WEAKEN ARGUMENT

Practice Questions

1. Any United States flag manufactured outside the United States should be banned from
importation. since some foreign manufacturers superimpose images on the United States flag
and sell such products with relative impunity. United States manufacturers, on the other hand,
would face penalties for such violations of the United States flag code.
Which of the following
llowing is the best criticism of the argument above?
(a) The argument reiterates its conclusion instead of providing a reason for it.
(b) The argument makes an irrelevant distinction between foreign and United States
manufacturers.
(c) The reason given for the ban undermines rather than supports the conclusion.
(d) The reason given for the ban does not explain why images superimposed on the United
States flag are offensive.
(e) The reason given for the ban applies only to a part of the group of manufacturers
manufac whose
flags are included in the ban, not necessarily to all.

2. Archaeologist: Neanderthals, a human-like

human like species living 60,000 years ago, probably preserved
meat by y smoking it. Burnt lichen and grass have been found in many Neanderthal fireplaces. A
fire of lichen and grass produces a lot of smoke but does not produce nearly as much heat or
light as a wood fire.
Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the archaeologist's argument?
(a) In close proximity to the fireplaces with lichen and grass are other fireplaces that, evidence
suggests, burned material that produced more heat than smoke.
(b) In the region containing the Neanderthal fireplaces in which
which lichen and grass were burnt,
no plants that could be burned more effectively to produce heat or light were available
60,000 years ago.
(c) Some of the fireplaces containing burnt lichen are in regions in which lichen is not believed
to have been plentiful
ful and so would have had to have been brought in from some distance.
(d) There is clear evidence that at least some groups of Neanderthals living more recently than
60,000 years ago developed methods of preserving meat other than smoking it.
(e) The ability
lity to preserve meat through smoking would have made the Neanderthal humans
less vulnerable to poor periods of hunting.

3. Due to oxidation, the iron components that are utilized in structures formed with reinforced
concrete can potentially lose their strength over time, especially in coastal areas with high humidity
levels. This phenomenon can be prevented by coating the iron components with a robust
secondary substance, such as a polymer with anti-oxidant
anti oxidant properties. Therefore, it is certain that
tha
buildings constructed in areas with high humidity using reinforced concrete that contains uncoated
iron components will suffer structural damage in the form of corrosion due to oxidation.
Which of the following, if true, undermines the author's conclusion?
conclusio
(a) Only when reinforced concrete is mixed disproportionately does it experience a more
dramatic chemical reaction, leading to the release of abnormal amounts of heat, and as a
consequence, becomes cracked, exposing its inner iron structure to the atmosphere.
atmo
(b) A range of polymer products with anti-oxidant
anti oxidant properties are readily available from
suppliers of construction equipment, but are almost always fairly expensive due to the
chemical processes and patents required to produce such products commercially.
commerc
(c) Because of harsher conditions such as above-average
above average moisture levels, strong winds, and
higher exposure to sunlight, building materials tend to suffer structural disintegration at
much higher rates in coastal areas than in areas that are further inland.
(d) Cracking is an inevitable result when concrete is used in large volumes, but if the inner iron
components are protected by an epoxy or zinc phosphate layer, and if the cracks are treated
early enough, serious weakening of the structure should not take place.
(e) Building projects constructed in coastal areas are usually highly lucrative, and accordingly
have higher budgets and the financial potential to invest in superior materials, such as
coated iron components for structures built with reinforced
rei concrete.

4. In the United States, injuries to passengers involved in automobile accidents are typically more
severe than in Europe, where laws require a different kind of safety belt. It is clear from this that

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 thee United States needs to adopt more stringent standards for safety belt design to protect
automobile passengers better.
Each of the following, if true, weakens the argument above EXCEPT:
(a) Europeans are more likely to wear safety belts than are people inin the United States.
(b) Unlike United States drivers, European drivers receive training in how best to react in the
event of an accident to minimize injuries to themselves and to their passengers.
(c) Cars built for the European market tend to have more sturdy construction than do cars built
for the United States market.
(d) Automobile passengers in the United States have a greater statistical chance of being
involved in an accident than do passengers in Europe.
(e) States that have recently begun requiring
requiring the European safety belt have experienced no
reduction in the average severity of injuries suffered by passengers in automobile accidents.

