ISSCC 2021 Tutorials

T11: Ultra-Low Power Wireless Receiver Design

David Wentzloff
University of Michigan
Everactive
wentzlof@umich.edu

Live Q&A Session: Feb. 13, 2021, 8:20-8:40 am, PST

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Self Introduction
 BS in EE from the University of Michigan in 1999
 MS and PhD in EE from MIT in 2002 and 2007
 Professor of EECS at University of Michigan since
2007
 Research focuses on RF integrated circuits, with an
emphasis on ultra-low power design
 Co-founded Everactive in 2012, and currently co-CTO.
Everactive is a fabless semiconductor company
developing ultra-low power wireless SoCs.

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 Power is THE limiting factor to Si scaling
Pervasive Sensing
Compute Wireless Batteryless
Fueled by Fueled by mobility
CMOS 1 / Thing
100B Today
scaling
10 / Person
1T Devices
w/ 3yr lifetime
Units Sold

1 / Person
10B

1 / Professional 913M batteries

1B 1 / Employee per day

100M

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030+

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 <10µW target for self-powered devices

1
Lifetime w/ Energy Power
100m
AA Battery Source Density
Power [Watts]

10m Outdoor light 1000µW/cm2

Human motion 330µW/cm3
1m
Vibration 200µW/cm3
100µ Lifetime w/
Coin Battery Thermal 40µW/cm2
10µ Indoor light 10µW/cm2
Harvested Power Floor
1µ
1d 1w 1m 1y 10y
Lifetime

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Agenda
 ULP Receiver Survey
 Background – Measuring Receiver Performance
 Receiver Architecture – Where does the power go?
 nW Receivers
 Interference Rejection
 Wakeup Receiver Adoption in Standards
 Wrap up

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ULP Receiver Survey
 Research group maintains a survey of ULP receivers

 191 receivers to date, from 2005-present, taken from major

circuits conferences and journals

 Available at
https://wics.engin.umich.edu/ultra-low-power-radio-survey/

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ULP Receiver Survey (2005-2020)

Total of
191
Receivers

https://wics.engin.umich.edu/ultra-low-power-radio-survey/
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ULP Receiver Survey (2005-2020)

Ultra-Low Power
< 100µW

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ULP Receiver Survey (2005-2020)

10x power
= 20dB sensitivity
= 10x distance
(free-space PL)

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Power v. Datarate

Slope = 1
10x rate = 10x power

0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10000 100000

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Power v. Sensitivity (Normalized)

Sensitivity normalized to 1kb/s

- Accounts for processing gain

Constant 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
FOM
𝑆 = 𝑆 − 10𝑙𝑜𝑔
1𝑘𝑏𝑝𝑠
10x / 20dB

Constant
FOM
10x / 10dB

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No Optimal Frequency for ULP

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No Optimal Frequency for ULP

<-100dBm
Sub-GHz

<10nW
Sub-GHz

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Modulation Primer
 Broadly categorize modulation and receiver implementations into 2
categories: Coherent and Non-Coherent

 “Coherent” receiver
 Over-simplified definition: Receiver must recover the phase of the incoming signal

 “Non-coherent” receiver
 Receiver only needs to recover the amplitude or frequency of the signal

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ULP Radios use Non-Coherent Comm.

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ULP Radios use Non-Coherent Comm.

ULP Receivers

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Basics of Digital Modulation

Amplitude-only: Frequency-only:
OOK (on-off keying) FSK (frequency shift keying)
PPM (pulse-position modulation) GFSK (Gaussian frequency shift keying)
ASK (amplitude shift keying)

Phase-only:
PSK (phase shift keying)
QPSK (quadrature PSK)

Modulate amplitude, frequency, and phase together:

OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing)
QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation)

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Distribution of Modulation Format

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Distribution of Modulation Format
OOK / PPM

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Distribution of Modulation Format

FSK

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Distribution of Modulation Format

PSK

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Agenda
 ULP Receiver Survey
 Background – Measuring Receiver Performance
 Receiver Architecture – Where does the power go?
 nW Receivers
 Interference Rejection
 Wakeup Receiver Adoption in Standards
 Wrap up

