Pop Culture in JoJo & JoJo in Pop Culture

Shane Le Mar

BA (Hons) Animation Art & Practice - 53273

27/02/2020
Shane Le Mar

‘What effect did Pop Culture have on

JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure, and what
effect did JoJo’s have on Pop Culture?’

Anime is a term that has been coined for all Japanese Animation and is typically aimed at
adults as well as children. Which is different to the Western World of cartoons, as they are
typically manufactured for children (and maybe teenagers) with the exception of a few.
Manga is a term that has been given to Japanese Comic Books and once again, these are
aimed at every one of any varying ages as opposed to one cornered market. A Mangaka is
the Author of a Manga (which could include Story Writer and Illustrator).
Piracy is the act of reproducing, redistributing or reselling a copyrighted work without
permissions, for example uploading Manga or Anime to the web.
Memes are an idea, theme or interesting thing that spreads amongst people in a culture.
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure is a Manga series written by Hirohiko Araki in 1986 - Ongoing
that is published by Shueisha (a manga publishing company) and Jump Comics. JoJo is
categorized as Seinen Manga, which is manga typically aimed at men of all ages however
JoJo is much more of a serious manga aimed at the older (teenage to adult) men. The series
focuses on the ever-growing lineage of the Joestar family throughout many ages (parts 1 – 6)
facing supernatural forces, and even alternate universes (parts 7 & 8) that reboot other parts.

An Introduction.
With every new, continuing and classic Anime and Manga
comes the attempt to bring something new to the table and the
clear que taking from those that came before, a huge factor
into this process of interaction is that of Popular Culture. With
the majority of Anime there is a lot more take than give,
however there are some exceptions to this majorly one-sided
Kaneda - Akira 1988 relationship. For example, in the late 80’s Katsuhiro Otomo’s
adaptation of Akira left a huge mark on Pop Culture1, even going so far as to provide
inspiration for such films as The Matrix Trilogy. As well as providing inspiration, Akira also
took inspiration from Videodrome and the early Star Wars movies. More recently, you have
Anime’s like Steins Gate that has had a profound impact on the Sci-Fi Anime world and the
Sci-Fi Visual Novel sphere of gaming. However, for this Essay I would like to discuss the
interactive relationship between JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure and Popular Culture. It has a rich
history of adaptions (of questionable quality) into many, many mediums such as Games,
Anime, Manga, Gallery’s, Merchandise, Drinks and even the Fashion Industry. Despite all of
these adaptions, however the capabilities of technology and budget required in creating each
of these adaptions has never really been there. It was not until 2012 that JoJo even got a good
Anime adaptation, let alone game or movie. The art style and complex story has been a
challenge to any that attempted to translate it into a different medium other than the Manga.

1
https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/kwk55w/how-akira-has-influenced-modern-culture

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Nevertheless, despite this uphill struggle JoJo has still had a

powerful impact on pop culture (specifically in the East and in
more recent years the West too). JoJo is an ever-evolving piece of
work, take the decade JoJo began in (1988) and the 80’s were ripe
with Gothic Horror and slasher flicks. Also popular at the time
Wang Chang and Dio – JJBA
were Vampire Movies with this decade seeing the release of
Phantom Blood S01E09
Fright Night, Lost Boys and even Vamp. These all fed into Araki’s
decision to make the first Part of JoJo a Gothic Horror about vampires but even more than the
films that were out at the time he was a huge fan of Bram Stokers Dracula, which can really
be seen throughout the entirety of Phantom Blood. This heavy inspiration and referencing
were characteristics that later became what JoJo (to an extent) is known for. However, the
references do not simply stop at common themes; the Main Antagonist Dio takes their name
from the 1982 Heavy Metal Band of the same name. The majority of characters and abilities
(called Stands in JoJo) are named after things that the Mangaka enjoys.
Throughout this Essay, I will prove that JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure is a
postmodern work of art. I will do this by looking at the cultural ques
that Araki was influenced by when writing JoJo and how JoJo has
influenced certain cultures. With this in mind, I have chosen an excerpt
from The Media Student’s Book 2 where the descriptors of
Postmodernism are broken down into four individual statements. The
excerpt reads:
“Postmodernism has been used to mean at least four things, - A period of
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
Part 1, Chapter 11, Page Social Life, A Form of Cultural Sensibility, An Aesthetic Style, A Mode of
5 Thought, useful for Analysing the period”.

