TM 6009

ALIRAN FLUIDA DALAM MEDIA BERPORI

TUGAS #4

Nama : Babas Samudera Hafwandi

NIM : 22220003
Dosen : Prof. Ir. Asep Kurnia Permadi M. Sc, Ph. D
Tanggal Penyerahan : 14 Oktober 2020

FAKULTAS TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN DAN PERMINYAKAN

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2020
 Homework/Assignment #4
Modul 2 – Petrophysical Properties_Capillary Pressure Delivery Date:
23 September 2020
Due Date: Within 3 Weeks

1. (Reading Assignment) Read the following 3 papers:

a. G.E. Archie: Introduction to Petrophysics of Reservoir Rocks, AAPG Bull. Vol. 34.
b. J.W. Neasham: The Morphology of Dispersed Clay in Sandstone Reservoirs and Its Effect on
Sandstone Shaliness, Pore Space and Fluid Flow Properties, Paper SPE 6858.
c. O.F. Thornton and D.L. Marshall: Estimating Interstitial Water by the Capillary Pressure Method,
AIME-TP 2126.
Buat Ringkasan dari masing-masing paper tersebut: 1 halaman A4, tulis tangan, tuliskan pokok-pokok
pikiran dan/atau pokok bahasan dari ke-3 paper tersebut.
2. Prepare Reading Summary of the 3 papers on 1-page A4 size sheet, hand writing (preferable), write
down the points or main ideas and/or things discussed by the authors. These include:
— Title and Authors as well as the publication type (journal or conference identification) of the paper
just as you write a citation.
— Your Name and Student ID
— Problem Statement: things they tried to solve
— Objectives of the paper
— Methodology: ways and/or approach they used to solve the problem
— Results and Discussion of their work: make sure you understand
— Use of the Method: explain the way how the proposed method work.
— Critics: this is your own thoughts and/or comments about the paper such as plus/minus or
strengths/weaknesses of the method they proposed/discussed.
3. Attached are 3 Excel files on:
a. Capillary Pressure, that is a data plot from Archie’s paper.
b. Capillary Pressure, that is a data plot from Neasham’s paper
c. Capillary Pressure, that is a data plot from Thornton’s paper
4. Learn the 3 files and develop your understanding about the topic.
5. Similar to HW#1, make a document on the explanation about the files (e.g. what is about, wgat is it for,
etc) and develop a prosedur (how the file work and how to use it).
6. Write it down in a form of a report that contains:
a. Description about each file.
b. Prosedur how to use or how to run each of the files.
7. Prepare the report as complete and detailed as possible showing your understanding and competence
about Module 2 – Capillary Pressure.
1. Report G.E. Archie: Introduction to Petrophysics of Reservoir Rocks
This paper is concerned with rocks and their fluids in situ, particularly for the detection and evaluation of
hydrocarbon deposits penetrated by a bore hole. Fundamentally, therefore, the study is one of pore size
distribution and fluid distribution of each phase (oil, gas, water) within the pores of the rock. The subject
must not be limited to permeable rocks containing hydrocarbons, but should include the impermeable
layers and permeable layers containing water as well. This must be done in order to distinguish between
them.

Rocks are heterogeneous. Therefore, the pore-size distribution as well as the fluid distribution within the
pores may be complicated, particularly from the microscopic point of view. We are dealing with a
heterogeneous material, together with a great many varying conditions within this heterogeneous material.
This, no doubt, is the reason for early belief that a quantitative approach to the problem might never be
attained.

When rocks are studied from a macroscopic viewpoint, however, a definite continuity is found. A
correlation of rock properties has resulted in the discovery that definite relations or trends exist between
rock characteristics. If pieces of rock representing each transition phase of a formation are studied, definite
trends are noted. No matter how thoroughly a single piece of rock is studied, even on a microscopic scale,
it is not possible to predict the properties of a formation as a whole. This should not be taken to mean that
fundamental research on a microscopic scale is not of great importance in the study of rock porosity.
Though permeable rocks are, by nature, heterogeneous, their characteristics follow definite trends when
considering a formation as a whole. Relations between the basic rock pore properties may be indicated
somewhat as follows.

Figure 1. Relations between the basic rock pore properties.