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Measuring Performance of a Receiver
 1) Sensitivity – the minimum detectable signal power that results in a target
bit-error-rate (BER)
 Input-referred received signal power
 Sensitivity is usually spec’d at a BER of 10-3
 This error rate can be easily corrected with moderate forward error correction
 Quoted in dBm (𝑃 [𝑑𝐵𝑚] = 10 log 𝑃 [𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠]/1𝑚𝑊 ), e.g. 2mW = 3dBm

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
𝑆 Ratio of Signal power
𝑆𝑁𝑅 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log
𝑁 to Noise power

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Example ”Waterfall” Curve
100

10-1

10-2
BER

10-3 Sensitivity -82.2 dBm

(~6 pW)

10-4
-84 -83.5 -83 -82.5 -82
Signal Power (dBm)

[Courtesy Abdullah Alghaihab]

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Notes on Sensitivity
 Sensitivity is limited by noise

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
𝑆 Ratio of Signal power
𝑆𝑁𝑅 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log
𝑁 to Noise power

 Signal power (S) varies with transmit power, distance, and path loss due to
the wireless channel
 Sensitivity is the minimum detectable signal power, S

 Noise power (N) depends on the thermal noise floor + noise added by the
receiver circuit

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Measuring Performance of a Receiver
 2) Datarate – typically reported as the raw, uncoded bit rate in the payload of
a wireless packet
 Datarate trades off with Sensitivity for ideal receivers

Claude Shannon Error-Free Noisy-Channel Capacity

C = B log 2 (1 + SNR )
Datarate Ratio of powers
[bits/s] Bandwidth [Hz] [not in dB]

 Double the bandwidth, capacity doubles

 Double the SNR, capacity less-than-doubles

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SNR, Eb/N0, and Sensitivity
 Excellent reference: John Proakis, “Digital Communications,” any edition
 Performance of any wireless link boils down to the ratio of energy-per-bit
(Eb) to noise spectral density (N0)
 Called Eb/N0 (pronounced “E-B over N-not” or “ebb-not”)

Signal Power 𝑆 = 𝐸 · 𝑅
Total Noise Spectral
Density N0 [dBm/Hz]
Thermal noise floor:
Power kT = -174dBm/Hz
Spectral Thermal + Circuit Noise
Density
Frequency
fRF
Channel Bandwidth B Total Noise 𝑁 = 𝑁 · 𝐵

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SNR, Eb/N0, and Sensitivity
 Rewrite SNR in terms of N0
𝑆 𝑆 Bandwidth
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = =
𝑁 𝑁 ·𝐵 [Hz]

Total Noise Spectral Density [W/Hz]

 Introduce received energy/bit

Signal
S = Eb C Data rate
Power 𝑆 𝐸 ·𝐶
[bits/s] 𝑆𝑁𝑅 = =
[Watts] 𝑁 𝑁 ·𝐵
Energy per bit
[Joules/bit]

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SNR, Eb/N0, and Sensitivity
 Rearranging…
Rb is data rate [bits/s]
 C/B = capacity divided by channel bandwidth
30
C = B log 2 (1 + SNR ) 20 Rb > C
10 -1.6dB
C  E C Eb 2C / B − 1
= log 2 1 + b  = Rb = C

Rb/B
B  N0 B  N0 C/B
1
 We can now derive the Shannon Limit Rb < C

Eb
= ln 2 = −1.6dB 0.1
N0 B =∞ -6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Eb/No [dB]

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SNR, Eb/N0, and Sensitivity
“Waterfall” Curves
 BER is strictly a function of Eb/N0
𝑆 𝐸 ·𝐶 100
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = = 64-QAM
𝑁 𝑁 ·𝐵 10-1
 Required Eb/N0 is a function of: FSK
 Modulation used 10-2

Pe [BER]
 Target bit-error-rate (BER) PSK
 Type of “detector” in the receiver
10-3
 Refer to Proakis reference
10-4

 To get back to Sensitivity (𝑆 ): 10-5

𝑆 𝐸 𝑅 10-6
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = = · -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18
𝑁 𝑁 𝐵
Eb/N0 [dB]

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Measuring Performance of a Receiver
 3) Signal-to-Interference ratio (SIR) a.k.a. Adjacent Channel Rejection (ACR)
 Ratio of the powers of an interfering signal to the desired signal that results in
degrading the BER to 10-3

