The subspace of a discrete topological spac 9 is also discrete space ele The subspace of an indiscrete topological space 'S also indiscr space. in a topological space (Xr), the member open subsets of X. Every subset of a discrete topological space is open. The union of any number of open subsets of a topological space |S open. The intersection of any finite number of open subsets of a topological space is open. if Yis an open subspace of a topological space X, then each open subset of Y is also open in X. rs of r are said to be Every subset of a topological space is open if and only if its each singleton subset is open. The complement of an open set is said to be the closed set in a topological space. Every subset of a discrete topological space is closed. The intersection of any number of clos lopologic oe y ed subsets of a topological The union of an space in Gaatael finite number of closed subsets of a topological A subset of hi a X which is open as well as closed is said to be clopen Every subs Let 4 the in at : of a discrete topological space is clopen. © @ Subset of a t lersecton ef ot oeoogical space X, then the closure of A is losed supersets of A.re SEZ sone 0 Tonto 1 topological SPACE 18 the gy. “ Mey The closure ofa ran Aol closed superset of sot A of a topological space X I closed if and only it 4 A subset A of a ; {of a topological If Ais a subsol space X, then AOA. Ina topological space X. ¢- ¢ xX-X. A subset A of a topological space X is said to be dense in y, A-X Let (Xr) be a topo! x is | complement is everywhere dense. In a topological space X, $°= 4, X° = X Let A be a subset of a topological space X. A point x « A‘ is sac to be an exterior point of A if there exists an open set U containing | x such that Uc A® Let A be a subset of a topological space X, a point x < X is sac to be the boundary point or frontier point of A if each open se: containing at x intersects both A and A‘. A subset of a topological space has empty boundary if and only ! it is both open and closed. The boundary of a closed set is nowhere dense in a topologica space. ok STMT AW KHANhapter following short questions: a3 Solve answer the f Define a topological space. , i ; fot Let X be a nonemply sel. A collection + of subsets of X is sail z ditions are satisfied: ~ ‘pe a topology on X if the following con oh ber of members of r belongs to ¢ (iy The union of any num! (i) The intersection of finite number ‘of members of r belong: id to is to (iu) The emply set ¢ and the set X itself belong to r. The pair (X,r) 1s called a topological space. (i) List all possible topologies on the sot X = {0,1}. Sol X {0.1} All topologies on X are ry (6X) 11 = {4{0},%), ry DAD). te = (9.{0},(1),X} (ii) If X = {0,1}, find all possible Sierpinski spaces. Sol: X = (0.1) Consider the following topologies on X: “ = {9.{0}, X}, Ty = (6.{1),X) ‘ poi are all possible Sierpinski spaces. = {a,b,c,d,0,f}, fi jerpinski spa arn elraaiaa f}, find three Sierpinski spaces. Consider the following three topologies on X: "= (6.{a},X), : . 5 : negeennd 2 = {h{af}, x} Kir) (Xr (iv) ») are three Sierpinski Spaces.(v) Let 6 {¢.A,.R}s where A, (a. rational numbors). Whether | {Ay ged J2per Sol: itis clear by the definition of A, that HA, qe Q.q>v2}~ (20) Since V2 is trational, so (/2.) ¢ 1 This shows that (A, a6 Qq> V2her Let A, =(-39)96@, where Q is the sot of rational (vi) numbers. Show that r = {¢,A,,R} is not a topology on the set of real numbers R. Sol; We observe that i A= HA, 960.9 12)= 2) of r, but Agr, because 2 is irrational is the union of members ; members of r Is notin r, so 7 isnota This shows that union of topology on R. . : (vii) List all topologies on X = {a,b} which consist of exactly four members. sol: X= {ab} All the possible subsets of X are ¢,(a).{b}.% Since {a),{b} form the partition of X, So r= {g.(a}.