Type of rock, as here referred to, is a formation whose parts have been deposited under similar conditions
and have undergone similar processes of later weathering, cementation or re-solution, as, for example, the
upper Eocene Wilcox, lower Frio, WToodbine, or Bartlesville in a particular area. The connecting lines are
meant to portray the fact that a specific formation or rock type will have certain effective pore-size
distributions which will produce a particular family of capillary pressure curves. The pore-size distribution
controls the porosity and is related to the permeability and water saturation. Further, a certain rock will
exhibit a relation between porosity and permeability.

A. Description
Relation of relative permeabilities to capillary pressure. Air permeability of dry rock measures average
contribution effect of pores. However, this average is not enough information for a complete analysis
because pore size must be considered in order to obtain permeability (relative permeability) and fluid
distribution. To solve this problem, we need to know the capillary pressure to obtain what we call effective
pore size distribution. Capillary pressure is the difference in pressure across interface between two phases.
Also defined as the pressure differential between two immiscible fluid phases occupying the same pores
caused by interfacial tension between the two phases that must be overcome to initiate the flow of the fluid.
There are six different types of formations that are addressed in the archie’s paper to successfully represent
the relation between pemeability and capillary pressure. These types can be seen in Table 1 below:

Table 1. Types of formations used in Archie’s Paper

Type Name Description Extra

friable
sandstone, high permeability, well pore size, shape of pore,
1
pennsylvanian sorted grains interconnection of pores mainly
sand controlled by original deposition,
friable poorly sorted grains, altered little by later cementation
2 sandstone, grading to shaly sandstone or solution. Pore structure due to
upper eocene in low permeability range manner in which fragments were
friable deposited (sorting action,
poorly sorted, shaly, packing of grains due to wave
sandstone,
3 calcareous, high porosity action and later compaction)
nacatoch
for permeability
formation
sand heavily cemented, pore structure due to later
sandstone, considerable resolution, cementation and solution
4
lower eocene low porosity for (original pore structure altered
wilcox permeability due to sedimentation)
crystalline texture, rock
material of original
limestone, san depostiion, porositybeing effective pore structure due to
5
andres secondary nature, small solution with some deposition
interconnected vugs due to
solution
limestone, finely granular to earthy
origin of this formation is still
6 devonian texture, siliceous, high
controversial
cherty porosity for permeability

These six formations can represent different pore structures and how it can affect the capillary pressure. The
types of pore structures are due to a wide variety of geological processes such as sedimentation with little
alteration, alteration by solution, and redoposition or cementation. Each cores from each types are injected
with mercury. The units of the x axis is “percent bulk volume occupied by mercury”. For each graph, as the
capillary pressure increases, the curve approaches each cores’ effective porosities.
It can be seen that all of the samples having appreciable permeability exhibit a plateau, or seat, and a steep
slope. This idealized slope can be seen in Figure 2 below:
 Figure 2. Idealized Curve

When extending these two lines, we can obtain angle A as seen in Figure 1. Based on the obtained graphs,
as the permeability of the core increases, so does this angle A. The rocks with high permeability for
porosity exhibit much steeper steep slope (for example, San Andres limestone) because of a less amount of
small pore space. Formations with comparatively low permeability for porosity, however, exhibit a more
gentle steep slope because of the many small pores (Nacatoch and Devonian limestone). The curves ol the
Devonian limestone, which approaches chalk in texture, differ most from the others. It has a proportionally
large amount of fine to very fine pores.
Over the past few years considerable study has been made of rock properties, such as porosity, permeability,
capillary pressure, hydrocarbon saturation, fluid properties, electrical resistivity, self- or natural-potential,
and radioactivity of different types of rocks. These properties have been investigated separately and in
relation, one to another, particularly as they pertain to the detection and evaluation of hydrocarbon-bearing
layers. This paper is concerned with rocks and their fluids in situ, particularly for the detection and
evaluation of hydrocarbon deposits penetrated by a bore hole.
Relationship between porosity and permeability. The system revolves mainly around pore-size distribution
which defines the capillary-pressure curve, permeability, and porosity. The pore-size distribution does not
necessarily define the type of rock, for actually several types of rock may have essentially the same pore-
size distribution.
B. Procedure (Excel File)

The excel file from Archie’s paper “Introduction to Petrophysics of Reservoir Rocks” explains concepts on
capillary pressure. There are three different sheets present in the excel file. All the sheets are based on a
series of core samples obtained by 6 different types of permeable formations. The formation types can be
seen in Table 2 below.