In-Band Interference Signals

Power Band-Select
Spectral Filtering
Density
Frequency
fRF
Desired Signal

𝑃
𝑆𝐼𝑅 [𝑑𝐵] = 10 log
𝑃
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and Many More…
 Sensitivity, Datarate, SIR, and…

 Power
 Center frequency
 Fully integrated RF front-end
 Standard compliance
 Error vector magnitude (EVM)
 Noise figure
 Linearity
 Total gain

 We will see how performance trades off with some of these, but will not go
into great detail
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Agenda
 ULP Receiver Survey
 Background – Measuring Receiver Performance
 Receiver Architecture – Where does the power go?
 nW Receivers
 Interference Rejection
 Wakeup Receiver Adoption in Standards
 Wrap up

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Receiver Architecture

Down-Conversion
LNA Mixer
Variable gain
and filtering ADC

~
RF Local Oscillator

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Where does the power go?

Down-Conversion
LNA Mixer
Variable gain
and filtering ADC

RF gain stages High-linearity and sharp rolloff

are high power ~ filters drive up power
RF Local Oscillator

LO generation and buffering

requires RF gain as well

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LNA Power and Noise
Total N0 = kT + NF
= -174 + NF [dBm/Hz]

Lowest power 30µW

[Belostotski and Jagtap, “Down with Noise,” IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine]

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LNA Design – Power and Noise
 Tradeoffs for basic narrowband LNA with drain and gate thermal noise

 ω0  γ 1
F = 1 +   ( ( ) )
1 − 2 c χ d + 4Q 2 + 1 χ d2
 ωt  α 2Q

g δ 1 1
α≡ m χd ≡ α Q= ω =
C gs (LS + LG )
0
gd 0 5γ 2ω0C gs RS

[UM EECS 522 Lecture Notes]

 Noise factor (F) is proportional to ~ depending on transistor & biasing

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VCOs (Frequency Generation)
 Phase noise for standard cross-coupled LC-VCO and thermal noise

 Phase noise proportional to and , quality factor of the LC tank

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ULP Receiver Architectures
High Q Transfermer
 ED first Eliminate LNA,
PGA A/D
LO, low-BW
 Mixer first
 OOK M.N.
PGA A/D Eliminate LNA,
low-BW

PGA
 FSK M.N. A/D

PPF f1 Eliminate LNA

PGA A/D

0º / 90º f2

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ULP Receiver Architectures
 Back-scatter
RF Harvest & Eliminate LNA,
PMU
M.N. LO, low-BW
PGA No active TX
A/D
DBB
Back-scatter Rx

Back-scatter Tx

 Analog correlation

ED-first,
eliminate LNA,
low-BW, low-
freq LO
[Mangal, JSSC’19]

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Notes on ULP Receiver Architectures
 Take advantage of passive gain at RF LNA
Down-Conversion
Mixer

 Minimize / eliminate RF amplification Variable gain

and filtering ADC

stages (LNA, LO, passive mixer) RF gain stages High-linearity and sharp rolloff
are high power ~
 All active gain and filtering at baseband filters drive up power
RF Local Oscillator
frequency
LO generation and buffering
 Low-IF or Direct Conversion to minimize requires RF gain as well

power of baseband circuits

 Down-conversion with envelop detector (RF rectifier circuit)

 Arch. used for lowest power (nW) receivers – no RF gain or LO
 Limits type of modulation to AM and FM (phase not preserved through ED)
 Non-linear receiver path with simple detector
 Datarate / sensitivity trade offs don’t hold as they do for linear receivers

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Agenda
 ULP Receiver Survey
 Background – Measuring Receiver Performance
 Receiver Architecture – Where does the power go?
 nW Receivers
 Interference Rejection
 Wakeup Receiver Adoption in Standards
 Wrap up

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nW Receivers are ED-Based

• DARPA NZERO Program

• ED-first + BB gain
• Duty-cycled RF gain
• Low data rates

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 Example Architectures

ED BB Amp Comparator
Pin Bond-wire + 1 + 3 5
50Ω RF Input GBB Correlator Wakeup
- -
64 Clk Clk
RXO
Look-up Level PID
Table ÷ Clk Shifter Ctrl