5. A behavioral scientist hypothesized that the constant barrage of noise that surrounds modern
humans leads to antisocial behavior. To test this hypothesis, he placed a loudspeaker beside the
cage of a pair of guinea pigs and played white noise through it. He brought the loudspeaker
closer to the animals each subsequent day of the experiment, thereby increasing the guinea pigs’
daily exposure of noise. The scientist observed
observed that the guinea pigs stopped socializing with each
other after the seventh day but resumed socializing normally when the loudspeaker was
removed from the cage.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously jeopardizes the scientist's hypothesis?
(a) During the experiment, the guinea pigs stopped socializing due to the intense level of the
noise.
(b) In a similar experiment conducted by another scientist, the guinea pigs did not resume
socializing when the noise source was removed.
(c) On the seventh h day, the loudspeaker took up so much space in the cage that the guinea pigs
could not get near each other.
(d) Prior to the experiment, the guinea pigs used in the experiment socialized with each other
normally.
(e) The sound pressure level from a loudspeaker
loudspeaker increases to the inverse square of the distance
from the loudspeaker.

6. Parents who wish to provide a strong foundation for the musical ability of their children should
provide them with a good musical education. Since formal instruction is often a part a good
musical education, parents who wish to provide this strong foundation need to ensure that their
children receive formal instruction.
The reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it fails to consider that
(a) parents might not be the only source of a child’s musical education
(b) some children might not be interested in receiving a strong foundation for their musical
ability
(c) there are many examples of people with formal instruction whose musical ability is i poor
(d) formal instruction might not always be a part of a good musical education
(e) some children might become good musicians even if they have not had good musical educations

7. In many languages other than English there is a word for “mother’s brother” which is different
from the word for “father’s brother,” whereas English uses the word “uncle” for both.bot Thus,
speakers of these languages evidence a more finely discriminated kinship system than English
speakers do. The number of basic words for colors also varies widely from language to language.
Therefore, speakers of languages that have fewer basic words
words for colors than English has must be
perceptually unable to distinguish as many colors as speakers of English can distinguish.
Which one of the following, if true, undermines the conclusion concerning words for colors?
(a) Speakers of English are able toto distinguish between lighter and darker shades of the color
they call “blue” for which Russian has two different basic words.
(b) Almost every language distinguishes red from the other colors.
(c) Khmer uses a basic word corresponding to English “blue” for most leaves, but uses its basic
word corresponding to English “green” for unripe bananas.
(d) The word “orange” in English has the same origin as the equivalent word in Spanish.
(e) Most languages do not have a basic word that distinguishes gray from other colors,
although gray is commonly found in nature.

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8. Each bank in the town of La Rinconada has only a single set of locking doors at its entrance. In
the town of Inverness, on the other hand, the entrances to nearly all banks are equipped with
two sets of locking doors, operated by a mechanism that allows only one set of doors to be open
at a time.
ime. It is clear, then, that banks in Inverness experience more robbery attempts than do
those in La Rinconada, and have thus adopted the extra doors as a security measure.
Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument above?
(a) Last year thee number of bank robberies in La Rinconada was almost one-half
one greater than
the corresponding figure for the previous year.
(b) Inverness is known for its harsh winters, while the climate of La Rinconada is quite
temperate year-round.
(c) The mechanism of the double doors used by banks in Inverness allows bank security
personnel to lock the doors remotely.
(d) Bank robbery attempts are typically unsuccessful, and, even when the robbers do manage to
escape with stolen money, the sum is usually quite small.
smal
(e) Inverness has almost twice as many police officers per capita as does La Rinconada.