Table 2. Types of formations used in Archie’s Paper

Type Name Description Extra

friable sandstone,
pore size, shape of pore,
pennsylvanian sand high permeability, well
1 interconnection of pores
from Healdton, sorted grains
mainly controlled by
Oklahoma
original deposition, altered
friable sandstone, upper poorly sorted grains,
little by later cementation
Eocene wilcox grading to shaly
2 or solution. Pore structure
formation from Mercy, sandstone in low
due to manner in which
Texas permeability range
fragments were deposited
friable sandstone, poorly sorted, shaly,
(sorting action, packing of
nacatoch formation calcareous, high
3 grains due to wave action
from Bellevue, porosity for
and later compaction)
Louisiana permeability
pore structure due to later
sand sandstone, lower heavily cemented,
cementation and solution
eocene wilcox considerable resolution,
4 (original pore structure
formation from low porosity for
altered due to
Sheridan, Texas permeability
sedimentation)
crystalline texture, rock
material of original
limestone, san andres depostiion, effective pore structure due
5 limestone from West porositybeing secondary to solution with some
Texas nature, small deposition
interconnected vugs due
to solution
finely granular to earthy
limestone, devonian
texture, siliceous, high origin of this formation is
6 cherty limestone, West
porosity for still controversial
Texas
permeability

Sheet 1 and 2

The first and second sheet contains information on 8 different core samples: A, B, C, D, J, K, L, and M.
Data on displacement pressure, permeability, and porosity for these core samples are given. Cores A, B, C,
and D and grouped into one data set while cores J, K, L, and M are grouped into another set. These sets are
then plotted in Figure 3.
 1000

100

k (md)

10

0.1
1 10 100 1000 10000
p_d (psia)

Figure 3. Permeability as a Function of Displacement Pressure for Formation Types 2 & 6.

According to Archie’s paper, the first set, marked in red dots in Figure 2, is obtained from upper Eocene
Wilcox sandstone from Mercy field, Type 2 in Table 2. This sandstone is a friable sandstone with poorly
sorted grains. The sandstone grades to shaly sandstone in the low permeability range. The second set,
marked as blue diamonds in Figure 1, is from the Devonian limestone from Crossett Field, Type 6 in Table
2. This limestone is finely granular to earthy texture and is siliceous. Its porosity is comparatively high for
its permeability.

The first sheet plots permeability as a function of displacement pressure shown in Figure 2. It can be seen
that, although the permeability corresponding to the displacement pressures are different for the two
formations, both data sets exhibit the same trend where the displacement pressure increases and the
permeability decreases. If plotted separately, each data set yields different trendlines, however, these
trendlines are similar to each other. With this reasoning, sheet 1 combines the two data sets together in one
plot to form one trendline shared by both data sets. It can be seen that the dataset generally follows the
shared trendline except for the two data points circled in yellow. These two data points, obtained from cores
D and M, reveal a higher margin of error compared to the other data set.
The second sheet is the same as the first sheet, but the plot is switched where the displacement pressure is a
function of permeability. This can be seen in Figure 4 below.
 Displacement Pressure versus Permeability
1E+03.

1E+02.
p_d (Displacement Pressures)

1E+01.

1E+00.

1E-01.
1E-01.

1E+00.

1E+01.

1E+02.

1E+03.
k (Permeability)

Figure 4. Displacement Pressure versus permeability for Formation Types 2 and 6.

