«Английский в фокусе»

Сборник заданий в формате ГИА

8 класс
MODULE I
1. 1. – C; 2. – E; 3. – D; 4. – A; 5. – ; 6. – B
2. 1. – NS; 2. – T; 3. – F; 4. – F; 5. – T; 6. – NS; 7. – T; 8. – F; 9. – F; 10. – T
3. 1. – d; 2. – c; 3. – b; 4. – b; 5. – c; 6. – c; 7. – c; 8. – d.
4. 1. – c; 2. – f; 3. – a; 4. – b; 5. – d; e - 0
5. 1. – NS; 2. – T; 3. – F; 4. – F; 5. – NS/F; 6. – T; 7. –F; 8. NS
6. A – 4; B – 1; C – 6; D – 3; E – 2; 5 – 0
7. 1. – c;. 2. a; 3. d; 4. d; 5 b; 6. c; 7. c; 8. c.
8. Etiquette
Cultural etiquette dictates that when invited to someone's home, you should bring a
small gift for the hostess. Feel free to express your gratitude with a note or a
telephone call. It is important to respect the British desire for privacy.
Don't ask personal questions about family background and origin, profession,
marital status, political preferences or money issues. It is considered extremely
impolite to violate a queue, so never push ahead in a line.
When it comes to clothes, there are no restrictions on how to dress. Men and
women wear wools and tweeds for casual occasions. Do not wear a blazer to work
-- it is country or weekend wear.
On formal occasions, always select an outfit that fits the dress code. When attending
a holiday dinner or cultural event, such as a concert or theatre performance, it is
best to dress formally.
9. Avoiding Conflict Altogether
Rather than discussing problems in a calm, respectful manner, some people just
don't say anything to their partner until they're ready to explode, and then blurt it
out in an angry, hurtful way. This seems to be the less stressful way - avoiding an
argument but usually it causes more stress to both parties as tensions rise,
resentments fester, and a much bigger argument eventually results. It's much
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healthier to address and resolve conflict. Assertive communication can strengthen
your relationships, reducing stress from conflict. Situation: Your friend has shown
up twenty minutes late for a lunch date. Inappropriate: "You’re so rude! You’re
always late." Assertive Communication: "We were supposed to meet at 11:30, but
now it’s 11:50."
10. Dining and Entertaining
The British enjoy entertaining at home. Guests should be punctual, though it
won't be/isn’t considered rude to be five or 10 minutes late. Guests also should sit
down when they are invited to. Table manners are Continental, i.e. the fork is
held in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating. When through with a
meal, the British lay their fork and knife parallel across their plate.
People dining out with a group of British friends should be prepared to toast
before the meal if it's formal; at a pub, though, they are expected to pay for a
round of drinks for everyone. If invited to a meal at a restaurant, the person
extending the invitation usually pays. Do not argue about the check!
11.
For hundreds of years human beings have been dependent on other people for their
survival. When we lived in tribes of hunters and gatherers, if your social group
didn’t accept you - you died. Nowadays if your peers don’t accept you it doesn’t
mean a slow starving death but it hurts. You are anxious to be part of the social
group. However, if you can overcome your anxieties, your life will be made much
richer by its human inhabitants, and you will find yourself wondering why you
were so shy to begin with. Science may tell us we are born either outgoing and
extroverted or more reserved and shy, but there are ways for introverts to become
more sociable and join in the party with all the extroverts.
12.
When meeting a Russian, male or female, for the first time, shake hands firmly
while retaining eye contact. Looking away can be considered rude and indifferent.
Men should wait for a woman to offer her hand first. Do not shake hands over a
threshold; enter the room first, then shake hands. Russians commonly introduce

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each other through a third person, rather than directly introducing themselves.
Russians familiar with each other greet one another with hugs and, among women,
three kisses on the cheeks,as a non-native, do not assume familiarity; wait for your
Russian acquaintances to take the lead.
13.
Believe in yourself
This is the most important part of overcoming your shyness; you have to believe
that who you are is worth knowing and sharing with the world. If you are
convinced you are a boring and uninteresting person, you will be. If, on the other
hand, you are certain that you have something to give the world and have big plans
on the horizon, I have but one thing to say to you: “Hey, how’s it going?”
Tired of the same old opening lines? We’ve all heard them, and they can
sometimes be a real turn-off. But since you never get a second chance to make a
first impression, what’s said in those first few moments is as important as it often
is tongue-tying. A great way to start a conversation in almost any situation is to ask
questions. You can use the weather, your situation, or a request you may have,
such as asking for directions. Break the ice by making a comment or statement,
often followed by a question. This technique works especially well when you’re
with a group of people sharing a similar experience. You can also make comments
about your surroundings

MODULE 2
Reading
1. 1. – C; 2. – E; 3. – A; 4. – 0; 5. – B; 6. – D
2. 1. – T; 2. – NS; 3. – NS; 4. – F; 5. – T; 6. – F; 7. – F; 8 – F
3. 1. – c; 2. – d; 3. –.a; 4. – c; 5. – b; 6. – b; 7. a; 8 – c.
4. 1. – T; 2. – NS; – 3. F; 4. – F; 5. – NS; 6. – F; 7. – T; 8. – NS
5. a) 1. – B; 2. – D; 3. – 0; 4. – A; 5. – C
b) 1. – T; 2. – NS; 3. – F; 4. – F; 5. – NS; 6. – F; 7. – T; 8. – NS
6. 1. – b; 2. – c; 3. –.a; 4. – c; 5. – d; 6. – d; 7. c; 8 – c; 9. c; 10. D; 11. b; 12. a