9. In response to high mortality in area hospitals, surgery was restricted to emergency procedures
procedu
during a five-week
week period. Mortality in these hospitals was found to have fallen by nearly one- one
third during the period. The number of deaths rose again when elective surgery (surgery that
can be postponed) was resumed. It can be concluded that, before the five-week week period, the risks
of elective surgery had been incurred unnecessarily often in the area.
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion above?
(a) The conditions for which elective surgery was performed would in in the long run have been
life-threatening,
threatening, and surgery for them would have become riskier with time.
(b) The physicians planning elective surgery performed before the five-weekfive week period had fully
informed the patients who would undergo it of the possible risksrisks of the procedures.
(c) Before the suspension of elective surgery, surgical operations were performed in area
hospitals at a higher rate, per thousand residents of the area, than was usual elsewhere.
(d) Elective surgery is, in general, less risky than is emergency surgery because the conditions
requiring or indicating surgery are often less severe.
(e) Even if a surgical procedure is successful, the patient can die of a hospital-contracted
hospital
infection with a bacterium that is resistant to antibiotic treatment.

10. For many people in the United States who are concerned about the cost of heating homes and
businesses, wood has become an alternative energy source to coal, oil, and gas. Nevertheless,
wood will never supply more than a modest fraction
fraction of our continuing energy needs.
Which of the following, if true, does NOT support the claim made in the last sentence in the
passage above?
(a) There are many competing uses for a finite supply of wood, and suppliers give the lumber
and paper industries
tries a higher priority than they give individual consumers.
(b) Wood produces thick smoke in burning, and its extensive use in densely populated cities
would violate federal antipollution guidelines.
(c) There are relatively narrow limits to how far wood wood can be trucked before it becomes more
economical to burn the gasoline used for transportation instead of the wood.
(d) Most apartment dwellers do not have adequate storage space for the amount of wood
necessary to supply energy for heating.
(e) Most commercial
mmercial users of energy are located within range of a wood supply, and two-thirds
two
of United States homes are located outside of metropolitan areas.

11. Sometime during the 1950s, rock music permanently ousted jazz from the music scene. This is
evident from the behavior. of youths of that time. In crowded nightclubs they would applaud
rock acts enthusiastically. But when a jazz act began, they went outside and got refreshments.
They came back in only when the jazz set was finished.
Which of the following statements, if true,
true, is a valid objection to the conclusion drawn above ？
(a) Jazz is the most important musical contribution of the linked States to world culture.
(b) Although some young people who attended nightclubs in the 1950"s did try to listen to jazz,
they eventually became bored with it.
(c) Since the 1960" s, rock music has not only provided youths with recreation but has, as well,
become a rallying point for making social statements.

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 (d) Although by 1960 jazz performances were less popular, there has since been a revival
r of
interest in jazz among middle-class
middle professionals.
(e) Jazz steadily increased in popularity between the 1930"s and the 1950"s.

12. The letters were arranged in this odd odd but familiar manner when the first typewriters were being
designed in the 1800s. When keys were arranged logically, typists could strike the keys very
quickly. Early typewriters were so slow the fast typists caused mechanical problems in the
machines. In n order to slow down the typists, the keys were rearranged in a seemingly random
order. If a manufacturer of computer keyboards were to arrange the keys in the most efficient
manner, everyone would want to buy a new, improved keyboard.
If true, which of thee following would most seriously weaken the above conclusion?
(a) Modern computer word-processing
word processing systems are much faster than the most accomplished
typist and there is no reason to use the slower keyboard.
(b) Americans have universally adapted to the QWERTY QWERTY keyboard and aren’t interested in
learning an entirely new system.
(c) Discovering the most efficient arrangement of keys would require extensive tests on typists
and non-typists alike.
(d) The human brain is incredibly adaptable and can adapt to any any arrangement of the
keyboard, even if it is less efficient.
(e) Computer keyboards include many keys that were not needed on manual or electric
typewriters.