Similar to Figure 3, Figure 4 shows two datapoints from cores D and M that yields a higher margin of error
compared to the other data points. The equation of the trendline is found to be:

−1
2
Pd =140∗k

The trendline equation can then be used to correlate pressure displacement with permeability. The original
displacement pressure data obtained from core testing is compared with the displacement pressure obtained
from the trendline equation. A summary of this can be found in Table 3. The error percentage for samples D
and M are high compared to the other samples.
 Table 3. Original Data Comparison with Trendline

Core Displacement Pressure

Porosity Permeability Error
Sampl Original Trendlin
(unitless) (mD) (%)
e Data (psi) e (psi)
A 0.218 430 6.7 6.8 0.8
B 0.22 116 16 13.0 23.1
C 0.196 13.4 26 38.2 32.0
D 0.197 1.2 65 127.8 49.1
J 0.371 14.6 44 36.6 20.1
K 0.264 11.5 60 41.3 45.3
L 0.247 3.8 63 71.8 12.3
M 0.169 1 45 140.0 67.9

It can be concluded that the samples of highest error percentages also have the lowest permeability values
for its respective porosity. This is due to the existence of many small pores in cores where the permeability
is low although the porosity is not low. The small pores do not contribute to the permeability. This can
further be explained in Sheet 3 in the capillary curves for each type of formation.

Sheet 3
Capillary pressures of rocks help to analyze the average contributing effect of pores of all sizes by obtaining
what may be called effective pore size distribution. Pore structures are due to the sedimentation with little
alteration, alteration by solution, and redeposition of cementation. Sheet 3 contains families of capillary
pressure curves for each type of formation mentioned in Table 2. The capillary pressure curves are seen in
Figures 5 and 6.
Figure 5. Families of Capillary Pressure Curves for Some Sandstones
Figure 6. Families of Capillary Pressure Curves for Some Sandstones
These curves depict results obtained by injecting mercury into the cores. In order to show porosity in the
graphs, the independent variable is determined to be "percent bulk volume occupied by mercury." For
example, it may be noted in Figure 4 that for sample No. 33795A, permeability 1625 millidarcys, the curve,
with increasing pressure, approaches the x-value of 27.7, its effective porosity. These charts show how the
capillary-pressure curve, permeability, and porosity are related.
It can be seen that all of the samples having appreciable permeability exhibit a plateau, or seat, and a steep
slope. This idealized slope can be seen in Figure 7 below.

Figure 7. Idealized Curve

When extending these two lines, we can obtain angle A as seen in Figure 3. Based on the obtained graphs,
as the permeability of the core increases, so does this angle A.
Regardless the type of formation or porosity value, the curves of Figures 5 and 6 exhibit similar trend for
the same permeability. However, there are apparent differences, for example, the rocks with high
permeability for porosity exhibit much steeper steep slope (for example, San Andres limestone) because of a
less amount of small pore space. Formations with comparatively low permeability for porosity, however,
exhibit a more gentle steep slope because of the many small pores (Nacatoch and Devonian limestone). The
curves of the Devonian limestone, which approaches chalk in texture, differ most from the others. It has a
proportionally large amount of fine to very fine pores.
2. Report J.W. Neasham: The Morphology of Dispersed Clay in Sandstone Reservoirs and Its Effect on
Sandstone Shaliness, Pore Space and Fluid Flow Properties, Paper SPE 6858.

This paper describes (a) three basic types of dispersed clay in sandstones and (b) several laboratory
measured geological-petrophysical properties associated with each of these three clay types that are
commonly used in evaluating hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs. Specifically, 14 sandstone samples are
classified into three general categories on the basis of dispersed clay morphology as revealed by SEM. Each
category is characterized by the following rock petrophysical parameters: porosity and air permeability, oil
and water relative permeability, air/mercury capillary pressure curves, pore size and sorting, cation
exchange capacity, and the amount of pore-filling clay estimated from X-ray diffraction and thin section
analysis.

A. Description
This files show us three basic types of dispersed clay in sandstone and several laboratory measured
geological-petrophysical properties associated with each of these three clay types that are commonly used in
evaluating hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir. Specifically, sandstone samples are calssified into three general
categories on the basis of dispersed clay morphology as revealed by SEM. Dispersed clays can occur in
pores as (a) discrete particles, (b) pore-linings and (c) pore bridging. The suite of 14 sandstone sample used
to illustrate selected dispersed clay/geological/petrophysical relationship are listed by their formation name
on Table 1 and 2. The sandstone sample are Berea, Miocene “s”, Poluxy, Cotton Valley, Tar Springs,
Tuscaloosa, Vicksburg, Hosston, Wilcox, Frio, Viksburg, Hosston, Wilcox. Each category is characterized
by the following rock petrophysical parameters; porosity and air permeability and, air/mercury capillary
pressure curves.