{b}.X} isa topology on X. Sines the four subsets of X are not totally ordered by inclusion, 80 : {s the only topology on X consisting of four members. (viii) Let X be an indiscrete topological space and A be a singleton subset of X. Find A”. sl. Since is a singleton set, so let A= {a} Since X is an indiscrete topological space, so X itself is the only nonempty open sol pviously, a is not the limit point of A because open set X does not coniain any point of A different from a Any point x #4 of X18 4 limit point of A because the open set X containing x contains & point a of A different from x. Hence W Ais a aes - any subset of a cofinite topological space X, then find Finite subs m fae pets of X and X itself are the only closed gets in X Since 5 the & esl closed superset of A, $0i) sol (xii) Sol: (xiii) Sol: (xiv) rd io 8 JA if Ais finite |X if A is infinite Let + bea collection of subsets of X totally ordered by set inclusion. Show that the intersection of any two members of risinr Let ABe ¢. Since r is totally ordered by set inclusion, so either AcB or BcA That is either ANB=A ‘or AnNB=B In either case ANBer. Prove that if x is a limit point of the set A, then x is also a limit point of A\{x}. Since x is a limit point of A, so for any open set U containing x, we have - Un(A\{x})#¢ This shows that any open set U containing x contains a point of A\{x}. This point is obviously different from x, so x is a limit point of A\ {x}. Prove that if ACB, then A cB. Since the closure of a set is its superset, so BcB (1) Since Ac B, so combining it with (1), we have AcB (2) Since the closure of a set is always a closed set, so (2) shows that B is the closed superset of A. But A is the smallest closed superset of A, so A must bea subset of B, i.e. AcB. Find indiscrete and discrete topologies in X = {1,2,3}. Indiscrete topology is r= {4X} All possible subsets of X = {1,2,3) are $.{1},{2},43).{42},{1.3},{2,3},X Discrete topology is r= {9,{1),{2},{3).{12), {43}, {2,3}, X} Define metrizable space. Give an example to show that a pecloaical space need not be a metrizable space. ‘opological space (X,r) is said to be the metrizable space if ae exists at least one metric d on X such thai tke collection of Open sets generated by dis exactly the topology r.TUNA aan tenatagy on X, ani the space nice We SHOW NAL this space Is now suppose OM Contary that Xin a Let x. (aby, then + sierpinskt (Gr) i the an the matrizable space bi ats a mettic va thare exisls é On X such that € sizable space, (elt a bar ¢ ch that each, ™ * anaratert by camel bea marn Der OL) and vice vera, oper inner of f must be anaper 1 GONEr ALE by y 5 Fe each me tno nember of, 18 4M OPEN set generated ey en a Thorton, ta} fy qpon sphore 5, (2) Such tha sree ery exit a by a, so the ye sca). (ah This is only possible tt the open sphere S, (a) contains only a, Le. . dabyor ay 5,(b) 5,(b) {b) This shows that {b) 1% open in the metric space (Xd). But this is ‘ot generated does not belong to r. so the open ot a metrizable space. ology on X. and Ac X be an arbitrary subset of X. tof A, then r is said to be nolins, Hence, X ts 1 (xv) Define A-inclusion to; Sol; Let X be a nonemply sel Lol r consist of ¢ and every superse! an A-inclusion topology on X. x. Define A-exclusion topology on X. X be an arbitrary subset of x. Let X be a nonemply set and Aq Let + consist of X and every subset of X which does not intersect A, then + is said to be an A-exclusion topology on x. Let (X,r,) be a topological space and Y< X a nonemply subset, then ry =VOY:Vety} is a topology on Y, called the topology induced by ry on Y or relative topology on Y. The pair (Y,7,) is caied the subspace 0! x It x - i re {a.bede} with ty = {6,{a),{b),{c}{a,b},{a,c},{b,c},{a,b,c).*! _ {b,c,d,e}, find the relative topology on Y. aking the intersection of each member of r, with * we have ty ddayoY = Gib} = {b) ‘ , SOY = (eh abby = {b} fae, \ fac} ={c}, (O0}Y¥ = (be} abe) “boeowe Yxix) that the members of +, are 4,(b) (e) (be » Walb)eh (heyy ihe required relative topology on Y show that the subspace of a discrote topological space is siso discrete space. s be a discrete topological space, then the power set of X, x). is the topology on X. Let ¥ be a non-empty subset of X and be the relative topology on Y, then ry = VAYV & P(X) In order to show that r, = P(Y), let ACY such thal Ag ry. Then Ae V4Y for all Vc P(X), which is not possible, because each subset of Y is the intersection of some member of P(X) with Y. Thus, each subset of Yis a member of ry, i.