13. Editorial in Krenlandian Newspaper: Krenland’s steelmakers are losing domestic sales because
of lower-priced imports, in many cases because foreign governments subsidize their steel
industries in ways that are banned by international treaties. But whatever the cause, the cost is
ultimately going to be jobs in Krenland’s steel industry. Therefore, it would protect not only steel
companies but also industrial employment in Krenland if our government took measures to
reduce cheap steel imports.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial’s argument?
(a) Because steel from Krenland is rarely competitive
competitive in international markets, only a very
small portion of Krenlandian steelmakers’ revenue comes from exports.
(b) The international treaties that some governments are violating by giving subsidies to
steelmakers do not specify any penalties for such violations.
vio
(c) For many Krenlandian manufacturers who face severe international competition in both
domestic and export markets, steel constitutes a significant part of their raw material costs.
(d) Because of advances in order-taking,
order taking, shipping, and inventory systems, the cost of shipping
steel from foreign producers to Krenland has fallen considerably in recent years.
(e) Wages paid to workers in the steel industry in Krenland differ significantly from f wages
paid to workers in many of the countries that export steel to Krenland.

14. Oscar: Emerging information technologies will soon make speed of information processing the
single most important factor in the creation of individual, corporate, and national wealth.
Consequently, the division of the world into northern countries—in
countries general rich—and
rich southern
countries—in general poor— —will
will soon be obsolete. Instead, there simply will be fast countries
and slow countries, and thus a country’s economic well-being
well being will not be a function of its
geographical position but just a matter of its its relative success in incorporating those new
technologies.
Sylvia: But the poor countries of the south lack the economic resources to acquire those
technologies and will therefore remain poor. The technologies will thus only widen the existing
economic gap p between north and south.
The reasoning that Oscar uses in supporting his prediction is vulnerable to criticism on the
ground that it
(a) overlooks the possibility that the ability of countries to acquire new technologies at some
time in the future will depend on factors other than those countries’ present economic status
(b) fails to establish that the division of the world into rich countries and poor countries is the
single most important problem that will confront the world economy in the future
(c) ignores the possibility that, in determining a country’s future wealth, the country’s
incorporation of information-processing
information processing technologies might be outweighed by a
combination of other factors

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 (d) provides no reason to believe that faster information processing
processing will have only beneficial
effects on countries that successfully incorporate new information technologies into their
economies
(e) makes no distinction between those of the world’s rich countries that are the wealthiest and
those that are less wealthy

15. In Country K in the year 2000, farmers produced so much cotton that that the market could not
absorb all of it and the price of cotton fell precipitously. In the next year, the government of
Country K introduced direct support payments to any cotton producers that would take 25 or
more percent of their cotton acreage out of production. By mid-year year 2002, cotton prices in
Country K were back to the levels seen in 1999. The government claimed that its direct support
payments were responsible for the rebound in prices.
Each of the following, if true, would weaken the government's claim, EXCEPT:
(a) Between 1999 and mid-year
mid year 2002, Country K experienced rapid inflation.
(b) In the beginning of 2001, a large textile plant opened in Country K to take advantage of the
country's low cotton prices.
(c) Almost all farmers refused to take any of their cotton acreage out of production.
(d) As a condition to receive government support payments, farmers were prohibited from
using the old cotton acreage for other agricultural purposes.
(e) A large drought hit in Country J, next to Country K, wiping
wiping out that nation's cotton crops
and causing a need to import cotton.

16. Financial Analyst: Healthcare professionals, such as doctors, nurses, and pharmacists, rarely
succeed when they manage financial projects. In fact, the average healthcare professional is less
skilled at managing financial projects than the average management professional who does not
work in a healthcare field. Successful management of financial projects requires strong
quantitative skills. Therefore,
refore, the average management professional has stronger quantitative
skills than the average healthcare professional.
Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?
(a) The education of an average healthcare professional includes about as many classes focused
on quantitative skills as that of an average management professional.
(b) Unlike the education of an average healthcare professional, that of an average management
professional includes training in project
projec management.
(c) The average management professional has completed a higher level of mathematics than
the average healthcare professional.
(d) Project managers generally have more free time to dedicate to financial projects than most
doctors.
(e) Doctors, nurses, and pharmacists must use quantitative skills on a daily basis in order to be
successful at their jobs.

