8

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Mathematics
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Factoring Polynomials

Mathematics - Grade 8

i
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 1: FACTORING
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Gingoog City

Schools Division Superintendent: Jesnar Dems S. Torres, PhD, CESO VI

Development team of the module

Writer: Dhalia M. Griffith
Reviewer: Ma. Cristina B. Galgo, Dennis B. Dumaog
Illustrator & Lay-out Jay Michael A. Calipusan
Artist:

Management Team
Chairperson: Jesnar Dems S. Torres, PhD, CESO VI
Schools Division Superintendent
Co-Chairperson: Conniebel C. Nistal
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Pablito B. Altubar
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Members: Ma. Cristina B. Galgo, EPS
Himaya B. Sinatao, LRMS Manager
Jay Michael A. Calipusan, PDO II
Mercy M. Caharian, Librarian II

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ii
8
 Mathematics
Quarter 1 - Module 1
Factoring Polynomials

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and

reviewed by select teachers, school heads, public schools district
supervisors and education program supervisors of the Department of
Education – Gingoog City Division. We encourage teachers and other
education stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and
recommendations to gingoog city@deped.gov.ph

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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This page is intentionally blank.

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 Table of Contents

Page
COVER PAGE i
COPYRIGHT PAGE ii
TITLE PAGE iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
WHAT THIS MODULE IS ABOUT vii
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW vii
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE vii
ICONS OF THIS MODULE viii
WHAT I KNOW ix

Lesson 1 - Factoring: Common Monomial Factor 1

What I Need to Know 1
What’s New: Finding Common 2
What Is It: Multiply Me, Factor Me 3
What’s More: Finding Factors of Polynomials 4
What I Have Learned: Generalization 6
What I Can Do: You Can be a Better Writer 7

Lesson 2 - Factoring: Difference of Two Squares 8

What’s In 8
What’s New: Familiarizing Squares and Square Roots 8
What Is It: Finding the Roots 9
What’s More: Similarities and Differences 10
What I Have Learned: Generalization 11
What I Can Do: Pair and Pair 11

Lesson 3 - Factoring: Sum or Difference of Two 12

Cubes
What’s In 12
What’s New 12
What Is It 13
What I Have Learned: Generalization 15
What I Can Do: My Turn To Find the Factors 15
Summary 16
Assessment: (Pre Test and Post-Test) 17
Key to Answers 18
References 20

v
What This Module is About
Factoring is an important process that helps us understand more about
our equations. Through factoring, we rewrite our polynomials in simpler form,
and when we apply the principles of factoring to equations, we yield a lot of
useful information (Google, 2019).
In this module, you will learn how to factor equations in different
methods, and how factoring allows you to solve real-life problems.

What I Need to Know

vi
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Factor completely different types of polynomials:
(a.) polynomials with Common Monomial Factors,
(b.) difference of two squares, and
(c.) sums & difference of two cubes (M8AL- Ia-b-1).

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
1. Carefully read all the lessons.
2. Take your time to go thru each lesson.
3. Answer the pretest honestly; the purpose of the pretest is for you to
determine your prior knowledge before going thru the lessons and
activities.
4. If you have a hard time understanding the lessons and activities,
please do take a break. Having breaks between lessons and activities
will give you some space where you can absorb the lesson well.
5. You can use the internet if you need more information about the
lesson.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives
Know that are set for you to learn as you go
along the module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with
that of the current one.

vii
 What’s New An introduction of the new lesson
through various activities, before it will be
presented to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as

a way to deepen your discovery and
understanding of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are

intended for you to practice further in
order to master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to

showcase your skills and knowledge
gained, and applied into real-life
concerns and situations.

What I Know

Pre - Test

I. Multiple Choice:
Directions: Read and answer the questions below. Encircle the letter of
the correct answer from the given choices. (2 points each)

1. Which of the following is the process of finding the factors of the

mathematical expression 2d2 – 8d?
A. Common Monomial Factor
B. Difference of Two Cubes
C. Difference of Two Squares
D. Perfect Square Trinomials

2. Which of the following are the factors of the mathematical expression

12a3b5 – 20a5b2c?