€., ty =P(Y). This shows that ry is discrete topology on Y and so Y is a discrete topological space. This completes the proof. , . Show that the subspace of an indiscrete topological space is also indiscrete space. Let X be a nonemply set and ry be an indiscrete topology on X, then Tx ={gX} Let Y be a nonempty subset of X, then bY =9,X0Y=Y are the only members of relative topology ry , 1.e. ty ={hY} This shows thatr, is also an indiscrete topology on Y. Hence, Y is an indiscrete space. Solve / answer the following short questions: Define open and closed sets in a topological space. Let (X,r) be a topological space, then a member of r is said to be an open set in X. The subset of X whose complement is a member of r is said to be a closed set in X. Show that every subset of a discret ji ii a e topological space is Lel ¥ be a discrete topologi : iscre! gical space, then the topology on X is its = Sel, 50 every subset of X is a member of topology and alors, the complement of every subset of X is also a merangy, of te ry € acl topology This shows that eve losed subset il jal every subset IS 1% This completes the proof : eae supe "Ys an open subs Pace of a topol that each Open subset of Vis also aa gical space x, then show Den in v———— J Pigiae a ud Sol: (iv) Sol: (vi) Sol: (vii) Sol: pry Im, y Let U be an open subset of Y, then open subset V of x is etn, . Cet id the int subsets of X and the intersection gy Since V and Y are open su! tn al gute is also open, so U. being the intersection Of two gp ats is open. in X. | | Show that every subset of a topological space is open if any only if its each singleton subset is open. cet of x Let (X.r) be a topological space. Let every Sut set of X be open Iso open in X. ts singleton subsets are a Lt let the singleton subsets of X be open, then each ibsets, is open. of X, being the union of its singleton sul . ate union of two topologies on Xa topology on X? Justify your answer. Let X = {a.bc} with topologies 1, = (Ada}dbc},.X] and r, = {e4a.b).X} 1 Ur = Wah{bc}{ab}X] and {bc} {ab} = {b} er, U7, 80 Now Since {b,ch.{a.b}«r, 1 Ur, is not a topology on X. This shews that the union of two topologies on X need not be a topology on X. Define the neighbourhood of a point in a topological space. Let (X,r) be a topological space. A subset N of X containing xX js said to be the neighbourhood of x if there exists an open set U containing x such that N contains U, i.e. xeUcN Let X={a,b,c,d} with topology r= {¢,{a},{b},{a,b},X}, then find all the possible neighbourhoods of a. CI TOE X={abed}, r= {p{a},{b},{ab},X} The subsets of X containing a are ___ {2).{a,6},{a,¢), (2,0), {a,b,c}, (a,b,d},{a,c,0),X Since {a} is an open set such that xO ae {a} < {a} ae{a}c {a,b,c} a {a} c {a,b} ae {a} < {a,b} a¢{a}c {a,c} ae {a}c {acd} 3 {a}c {ad} ac{a}oX This shows that {a}. {@,}.{a,c}.{a,0}, (a,b are all possible neighbourhoose ea {a,c,d}.X lle(xii) Sol (xili) Sot (xiv) _—— Tice Show that the topological space itself is a neighbourhood of each of its points. Lel Gr) be a topological space Let «be any point of % There exists at least one open sel, te. ¥ itsell satisfying the condition ¥ & & This shows that X is a neighbourhood of x Hence, * js a neighbourhood of each of its points. Show that the intersection of two neighbourhoods of a point is also its neighbourhood in a topological space. Let A and U be two neighbourhoods of x, then there exist open sels Uand V such thal xcUc AandxceVcB = xeUVCAnB Since UAV, being the intersection of two open sels U and V, Is open, so by the last expression AcB is aneighbourhood of x. Show that the union of two neighbourhoods of a point is also its neighbourhood in a topological space. Let A and B be two neighbourhoods of x, then there exist open sets Uand V such that xcUcAandxeVcB =x cUsVEAVB Since UV, being the union of two open sets U and V, is open, so by the last expression A\B is a neighbourhood of x. If A is a neighbourhood of x, and AcB, then show that B is also neighbourhood of x. Since A is a neighbourhood of x, so there exists an open set U such that (1) Since ...(2) Combining (1) and (2), we have xcUcAcB oxcUcB This shows that B is also a neighbourhood of x. Define the closure of a subset A of a topological space X. Lel A be a subset of a topological space X then the closure of A is the intersection of all closed superse A. The closure of A is denoted by A Define an isolated point of a subset of a opolegical space A point oe A is said to be an isolated point of 4 if there exists an open set U containing «such that Ar WU (x) Show that each point of a nonempty subset of a discrete topological space is its interior point Let 00+) be a discrete topological space. and let 4 be a subset of 4 Iris any point of 4, then Gc) is an