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Quantity Survey - Types of Estimate.
Quantity Survey - Types of Estimate.
Table of Contents
Before commencing work over the project, quantity for all materials and its entire cost is
determined.
Therefore, Quantity Survey or estimation is the art or knowledge in which materials quantity and
entire cost are determined.
Quantity survey plays a vital role in estimation and construction of any relevant project.
It will help in the determination of all related applicable costs and materials quantity so that all those
factors are determined, and funds are released for the project in case if acceptable.
If funds are less, then certain alterations can be conducted so that the project can span within the
fixed funds.
These alterations can be brought in the specifications of the project, or the project is conducted in
stages so that the project can end within the released funds.
Estimation is conducted in two ways despite the nature of the project whether the project is of
construction, sewerage system, canal digging, or road construction, and so forth.
Initially, Rough Cost Estimate is conducted that will help in the determination of the cost.
Estimation cannot be done without understanding the drawing of the relevant project.
1. Drawings.
2. Specifications.
3. Rates.
1. Drawings.
Drawings depict heights, lengths, and thicknesses of different parts of the project.
Size of every component of the project is shown in drawing and estimate is prepared accordingly.
Plan, Elevation, and Sectional Elevation are common forms of drawings prepared in the process of
building estimation.
2. Specifications.
Specifications are appointed along with drawings for the depiction of the project quality.
For example, a drawing will represent the size of the door, but it cannot represent certain
elementary factors such as door type and timber type, etc.
a. General Specifications.
b. Detailed Specifications.
a. General Specifications:
They are used to show aspect, standard, and type of constructional work.
They would depict the general classifications of the constructional work of the project.
These specifications are used to establish the standards of the constructional work that will help in
establishing Detailed Estimate.
b. Detailed Specifications:
Detailed Specifications depict characteristics, quantity, ratio, and formation method of the material
used in construction work in the detailed description.
Each component of the constructional work is detailed separately with the help of Detailed
Specifications.
Therefore, all aspects establishing standards and quality of the constructional work are disclosed.
Detailed Specifications of the items employed in ordinary projects are printed that are used for
contracts.
3. Rates.
Accurate rates of material and construction work are required for accurate estimation.
Multiplication of rates with the magnitude of material or construction work will result in cost
estimation of the project.
Rates of material or constructional work can be determined from Schedule of Rates of different
public and private departments, or completed constructional work can be analyzed to get all
required rates.
Rates include Material Charges, Carriage Charges, and Labor Charges, etc.
Types of Estimate in Civil Engineering.
1. Original Estimate.
2. Repair Estimate.
Estimation
1. Original Estimate.
This project can be a constructional project of building, canal, or road, and so forth.
In other words, if these projects are commenced from scratch then estimate proposed for them will
be Original Estimate.
b. Detailed Estimate.
a. Rough Cost Estimate.
This type of Estimate is done for any project before commencing about its fruitfulness and cost that
will be expended on it.
Initially, a rough estimate of cost is conducted about the project that is known as Rough Cost
Estimate.
If the project is proposed for taking financial advantages, then expected financial income and rough
cost estimate is compared in this type of estimate.
If the project is not proposed for taking financial advantages, then its necessity and vitality are
compared in this type of estimate.
Rough Cost Estimate is made by comparison of cost expended over former project experiments and
undergoing proposed project.
It includes the price of the plot for the project, the cost likely to be expended over the building,
water supply and cost of sanitary, provision of gas and electricity.
Rough Cost Estimate also includes 5 to 10 percents of additional charges that have to be made on
urgent basis during a project, and they are not obvious before project commencement.
a. For Buildings.
Different methods are used for conducting Rough Cost Estimate for buildings.
In this method of Rough Cost Estimate for building, the cost estimate is done per unit number
according to the aspect of the project.
For example, this method will take account of per students cost in case of school construction, per
bed in case of a hospital, and per seat in case of cinema or theater.
Per unit rate is established respecting certain factors such as material and labor etc.
Rough Cost Estimate of the building is generally conducted by Plinth Area Basis method.
In this method, the entire proposed constructing area of the building is determined.
Plinth area will include the area for all the types of rooms, verandas, and walls, etc.
This area is determined by finding all the measurements over the Plinth Area of the building.
The rates can be found by the already constructed buildings in the area, and whereabouts.
Hence, acquired expenditure will be proposed expenditure of the construction of the building.
It will include the provision of gas and electricity, sewerage and all related facilities.
Electrification = 8%.
Gas Supply = 4%
All these expenses that are paid over facilities are accumulated with the cost paid for the
construction of the building.
Contingencies may vary from 5 to 10 percents of the overall cost of the building.
10% profit for contractor must be added in overall cost if the project has to be done by contract.
In the case of a multi-storied building, separate cost is determined for each story.
If the drawing of the building is not available or not yet prepared then area of the required rooms is
determined, and 30 to 40 percent area is added up for passages and verandas.
Ultimately, Plinth Area is determined. Rough Cost Estimate can be found by this area as well.
In this method of Rough Cost Estimate, the total volume of the proposed building is determined.
Then it is multiplied by the Rate Per Unit Volume, and the overall cost of the building is found.
Outer measurement of the building is acquired for finding the volume of the building.
All these measurements are multiplied together to get the volume of the building.
The height of the building starts from the plinth to the upper surface of the floor of the building.
Rate Per Unit Volume is selected according to the type of the building and related specifications.