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 A. 4(3a3b5 – 5a5b2c) C. a3b2(12b3 – 5a2c)
B. 2a3b2(6b3 – 10a2c) D. 4a3b2(3b3 – 5a2c)

3. Which of the following will result in a difference of two squares?

A. Squaring a binomial
B. Squaring a trinomial
C. Getting the cube of a binomial
D. Multiplying sum and difference of a binomial

4. If (2p – 5)(A) = 4p2 – 25, then which of the following is the value of A?
A. 2p + 5 C. 4p + 25
B. 2p – 5 D. 4p – 25

5. Which of the following is a factor of x3 – b3?

A. x + b C. x – b
B. x3 – bx + b3 D. x3 + bx – b3

II. True or False

Directions: Write “True” if the statement is true and write “False” if it is
false. (1 point each)

2
1. (2 x )( x−4 ) are the factors of (2 x −8 x ) .
____________
2. 2 a(a+9) are the factors of 2 a2 +9. ____________
2
3. (4 a+3)( 4 a−3) are the factors of (16 a −9 ) . ____________
3
4. (27a +1) is an example of sum of two cubes.
____________
5. The greatest common factor of (12d +9) is 9. ___________

ix
Lesson

1 ess
on Factoring:
Common Monomial Factor

What I Need to Know

Factoring
The process of finding the factors of a mathematical expression is
called factoring, which is the opposite process of the multiplication.

Factoring Common Monomial Factor

Terminologies:
Common Monomial Factor (CMF) - the factor contained in every
term.
Factor- an exact divisor of a number
Monomial – a mathematical expression consisting of one term

1
 What’s New

Activity 1: Finding Common

Directions:

Write in box A the common objects found in pictures 1 & 2 and in box B
are not common in both pictures.

Picture 1: Picture 2:
Soap, Face cream, fragrance mists Soap, Face cream, Deodorant

A B
Common Different

2
 What Is It

Activity 2. MULTIPLY ME, FACTOR ME!

a. Finding the products: b. Finding the factors

2 2
x⋅x=x x =( x)( x)
2
y⋅y= y 2 y =( y )( y )
3⋅4=12 12=(3 )(4 )
2
3 x⋅4 x=12 x 2 12x =(2)(2)(3)( x)
2 2 (2)(2)(3 )( x)( x)( y)( y )
3 xy⋅4 xy=12 x y

Questions:

1. What is the product of x and x?

2. What are the factors of x²?
3. Give the product of 3x and 4x.
4. Factors of 12x².
5. What is your observation from the given examples?

3
 What’s More

Finding Factors of Polynomials

Directions: Study the illustrative examples of how factoring by common

monomial factor is being done.

Example:

2 4 3 6
Factor 15 d e −10 d e f

Here are the steps:

Step 1: Finding the Common Monomial Factor

Steps Solution
a. Find the greatest common factor  15= (5)(3)
of the numerical coefficients (15  5 = (5)(2)
and 10). Therefore, the GCF is 5
b. Find the variable with the least
exponent in each term of the  Least exponent of d is 2, for e is 4.
polynomial.
c. The product of the GCF in a and
the variable with the least 2 4
 (5) (d e ) = 5 d e
2 4

exponents in b is the Common 2 4

Monomial Factor (CMF) of the  Hence, 5 d e is the Common
polynomial. Monomial Factor of
2 4 3 6
15 d e −10 d e f

 To find the factors of the given expression, divide the given polynomial
by its CMF.
 The CMF & the resulting quotient are the factors.

2 4 3 6
Step 2: Finding the Factors of 15 d e −10 d e f

4
 Steps Solution
a. Given Expression: 2 4 3 6
 15 d e −10 d e f
b. First Term
 15 d 2 e 4
c. Common Monomial Factor
d. Divide the numerical coefficient of  5 d 2 e4
the 1st term of the given  15÷5 = 3
polynomial by the numerical
coefficient of the CMF.
e. Subtract the exponent of the
same variables from the given  d2-2 = d0 = 1
polynomial by the exponent of the e4-4 = e0 = 1
same variables of the CMF.
f. Quotient of the First Term  3(1)(1) = 3

 Do the same process for the

second term of the polynomial.
g. 2nd Term  10d3e6f
h. Common Monomial Factor  5d2e4
i. Divide the numerical coefficient of 10÷5 = 2

the 2nd term of the given
polynomial by the numerical
coefficient of the CMF.  d3-2 = d*
j. Subtract the exponent of the e6-4 = e2
same variables from the given f*
*
polynomial by the exponent of the exponent of variable is 1, it is not
same variables of the CMF. necessary to be written
 2de2f
 3 – 2de2f
k. Quotient of the 2nd Term
l. Bring together the quotient of both  5d2e4 (3 – 2de2f)
terms.
m. Copy the operation symbol of the  5d2e4 (3 – 2de2f)
polynomials
n. Factored form of
2 4 3 6
15 d e −10 d e f