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7.
Most regular readers of Listverse know that I am a food fanatic. It started as a child
watching my family members baking on the weekends, and led me to try to teach
myself French cuisine. Recently, I have been on a Korean food kick. I have tried to
select a dish that is truly the main food of each country but some may disagree. Please
use the comments to mention your other favourite dishes from each nation here.
Borscht is a soup of Ukrainian origin, that is popular in many Eastern and Central
European countries. It is made with beetroot as the main ingredient, giving it a
deep reddish-purple color. The soup began its existence from vegetables,
consumed throughout the winter months. One of the primary vegetables of the
Slavic diet during the winter months was beets. Hence, the recipe turned into what
is traditionally known of as a beet soup.
8.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Shopping Online
Finding a product online is much easier than looking for it in the local store. You can
search any product easily by using the search engine feature of an online shopping
website. But in store you have to look for it until you find it. This is how you can save
some valuable time. Many people hate to search a product in the corners of a shop and
stand in the line for paying the price. Shopping from the local store becomes more time
consuming and expensive if you do not have your own car. You can solve all the above
problems just by shopping online. If you don't find a product than you can switch to a
new shopping website without wasting your time. On the other hand if you do not find
any product in the store you sometimes are forced to buy a worse thing from the local
store. If you don't like the price of a product from an online shop, you will switch to
another online store to look for cheaper prices.
9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Shopping Online (continuation).
Today as the online shopping grows in popularity, more people are turning to it for
all their needs. Clothes, shoes, products, even groceries can now be purchased via

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the Internet. A lot of pros have come from this; no waiting in lines or in traffic, you
can shop from the convenience of your home. But you usually have to wait long
periods of time to receive your things. Sometimes, this can even take up to a month
or longer if being shipped from overseas. There is no one to ease your frustration
about any delays that occur. Shipping costs on your item can be extremely high in
comparison to what you paid for the thing, sometimes making the purchase not
worth it. Sometimes looks can be deceiving. You don't get to test the product
before you buy it. What might have looked beautiful to you in picture might not
live up to your expectations once received.

10.
1. Put 9 eggs into a large saucepan. Cover with cold water and bring to the
boil. Once boiling, set the timer for 5 minutes. When 5 minutes is up,
quickly lift the eggs out with a slotted spoon and plunge into a big bowl of
cold water.
2. Put the sausagemeat, parsley, Worcestershire sauce, mustard powder and
mace into a bowl with plenty of seasoning. Break in 1 of the remaining eggs
and mix everything together.
3. Crack remaining 2 eggs into a bowl, beat with a fork, then sieve
(просеивать) onto a plate. Tip the flour onto another plate and season well.
Finally, tip the breadcrumbs onto a third plate.
4. Bring a large saucepan of water to the boil. Drop in the bacon rashers, turn
off the pan and fish out the bacon with a pair of tongs – it should be just
cooked.
5. When the eggs are cool, tap lightly on a hard surface to crack the shell, then
peel. If you hold the eggs over the bowl of water as you peel, all the shell
bits will collect in there and you can dip in the egg to wash off any
fragments. Wrap a slice of bacon around the middle of each egg,
overlapping, like a belt.

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 6. Now finish coating the eggs: bacon-wrapped eggs, then flour, mince, beaten
egg and finally breadcrumbs, plus a baking parchment-lined tray at the end
to put the finished scotch eggs on.
11.
Interesting Facts about the United States One Dollar Bill
Have you ever taken a long, hard look at the United States one dollar bill? With the
rising costs of food and gas and everything else, it's about the only bill I ever have left
in my wallet. The one dollar bill is more than a just a piece of printed paper that buy
you a strawberry sundae at McDonald's, or a scented candle at the local dollar store.
The one dollar bill ($1.00) is the smallest denomination of paper money in the United
States. It's also the most common. George Washington, the first United States president,
has been spotlighted on the front of the bill since 1869 when it was still a United
States Note. An interesting fact about the United States one dollar bill is, the likeness of
Washington comes from a 1795 painting done by Gilbert Stuart. On the reverse side of
the one dollar bill is the Great Seal of the United States. You have noticed that a one
dollar bill feels strong but softer than paper. This is due to the fact that it is not made of
the same material as paper. The predominate materials used in the making of a dollar
bill are cotton, linen and wood fibers.
12.
The World’s Most Popular Snack
Kids’ favourite way to eat popcorn is by shooting it into the mouth. Of course, it’s
rather messy and can be frustrating. The engineers from Indiana came up with an
original solution. The machine is called Popinator and it looks like any normal popcorn
maker. The invention of this gadget will change the way people consume the most
popular snack. All the user has to do is fill up the Popinator with popcorn, sit back and
say 'pop'.

6
On hearing that magic word the microphone system will detect the direction the sound
came from and shoot a piece of popcorn right into the person's mouth. Each popcorn
kernel is a different size and weight, the piece may not land right inside the mouth
which makes the whole exercise more fun! The snack company says the Popinator is
for now just a project and that its employees are having fun with.
MODULE 3
1. 1. – C; 2. – D; 3. – E; 4. – A; 5. – 0; 6. – B.
2. a) 1. – D; 2. – E; 3. – 0; 4. – A; 5. – C; 6. – B
b) 1. – NS; 2. – T; 3. – F; 4. – T; 5. – F; 6. – NS
3. a) 1. – D; 2. – B; 3. – 0; 4. – E; 5. – A; 6. – C
b) 1. – b; 2. – c; 3 – a; 4. – d; 5. – c; 6. – c; 7. – b; 8. – c
4. 1. – NS; 2. – F; 3. – T; 4. – T; 5. – F; 6. – F; 7. – T; 8. – NS
5. a) 1. – C; 2. – B; 3. – 0; 4. – E 5. – A; 6. – D
b) 1. – T; 2. – F; 3. – NS; 4. – F; 5. – NS; 6. – F; 7. – T; 8. – F.
6. 1. – b; 2. – c; 3. – c; 4. – d; 5. – a; 6. – d; 7. – b; 8. – d; 9. – c; 10. – c.
7. Benjamin Franklin
While best known as the founding father of the Untied States FOUND
of America, Benjamin Franklin was also a writer, WRITE
an inventor and a scientist who was responsible for INVENT/SCIENCE
the establishment of many essential services that we take for ESTABLISH/SERVE
granted today. In 1726 he founded the Pennsylvania Gazette,
which soon became a leading newspaper. It was his creation of LEAD/CREATE
a series of Almanacs under the name Poor Richard that made him
famous and wealthy enough to leave the business at the age of FAME/WEALTH
42 and pursue his other interests! Always fascinated with electricity,
Franklin invented the lightning rod (громоотвод). His passion for
music led him to the invention of an instrument called the glass INVENT

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harmonica. Franklin is also responsible for the organization of the first
ORGANIZE
fire brigade and establishing the national public library NATION
and general hospital.