17. Citing the frequency with which gum disease and heart disease occur in the same patients, many
dentists believe that periodontal disease is a cause of a variety of cardiovascular problems,
including Coronary Artery Disease.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the claim that periodontal disease is a cause
of Coronary Artery disease?
(a) Bacteria present in infected gums can become mobile and enter the bloodstream, causing
arterial plaque to accumulate.
(b) People who brush and floss their teeth regularly are also more likely to exercise and eat
ea a
healthy diet.
(c) Infected gums are more prone to bleeding, which allows bacteria to escape the mouth and
irritate arteries.
(d) People who experience loss of teeth due to periodontal disease usually cut back on many
foods that are harder to chew, such
such as lean meats and vegetables, and increase their
consumption of processed foods like pudding and ice cream.
(e) Patients with no history of heart disease are much less likely to have periodontal disease
than patients who have had a cardiac transplant.

18. A recent report compared the crime figures of today with those of 200 years ago. The report
showed that today, the proportion of people who break the law is 22% lower than that of 200

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 years ago. It can be deduced that people are more morally aware today than people were 200
years ago.
g, if true, casts the most doubt on the argument's conclusion?
Which of the following,
(a) Many actions that were considered morally acceptable 200 years ago have been criminalized
by modern legal systems
(b) Today, morals are taught in schools, and since more children are educated, educat immoral
behavior is decreasing.
(c) Some people consider certain illegal acts as not being immoral.
(d) Modern methods for controlling crime have been implemented so that less of the taxpayer's
money is now spent on the penal system.
(e) Reports analyzing
ing the crime figures of certain time periods are always conducted by a team
of government and private researchers.

19. It is widely assumed that people need to engage in intellectual activities such as solving
crossword puzzles or mathematics problems in order to maintain mental sharpness as they age.
In fact, however, simply talking to other people—that that is, participating in social interaction,
which engages many mental and perceptual skills—suffices.
skills suffices. Evidence to this effect comes from a
study showing that the more social contact people report, the better their mental skills.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited?
(a) As people grow older, they are often advised to keep exercising their physical and mental
capacities in order to maintain or improve them.
(b) Many medical conditions and treatments
treatments that adversely affect a person's mental sharpness
also tend to increase that person's social isolation.
(c) Many people are proficient both in social interactions and in solving mathematical
problems.
(d) The study did not itself collect data but analyzed data bearing on the issue from prior
studies.
(e) The tasks evaluating mental sharpness for which data were compiled by the study were
more akin to mathematics problems than to conversation.

20. With seventeen casinos, Moneyland operates the most casinos in a certain state. Although intent
on expanding, it was outmaneuvered by Apex Casinos in negotiations to acquire the Eldorado
chain. To complete its acquisition of Eldorado, Apex must sell five casinos to comply with a state
law forbidding any owner to operate more than one casino per per county. Since Apex will still be
left operation twenty casinos in the state, it will then have the most casinos in the state.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the prediction?
(a) Apex, Eldorado, and Moneyland are the only organizations
organizations licensed to operate casinos in
the state.
(b) The majority of Eldorado's casinos in the state will need extensive renovations if they are to
continue to operate profitably.
(c) Some of the state's counties do not permit casinos.
(d) Moneyland already operates casinos in the majority of the state's counties.
(e) Apex will use funds it obtains from the sale of the five casinos to help fund its acquisition of
the Eldorado chain.

21. Kayla: Many people are reluctant to shop in our neighborhood because street parking is scarce.
The city plans to address this by adding parking meters with time limits that ensure that parking
spaces are generally available. But this plan will surely backfire—shoppers
backfire ppers dislike paying at
parking meters, so most will probably drive to other neighborhoods to shop at malls with free
parking.
Which of the following, if true, would be the most logically effective rebuttal a proponent of the
city's plan could make to Kayla's
Kayl objection?
(a) Most shoppers dislike hunting for scarce street parking spaces much more than they dislike
paying for metered parking spaces.
(b) The city could post signs with street parking time limits to ensure that parking spaces
become available without
thout forcing shoppers to pay at meters.
(c) Currently, most shoppers in the neighborhood drive only occasionally to shop at malls in
other neighborhoods.
(d) The neighborhood already contains a parking lot where shoppers must pay to park.

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 (e) The nearby malls with free parking have no parking time limits to help ensure that parking
spaces in their lots become available.