With this in mind, I will be taking ques from this school of thought in-turn analysing JoJo
with focus on Society, Culture, Aesthetic and the Period it was released/set both in terms of
Pop Culture and on Araki’s personal level. In order to prove that JoJo is a Postmodern work I
will need a solid understanding of what Postmodernism is. That is why I have referenced
Fredrick Jameson’s in-depth work on ‘Postmodernism, or The Cultural Logic of Late
Capitalism’. In this work, he defined Postmodernism as:
“an attempt to think the present historically in an age that has forgotten how to think historically in
the first place. In that case, it either "expresses" some deeper irrepressible historical impulse (in
however distorted a fashion) or effectively "represses" and diverts it, depending on the side of the
ambiguity you happen to favour”.3

I believe that armed with this knowledge of Postmodernism and a solid definition of it to
back up my point. Paired with the aforementioned points on how to work out if something
adheres to the conventions of what makes a subject Postmodern, I think that I can go about
proving that (in my opinion) JoJo is an amazing work that really pioneers a new style of
writing and illustrations within manga, anime and any medium JoJo touches. It is truly unique
and in order to ground my thoughts in academic theory I will prove that JoJo is a very
postmodern work in a great many ways.

2
Branston, G. and Stafford, R., 2002. The Media Student's Book. 3rd ed. England: Routledge
3
Jameson, F., 1991. Postmodernism or The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. USA: Duke University Press.

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How Pop Culture and Time Influenced Araki’s Writing.

Throughout the writing of JoJo, it is clear
and indisputable that Pop Culture has
influenced Araki’s writing in many ways.
This is proven through many interviews with
Araki himself.4 One of the most noticeable
influences in his writing and illustrations is
that of Western Music. All but a few of the
characters names, designs and abilities
(Stands) are named after or based off of a
western Band, Song or Artist. However
contrary to what it may seem like his biggest
personal inspiration was in fact Da Vinci and
early romance manga’s such as Ai to An excerpted panel from JoJo Stone Ocean (2000 – 2003)
Makoto5. This was because he grew up in a poor family that couldn’t afford to buy many
things so he would get passed down manga and books as well as whatever he could get at
libraries. As a result of this from a very young age Araki knew all
there was to know about the Vitruvian Man6 and proportioning, so
even as a child Araki could draw very accurately and to an
astonishing degree. All of these factors are what eventually paved
the way that allowed him to construct his own visual style and
stories based on what he was seeing growing up. As Araki got
older, he would find the Post-Impressionist artist Paul Gauguin
which would one day prove to be a great influence in the
conception and continual production of his Manga. Gauguin is
Vitruvian Man - Leonardo Da known for his very experimental application of colours and this is
Vinci (1490) what resonated within Araki, later leading him to choose a similar
path. This can be seen as the art style of JoJo takes the realistic
art style of the characters and then blends it with surreal
colours, to this day Araki continues to do this in ever cover and
every panel of his work.
Araki decided to name the characters and stand abilities after
Western Musicians, songs and bands that he enjoyed. He even
went so far as to design some characters around artists in the
western music scene. It would be hard to dispute that Araki
thinks long and hard about how to incorporate his favourite
songs and bands into his work. But this isn’t the case, it is in
fact simply a hobby for Araki (as stated in the 2006 interview
with Araki 7) for the first few parts of JoJo it is clear there was
Black Sabbath – JoJo Manga Part
more thought into what Araki wanted to do with his references. 5 Vento Aureo - Hirohiko Araki
1995
4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYLRKoWDadM
5
https://myanimelist.net/manga/23309/Ai_to_Makoto?q=Ai%20to%20Makoto
6
https://www.leonardodavinci.net/the-vitruvian-man.jsp
7
https://www.comipress.com/article/2007/04/29/1896 [Question for Araki-sensei! (10): "Western music and
its influence"]

