Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PharmD Candidate
Introduce Visual Snow (VS) as a newly
recognized neurological disorder
Highlight visual symptoms in proposed
diagnostic criteria for VS
Discuss and debate possible
pathophysiology behind VS
Review treatment used in recent trials and
case reports
Understand the impact VS has on lifestyle
A disorder of altered visual perception
Patients see continuous tiny dots across the
entire visual field
Analogous to the pixels on an old analogue
television
Occurs 24/7 with eyes open and closed
Simulation: http://www.visualsnow.eu/visual-snow-simulators/
Schankin CJ. Visual snow--persistent positive visual phenomenon distinct from migraine aura. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015.
Schankin CJ, 'Visual snow' - a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura. Brain. 2014
Liu GT, Schatz NJ, Galetta SL, Volpe NJ, Skobieranda F, Kosmorsky GS. Persistent positive visual phenomena in migraine. Neurology. 1995 Apr;45(4):664-8.
Eye on Vision Foundation. Update of visual snow study from UCSF. URL: http://www.eyeonvision.org/news/102-update-on-visual-snow-study-from-ucsf.html
The relation between migraine, typical migraine
aura and visual snow. Headache. 2014
A prospective semi-structured telephone interview
N=120 patients with visual snow
N=70 had comorbid migraine
Conclusions:
• Comorbid migraine aggravates the clinical phenotype of the "visual
snow" syndrome
• The hypermetabolic lingual gyrus confirms a brain dysfunction in
patients with "visual snow"
'Visual snow' - a disorder distinct from persistent
migraine aura. Brain. 2014
Conclusions:
• Visual snow is a unique visual disturbance clinically distinct from
migraine aura that can be disabling for patients
• Migraine is a common concomitant although standard migraine
treatments are often unhelpful
Migraine (with • 70/120 (58%) 1
• 46/78 (59%) 2
or without • Often present with more severe
aura) symptoms
1) Schankin CJ. The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and "visual snow". Headache. 2014
2) Schankin CJ, 'Visual snow' - a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura. Brain. 2014
Populations
Majority young and otherwise healthy
Often in the second to fourth decade of life
Trigger
Most cannot remember a clear trigger
A small percentage report head trauma, migraine attacks, or use of
illicit or prescription drugs precipitating initial episode of VS
Aminoglycoside antibiotics, opioids
Onset
At 21 + 9 years (76%)
Since earliest memory (24%)
Duration
visual snow rarely disappears once it appears
Schankin CJ. The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and "visual snow". Headache. 2014
Fulton, James T., Processes in Biological Vision {online} {Corona Del Mar, CA. USA} Vision Concepts, 2000, URL:http://neuronresearch.net/vision/
Progressive Worsening
Progressive Worsening to
Constant Symptoms
Stepwise Worsening to
Constant Symptoms
Constant Symptoms
Schankin CJ. The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and "visual snow". Headache. 2014
ADDITIONAL SYMPTOMS
Entopic
phenomena
Schankin CJ, 'Visual snow' - a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura. Brain. 2014
Persistence of a visual image
following removal of the exciting
stimulus
Afterimages: an image
continuing to appear in
one's vision after the
exposure to the original
image has ceased
Schankin CJ, 'Visual snow' - a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura. Brain. 2014
Sensitivity to light
(too bright, painful, or both)
http://dxline.info/img/new_ail/photophobia_1.jpg
Impaired night vision
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/P360_Onderdendam_goed_nachtzicht_ns_nachtblind.jpg
Visual effects whose source is
within the eye itself
Spontaneous photopsia:
Short-lasting sensation of light in one or both eyes in
absence of an external light source
Described to patients as: bright flashes occur briefly,
then fade
Schankin CJ, 'Visual snow' - a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura. Brain. 2014
Floaters: Perception of spots or
strands in vision, which follow the
eye movement and have the
tendency to drift slowly
Schankin CJ, 'Visual snow' - a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura. Brain. 2014
A diagnosis of exclusion
Tegetmeyer H. [Visual Snow Syndrome: Symptoms and Ophthalmological Findings]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2016 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print] German.
Hallucinogen
Persistent migraine Psychogenic
Persisting Perception
aura Disorder/Malingering
Disorder (HPPD)
• Estimated 40% of • Also experience • Complaints often
patients with VS do starbursts, ignored or thought of
not have migraines afterimages, as an exaggeration
• Symptomatic palinopsia • Brain scans show
differences distinguish • Less than 5% of anomaly in lingual
migraine aura from patients with gyrus
visual snow confirmed VS report • Consistency of
• Episodic vs constant any drug use symptomatic reports
(or progressive) • Even fewer report use
of hallucinogenic
drugs
• Presence in children
Schankin CJ. Visual snow--persistent positive visual phenomenon distinct from migraine aura. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015.
Schankin CJ, 'Visual snow' - a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura. Brain. 2014
Chemical imbalance of glutamic acid and gamma amino butyric acid
(GABA) associated with the higher visual centers of the thalamus (upper
brainstem), parietal lobe, or prefrontal lobe 1
1) Fulton, James T., Processes in Biological Vision {online} {Corona Del Mar, CA. USA} Vision Concepts, 2000. URL:http://neuronresearch.net/vision/
2) Lauschke JL, Plant GT, Fraser CL. Visual snow: A thalamocortical dysrhythmia of the visual pathway? J Clin Neurosci. 2016 Jun;28:123-7.
3) Schankin CJ, Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015
Visual
Snow
Healthy
Control
When comparing the brain metabolism of patients with “visual snow” to healthy
controls in [18F]-FDG PET using a paired t-test in SPM8, the right lingual
gyrus and the anterior lobe of the left cerebellum were metabolically more
active in patients with “visual snow.” P ≤ .001.