8. A Coffee Powered Vehicle?

We all know that coffee can get humans active, but powering
a car? However, it was successfully demonstrated, on February, DEMONSTRATE
19th, 2013. The modified pickup was able to exceed 65 mph, MODIFY
the fastest land speed achieved by a car running on gas using FAST/ACHIEVE
organic waste. Not surprisingly, it was immediately included SURPRISE/INCLUDE
into the Guinness World Records.
Impressed? You will be even more so, when you find out that this BE/FIND
is not the first time engineer Martin Bacon has built a coffee ONE/BUILD
powered vehicle worthy of a world record. In 2010, he and his
team powered a modified 1988 Volkswagen Scirocco and drove POWER/DRIVE
it for about 209 miles all the way from London to Manchester-
the longest drive ever undertaken, by an espresso powered vehicle!
LONG/UNDERTAKE
Of course, Martin is not the first person to think of a food-powered car. THINK
In 2009, researchers from Warwick University designed a Formula 3 DESIGN
racing car that ran on chocolate extract. The entire car RACE
was built from recycled materials. BUILD/ RECYCLE
9. Martin Luther King
During his short but effective life as preacher and civil EFFECT
rights leader, Martin Luther King Jr. gave many LEAD
speeches. The greatest was the one he delivered in 1963 SPEAK

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while standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C.
Over 250,000 people, rich & poor, black & white, had gathered there.
They stage a peaceful protest against the discrimination, PEACE/DESCRIMINATE
unemployment and the economic inequality suffered by African EMPLOY /EQUAL
Americans a century after the Emancipation Proclamation that
ended slavery. The protestors listened attentively as SLAVE/PROTEST
the speakers talked about the various issues. Martin Luther King Jr. SPEAK
was the last to speak. As usual, he delivered a passionate speech PASSION
for about 15 minutes. Then, just as the crowd thought he was winding
down, he uttered the inspiring words that ring true in everyone's INSPIRE
ears till today: I have a dream that my four little children will one day
live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin
but by the content of their character. I have a dream. . .' He finished his
address with the famous sentence: "Free at last! Free at last! Thank God FAME
Almighty. We are free at last!"

10. Creativity is Intelligence Having Fun CREATE

Einstein’s radical thinking resulted in numerous important THINK
discoveries . One of them is the theory of relativity, which states that
DISCOVER/RELATIVE
everything except light travels at different speeds depending on DIFFER
different situations . Another one is the photoelectrical effect, which not only
DIFFER/SITUATE
won him the Nobel Prize in 1922, but also, led to the invention INVENT
of the television. However, his most important theory was thinking up the scientific
formula : E (energy) = M (mass) C2 (speed of light). SCIENCE
It led to the development of the atomic bomb, for when an atom DEVELOP
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is split, mass changes to energy. Like many geniuses, Einstein was
a little eccentric - for how else can you explain his decision DECIDE
to donate his brain to science?
11. The Cell Phone
In this day and age, when we depend on our cell phones for
everything - from communicating to taking photos to even COMMUNICATE/TAKE
playing games - it is hard to imagine life without one. Yet, PLAY/IMAGINE
it was only 40 years ago on April 3rd, 1973, that Motorola Vice
President Martin Cooper, stepped onto a New York City sidewalk STEP
and made the first known cell phone call in history. MAKE/KNOW
What's even more amazing is that it took another ten years AMAZE/TAKE
for the company to introduce the first commercial cell phone INTRODUCE
to the market. As you may have guessed the DynaTAC 8000X was GUESS
nothing like the cool phones that are available today. Nicknamed
'The Brick', it was about a foot tall, weighed 2.5 pounds and WEIGH
cost 3,995 USD. Also, it could be used for only about 35 COST/USE
minutes after which, it had to be charged for 10 hours! CHARGE
And that was a good thing too because each voice call cost 40 cents COST
a minute at peak hours and 24 cents a minute at off-peak hours!
12. Interesting Research
While you may believe that the flavor of ice cream you order
is a random (случайный) decision, Dr. Alan Hirsh, the founder of
FOUND
Chicago-based Smell & Taste Treatment and Research TREAT
Foundation thinks differently. He believes that it reveals some FOUND
interesting insights into the person's character. INTEREST
Always the plain Vanilla fan? Then you must be impulsive IMPULSE

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and an idealist. For those who prefer the brighter, IDEAL
sunnier looking Rainbow Sherbet, there is mixed news. The good
news is that you are very analytic and decisive. The bad? DECIDE
You are a pessimist!
Want to be perceived as a competitive, ambitious like AMBITION
Steve Jobs? Then you may want to pick Chocolate Chip
Cookie Dough! Like just plain Chocolate? Then you must be
lively, dramatic and the life of every party! DRAMA
Very Berry Strawberry eaters are tolerant, devoted and EAT/TOLERATE
generally introverts, while Rocky Road lovers tend to be aggressive, LOVE
/AGRESSION
but also, engaging and good listeners. LISTEN
Keep away from those who love Mint Chocolate Chip
- they tend to be argumentative. People that like to order exotic ARGUMENT
flavors like Jamoca and Pralines 'n Cream seem to have
equally interesting personality/personal traits. Those who like Jamoca PERSON
are scrupulous, conscientious, they are moral perfectionists. CONSCIENSE
/PERFECT
Praline lovers are loving, supportive and rather shy! LOVE/SUPPORT
MODULE 4