These rates can be established also by already constructed buildings in area and whereabouts.
Cube Rate Estimate method is the best for establishing Rough Cost Estimate as it also involves the
height of the building too.
In this method of Rough Cost Estimate, lengths of different walls are found separately.
Then the cost of Unit Length of each wall is determined.
Foundation cost will include the cost of the Damp Proof Course, the cost of digging and filling, etc. as
well.
Super Structure cost includes the cost of masonry, wood crafting, roofing, and finishing, etc.
types-of-estimate
Rough Cost Estimate of the roads and highways is established per kilometer.
Cost of per kilometer is assumed by the type of road or highways being constructed.
This cost is established by the width of the road, the material used in the road, and the design of the
road.
The overall cost of the road is acquired by multiplying entire road length with the Rate Per Unit
Length of the road.
In a first way, per kilometer expenditure over the irrigation Channel is established.
Then it is multiplied by the total length of the canal to get the overall cost.
In a second way, the overall cost of the irrigation channel is established with respect to the
harvesting area intended to be watered by the proposed irrigation channel.
Then it is multiplied by the total area to get the overall cost of the irrigation channel.
Major culverts, bridges cost is determined per meter span of the culvert or bridge.
Two methods are ensured for Rough Cost Estimate of Water Supply and Sanitary Pipeline.
In the first method, Cost Per head is established for the entire region and this cost is multiplied with
the entire region population to get the overall cost for Water Supply and Sanitary Pipeline.
In the second method, Cost Per Acre is established for the entire region and this cost is multiplied
with the entire area of the region to get the overall cost for Water Supply and Sanitary Pipeline.
Constructional cost of the over-head water tank is determined by its capacity of water storage.
In order to prepare Rough Cost Estimate, Cost Per Liter is established for over-head water tank with
respect to height and constructional method of the over-head water tank.
Subsequently, the cost of the tank is found by multiplying liters with the measurement of the
capacity.
Rough Cost Estimate is established per kilometer for construction of railway tracks.
Cost Per Kilometer is established with respect to railways line gauge, rail, and type of sleeper.
Then this cost is multiplied by the length of railway track to get the overall Rough Cost Estimate.
b. Detailed Estimate.
In this method of estimation, each item of the project is determined and multiplied with its Unit of
Rate to acquire the cost.
Detailed Estimate is conducted to get the approval of Technical Sanction of the related project.
Project Report.
Specifications.
Detailed Drawing.
Design Data.
Rates.
This estimate is also conducted for requiring tender so that the project can be completed.
Detailed Estimate is also prepared for other purposes other than Original Building as follow.
Revised Estimate.
Supplementary Estimate.
a. Revised Estimate.
Revised Estimate is prepared when diversion more than 5 percent occurs in the Detailed Estimate.
Revised Estimate is also prepared if changes are made in project design of the already prepared
Revised Estimate and ultimately Technical Sanction has sought again.
Comparative Statement is also attached to Revised Estimate that will clarify the price fluctuation in
each item.
b. Supplementary Estimate.
If construction work of the project has been started and change in design has been felt,
..and expenditure due to design changes cannot be covered within approved funds then an
additional estimate is prepared which is known as Supplementary Estimate.
The procedure of Supplementary Estimate will be similar to that of procedure for Original Estimate.
A report is prepared along with the Supplementary Estimate that will explain the necessity of
alteration or addition.
This estimate will include already approved estimate and Supplementary Estimate.
Sometimes changes or additions are required in already prepared estimate in the project, and these
changes are caused due to prices diversion of more than 5 percent.
Alteration in cost is brought about by design changes in projector price fluctuation of the items.
If estimate shows the involvement of additional cost more than 5 percent before the
commencement of project or during construction of the project,
then divisional officer (XEN) has the authority to prepare the estimate for the project from scratch
and acquire new Technical Sanction for the project.
If the cost of altered estimate comes lower than the prior estimate, then such estimate will be
known as Reduced Estimate.
2. Repair Estimate.
Repair and maintenance are done in buildings and other structures in order to maintain and look
after them.
The estimate prepared to find the cost applying over the repair.
Procedure for Repair Estimate is similar to that of procedure for Detailed Estimate.
Repair Estimate of the building includes Whitewashing, Paint and, other maintenances.
Road repair will include filling up patches showed up in the surface of the road, ensuing rigidness of
the road banks and footpath maintenance, etc.
Buildings and other structures are repaired every year to keep them maintained and usable.
This estimate will include whitewashing and other small repairs. 1 to 1-1/2 percent budget of the
overall cost is kept for this purpose.
Road edges and shoulders are repaired and maintained every year as annual repair.
The procedure for Annual Repair Estimate will be similar to that of procedure for Detailed
Estimation.
Special repair is done after every four years despite annual repair which is known as Quadrennial
Repair.
The procedure for Quadrennial Repair Estimate will be similar to that of procedure for Detailed
Estimation.
However, repairing of damages of buildings and other structures caused by earthquake, flood and
other accidents is done in special repair.
Despite, buildings and other structures also breath sever damages and miserable status due to
continuous and long usage that are repaired especially to make them livable and usable.
The special repair will include removing of spoiled floor or roof and constructing a new one;
removing broken doors and windows, and wood crafting a new one, removing the spoiled plaster
and plastering new one, etc.
Road special repair will include filing up patches showed up in the surface of the road ensuring
rigidness of the road banks and footpath maintenance etc.