open set such inat(xv) Sol: (xvi) (xvii) cn io i (xviii) In Io g (xix) 301: Wm ees xe({XYJcA .s an interior point of A, SO each point of A is its This shows that x i interior point. he interior of a subset of a discrete topological Show that # is the set itself. space i: Let (X.r) bea discrete topological space, and let Abe a subset of xX. Let xeA, then {x} is an open set such that xe{x}cA This shows that xis an interior point of A, i.e. xeA =>AcA (1) AecA “(2). But Combining (1) and (2), we have Give an example of a topological space having two disjoint dense subsets. Let (Rr) be a topological space with usual topology, then Q, set of rational numbers and Q’, set of irrational numbers are disjoint dense subsets of R, because, =X, =X, Qn =4 If A and B are two subsets of a topological space X, then show that AnBcAnB we AOBCAADBSB .AnB CA ANB SB = ARB cANB Consider the topological space X = {a,b} with the topology + ={¢,X,{a}}. Find the interior and limit points of the set A=xX. Sal the interior point of A= X,, becaise there exists an open set a itself, such that ae X I cue =>ANU=¢ which is a contradiction, because xis in both A and U. Hence xe AUA =AcAUAS Conversely, let x AU At A, so in both cases, each oj Let x@A, then x (A) (2) » then x is either in A or a limit point of Pen set containing x intersects A. - Since A is closed, so (A)' is an open Sst containing x. Since AM(A)® =4, 50 ANIA)’ =# (: Ac A) Thus, the open set (Af Containing x does not intersect A, which is a contradiction, so eA Wes (3) Combining (2) and (3),we have A= asa’usual topology on the real line R and prove that the set ine i) is a7 rai R\{5, 10, 15} is openin R i The set Zis closed in R ; | ,; fh Q is neither open nor closed in R (with the usual i : topology on R) 1, The collection, 7, of all open intervals is called usual topology on sol the real line R. " (i) Let A = R\{5, 10, 15}, then A‘ = {5,10,15} has no limi points and so A® is closed. Hence, A = R\{5, 10, 15} is an open set in R. - (ii) Since Z has no limit points and so Z is closed. . (iii) | Since every real number is a limit point of Q, so Q is not closed. Let q xe Int(An By > xc Ext(An B) => Ext(A) Ext(B) & Ext(An B) Show that a subset A of a topological space (X,r) has empty frontier if and only if Ais both open and closed. Let A be a subset of a topological space X. Let A have empty boundary, i.e. F,(A)=¢ SAA =6 =Ac(a} 1) and a’ clay -(2) Since A° = arf, so (1) takes the form Ac(a} =a =>ACA =AcA «ACA Bul Ac A,SoA = A. This shows that A is closed Since (a°) = (a) , so (2) takes the form ae clay =(ary =A clay eA cat (atl cat But AP rc 5 “So A° = A®. This shows that A® is closed, so A is Cae Hence, A is both open and closed. Onversely, let A both open and closed, then FAY= ANAS = Ana Let (x, the de = A= AA =A ‘Ta) be a discrete topological space and Ac X. Find TWved set of A. Also show that d Ante ©XGAGU, + },forall OpensetsU, containing x}13° Let (R.r,) be the ete lopolog! his open set {x} dOeS not contain so x is an isolated point of 4, |g . hows that no point of X is the limit since (X is an op i A different from *, A of any point Si This 8 is not a limit point of A, 50 A Let B={x° X “ then we have to show that ‘is! suppose that x € B, then there ex! tt ANU, = ¢, then such thal AcUS 5 si U, is open, sO U® is closed and from (1) it is clear that us nce U, 5 x a ed superset of A. But A is the smallest closed superset of “<8 tet A on 2 forall open sets U, containing x, = B. For this, let xeA Further ts an open set U, Containing x is a clost A, so AcUS =>ANU,=¢ which is a contradiction, because x is in both A and U, . Hence, xeB,andsoAcB Conversely, let x A". Sol:(i) Let x. A. Further suppose that xv Ais A", then x15 neither in A nor a limit point of A, so there exists an open set U containing x such that UnA ¢ >» ACU 1) Since U is open, so U* 1s closed and from (1) itis clear that U" is “closed superset of A. But A is the smallest closed superset of A. so Av U 2AnUn¢ which is a c ontradiction, because xis in both A and U. Hence xe AGAY 2 Ae AA" (2) My let ee A At A. su © in both case Lat ey A then 4 ts either in A ora limit point of e8 each open sel containing * intersects A then x « e © ‘en x (AY Since A is closed, so (AJ is an open nee AM (AY =o, 9a Ar(A)® =o be Aw A) sat ox pontaining x6 Solutions Manual of introduction to Topology (ii) (ii) Lay Thus, the