1. 1. – D; 2. – C; 3 – A; 4. – F; 5. – B; 6. – 0
2. 1. – B; 2. – C; 3. – D; 4. – C 5. – A
3. 1. – T; 2. – F; 3. – NS; 4. – T; 5. – NS; 6. – T; 7. – F; 8. – NS
4. a) 1. F; 2. F; 3. NS; 4. T; 5. T; 6. T; 7. T; 8. NS
b) 1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. d; 5. b
5. 1. – B; 2. – E; 3. – 0; 4. – A; 5. – D; 6. – C
6. 1. b; 2. c; 3. b; 4. a; 5. d; 6. b; 7. c; 8. d; 9. b
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7. Levi's Blue Jeans
Do you enjoy wearing Levi's blue jeans? Blue jeans have become popular all over
the world, but do you know how they got started?
Levi Strauss was born in Germany in the mid 1800's and emigrated to the United
States as a young man. He lived in New York City and learned the dry-goods
(галантерея) business for several years. In 1853 he moved to San Francisco
(California, USA) and soon was recognized as a very successful businessman.
Many of Levi Strauss' customers were cowboys and miners. They needed clothing
that was strong and durable (прочный). Strauss found a special fabric from France
that was comfortable and lasted a long time. It was called serge de Nimes, which
was later shortened to the word denim.
Another man named Jacob Davis bought large amounts of the denim fabric from
Levi Strauss. He was a tailor who made pants for hard-working men. One of his
customers was continually tearing the pockets off his pants. So Jacob Davis
decided to put rivets (заклёпки) on certain parts of the pants to make them
stronger. The customer loved the new pants so much that he told all his friends,
and soon Jacob Davis was busy making lots of pants with rivets.
Jacob Davis soon realized that using rivets was a great business idea, and he didn't
want anybody to steal that idea. But he didn't have enough money to pay for the
patent. So he went to the businessman Levi Strauss and told him his idea. He said,
"If you agree to pay for the patent, we will share the profits from the riveted
pants." Levi Strauss agreed, and the new riveted pants business was called Levi
Strauss and Company. Today Levi's jeans are more popular than ever, and Levi's
name continues to live on.
8.
Different Opinions about Dress Codes and Uniforms
I must disagree with the statement that school uniforms do not help students. I am
a Canadian going to a public school and I wear uniforms. All schools with
uniforms show improved grades in every level. Why do you think 80% of private
schools use some type of uniforms? Studies have shown that students that wear

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uniforms get better grades. I firmly believe that uniforms make a difference in
grades, discipline, and the way we look. Also, it is financially better for our
parents. Shalini Singh, Canada
Lots of people say that school uniform takes away our individuality. I completely
agree, but there is more to it. The school board is the one who decides on the
uniforms. I think, this is unfair. We spend most of our day at school. We are the
ones who practically grow up there, and we are the ones who will have to wear
uniforms, and yet we can’t decide if we want them.
Teachers say that clothes make a distraction in school, so uniforms will be better to
decrease this. The real fact is uniforms make a bigger distraction. Comfort is a big
issue, and uniforms just make it harder to find brands that are comfortable. Torrey
Benson, U.S.
9.
Parents and teenagers
Some of the problems young people have at home are caused by lack of dialogue--
- children don’t talk, parents don’t talk and conflicts explode when you least expect
them…
Clothes seem to be one of the most typical causes of these quarrels. Either you
want to buy too expensive ones, or you look like a tramp (бродяга) - parents want
you to dress smartly and very rarely appreciate your style. Some other times it’s
more your behaviour that upsets your parents.
In Britain today, more and more young people want to be independent and leave
home between the ages of 16 and 20. Some are students; others run away to escape
from their homes which are overcrowded and unhappy. They go in search of work
or of a more exciting life.
10.
Nowadays, more and more people don't wear their national clothes, and the clothes
look almost the same all over the world. Do you think it is a positive or negative
development? Here is one of the opinions.

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Today the daily tradition of wearing national costumes is going down. I firmly
believe that this is a positive signal of development. A number of arguments
support my opinion.
Firstly, the current social context where people's lives are much closer than ever
before, makes it naturally understandable that people's clothes tend to be more
similar. Specially western clothes, have gained popularity for being more
comfortable and easier to wear than traditional costumes, and in turn, much more
wearable and appropriate for broader range of events. Moreover, people who used
to wear national clothes and now wear western clothes feel less isolated and much
closer to their counterparts (коллеги), therefore, not out of place. Furthermore, the
peculiarity of current outfits is that they are cheaper and faster to put them on .
On the other hand, losing this tradition, people become less committed to their
nations, and this just could be the beginning of successive (следующий один за
другим) losses.

11.
It's Saturday night, and Laura is going to a party with some friends. Laura's mother
and father are watching TV when she says goodbye to them. 'I'm going to Sam's
party. I won't be late” she says. 'You can't go out dressed like that!' yells Laura's
dad. 'You look ridiculous.' Laurа looks down at her carefully chosen outfit. She's
wearing a tight red top, a silver miniskirt and black boots with 15-centimetre heels.
She has coloured her hair bright red and she's wearing tinted glasses. Laurа thinks
she looks great!
Fashion has always been a matter of dispute (предмет споров). Young people
express themselves through fashion, and extreme fashion is a way to rebel.
In the 1960s young people started wearing/to wear miniskirts, bell-bottomed pants
and flower patterns. Many young people became hippies, and parents paniced
when their teenage sons grew their hair long. Then came the decade of glamorous
fashion. Gold and silver pants and tiny tight tops became very popular in the 70s.
Disco-goers wore high-heeled shoes and boots that were almost impossible to walk

14
in. Punk rock also raised its ugly head during the 70s. Punks had crazy Mohawk
haircuts and wore dirty clothes with holes in them. During the 90s, styles from the
60s and 70s came back. Bell-bottomed pants and crazy high-heeled shoes returned.
Midriffs (животы) were bare and body piercing came into fashion. Now that we've
entered the 21st century (or the 'naughties'), you can wear whatever you like!
Overall, I think new fashions are replacing traditional ones, but I also think we
should also try to preserve typical traditional clothing. It's part of our culture and
heritage.

