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Analysis of frequency band structure in one-dimensional sonic crystal using

Webster horn equation

Article  in  Applied Physics Letters · June 2011

DOI: 10.1063/1.3592570 · Source: IEEE Xplore

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Analysis of frequency band structure in one-dimensional sonic
crystal using Webster horn equation
A. Gupta, K. M. Lim, and C. H. Chew

Citation: Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 201906 (2011); doi: 10.1063/1.3592570

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3592570
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 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 98, 201906 共2011兲

Analysis of frequency band structure in one-dimensional sonic crystal

using Webster horn equation
A. Gupta,a兲 K. M. Lim, and C. H. Chew
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576 Singapore
共Received 24 March 2011; accepted 28 April 2011; published online 18 May 2011兲
Sound propagation through periodic arrangement of scatterers lead to formation of bands of
frequencies, known as band gaps, where sound cannot propagate though the structure. We propose
a method based on Webster horn equation, along with Floquet theorem, to predict the band gap of
a one-dimensional periodic structure made of hard sound-scatterers. The method is further modified
to obtain the complex wave numbers, which give the decay constants. The decay constant is used
to predict the sound attenuation of the evanescent wave in the finite sonic crystal. The theoretical
prediction is verified with experimental measurements. © 2011 American Institute of Physics.
关doi:10.1063/1.3592570兴

Interaction of sound wave with a periodic structure leads decay constant of evanescent waves is used to predict the
to formation of bands of frequencies known as band gaps. attenuation by the finite sonic crystal. The results are com-
Sound wave with frequencies within the band gap cannot pared with experiment, which shows a significant attenuation
propagate through the periodic structure. Such a periodic ar- in the band gap region.
rangement of scatterers is referred to as sonic crystal and this The problem of sound propagating over a one-
has promising applications. Some of the interesting applica- dimensional infinite periodic structure made of sound hard
tions of sonic crystal are in acoustic cloaking,1 negative re- cylinders is shown in Fig. 1共a兲. The diameter of cylinder is
fraction of sound wave,2 green belts,3 and acoustic barriers.4 3 cm and the center to center distance between the cylinders
Computation of the band gap of the sonic crystals forms the is 4.25 cm. The distance between the parallel walls is also
basis of design in all these applications. 4.25 cm. Using symmetry and periodicity of the structure,
There are many standard methods to obtain the band gap the analysis is restricted to a half of a unit cell as shown by
in a sonic crystal, such as multiple scattering method5 and the shaded region in Fig. 1共b兲.
plane wave expansion method.6 Recently, an extended plane The Webster horn equation11,12 Eq. 共1兲 is used to model
wave expansion method has been proposed7,8 to compute the sound propagation in the variable cross-sectional area shown
complex band gap9 of the sonic crystal. The complex band in Fig. 1共b兲,
structure gives the additional information of the decay con-
stant 共imaginary part of wave number兲 of the sound wave in
the band gap region. Also, it has been shown that for a “fi-
d2 p共x,t兲 c2 d
dt2
=
S dx
S
dx
冋
dp共x,t兲
, 册 共1兲

nite” structure or for structures having defects, the propagat- where the variable cross-section area S is a function of dis-
ing wave is evanescent in behavior.10 Therefore, using the tance x, p is the pressure, and c is the velocity of sound in air.
decay constant, sound attenuation through the finite arrange- The cross-sectional area S is represented by the dotted line in
ment of scatterers can be obtained. Fig. 1共b兲. Furthermore, we consider the case when pressure
The complex band gap is of greater relevance to sonic is harmonic, as any signal can be represented as a sum of
crystal for the applications in audible frequency range. The harmonic functions,
dimension of sonic crystal 共based on Bragg’s reflection兲 de-
pends on the wavelength of the sound wave, which is quite p共x,t兲 = Re关p共x兲ei␻t兴, 共2兲
large 共1700 cm–1.7 cm兲 in audible frequency range 共20 where P共x兲 is a complex-valued amplitude.
Hz–20 kHz兲. Therefore, the sonic crystal has a finite number
of scatterers and it is important to evaluate the performance
of such finite structures. There are methods, such as finite
difference time domain method to obtain transmission coef-
ficient through the finite sonic crystal but such methods are
computationally very expensive. However, obtaining the at-
tenuation through the decay constant gives a quick check on
the sound attenuation level expected by the structure in the
band gap region.
In the present letter, we have developed a method based
on Webster horn equation and Floquet theorem to obtain the
band structure for sound propagating over a one-dimensional
periodic structure. The method is further modified to obtain
the complex band structure. The additional information of
FIG. 1. 共a兲 One-dimensional periodic array of cylinders. 共b兲 Half of a unit
a兲
Electronic mail: apn.gpt@gmail.com. cell used for the computation of band structure.

0003-6951/2011/98共20兲/201906/3/$30.00 98, 201906-1 © 2011 American Institute of Physics

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201906-2 Gupta, Lim, and Chew Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 201906 共2011兲

FIG. 2. 共a兲 Band structure for sound propagating in one-dimensional sonic

crystal. 共b兲 Imaginary part of the wave number obtained by the modified FIG. 3. Experimental setup with sound propagating over five acrylic
method. cylinders.