This files is used to know the capillary pressure from the three basic clay that is used in the laboratory test
and to know the strong influence of commonly occurring dispered clay minerals on sandstone
porosity/permeability. The three clay-containing sandstone categories show basic difference in capillary
pressure curves that are indicative of their respective pore network properties.

B. Procedure (Excel File)

From the laboratory test with 14 selected sandstone samples we have the data that is present in Table 1 and
Table 2. We used displacement (injection) pressure for each sandstone sample from table 1 and used
porosity and permeability for each sandstone sample from table 2. Then we need to plotted the data in a
graph for the three basic type of dispersed clay where the x values is displacement (injection) pressure and y
values is permeability. Now we can see the relationship between that parameters in evaluating the capillary
pressure.
 Table 4. Geological And Petrophysical Properties Of Selected Sandstone Samples

Table 5. Porosity and Permeability Data For Selected Rock Catalog Sandstone Samples
From the data above we can plot Pd vs K below

1E+04.
SPE_006858 (Neasham)

Discrete Particle
Clay
Pore-Lining Clay
1E+03. Pore-Bridging Clay

1E+02.

1E+01.
k (md)

1E+00.

1E-01.

1E-02.
1E+00.

1E+01.

1E+02.

1E+03.

1E+04.

p_d (psia)

Figure. 8 The Relationship Between Permeability (K) and Displacement Pressure (P_d)

It can be seen from the graph above the different value between discrate particle clay, pore-lining clay and
pore-bridging clay. The clay morphology of the highest air permeability sands is predominantly the discrete
particle (not intergrown) type, but the sand in discrete particle group have low pore geomaterical factors and
dispmacement pressure. A relatively high permeability-to-porosity relationship characterizes these sands
because the morphology and distribution of the dispersed clay does not significantly restrict air flow through
pores and pore throat.
Dispersed clay morphology for samples in the intermediate air permeability, more complex pore
geomaterical factore and displacement pressure range is predominantly of a pore-lining variety. Hence,
sands with pore-lining clays can have both significant amounts of clay and relatively good air flow
properties. The low-permeability sandstone contain pore-bridging clay types, but this clay have high
displacement pressure. This bridging clay morphology forms partial to complete barriers to fluid flow and
can serioulsly impair rock permeability, even for sands of relatively high porosity and low clay content.
Pore geometrical to be nonrepresentative due to combined effect of high pore entry pressure and the
inability permeability.
3. Report O.F. Thornton and D.L. Marshall: Estimating Interstitial Water by the Capillary Pressure
Method, AIME-TP 2126.
This paper shows us the results of the determination of the interstitial water content of several core samples
from oil reservoirs. Data obtained by the capillary pressure method, which has recently been developed, are
compared with water saturations measured in- cores cut with oil-base mud and with values calculated from
the electrical resistivity of the formation. The agreement between the capillary pressure and other methods,
combined with the fact that similar agreement has been obtained by others, indicates that the capillary
method properly applied yields results sufficiently accurate for most engineering purposes. In some cases, it
may be possible to extend the utility of data obtained with the capillary pressure method by correlation of
interstitial water saturation with more easily measured physical properties of the media.

A. Description
There are 6 sheets of Sw by Pc Method Thornton spreadsheets. The data used in this spreadsheet is the data
contained in Thornton's paper, which is interstitial water saturation data in well A and measured using a
variety of different methods, namely the distillation method, measurement of salinity, and capillary pressure
method. The complete data used in this spreadsheet is located in the Data Table Image sheet as in Table 6.

Table 6. Water Saturation, Well A

B. Procedure (Excle File)
Sheet TP2126 Data contains 3 pieces of plot:

Tho rto n/Mars hall Data Cas e (We ll A)

1.0

0.9

Irr. Wate r S aturatio n (S w i), frac tio n

0.8
(Fro m Capillary Pre s s ure ) 0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Po ro s ity (f ), frac tio n

Figure. 9 The Relationship Between Interstitial Water Saturation and Porosity.

(1) Plot between interstitial water saturation from the measurement method of capillary pressure to deep
porosity on the Cartesian scale. From this plot the trend is observed that the smaller the porosity, the greater
the interstitial water saturation value, this is due to the small porosity value, the water contained in the rocks
will tend to be trapped in small pores.