12.
The Loose Button
George wore a pair of blue shorts around the house. They were old, faded, and
ugly, but they were comfortable. And when you are at home, you want to be
comfortable.
But when he put on his blue shorts one morning, the button was just hanging on by
a thread. That single button was the only thing that held his shorts up.
George could do two things. He could wait until the button fell off. Or, he could
sew the button on securely before it fell off.
He found his sewing kit. He threaded the needle. Then he started the needle
through the cloth. He directed it through one of the holes in the button. Then he
reversed direction. He put the needle back through a different hole, and then
through the cloth again.
He repeated this motion through all four button holes until the button was tight. He
put on the shorts and buttoned the button. It was strong.
Good for another ten years, he smiled to himself.

MODULE 5
1. 1. – E; 2. – D; 3. – 0; 4. – B; 5. – A; 6. - C
2. 1. T; 2. F; 3. NS; 4. T; 5. T; 6. F; 7. NS; 8. F; 9. NS; 10. F
3. a) 1. – D; 2. – C; 3. – E; 4. – 0; 5. – A; 6. – B

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 b) 1. d; 2. c; 3. b; 4. c; 5. b; 6. c;
4. 1. T; 2. F; 3. NS; 4. T; 5. F; 6. F; 7. NS; 8. T;
5. a) 1. – C; 2. – E; 3. – A; 4. – 0; 5. – D; 6. – B
b) 1. T; 2. F; 3. T; 4. NS; 5. T; 6. F; 7. F; 8. NS;
6. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. c; 5. c; 6. b; 7. d; 8. b; 9. b; 10. a
7. Plants
The fact that plants do not live a passive life has been known
for sometime now. Two separate and reliable research studies RELY
reveal that these silent communicators may be 'talking' COMMUNICATE
to each other and us! If you have ever noticed that certain
plants seem to thrive (цвести) next to each other, it may
not be a coincidence or proof of your superior gardening COINCIDE / PROVE
skills, but it shows the good neighbourly feelings between NEIGHBOUR/ FEEL
the two. At least that's what an Australian team of AUSTRALIA
researchers believes. RESEARCH
The evolutionary ecologist states that plants use some kind of ECOLOGY
acoustic signaling to communicate with each other and it may
allow the weaker plant to thrive or die. What's even more interesting INTEREST
is that the scientist believes the communication happens SCIENCE/ COMMUNICATE
at a very early stage. Monica, who published her findings in FIND
the 7th online edition of BMC Ecology, reached this conclusion CONCLUDE
following an interesting study she conducted with some chili pepper, INTEREST

basil and fennel plants. So farmers may be able to use sound to encourage
FARM/ COURAGE
or discourage the growth of certain plants, COURAGE/GROW
helping to reduce their dependence on fertilizers and pesticides. DEPEND

16
8.
Some French scientists have been recently able to reproduce BE/RERODUCE
and actually hear the sounds trees make, when they are in ACTUAL
a drought situation and trying to extract as much water as TRY
they can, from the ground.
This fascinating discovery was made by Grenoble University MAKE
physicist Philippe Marmottant. They began their experiment BEGIN
by taking slivers (щепки) of a dead pine tree and bathing it TAKE
in hydrogel - essentially creating the conditions of a living tree. CREATE
They then exposed the branch to an artificially dry environment EXPOSE
and recorded the sounds. What they heard were popping RECORD/HEAR
(хлопающий) or gasping sounds made by the tree. In fact,
MAKE
the sounds move 10 times faster than what the human ear can hear. FAST
They are now developing sensors that will be able to detect DEVELOP/BE
these sounds which may help in saving many trees from dying. SAVE
So be sure that your garden is filled with friendly plants and if FILL
you are one of those who constantly forget to water BE
the houseplant, you will have to change your habits. HAVE
9.
On February 8th 2013, scientists from European Space SCIENCE/EUROPE
Agency (ESA) announced that their weather satellite
with an instrument designed to sense ozone concentrations CONCENTRATE
made it clear that the seasonal ozone 'hole' above the SEASON
Antarctica had shrunk to record levels! The scientists are SCIENCE
quite enthusiastic about the information because ozone ENTHUSIASM/ INFORM
forms a protective layer about 12-19 miles up in the PROTECT

17
stratosphere, and is a natural sunscreen which prevents NATURE
the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays from reaching the Earth's HARM
surface. Without it, humans would be even more exposed
to sunburn and skin cancer. Though it will take years to
restore the world's ozone concentration to the level it was CONCENTRATE
in the 1960's, scientists believe that the hole over the Antarctica SCIENCE
will be completely repaired within the next few decades COMPLETE
if we change our destructive habits and refuse to use DESTRUCT
chlorofluorocarbons in aerosols and refrigeration.
10.
The US multimillionaire Dennis Tito, a very ambitious man, AMBITION
announced in February 2013 that his non-profit organization
was planning to sponsor a flight to Mars in 2018. This FLY
announcement may arouse some skepticism, but his ANNOUNCE/SCEPTIC
Inspiration Mars Foundation has begun to receive hundreds of FOUND
applications from people interested in the journey. APPLY/INTEREST
It is just a flyby so after suffering from a lot of discomfort COMFORT
the astronauts will not even get to walk on the Red Planet.
Morover, it could be dangerous as no space vehicle has DANGER
re-entered the atmosphere at such a rapid pace . So why is
Tito doing it? He wants to prove that humans can explore
deep space. To make the mission successful the spacecraft SUCCESS
will have to be ready by January 2018.