Schankin CJ. The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and "visual snow". Headache. 2014
Using [18F]-FDG positron emission tomography, brain hypermetabolism in the lingual gyrus
was demonstrated in B) visual snow patients. Comparison with H215O positron emission
tomography after light stimulation during migraine attacks C) was used as a model for
photophobia in migraineurs. This revealed the same area in the lingual gyrus being
hyperperfused, suggesting some relevance of this area for visual snow pathophysiology and
for the clinical overlap of migraine/aura with visual snow
Schankin CJ. Visual snow--persistent positive visual phenomenon distinct from migraine aura. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015.
It has been hypothesized that the lingual gyrus is involved in1…
Encoding visual memory
Processing letters
Perception of color
Identification of facial expressions of emotions
1. Schankin CJ. The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and "visual snow". Headache. 2014
2. Jung J, Kang J, Won E, Nam K, Lee MS, Tae WS, Ham BJ. Impact of lingual gyrus volume on antidepressant response and neurocognitive
functions in Major Depressive Disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. J Affect Disord. 2014 Dec;169:179-87.
3. Wang T, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhan W, Li L, Wu M, Huang H, Zhu H, Kemp GJ, Gong Q. Altered resting-state functional activity in posttraumatic
stress disorder: A quantitative meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 2;6:27131
4. Waugh CE, Hamilton JP, Chen MC, Joormann J, Gotlib IH. Neural temporal dynamics of stress in comorbid major depressive disorder and
social anxiety disorder. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord. 2012 Jun 22;2:11.
5. Jäncke L, Beeli G, Eulig C, Hänggi J. The neuroanatomy of grapheme-color synesthesia. Eur J Neurosci. 2009 Mar;29
The lingual gyrus is part of Brodmann area
19 (BA 19). This is in the occipital lobe of the cortex.
Schankin CJ, Goadsby PJ. Visual snow--persistent positive visual phenomenon distinct from migraine aura. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015 Jun;19(6):23.
SSRIs
Lamotrigine
Benzodiazepines
Acetazolamide
Valproic acid
Levetiracetam
Tricyclic antidepressants
Calcium channel blockers
Beta blockers
Analgesics
Melatonin
Vitamins: B6, B12, Mg
Gabapentin
Furosemide
Bessero AC, Plant GT. Should 'visual snow' and persistence of after-images be recognised as a new visual syndrome? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014.
Schankin CJ,. The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and "visual snow". Headache. 2014.
Table 3 Summary. Current and Past Treatment Trials for “Visual Snow” in 17
VS Patients Who Took Part in the [18F]-FDG PET Study
Schankin CJ,. The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and "visual snow". Headache. 2014
A case report of 25 y.o female with migraine with
aura x 10yr and VS x 1yr
Comorbid anxiety treated with fluoxetine 40mg
daily x 2 months
No illicit drug use
Normal EEG
Sx: continuous bright and colorful lights,
palinopsia, floaters, nyclatopsia, photopsia
Chose lamotrigine based on 2 previous case
reports of success with lamotrigine for persistent
migranous visual phenomena
Unal-Cevik I, Yildiz FG. Visual Snow in Migraine With Aura: Further Characterization by Brain Imaging, Electrophysiology, and Treatment--Case Report.
Headache. 2015 Nov-Dec;55(10):1436-41.
Lamotrigine titrated up to 50mg BID
After tx repetitive pattern reversal visual evoked
potentials (rVEP) show improved cortical
excitability
After tx patient reports
Palinopsia improved 80%
Brightness/density of floaters, dots, photopsia
improved 50%
Improvements in blue field entopic phenomena and
nyctalopia < 30%
Now able to sleep
Migraine frequency from 2-3 attacks/wk to 2
attacks/month
Unal-Cevik I, Yildiz FG. Visual Snow in Migraine With Aura: Further Characterization by Brain Imaging, Electrophysiology, and Treatment--Case Report.
Headache. 2015 Nov-Dec;55(10):1436-41.
The Newest Data
TREATMENT EFFECT IN VISUAL SNOW
Puledda F, Schankin C, Goadsby PJ
• Topiramate, sodium valproate,
propranolol, amitriptyline, lamotrigine,
NOT gabapentin, nortriptyline, tizanidine,
HELPFUL verapamil, imipramine
Distraction Exercise
Relaxation:
(meditation yoga)
Lauschke JL, Plant GT, Fraser CL. Visual snow: A thalamocortical dysrhythmia of the visual pathway? J Clin Neurosci. 2016 Jun;28:123-7.
Thinks that this phenomenon is actually extremely common, just
neglected in the scientific literature
Those with the disturbance "tend to be people who are very
observant ... people who are really hyper-observant of their world.
There's a real controversy as to how much of this is a heightened
awareness of normal phenomena"
She suggests that visual snow is probably nothing more than an
exaggerated type of normal visual function.
"When we have entopic firing from our retina ... if you look at the
white wall and really focus on it with the right lighting, you can see
it. It's the same thing with afterimages. It's normal to see
afterimages…most of us pay no attention to it…but if you're a really
observant person, you start noticing it, and then you notice it all the
time."
MEDPAGE TODAY. Meeting coverage: Visual snow called ‘real’ not drug related. URL: http://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/AAN/32416
Difficulty reading
Insomnia
Chronic distraction/discomfort
Dietary limitations
Social limitations: movie theater, beach, etc
Constant fear of losing eyesight
Treatment side effects: anticonvulsants especially
Dependent on: sunglasses, earplugs, sound
machines, nightlights
SUMMARY
Visual snow is a complex neurological disorder with limited data