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Take the infamous character Kira Yoshikage and

the uncanny resemblance to David Bowie8, but as
with everything in JoJo’s this reference goes even
deeper as Kira’s Stand abilities (Killer Queen,
Sheer Heart Attack and Bites the Dust) are all
based off of titles of Queen9 songs. Araki paired
these two (David Bowie and Queen) together as a
nod to when Queen and David Bowie collaborated
to make the 1982 No.1 Hit Single Under
Pressure10. This one instance alone is a fantastic Comparison between David Bowie (left) and Kira
example of the intertextuality that runs deep within Yoshikage (right) [Bowie promoting Serious
JoJo, this is rings true when you think how well Moonlight (1983) & Promotion for JoJo's Part 4
Kira and his Stands combine with his personality (he is a refined man that just wants to live a
quiet life, all his abilities support this being able to turn back time and silently explode
anyone who notices him). This harmony between Stand ability and user is taken from how
well Araki thought David Bowie and Queen sounded in their track together. So not only is
this used as a great storytelling technique for those who know of the artists and songs but it’s
an even better way for Araki to express his opinions on others work in his own.
To demonstrate another way in
which Araki has created an
intertextual piece with JoJo I
would like to mention how the
entirety of the third part,
(Stardust Crusaders) plays out
like a game of Dungeons &
Dragons (D&D)11. This is once
again by no mere coincidence
either, as Araki wrote Stardust
Crusaders as if it were a game of
D&D to give that real sense of a
large-scale adventure. This is
Stardust Crusaders Map of Journey Japan - Cairo, Egypt (JoJo's Bizarre apparent with the sequential
Adventure Part 3: Stardust Crusaders 1989 – 1992) nature of enemies appearing,
presenting threats and soon after their dispatchment at the hands of our protagonists. Each
Stand ability in this Part is represented by either an Egyptian God or a Tarot Card which
furthers the feel of a D&D game, the way each enemy Stand seems randomly drawn to face
off against our characters serves to put them against overpowered enemies that force them
sacrifice others and loose friends just like in a game of D&D. The release years of Stardust
are integral in the D&D theme as during the late 80’s to early 90’s we saw the most
innovative iterations of the role-playing board game released which clearly had an impact on
Araki’s writing.

8
https://www.davidbowie.com/home
9
http://www.queenonline.com/
10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a01QQZyl-_I
11
https://dnd.wizards.com/

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Araki’s Art Style and Popular Culture influences.