CMOS Chip
2
4 6 Clk
All figures courtesy
64
PGLA Temperature Binary to SPI Digital

S. Bowers, U. Virginia
12 Sensor Thermometer Controller

[Bassirian et al, ISSCC 2020]

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N stage RF Rectifier
 N stage CMOS rectifier

 When transistors operate in

saturation

𝑉 = 2𝑁 · (𝑉 −𝑉 )

 When all transistors operate in subthreshold

𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 = 2𝑁 · 𝑉 · 𝑙𝑛 𝐼 𝑉 ≈ 2𝑁 ·
4𝑉

 I0 is the zero-th order modified Bessel function of the first kind

[S. Oh, RFIC 2012]

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One stage Rectifier

𝐼 =𝐼 ·𝑒 1−𝑒

𝐼 =𝐼 · 𝑒 −𝑒

𝐼 =𝐼 · 𝑒 −𝑒

 In steady –state, 𝑄 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑄 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑡

𝑽𝑭𝑬𝑻 = 𝑽𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕 + 𝑽𝑫𝑪 𝑭𝑬𝑻

 If we assume n = 1, and 𝐼 ·𝑒 1−𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 0

𝑉 𝑉
∴𝑉 = 𝑉 · 𝑙𝑛 𝐼 𝑉 ≈ 𝑖𝑓 𝑉 ≪ 𝑉
4𝑉
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Measurement Results
Transient Response of Vout Input power vs Vout
3 3

input power: -26dBm Equation

2.5 2.5 Measured
-28dBm
2 2

Vout(V)
1.5 -30dBm 1.5

1 -32dBm 1
-34dBm
0.5 -36dBm 0.5
-38dBm
0 -40dBm 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 -40 -38 -36 -34 -32 -30 -28 -26
Time(ms) Input Power(dBm)

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Voltage Boosting Circuit
 Model the input impedance to the
rectifier as a parallel R // C

C_RECT

R_RECT
 Off-chip voltage boosting circuit
can be applied
(e.g. matching network)

 Matching network with parallel inductor

1 𝑅 ⫽𝑅 𝑉 𝑅 ⫽𝑅 𝑉
𝑉 = 2𝑁 · 𝑉 · 𝑙𝑛 𝐼 ≈ 2𝑁 · ⋅
2 𝑅 𝑉 𝑅 4𝑉

 RLP is parasitic resistance of parallel inductor

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 nW Receivers – Passive RF Gain
20-40dB

BB
Passive Passive
A C Proc
Xform ED
Gain

 Off-chip passives or resonators

E.g. Jiang,
 20-40dB voltage gain ISSCC17
 Assuming Q’s of 10-100 25dB gain from
 Tradeoffs: higher Q = narrower BW passive LC
 Single wakeup channel network
 Frequency accuracy becomes critical

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 nW Receivers – Energy Detector
20-40dB S = –50dBm

BB
Passive Passive
A C Proc
Xform ED
Gain

 CMOS rectifiers DC out Input power vs Vout

per-stage limited by: 3
Equation
2.5 Measured

2
Quadratic

Vout(V)
𝑉 𝑉 1.5

𝑉 = 𝑉 · 𝑙𝑛 𝐼 𝑉 ≈ 𝑉 ≪𝑉
4𝑉
1

S. Oh, RFIC12 0.5

0
-40 -38 -36 -34 -32 -30 -28 -26
Input Power(dBm)

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 nW Receiver – Baseband Gain
20-40dB S = –50dBm Vmin = 1-10mV

BB
Passive Passive
A C Proc
Xform ED
Gain

 BB gain stages:
 Gain, filtering, integration, comparator
 Limitations and tradeoffs
 Vmin is minimum detectable voltage
 Quadratic ED: Lower Vmin by 10x results in 10dB better S
 Ex: Vmin 1mV to 100μV
 S improves 10dB, Energy / comparison ~100x higher

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 nW Receivers – Processing Gain
20-40dB S = –50dBm Vmin = 1-10mV 5-15dB

BB
Passive Passive
A C Proc
Xform ED
Gain

 BB processing gain and timing reference

 BB gain ~ length of correlation
 Ultimately limited by integrated jitter of timing reference
 Direct trade-off between jitter <> power