22. Although the discount stores in Goreville central shopping district are expected to close within
five years as a result of competition from a SpendLess discount department store that just
opened, those locations will not stay stay vacant for long. In the five years since the opening of
Colson's, a nondiscount department store, a new store has opened at the location of every store
in the shopping district that closed because it could not compete with Colson's.
Which of the following,
ing, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
(A) Many customers of Colson's are expected to do less shopping there than they did before the
SpendLess store opened.
(B) Increasingly, the stores that have opened in the central shopping district since Colson's
opened have been discount stores.
(C) At present, the central shopping district has as many stores operating in it as it ever had.
(D) Over the course of the next five years, it is expected that Goreville's population will grow at
a faster rate than it has for the past several decades.
(E) Many stores in the central shopping district sell types of merchandise that are not available
at either SpendLess or Colson's.

23. If Blankenship Enterprises has to switch suppliers in the middle of a large production run, the
company will not show a profit for the year. Therefore, if Blankenship Enterprises in fact turns
out to show no profit for the year, it will also turn out to be
be true that the company had to switch
suppliers during a large production run.
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following
grounds?
(A) The argument is a circular argument made up of an opening claim followedfollowe by a conclusion
that merely paraphrases that claim.
(B) The argument fails to establish that a condition under which a phenomenon is said to occur
is the only condition under which that phenomenon occurs.
(C) The argument involves an equivocation, in that that the word “profit” is allowed to shift its
meaning during the course of the argument.
(D) The argument erroneously uses an exceptional, isolated case to support a universal
conclusion.
(E) The argument explains one event as being caused by another event, even though both
events must actually have been caused by some third, unidentified event.

24. City planner: Our city center will not be adequately revitalized simply by expanding residential
space in the form of high--priced condominiums. The condominium sales will most likely be
insufficient unless incentives for investment in local small business are offered. The city council
must be aggressive in drawing new restaurants, laundries, childcare facilities, and other service
industries to the city
ty center; otherwise, the revitalization project will surely fail.
Which of the following, if true, most weakens the reasoning in the argument above?
(A) When several nearby cities recently attempted to revitalize their city centers by expanding
luxury residential
sidential space, small businesses rushed to take advantage of the new market,
significantly contributing to the success the revitalization projects.
(B) In a statewide survey of buyers and potential buyers of luxury condominiums, the majority
of respondents ts indicated that they do not consider proximity to service industries to be the
most important factor when choosing a residence.
(C) The city council's recent attempt to attract new restaurants to the city center was largely
unsuccessful.
(D) An increasee in luxury condos would substantially increase property tax revenue in the city
center.
(E) Before small businesses could open near the proposed luxury condominiums, significant
investment would be needed to rebuild the infrastructure and retail spaces in i the area.

25. In a certain rural area, people normally dispose of household garbage by burning it. Burning
household garbage releases toxic chemicals known as dioxins. New conservation regulations will
require a major reduction in packaging—specifically,
packaging specifically, paper and cardboard packaging—for
packaging

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 products sold in the area. Since such packaging materials contain dioxins, one result of the
implementation of the newew regulations will surely be a reduction in dioxin pollution in the area.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
(a) Garbage containing large quantities of paper and cardboard can easily burn hot enough for
some portion of the dioxins that it contains to be destroyed.
(b) Packaging materials typically make up only a small proportion of the weight of household
garbage, but a relatively large proportion of its volume.
(c) Per-capita
capita sales of products sold in paper and cardboard
cardboard packaging are lower in rural areas
than in urban areas.
(d) The new conservation regulations were motivated by a need to cut down on the
consumption of paper products in order to bring the harvesting of timber into a healthier
balance with its regrowth.
regrowth
(e) It is not known whether the dioxins released by the burning of household garbage have
been the cause of any serious health problems.

Answer Key
1-e 2-b 3-a 44-d 5-c 6-d 7-a 8-b 9-a 10-e
11-d 12-b 13-c 14
14-c 15-d 16-b 17-b 18-c 19-b 20-a
21-a 22-b 23-b 24
24-a 25-a

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