11.
A Well-known Botanist
Johnny Appleseed, born John Chapman on September 26, 1774,
was an adventurer who never consciously wanted to be ADVENTURE/CONSCIOUS
a naturalist. But thanks to his love of nature, animals and NATURE

18
of course apples, he is fondly remembered today. His FOND
lifelong passion for apples began at the age of twenty-three LONG/LIFE
when he went to university, carrying with him just some
personal belongings and a bag of free apple seeds. Johnny PERSON/BELONG
made it his mission and business to plant apple orchards.
He grew apple seedlings and sold them to settlers to establish SETTLE
an orchard. Chapman was a very principled man and terms PRINCIPLE
used to describe him include: Honesty, Loyalty, Generosity.
HONEST/LOYAL/GENEROUS
Nowadays they have an annual Johnny Appleseed Festival FESTIVE
every September.
12.
Earth Day 2015
On April 22nd 2015, people all over the world will celebrate CELEBRATE
the 45th anniversary of Earth Day. Besides conducting CONDUCT
environmentally friendly projects within their communities, ENVIRONMENT
over one billion people are also expected to participate in meetings EXPECT
to voice their concern about the effects of global warming on our VOICE
planet. While that is definitely a much needed step in the right NEED
direction, the reality is, that on April 23rd, most of these 'activists' MANY
will return to their normal lives and habits. RETURN
13.
A Famous Photographer
Even animals, the best masters of disguise (маскировка), cannot
GOOD
escape the sharp eyes of American photographer Art Wolfe,
who has been in search of animals to capture on camera, since BE
the early 1990's. He says that finding and filming the clever FIND/FILM
19
species often takes many hours. His search has taken him TAKE 2
to almost every continent in the world: from the deserts
of Africa to the rainforests of South America. Over the years
he has taken so many amazing photos that he has been able TAKE/BE
to show them in two books. A children's book entitled CHILD
Hiding Out and Vanishing Act. Both have been translated into TRANSLATE
several languages and have been extremely popular all over the BE
world. The 61-year old photographer who also happens HAPPEN
to be a television producer continues to discover nature's BE
beauties stealthily awaiting their prey in the white snow!

Module 6
1. 1. – E; 2. – D; 3. – B; 4. – 0; 5. – C; 6. – A
2. 1. c; 2. c; 3. a; 4. b; 5. d; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b
3. 1. NS; 2. F; 3. T; 4. F; 5. NS; 6. F; 7. F; 8. T; 9. T; 10. T.
4. 1. T; 2. NS; 3. F; 4. T; 5. NS; 6. T; 7. T; 8. F; 9. NS.
5. 1. – C; 2. – E; 3. – A; 4. – D; 5. – 0; 6. - B
6. 1. c; 2. c; 3. d; 4. d; 5. c; 6. b; 7. b; 8. a; 9. c; 10. d; 11. c; 12. ; a 13. b
7.
Dear David,
I am having a great time here with my brother in the west of England. I
think it is the most interesting place I have ever visited. As you know, my
brother is at university here and so I am staying with him. He has been here for
three years and he says the town is not the same since he first arrived here and
things have changed. He says that when he first came here, it was difficult to
get around but over the years that has changed and now they have started new
bus routes. As for my news, so far, I have been to the local museum and have
learned a lot of things about natural history and wild animals. The paintings in
the different rooms were wonderful too. And it didn’t cost anything either.
20
 After walking around all the galleries, I had a soft drink and a snack. That was
good too. I haven’t bought any souvenirs yet, but perhaps I will get some
tomorrow. Anyway, that’s about all for now.
All the best,
Pearl
8.
Some of the top places to visit in Great Britain
Today, let’s talk about some top places to visit in Great Britain. London probably
tops the list. The capital city offers visitors Buckingham Palace, Oxford Street, the
London Eye and the Houses of Parliament. West End attractions include Trafalgar
Square and Leicester Square. Many tourists can experience going on a red London
bus or riding in a black London taxi. London is huge! It offers visitors some
wonderful theatres and sports venues.
Probably the second most visited city is Edinburgh in Scotland. It is especially
popular around New Year’s Eve and during the summer when it hosts the
Edinburgh Festival. Further north you will get to John O’Groats and see some
admirable coastal views.
Bath in the West of England is highly popular with foreign visitors. It is famous for
its Georgian architecture and its Roman baths.
Adventurous tourists can walk The Pennines or climb Snowdonia. In the
countryside tourists can visit quaint (причудливый) rural towns and villages with
inviting pubs and picturesque village greens.
Of course, the list of places to visit in Britain is endless…
9.
New York’s new generation of yellow taxis
New York’s famous yellow taxis are changing these days. New York City has
picked the Nissan minivan to be its next cab. The Japanese car company Nissan
Motors has won the contract to provide the next generation of New York taxis. The
deal was announced recently by New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg. The new
vehicle features an overhead window to offer views of city skyscrapers, and
charging stations for mobile phones and laptops. The car will also feature satellite
21
navigation, so passengers will not have to debate with drivers who do not know
their way around.
Mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg said that for the first time New York
taxis would include rear passenger airbags. He also noted that the van had passed
its crash tests, not just as the NV200 street model, but as the taxi model which
included the partition wall (перегородки) and other taxi components. By 2017,
Nissan will be able to manufacture the cars to run solely on electricity, New York
City Hall said in a statement.
New York’s 13,000 yellow cabs carry about 600,000 passengers a day, and are the
only vehicles permitted to pick up passengers off the street. The NV200, which
will be built in Nissan plants in Mexico, is the first to be designed specifically for
use as a New York City taxi.
The new taxis have been designed with both tourists and locals in mind. All taxis
currently on the road will be replaced by 2018.
10.
Protecting Antarctica from tourism
Tourism on Antarctica has been increasing dramatically in the past twenty years,
from a few thousand people in 1985 to more than 30,000 in 2011. The growing
numbers are having a negative effect on the untouched environment of the South
Pole. Many researchers agree that the frozen wilderness must be protected from
modern tourism. Antarctica is the last unspoiled place on Earth. It has a very
delicate ecosystem that could be easily upset by crowds of tourists landing in
airplanes and using snowmobiles.
However, it is difficult to protect Antarctica because it is not a country and
therefore has no government to control the number of visitors.
What do you think we should do to protect Antarctica?

11.
The Workliday

22
I have invented the word Workliday. The word is made up using the words work
and holiday. The thing is these days very few people completely switch off from
the office when we are on holiday. With the arrival of laptops and now tablets, and
the easy access most people have to the Internet, it is irresistible not to turn off
completely. It’s like a drug. We must access our emails or we might miss
something. When we check our emails we find probably not much has changed.
These days it is vital for some people to keep in touch with the office. People have
to stay connected. They are completely lost without playing with something
electronic. (to be continued)
12.
The Workliday (continued)
Communication with the office or to our friends via Facebook or Skype seems to
be a must when on holiday. Many professional people these days work from home.
They can comfortably sit in the garden or on the terrace and do their work on their
laptop, then email it to the office. The Internet has revolutionised how we work.
People who work in offices need to recharge their batteries, so taking a break is
important. This applies especially to those who work fixed hours, i.e. 9.00-17.00.
But for those people who work from home their jobs are not that stressful. Maybe
there is less travelling to do, i.e. just a weekly trip to the office. These days people
can adapt their work time and work at different time periods during the day.