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Agenda
 ULP Receiver Survey
 Background – Measuring Receiver Performance
 Receiver Architecture – Where does the power go?
 nW Receivers
 Interference Rejection
 Wakeup Receiver Adoption in Standards
 Wrap up

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Interference Rejection in ULP radios
 RF interference will only increase in the future since limited bandwidth is
shared with a growing number of IoT devices using multiple wireless
standards

 Traditional integrated solutions for interference rejection are high power,

especially with narrowband channels

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ULP radio survey: SIR vs. power
ULP Radios Published 2005 - Present
All Radios Standard Compatible Radios
100m

10m

1m
JSSC‘19
100µ RFIC‘19 (Freq.
Power (W) Hooping)
10µ

1µ

100n
High Interference Rejection is RFIC’19 (CW)
a Challenge for ULP Design
10n
JSSC’19 (CW)
1n
Only 43 out of 179 LP RX report SIR
0.1n
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
SIR (dB)

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Mixer-First Receivers Improve SIR
 Avoid using active RF gain (LNA) while using a mixer as a first stage instead
to save power

 Can still achieve good selectivity levels with sub-mW power by down-
converting + baseband filtering
 Add frequency hopping to further improve SIR

 Dominant power consumption block is the local oscillator and its buffers
 Reduce LO frequency to save power (harmonic mixing)

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 5.8-GHz Third-Harmonic Mixing Rx for 802.11ba

Gm-C BPF
3x Harmonic Mx fcut-off: 2 MHz RX data
IF
MN Gm TIA
VGA+
ENV. ∫ · dt
BUFN<2:0>
BUFP<2:0>

Φ1 Φ2
1/3 x fRF FLL
DIV / 4
RVCO
DAC Counter CLK

500 kHz Internal CLK

[J. Im, TMTT 2019]
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5.8-GHz Third-Harmonic Mixing Rx for 802.11ba
Fund.

3H.R
Total Power: 220µW
B2 0° 360° 720°
5

Signal to Interference Ratio [dB]

A PAD 120° C
0°
TIA 0
3mm wire 5H.R B1
B3 240°
-5

-10

DC -15
A …….. RF filter response
-20
≈

fs 3fs 5fs (2n-1)fs

DC
Nth Harmonic -25
B …….. down-conversion
≈

fs 3fs 5fs (2n-1)fs before combining

-30
DC 3(2k-1)fs 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
C IF signal after cancellation Offset Frequency [MHz]
fIF

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 BLE Back-Channel RX with LO Hopping

LNA VGA

Fine
Med. Wake-up
Symbol
Pattern A/D
Coarse Correlator
Correlator
10 6 4 Clock
Frequency DSP
Hopping
Controller

3
5 Scan
Scan Chain
Clock ÷ 13 Input
(250 KHz)

FPGA
[A. Alghaihab, JSSC 2019] Wake-up Detected Data Symbols

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SIR Improvement Using Frequency Hopping
Total Power: 150µW
-30

-35

Signal to Interference Ratio (dB) -40

-45

-50

-55

-60
2402 2410 2420 2430 2440 2450 2460 2470 2480
Interference Offset Frequency (MHz)

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Agenda
 ULP Receiver Survey
 Background – Measuring Receiver Performance
 Receiver Architecture – Where does the power go?
 nW Receivers
 Interference Rejection
 Wakeup Receiver Adoption in Standards
 Wrap up

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 Lowest Power Standard-Compliant Rx’s

NB-IoT 20.2mW WLAN 11.6mW

BLE 1.1mW

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ULP Wakeup in Standards
 Communicating through existing adopted standards (BLE, WiFi, NB-IoT, etc.)
with ULP is challenging

 Most demonstrated ULP radios are not standard compliant

 Research efforts are underway to bridge this gap

 E.g. Companion radios & back-channel communication

 Standard committees also adopting wakeup protocols into their standards

(with mixed results)

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 Gap Between ULP and WiFi

 Bridging this gap will significantly lower active power / with widespread
adoption