Let’s take another example:

5
 4 6
Find the factors of 12 j +18 j

Problem: 4 6
12 j +18 j
Steps: Solution
a. Find the common factor of 12  12 = (6) (2)
and 18.  18 = (6) (3)
Common Factor is 6
b.Find the variable with the least  j is the common variable
exponent.  4 is the least exponent of the
variable j
c. Combine the numerical 4
coefficient and the variable  6j
with least exponent to get
your CMF

d.Divide the given expression by

the CMF 4 6 4
 (12 j +18 j ) ÷ 6j
e.Quotient
2
 12+3 j
f. Factors of the given
polynomial. 4 2
 6j ( 12+3 j )

What I Have Learned

Activity 3: Generalization

Directions: Answer the following questions in your own words. Write your
answer on the space provided.
1. What is Factoring?
2. Describe Common Monomial Factor.
3. How can we obtain the CMF?
4. What is the next step after finding the CMF?
5. What is the factored form of the expression consisting of?

What I Can do
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Activity 4: YOU CAN BE A WRITER!

Instructions: Write each expression in factored form.

EXPRESSIONS FACTORED FORM

1.
4 a+6 b
4 3
5 x y−20 xy
2.
4
3. 6 c −18 bc
3 2 3
4 d +16 de −20df
4.
4 2
7 gh −14 gh
5.

Lesso
Lesson
n Factoring:
2 Difference of Two Squares

7
 What’s In

We have learned in lesson 1 about factoring and common monomial

factor. There are different types of factoring polynomials. Next to common
monomial factor is factoring difference of two squares. This type of factoring
needs mastery of squares and square roots.

What’s New

Activity 1: Familiarizing Squares and Square Roots

Directions: Study the given squares and square roots. Memorize if necessary.
Give the squares of numbers 16-20.

Squar Square Square Square Squar Square Square Squares

e s Roots s e s Roots
Roots Roots
1 1 6 36 11 121 16
2 4 7 49 12 144 17
3 9 8 64 13 169 18
4 16 9 81 14 196 19
5 25 10 100 15 225 20
Squar Square Square Square
e s Roots s To square the exponent of
the variable, just multiply
Roots
the exponent by 2. On the
N n2 n6 n12
other hand, to find the root
n2 n4 n7 n14
of the exponent of the
n3 n6 n8 n16 variable, just divide the
n4 n8 n9 n18 exponent by 2.
n5 n10 n10 n20

What Is It

Activity 2: Finding the Roots

8
 In the activity number 1, you learned the squares and roots of numbers
10
1-20, and variables n−n . This is for you to easily find the roots of the
given squares in this discussion. Once you know the roots of the squares and
remember the formula of factoring difference of two squares which is a2 – b2 =
(a + b)(a – b), then you will easily answer all the given expressions in the
following activities.

Let’s Try:

For you to have a better understanding about this lesson, observe how
the expressions below are factored, observe how each terms relates with
each other.

2 2
Formula: a −b =(a+b )(a−b )

Expressions Factored Form

2 2
1. x −y = ( x+ y )( x− y )
2 2
2. 4 x −49 y = (2 x +7 y )(2 x−7 y )

3. 16 a2 b 4 −25 c 2 = (4 ab2 +5c )( 4 ab 2 −5 c)

12 8
4. 81 g −225 h = (9 g 6 +15 h 4 )(9 g6 −15 h4 )
64 14 121 6 2
5. 289
m −
169
m n=
( 178 m + 1113 m n)( 178 m − 1113 m n)
7 3 7 3

Questions:

1. Are the first term and second term the same? Why or why not?
2. What pattern is seen in the factors of difference of two squares?
3. When can you factor expressions using difference of two squares
4. Can all expressions be factored using difference of two squares? Why
or why not?

What’s More

9
Activity 3: Similarities and Differences!
Factor the given polynomial by using difference of two squares!
Statements Solution
2 2
1. 144 a −b
 Write the given 144 a2 −b 2
 Write the square roots (12a⋅12 a) (b⋅b )
 Give the factored Form (12a+b ) (12a−b )

2 2 4
2. 16 a b −49 c

 Write the given _________________

 Write the square roots _________________
 Give the factored Form _________________

3. 81 r 2−9 s 12

 Write the given _________________

 Write the square roots _________________
 Give the factored Form _________________

6 6
4. 27 t −12 u

 Write the given _________________

 Write the square roots _________________
 Give the factored Form _________________

2 4
5. 25 x −49 y

 Write the given _________________

 Write the square roots _________________
 Give the factored Form _________________

What I Have Learned

10
Activity 4: Generalization

Directions: Answer the following questions below.