MODULE 7
Reading
1. 1. – E; 2. – D; 3. – C; 4. – A; 5. – 0; 6. - B
2. a) 1. – C; 2. – 0; 3. – E; 4. – A; 5 – D; 6. – B
b) 1. T; 2. F; 3. NS; 4. T; 5. F; 6. NS; 7. T; 8. F
3. 1. c; 2. b; 3. d; 4. c; 5. b; 6. c;
4. 1. T; 2. NS; 3. NS; 4. F; 5. F; 6. T
5. a) 1. – E; 2. – B; 3. – 0; 4. – D; 5. – A; 6. - C
b) 1. F; 2. T; 3. NS; 4. F; 5. T; 6. NS; 7. T; 8. NS;

23
6. 1. c; 2. c; 3. d; 4. b; 5. a; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b; 9. c; 10. d
7. New Types of School
Arnold knew that programs trying to get street kids into schools
hadn’t worked. So he decided to try something different- DIFFER
getting a school onto the streets. He designed a cart that
contains everything a street educator needs to set up school EDUCATE
on a sidewalk. The cart slides out like a telescope. Each cart
has 250 activities. The educators also pass on a lot of ACTIVE/EDUCATE
important information to the kids about health care and INFORM
community services. Most of the activities are set up as SERVE/ACTIVE
games so that learning is fun and relaxed. The kids also have LEARN
chances to express themselves through puppetry and other
creative occupations. It helps them deal with sad and CREATE
scary things that have happened in their lives. SCARE
8. A Talented Girl
Meet Brittney Exline. She could read by the time she was CAN/BE
two years old, finished the sixth grade at eight and graduated GRADUATE
from high school by thirteen! That’s what we call
amazing! At fifteen, Brittney is not allowed to legally drive NOT ALLOW
or vote, but she can attend one of the top universities in ATTEND
the county as she is smarter than many school leavers. SMART
Brittney is a freshman at the most prestigious University PRESTIGIOUS
of Pennsylvania, on a full scholarship. She doesn’t know what NOT/KNOW
she wants to be when she grows up, but she loves maths, science WANT/GROW
and politics. Hence, she has decided get a joint degree DECIDE
in Engineering and Liberal Arts.
9. The New Element

24
If you are in middle school, you have probably been asked BE/ASK
to memorize the 118 elements that make up the periodic table.
Now you may have to make room for one more - Element 115! MAKE
Nicknamed Ununpentium until it gets official approval and GET
a permanent name from the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry, it is one of the heaviest man-made elements HEAVY
created so far. When the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev first CREATE
invented the periodic table of elements in 1869, he populated it POPULATE
with the fifty-nine natural elements that were known to scientists KNOW
then and left room for thirty-three in anticipation of new finds. LEAVE
By 1939, all the boxes had been filled up. 115 or Ununpentium FILL
was first made in the laboratory by Russian physicists in 2003. MAKE
However, the International body requires that another laboratory REQUIRE
should recreate it. It took a decade, and on August 26th, scientists TAKE
from Sweden's Lund University finally announced that they FINAL
successfully had managed to replicate element 115. MANAGE
10. Schoolchildren Choose Their Career
Ten-year - old Courtney Oliver knows exactly what she wants EXACT
to be when she grows up - a veterinarian. She is qualified
to be a registered Veterinarian Assistant who supports ASSIST
a Veterinarian Doctor in their daily tasks. They could DAY
include feeding and exercising animals. Students can FEED/EXERCISE
receive training on how to follow directions, look TRAIN/DIRECT
after animals, talk to animal owners and juggle a lot of OWN
things at the same time. Courtney is lucky to have LUCK
a teacher like Dr. Shoemaker who says that Courtney TEACH
is an amazingly smart girl. AMAZE
11. A Chess Prodigy
Twelve-year old Daniel Naroditsky is the winner of the WIN
25
World Youth Chess Championships held in Antalya, Turkey. CHAMPION
When Daniel entered the competition, he was ranked the13th COMPETE
in the International boys’ division. Daniel played a match NATIONAL
every day, he won nine games. This amazing performance AMAZE/PERFORM
ensured him a place in the finals. Daniel started playing chess
at six. Soon he started playing in competitions, beating out COMPETE
first graders easily, and a chess prodigy was born. GRADE
12.
Most 11-year-olds are just happy to survive their first year MANY/SURVIVE
of middle school. However, Moshe Kai Cavalin is not like
most kids. He skipped elementary, middle and high SKIP
school and went straight to college at the age of eight. GO
While Moshe's parents knew he was smart, they had never expected KNOW/EXPECT
to put him in college this young. However, when
they tried to enroll him in a private school at the age TRY
of 6, he was turned down, because he was so smart TURN and the school was
afraid he would be bored. BE BORED
The parents realized that he was ready for some real REALIZE/BE
high-level courses. East Los Angeles College agreed
to take him in. He could take only two courses: TAKE
Maths and Physical Education. Moshe did not disappoint. NOT DISSAPOINT He
got A-pluses in both and hasn't looked back since. GET/LOOK
Soon he will graduate with an Associates Degree in GRADUATE
Liberal Arts. In fact, the young lad was so smart that
he helped to tutor his fellow maths students, some of HELP
whom were a decade older than him. OLD
Moshe now is planning/plans to take a little 'break' PLAN

26
to pursue his other passion - Martial Arts (боевые искусства),
where he has won quite a few medals. WIN