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WiFi Back-Channel Communication
 It is possible to generate various modulation schemes (OOK, FSK, PSK, etc.)
using 20MHz 64 sub-carriers, WiFi radio, & only change payload
[Kim, JSAC, 2016]
[Zhang, GLOBECOM, 2016]

Normal Wi-Fi Packet Example back-channel

Payload = random data message with PPM
Payload = carefully crafted bit
sequence (only changed data)
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WiFi B-C BFSK Receiver [Im, RFIC’17]
 335µW, -72dBm sensitivity

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 WiFi Wake-up – 802.11ba Taskgroup
 Low-Power Wake-Up Receiver (LP-WUR) as Companion Radio for 802.11

 Only changes in firmware are required to

generate the wake-up message from
an 802.11 radio

 Wideband (4MHz) OOK can be

demodulated by ULP receivers
Wake-up Packet
802.11 legacy LP-WUR
Wake-up Message (OOK)
preamble
802.11
Router 802.11 Data 802.11
802.11 packet
Reference: M. Park, Wake-Up Radio (WUR) Operation, 2016.
www.ieee802.org/11/Reports/tgba_update.htm

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802.11ba Receiver [Liu, RFIC’19]
 495µW, -92.6dBm sensitivity

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BLE Back-Channel Communication
 Frequency-hopping backchannel receiver [Alghaihab, JSSC‘19]
 Embed messages into the
advertising hopping sequence

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ULP Radios for NB-IoT
 Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is a cellular IoT standard developed by 3GPP (5G
NR, LTE, GSM).

 Major network providers are just beginning to offer service worldwide in

2019-2020.

 Co-exists with LTE and 5G standards.

 Emerging research area for ULP Radios: How to lower power given network
complexity of cellular standards?

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NB-IoT Power and Wake-Up RX
 Power consumption orders of magnitude higher than other LPWAN standards

H. Guo, 30.3,
ISSCC 2020

 Introduced in Rel. 15 (2019) is a Wake-Up Signal (WUS) to reduce active

power of NB-IoT nodes while idle.
 But WUS signal still complex from both analog and digital hardware
perspective (OFDM with MPSK Modulation).

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Wrap-Up
 ULP radios key to unlocking 1T node IoT
 <10µW power target for self-powered systems
 ED-first receivers provide lowest power
 Passive RF (mixer-first) good trade-off between power and performance
 Ultimately, wireless standards should adopt modulation modes for ULP
receivers – bridge gap between compliant radios and ULP receivers

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Papers to See This Year
Session 21 Relevant Papers:
 21.3 – ED-first wakeup receiver
 21.4 – ULP receiver with exceptional SIR performance
 21.5 – Receiver with bit-level duty-cycling to reduce power

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References
Introduction to CMOS RF Circuit Design
 Tom Lee, “The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits,” Cambridge University Press, 2003
Modeling Sub-Threshold Noise
 Armin Tajalli, et al. Extreme low-power mixed signal IC design, chapter 2, Springer 2010
 Lye Hock Kelvin Chan, et al., “High-Frequency Noise Modeling of MOSFETs for Ultra Low-Voltage RF
Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 2015
 C. C. Enz and E. A. Vittoz, Charge-Based MOS Transistor Modeling, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
 Armin Tajalli, Yusuf Leblebici, Extreme Low-power Mixed Signal IC Design, Springer New York, pp 15-58, 2010
 A. J. Scholten, et al., “Noise modeling for RF CMOS circuit simulation,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 50,
no. 3, pp. 618–632, Mar. 2003.
 Zhong Yuan Chang, Willy M.C.Sansen, Low-noise wide-band amplifiers in bipolar and cmos technologies,
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC , 1991
Selected ULP Receivers
 S. Oh, N. E. Roberts, D. D. Wentzloff, “A 116nW multi-band wake-up receiver with 31-bit correlator and
interference rejection,” IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), Sept. 2013, pp 1-4.
 A. Alghaihab, X. Chen, Y. Shi, D. S. Truesdell, B. H. Calhoun, D. D. Wentzloff, “A Crystal-Less BLE Transmitter
with -86dBm Frequency-Hopping Back-Channel WRX and Over-the-Air Clock Recovery from a GFSK-Modulated
BLE Packet,” IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), Feb. 2020.
Digital Communication
 John Proakis, “Digital Communications,” any edition

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