Tho rto n/Mars hall Data Cas e (We ll A)

1.0E+04
Fo rmatio n Pe rme ability(k), md

1.0E+03

1.0E+02

1.0E+01
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
Po ro s ity ( ), frac tio n

Figure. 10 The Relationship Between Permeability and Porosity.

(2) Semi-log plot between permebility and porosity. From this plot it was observed that a comparable
permeability-porosity relationship was observed, but the correlations obtained were scattered even though
the data were obtained from the same well. The observed relationship between permeability and high
porosity where increasing the value of porosity will increase the value of permeability is much greater.

Tho rto n/Mars hall Data Cas e (We ll A)

1.0E+04

Fo rmatio n Pe rme ability(k), md

1.0E+03

1.0E+02

1.0E+01
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Irre duc ible Wate r Saturation (S w i), frac tion
(Fro m Capillary Pre s s ure )

Figure. 11 The Relationship Between Permeability and Interstitial Water Saturation

(3) Semi-log plot between permeability to interstitial water saturation from capillary pressure measurement
methods. From this plot observed interstitial water saturation trends to permeability show the opposite trend
and the correlation obtained is scattered. It can also be seen that there are different saturation values for the
same permeability, so the use of this method in evaluating formations must be done carefully.

Tho rto n/Mars hall Data Cas e (We ll A)

1.0E+04

1.0E+03
k Calculate d, md

1.0E+02

1.0E+01 .
1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04
k Me as ure d, md

Figure. 12 The Relationship Between Permeability Calculated and Permebalility Measured Model 1

The picture above is found on Sheet TP2126 Model 1 which models permeability as a function of porosity
and interstitial water saturation based on the following equation:

k = a (∅)b (S_wi)c
 On this sheet, matching is done using the least square, or in excel used solver so that a value of a =
36309.17, b = 4.1076, c = -1.1319 results in a fairly large average error of 65.86 percent.

Tho rto n/Mars hall Data Cas e (We ll A)

1.0E+04

1.0E+03
k Calc ulate d, md

1.0E+02

1.0E+01
1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04
k Me as ure d, md

Figure. 13 The Relationship Between Permeability Calculated and Permebalility Measured Model 2

The figure above is found on Sheet TP2126 Model 2 which models permeability as a function of porosity
and saturation of interstitial water based on the following equation:

k = d (a + (∅)b (S_wi)c )e.

This sheet is matched using least square, or solver is used in excel so that a value of a = 0.65, b = 0.41, c =
-0.053, d = 1.48, e = 25.35 results in an average error lower than model 1 which is equal to 65.72 percent.

Tho rto n/Mars hall Data Cas e (We ll A)

1.0E+04

1.0E+03
k Calc ulate d, md

1.0E+02

1.0E+01
1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04
k Me as ure d, md

Figure. 14 The Relationship Between Permeability Calculated and Permebalility Measured Model 3
 The figure above is found on Sheet TP2126 Model 3 which models permeability as a function of porosity
and saturation of interstitial water based on the following equation:

k =exp ⁡[a+b ln ( ∅ ) +c ln ( S wi ) + d ln ( ∅ ) ln ( S wi ) ]

This sheet is matched using the least square, or the excel solver is used to get the value of a = 13.7, b = 6.08,
c = 1.78, d = 1.91 which results in an average error lower than model 2 which is 63.62 percent.

Tho rto n/Mars hall Data Cas e (We ll A)

1.0E+04

1.0E+03
k Calc ulate d, md

1.0E+02

1.0E+01
1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04
k Me as ure d, md

Figure. 15 The Relationship Between Permeability Calculated and Permebalility Measured Model 4

Sheet TP2126 Model 4 models permeability as a function of porosity and interstitial water saturation based
on the following equation:
a+ b ln ( ∅ )+ c ln ( S wi ) +d ln ( ∅ ) ln ( S wi )
k =exp ⁡[ ]
1+ e ln ∅ + f ln S wi

This sheet is matched using least square, or in excel solver is used so that a value of a = 100.99, b = 46.35, c
= 23.95, d = 53.13, e = -5.12, f = 1.62, g = 5.58, which results in an average the best error compared to other
models is 62.06 percent.