MODULE 8
1. a) 1. – D; 2. – B; 3. – 0; 4. – A; 5. – E; 6. - C
b) 1. F; 2. NS; 3. T; 4. F; 5. T; 6. F; 7. T; 8. NS; 9. T;
2. 1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. c; 7. b; 8. a;
3. 1. F; 2. F; 3. NS; 4. T; 5. T/NS; 6. T; 7. NS; 8. T;
4. 1. – D; 2. – B; 3.– 0; 4. – A; 5. – E; 6. – C.
5.
A World of Dolls
Yukiko Hattori from Japan has always loved dolls. She tells how she came to love
them and shares a special experience of friendship.
My mother was able to make dolls out of anything. She used to make them for my
two elder sisters and me. They were cornhusk (обёртка початка кукурузы) dolls,
rag (тряпичные) dolls, eggshell dolls and even tiny matchstick dolls.
I enjoyed playing with them, but still, secretly, I dreamed of a store-bought doll
like the one our rich cousin had. Her doll had beautiful blonde curls, and it could
open and close its blue glass eyes and even say "Mamma." I never stopped
admiring it, but I knew such dolls were too expensive for my parents to buy for all
three of us.
One day my father came back from his business trip with three store-bought dolls!
They were much smaller than our cousin's doll and their eyes were just painted
ones, but I did not care about such differences. We each chose one and I named
mine Misako.
Soon my sisters and I became devoted mothers. Our "children" kept us busy all
day. We gave them a bath, dressed them, took them out for a walk. Several months
later, they became more like real children—their faces and bodies became dirtier. I
felt that Misako was closer to me than before because of these familiar changes.

27
“I have been taking care of my doll for half a year”, I wrote in a letter to my best
friend, “and I feel really happy. I would be glad if I could have more little friends
like my Misako”. (to be continued)
6.
A World of Dolls (continued)
But, by then, my sisters' interests moved to different toys. Their dolls were in a
miserable condition. One had lost one of her arms, and the other was one-legged.
Thus, I unexpectedly became the lucky mother of three children instead of just
one. I enjoyed this feeling of being the only one in the world who could give them
protection with a lot of love. Indeed, they made the rest of my childhood very
happy.
Ten years ago I sent a letter to a readers' column of a magazine. I wrote about my
dream doll which I always wanted to find and buy someday.
"The doll does not need to be a luxurious one, but she must look as if she listens
when I talk to her, like the doll Emily in the book "A Little Princess". Several
weeks later a letter and a parcel came from an unknown Japanese lady living in
Colorado, U.S. (to be continued)
7. 1. b; 2. b; 3. c; 4. ; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. c; 9. c; 10. b; 11. c; 12. c; 13. a; 14. d
8.
Are You Ready For Some Bubble Football?
We have heard of artists becoming famous after launching themselves on
YouTube, but a whole new sport being born off a video? That has to be a first.
However that is how 'Bubble Football', a combination of soccer and zorbing (a
sport that involves rolling downhill strapped inside a ball), has become popular not
just in its birth country of Norway, but also all across Europe.
The best part is that the sport was 'invented' as a joke by the Henrick Elvestad and
Johan Gold - hosts of Norwegian comedy sport show 'Golden Goal'. They thought
it would be fun to try to play soccer while wearing a giant plastic bubble. So they
posted a spoof (пародия) video of it on YouTube in 2011. To their surprise,
thousands of people liked it and a new sport was born! It has become so popular

28
that some online stores have started selling and even renting bubble football gear
for people that want to play or try the game.
9.
Rock climbing, white-water rafting, and skydiving used to be considered
dangerous sports, suitable for only a few brave people — the unusually fit. It’s
different today, when it is common for families to take up such activities.
Why do people want to take part in dangerous activities? Some experts say it’s a
natural human desire (желание) to test the limits of their courage and physical
abilities.
Sports psychologist Frank Farley of Temple University in Philadelphia calls people
who do dangerous sports “Type T” people. They are thrill seekers and risk takers.
Farley has been studying such people for 35 years. “They’re the mountain
climbers, the hang-gliders, the people who sail around the world in a ten-foot
sailboat,” he says.
What are the reasons of the popularity of high-risk sports? Some say it’s due to
more wealth, the development of high-tech equipment, and even the absence of
traditional risks such as war. Others argue that ease of modern life is part of the
reason. In addition, thrill seekers want to display a youthful, rebellious
(бунтарский) attitude, whether they’re 16 or 46.
Farley says extreme sports always involve individual expression — even creativity.
10.
The Search for Adventure
Sailing across the Pacific
Can you imagine a 14-year-old boy sailing across the Pacific all by himself? That's
exactly what Subaru Takahashi did. This Japanese junior high school student
became the youngest person to complete a solo voyage across the Pacific. He
started out from Tokyo on July 22, 1996 in a 9-meter sail boat and arrived in San
Francisco on September 16, 1996.He had covered 10,000 km. Subaru said his
voyage was thrilling. When Subaru arrived in San Francisco he told reporters that

29
he wanted to sail around the world next. In an interview in Japanese, Subaru said
he had been boating and canoeing since an early age.
11.
They're Into Extreme Sports!
A group of international students are discussing extreme sports.
1. I don't know what makes people absorbed in sports. Many athletes have some
physical problems. Usually they suffer the pain and keep on doing sports. Sports
have some attractive power. We seek thrills because we are young. The older we
are, the safer life we prefer. When I ski, I know jumping from a hill is dangerous,
but it's fun. Human beings always try to overcome something. We get joy when we
overcome difficulty.
2. My personal opinion about people who participate in extreme sports is that they
enjoy doing this because they feel enormous satisfaction that is bigger than the
feeling of the possible risk of death. This kind of person gets through this practice
a strong spirit of strength. They are trying to do the best with their lives. For them,
nothing is comparable to the emotions that they can feel. It is something that gives
them motivation in their lives.
3.When most people talk about sports, they say that it is a useful activity. For most
people, that statement is true.
However, there are different kinds of sports which can cause people to be injured
or handicapped, or even killed. These are extreme sports such as snow boarding,
speed skating, bungee jumping, and ice climbing.
Perhaps many people will have questions in their minds about the usefulness of
these sports.

30