open set (ay containing x does not intersect 4, Which a contradiction, so _ . xeA =>AVAT CA (9) Combining (2) and (3), we have A=AUA". Let A be closed, then A contains all of its limit points, so 4% cA ie. ADA’ Conversely, let A> A%, then A contains of all of its limit points, 5 Ais closed. \f r, and r, are topologies on a set X, show that 1 OT, is also a topology but 7, Uz, need not be a topology. Let X be a nonempty set and T,Tz be two topologies on X. First of all we show that 1,0 T, is also a topology on X. Let, for any indexing set /and a Wbda}dbe} (ab). Since {be}{abpe ror, and {be}o{ab}={b}et,07,, so 1,0) ty ts not a topology on X dab). | This shows that 7,' 71) need not be a topology. y46 Let (R,r) be a cofinite topological space. Justify and determine whether the sets {z,e} and [0,1] closed in R. CA Sol: Since (R,r) 1s a cofinite topological space and {7,e} is a finite subset of R, so {7,e} is closed in R. Since (R.r) is a cofinite topological space and [0,1] is not a finite subset of R, so [0,1] is not closed in R. Q.17. Give an example of a cofinite topological space under which each subset is both open and closed. Also show that in a topological space, union of any finite number of closed sets is closed. Sol: Let X be a finite set and (X,r,) be a cofinite topological space. Let A be any subset of X. Since X is finite, so both A and A® are finite. Since r, is a cofinite topology, so both A and A‘, being finite subsets, are closed. Consequently A is both open and closed. Hence, each subset is both open and closed. | Let (Xr) be a topological space. Let {U,:1We ANF (A) ee(1) Conversely, let y© A\E,(A) ye A and y ¢F,(A) This 7 ae ‘hows that there must exist al least one open set V maining y such that Viv at ~ VeA veVen wyeva/ of Introduction to Topolo, wy Bo yea SAVE MA)GA 2 ) 2), we have From (1) and (2), we ha A\EIA) IA and Bare two subsets of a topological space (X,r), then Q.26 and Ba show that ay Ext (A) = ( Wy) Baa UEUE) ERAN) (ii) Ext(AUB) = Bt(A) Ext (B) TEs (1) 1:() We know that : a Ext(A)=nt(A*) Let {V,, :ze I}be a collection of all open subsets of A®, then Int(A®) = aaa = fea =[U.Mel = AuaVs Since each V, is an open subset of A*, so each VS is a closed superset of A. Thus, {V;:@ €} is a collection of all closed supersets of A. Since A, being the smallest closed superset of A, is the intersection of all of its closed supersets, so A=NaVe =Az=[nyarf + fintcae PF =MaVs Taking complements on both sides, we have nt(a’) = (af (2) Comparing (1) and (2), we have Ext) =(A)* x 6 Bet(A) SExt(B), Ay xen’) in(Be) ena OB) Inl(A > By Ext(ArB) A) \ Ext(B) “eIN(A®) int B®) & Int(A® U B®) Et(ariay x© EAB) > ee InA ay’STC HY) we Mn(A® so lnt(B") x Bxt(A)s E(B) Ext(AviB). Ext(A): Ext(B) a) ly, lot x Ext(A)s sExt(B) xe In(A® )int(B" ) xe In(ASB') > xe Int(AUB)' > x Ex(AUB) => Ext(A) Ext(B) Ext(AB) (2) bining (1) and (2), we have Ext(AW B) - Ext(A) oExt(B) ine subspace. Prove that the set Z of integers as subspace Rhas discrete topology. oe bspace: Let (X,ry) be a topological space and empty subset, then ry ={VAVV ery} a topology on Y, called the topology induced by ry on Y or lative topology on Y. The pair (Y,ry) is called the subspace of tne Z, then (n-1,n +1), being an open interval, an open set in , so by the definition of relative topology, (n-14n+1)OZ = {n} an open set. This shows thal each singleton subset of Z is an pen set in Z. et A be any subset of Z, then A, being the union of singleton bsets of Z, is an open subset of Z. This shows that every subset Z is an open set, so ihe set Z of integers as subspace of R has screte topology. et X be a cofinite topological space. Show that A® i or any subset A of X. Lt is closed ‘ase-|: Ais finite, then by the definition of c 9880, so it contains all of i Subset of A, ie ‘Ofinite topological space, it is ts limit points. Then derived set of A is ACCA nee A is finite, so 4! Onsequently, 4! being being the subset of a finite set, is finite the finite subset of a Cofinite topolagicalCase-ll: If Ais infinile, then for any xy eX, y#x, and y_ x UnA#¢ 7 Since U* ={y} = finite therefore, U=xX-{y} is an open set containing x, because y # x. Since A is infinite, and U contains all points of X except Yo (UNA)\ {x} #¢ This shows that x is a limit point of A, i.e. x ¢ AY. Similarly, we can show that each point of X is in A’, so Aa xX This shows that A? is closed,