1. How do you find the factors of the difference of two squares?
2. Why is it important to learn the squares and square roots of the numbers?
3. Is it possible to factor an expression if it contains a number that is not a
square? Defend your answer.

What I Can do

Activity 5: Pair and Pair!

Description: This activity will help you develop your factoring skills by
formulating your problem based on the given expressions.

Directions: Form polynomials that are difference of two squares by pairing

two squared terms then factor them. Form at least 5 pairs.

4 8 6 10 12 16 14
24 p 36 m n 144q r 169 s t
(x+3)²

10 12 18
144q r 25 81 121 h
( x−7)2
12
400 f 100 k 6 u12
u18

196 81m3 0 27
4
225 u v 4

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Lesso
Lesson
n Factoring:
3 Sum or Difference of Two Cubes

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned how factoring of difference of

two squares is done and what expression is considered the difference of two
squares. You are now ready to find the factors of the sum or difference of two
cubes. To factor the sum or difference of two cubes, you need to learn the
roots of the cubes from the expression and understand the formula in
factoring sum or difference of two cubes.

What’s New

Description: In this part, we will learn the different cubes and roots of
numbers 1-10 as well as roots of the variables.

Directions: Study the table.

Squares Squares
Cubes Root of the Cube Root of the
s Root s s Root
1 1 1 216 6 36
8 2 4 343 7 49
27 3 9 512 8 64
64 4 16 729 9 81
125 5 25 1000 10 100

Squares Squares Take Note:

Cubes Root of the Cubes Root of the
s Root s Root To find the root
n3
n n2 n 15
n5 n10 of the
exponent of
the variables,
12 divide the
exponent by 3.
To square the
root, multiply it
 6 2 3 18 6 12
n n n n n n
n9 n3 n6 n21 n7 n14
12 3 8 24 8 16
n n n n n n

What Is It

A binomial whose terms are both perfect cubes and separated by a

negative (-) sign may be factored out by the formula for the sum or difference
of two cubes. (Partible, et al. 2013)
Formula:
3
a +b =
3
(a+b )(a2 −ab +b2 )
3 3
a −b = (a−b)( a2 +ab +b2 )
To factor the sum or difference of two cubes, observe the following
procedures.

Steps Solution
3 6  Given Problem
1. Factor 27 y −8 z 3
a. Find the cube root of each term  Root of 27 y is 3y
from the expression and copy 8z
6
2z
2
 Root of is
the sign that separated them.
b. Enclosed in the quantity unit the
 The cube root of the expression is
determined cube roots of the 2
polynomial that serves as the o (3 y−2 z )
first factor of the expression.
c. For the 2nd factor, square the
cube roots of the expression.  Square of 3 y is 9 y 2
The yield will the first and last  Square of 2 z2 is 4 z4
term of the 2nd factor. 2 2
 ( 3y )( 2 z )= 6 yz

d. To determine the 2nd term of the

2nd factor, get the product of the  (3y)(2z2) = 6yz2
first factor then use the opposite
sign of the expression.
e. Enclose in a quantity unit the
terms of the second factor. 2
 9y
-1st term 2
-2nd term  6 yz
-3rd term 4z
4

 (9 y 2 +6 yz 2 +4 z 4 )

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 3 6  (3y – 2z2) (9y2 + 6yz2 + 4z4)
f. Thus, the factor of 27 y −8 z
is

Let’s factor more polynomials!

3 3
1. 64 a +b

Given Expression 64 a 3 +b3

Writing the Cube Roots (4 a)( 4a)(4a) + (b)(b)(b)

Writing the first factor (4 a+b )

Identifying the 2nd factor (16 a2 −4 ab+b 2 )

Factoring by sum of two cubes (4 a+b ) (16 a2 −4 ab+b 2 )

3
2. 125 x −1
3
Given Expression 125 x −1

Writing the Cube Roots (5x )(5 x)(5 x) - (1)(1)(1)

Writing the first factor (5 x−1)

2
Identifying the 2nd factor (25 x +5 x +1 )
2
Factoring by difference of two cubes (5 x−1) (25 x +5 x +1 )

3.512m9 + 64
Given Expression 512m9 + 64

Writing the Cube Roots (8m3)(8m3)(8m3)- (4)(4)( 4)

3
Writing the first factor (8 m +4 )
Identifying the 2nd factor (64m6 – 32m3 + 16)
Factoring by sum of two cubes (8m3 + 4)(64m6 – 32m + 16)

14
 What I Have Learned
A

Activity 1: Generalization

Directions: Factor the following mathematical expressions below.