For harmonic response, the horn equation further re- In a unit cell, the pressure variation is given by Eq. 共4兲.
duces to Eq. 共3兲, The complex wave number k = kR + ikI, causes an exponential
d2 P dP S,x
dx 2 +
dx S
冉 冊
␻2
+ 2 P = 0,
c
共3兲
decay in amplitude of wave due to the imaginary part of the
wave number kI,

where S,x represents the first derivative of S with respect to x
and ␻ is the angular frequency of the propagating wave.
The Floquet theorem restricts the solution in the whole
periodic structure to a unit cell shown in Fig. 1共b兲 with pres-
sure variation given by Eq. 共4兲,
P共x兲 = eikx␾共x兲.
Using the Floquet theorem with the Webster horn equa-
tion in a unit cell, the governing equation reduces to the
following equation:
P共x兲 = ␾共x兲exp共− kIx兲exp共ikRx兲. 共9兲
The attenuation 共in dB兲 over a length x is calculated as 20
⫻ log关1 / exp共−kIx兲兴 and kI is therefore referred as the decay
constant.
From the solution of complex wave number, the lowest
共4兲 eigenvalue 共having the least decay兲 is plotted in Fig. 2共b兲. It
can be seen that in the region of band gap, the imaginary part
of the wave number is nonzero, which causes the attenuation
of sound wave.

再 冉 冊 冉 冊冎
As it was demonstrated10 that for a finite structure, the
d 2␾ d ␾ S,x S,x ␻2 propagating wave is evanescent in nature; hence, the decay
+ 2ik + + ␾ ik − k2 + ␾ = 0.
dx2 dx S S c2 constant can be used to obtain the sound attenuation over a
共5兲 finite length. The attenuation over a length of five unit cells
共21.25 cm兲 is predicted by the decay constant obtained and
The above equation is solved using finite difference method. the results are compared with experiments over a frequency
The unit cell is divided into N segments with 共N + 1兲 points range of 500 Hz–6 kHz.
in the x direction. The above equation is written at the nodes The experiment 共Fig. 3兲 consists of sound wave propa-
using finite difference discretization and periodic boundary gating through an array of five acrylic cylinders. The diam-
condition at the ends. This transforms Eq. 共5兲 to an eigen- eter of cylinder and distance between cylinders are same as
value problem given by Eq. 共6兲, those in the theoretical model. The height of the cylinders is
25 cm. The cylinders were mounted on a periodic grid while
␻2
关A共k兲兴兵␾其 + 兵␾其 = 0. 共6兲 care was taken to ensure that the side walls are parallel. A
c2 speaker 共Philips FWB-MX970RS兲 was used as the sound
The wave number k is varied in the first Brillouin zone,13 source. The distance between the speaker and cylinder was
which gives us the band structure shown in Fig. 2共a兲. 80 cm so that the wave front that interacts with cylinder is
Equation 共5兲 can be restructured so that the independent close to a plane wave front. Acoustic foam was also used in
variable is ␻ and the problem is solved for wave number k. regions around the source and receiver 共as shown by thick
The restructured equation when discretized forms a quadratic lines in Fig. 3兲 to reduce reflections. The acoustic foam on
eigenvalue problem the source serves the purpose of absorbing the divergent
source wave and ensuring that the incident wave is mostly
关A2兴兵␾其k2 + 关A1兴兵␾其k + 关A0兴兵␾其 = 0. 共7兲 planar. However some inclined incident wave may be
present, which may further get reflected by the acrylic walls
The above equation can be rearranged in a linear form as
on sides and at the top, leading to some minor errors in the
shown below

冊再 冎 冉 冊再 冎
experimental measurements. The microphone 共1/4 in.兲 used

冉 − A0 0
0 I
␾
k␾
=k
A1 A2
I 0
␾
k␾
. 共8兲
on the receiver end was kept at a distance of 10 cm from the
last cylinder of the sonic crystal. The microphone was con-
nected to an analyzer 共HP 35670A兲. A harmonic analysis was
Equation 共8兲 is a standard eigenvalue problem, which is used performed on the system by sending a fixed frequency signal
to obtain the complex value of wave number for a given ␻. to the speaker and the microphone measurement at the same
The frequency is varied from 10 Hz to 20 kHz and the real frequency was noted. The sound pressure level obtained
and imaginary parts of the wave number are obtained. from the microphone was averaged 50 times to obtain a con-

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201906-3 Gupta, Lim, and Chew
FIG. 4. IL by five cylinders arranged periodically. The theoretical model
represents attenuation calculated by the decay constant over five cylinders.
sistent experimental reading. This process is performed over
a range of frequencies from 500 Hz to 6 KHz at a frequency
step of 3.5 Hz.
The side walls, representing sound hard boundary con-
dition were made of acrylic, which is 1 cm thick. The im-
pedance of acrylic is 3 ⫻ 106 Pa s / m while impedance of air
at 20 ° C is 415 Pa s/m. Therefore, acrylic wall and cylinder
both act as sound hard surfaces with respect to air.
The sound attenuation by the sonic crystal was measured
by insertion loss IL,
IL = SPLwithout SC − SPLwith SC ,
where, SPLwithout SC and SPLwith SC is sound pressure level
measured at the same position without and with the sonic
crystal, respectively. The experimental results along with at-
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Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 201906 共2011兲
tenuation predicted by the decay constant over five cylinders
is shown in Fig. 4.
The result from experiment verifies the prediction of the
band gap with a significant attenuation of more than 20 dB in
the region of 2790–5410 Hz. The theoretical prediction of
the sound attenuation using the decay constant over a length
of five cylinders matches well with the experimental results.
Thus, a method based on Webster horn equation and
Floquet theorem was developed to obtain the band structure
and also the decay constant. The decay constant was used to
predict the sound attenuation over five cylinders, which com-
pared well with the experiment results. The present letter can
be extended to a two-dimensional sonic crystal.
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