3 6
1. g −h
3 6
2. 512 g −h
3 6
3. 512 g −27 h

What I Can do

Activity 2: My turn to find the factors!

Directions: Factor the following completely.

3 6 12 3
1. 1000 d +729 e 4. 216 k −l
9
2. 64 f −8 3
5. 343 v + 27
3. h3 + 125

Summary
Now you have already completed this module, let’s summarize what
you had just learned. This module taught you to factor different products
through the use of different patterns and rules. Factoring techniques that you
had learned were:
1. Factoring by Common Monomial Factor;
2. Factoring Difference of Two Squares; and

15
 3. Factoring the Sum or Difference of Two Cubes.
You had learned that in factoring difference of two squares you need to
find the square roots of each square and in factoring sum or difference of two
cubes you need the mastery in finding the roots of the cubes.

Assessment:

Post-Test
I. Multiple Choice:

Directions: Read and answer the questions below. Encircle the letter of the
correct answer from among the given choices. (2 points each)

16
 1. Which of the following is the process of finding the factors of the
mathematical expression 125p3 + 8r9?
A. Common Monomial Factor
B. Difference of Two Squares
C. Perfect Square Trinomials
D. Sum of Two Cubes

2. Which of the following is the reverse process of multiplication?

A. Addition C. Rewriting
B. Factoring D. Subtraction

3. Which of the following are the factors of the mathematical expression

9m2 – 36n2?
A. (3m – 6n)(3m + 6n) C. (9m – 36n)(9m + 36n)
B. (6m – 3n)(6m + 3n) D. (3n – 6m)(3n + 6m)

4. If (m – t)(B) = m3 – t3, then which of the following is the value of B?

A. m2 – mt – t2 C. m2 + mt + t2
B. m2 + mt – t2 D. m2 – mt + t2

5. Let G: 4c2 – 81, and H: (2c – 9)(2c + 9). If c = 1, which of the following
statement is true about G and H?
A. G > H C. G < H
B. G ≠ H D. G = H

II. True or False

Directions: Write “True” if the statement is true and write “False” if the
statement is false. (1 point each)

1. 2 x ( x +6 ) are the factors of (2 x +12 x ) . ____________

2. 2 a(a+9) are the factors of 2 a2 +18 . ____________
2
3. (4 a+3)( 4 a−3) are the factors of (16 a −9 ) . ____________
3
4. (27 a −1) is an example of sum of two cubes. ____________
9 3
5. The cube root of 343 k is 13 k . ____________

Key to Answers

Pre – Test

I. Multiple Choice II. True or False

1. A 1. True
2. D 2. False
3. D 3. True
4. A 4. True
5. C 5. False 17

Lesson 1: Factoring Common Monomial Factor

Activity 2: Finding the Roots!

Questions: Answers may vary

Activity 3: Similarities and Differences

2. 16a2b2 – 49c4 3. 81r2 – 9s12

(4ab • 4ab); (7c2 • 7c2) (9r • 9r); (3s6 • 3s6)
(4ab + 7c2) (4ab – 7c2) (9r + 3s6) (9r – 3s6)

4. 27t6 – 12u6 5. 25x2 – 49y4

3(9t6 – 4u6) (5x 2 2
18 • 5x); (7y • 7y )
3 3 3 3
3[(3t • 3t ); (2u • 2u )] (5x + 7y ) (5x – 7y2)
2

3[(3t3 + 2u3) (3t3 – 2u3)]

References

Emmanuel P. Abuzo, Merden L. Bryant, Jem Boy B. Cabrella, Belen P.

Clavez, Melvin M. Callanta, Anastacia Proserfina I. Castro, Alicia R.
Halabaso, Sonia P. Javier, Roger T. Nocom, Concepcion S. Ternida,
Mathematics- Grade 8 Learner’s Module First Edition, 2013

Fe G. Partible, Beda H. Esller, Milna K. Cabrera, Roland S. Zorilla

19
Violeta C. Mendoza, College Algebra, 2013

Robelyn F. Alagano, Esmeralda Bunag-Villafuerte, Rosalie M. Nazal, Danilo R.

Si, Mathematics for the 21st Century Learner 8, 2015 Edition.

Merriam Webster

20
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Gingoog City
Brgy. 23, National Highway, Gingoog City
Telefax: 088 -328-0108/088328-0118
E-mail Address: gingoog.city@deped.gov.ph

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