It’s becoming more and
more apparent that JoJo is
one of the most ground-
breaking intertextual
works of the late 20th and
21st century, but it goes
much deeper than
references of western pop
Johnathan, Joseph, Jotaro and Josuke in Araki's
bands and board games. new Style (Hirohiko Araki - JoJo6251 – Page 2)
JoJo is a Pastiche of a great many things taken from the time it
was written but on an even deeper level JoJo is becoming a
Pastiche of itself. As Fredric Jameson said :
“Pastiche has overtaken parody in the twentieth century. It has
Fist of the North Star (Tetsuo become a major characteristic of postmodernism and an eclectic
Hara & Buronson) 1983 - Present
culture of the simulacrum and the copy” 12.
This statement could not ring truer for JoJo as throughout the many years of its publication
there have been a lot of art style switches, some
due to Araki getting better at illustration, some
have simply been Araki experimenting and the
earliest styles to conform with manga art at that
current time. For example, when JoJo began
another popular Manga at the time was Fist of
the North Star13 and this is what can clearly be
seen as the major inspiration for the art of JoJo
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure - Phantom Blood (Part 1) Art
Part 1 (Phantom Blood). The detail on the faces,
Example
muscular bodies and sharp black lines are signature
of Fist of the North Star, Araki enjoyed this aesthetic
and emulated it with his own personal twist for the
first part of JoJo. This worked very well as people
were accustomed to this style and it was widely
accepted as a good style, however Araki (always
wanting to improve) meant that this would not be the
style for long as even by the end of Phantom Blood
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure – Diamond Is the style was very different to how it began only 44
Unbreakable (Part 4) Art Example chapters14 (not even a year) ago. This was to be the
trend for the rest of the Manga, with Part 2 (Battle Tendency) and Part 3 (Stardust Crusaders)
continuing to react to the times, change and improve. But around April of 1992 Part 3 came
to an end and Part 4 (Diamond Is Unbreakable) began its run, there was a huge art style shift
that had a softer and more comical look. This did fit with the theme of the series at the time

12
Jameson, 1991, 16-24; Schwartz 1998
13
https://myanimelist.net/manga/1149/Hokuto_no_Ken
14
https://myanimelist.net/manga/1517/JoJo_no_Kimyou_na_Bouken_Part_1__Phantom_Blood?q=phantom%
20blood

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as prior to Part 4, JoJo had just been spectacular fight scenes and an adventure over huge
areas. Part 4 contrasted this with a slow burning murder mystery confining our story to the
small Japanese prefecture of Morioh. The show had cultivated its own style of comedy too,
this was partly down to the references and the wacky designs but also because the early 90’s
saw many popular comedy films and murder mysteries like Agatha Christies Poirot (TV)15.
This trend of art styles changes, and theme changes continues right up to modern JoJo today,
all these changes and modifications could easily be viewed as ‘trend chasing’ but if that were
the case other long running Manga’s would have surely done the same. This is not the case;
Araki simply want to keep himself and his readers engaged with his work. All of these
elements reinforce the fact that JoJo is a heterogeneous work combining different cultures,
themes and styles into one ground-breaking piece of Art. When talking about the Art of JoJo
it would be remiss of me not to mention some
of the achievements that Araki’s art has
garnered over the years and the inspiration it
has given.
One of the best examples of Araki’s influence
is in the cooking battle Anime/Manga,
Shokugeki no Soma16 where in which two
characters enter into a Shokugeki (roughly
translated to a ‘Food Battle’) and in this one
case the art style changes up to that of the JoJo
Shokugeki no Soma - Chapter 71 (Megumi & Kurokiba) art style. The two characters (Megumi and
Kurokiba) who both specialise in fish based meals then appear to gain fish-like Stand abilities
one resembling the JoJo Stand, Spice Girl (referencing the Spice Girls) and King Crimson
(referencing the rock band of the same) they then proceed to have a fist battle, identical to
those in JoJo, this is only one of many examples of JoJo’s influence on Pop Culture. Another
would be in a Manga/Anime titled Mob Psycho 10017 where an entire character design
(Tenga) is based off of Josuke from JoJo Part 4. Araki also had his art displayed in the
Louvre18 (France) more than 3 times, this was
previously unprecedented until Araki achieved this.
But more than displaying his artwork in the Gallery, he
has been commissioned to create a promotional work
for the Louvre19. This was completed in the form of a
one-shot manga called “Rohan at the Louvre”20 that
was on sale in the gallery and in back in Araki’s home
country of Japan. Araki has explored so many other
markets than the traditional target market for Manga
and Anime, this has all gone towards consolidating
Tenga (left) Mob Psycho 100 Josuke (Right)
him as one of the most prolific Mangakas of our time.

15
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094525/episodes?season=3
16
https://myanimelist.net/manga/45757/Shokugeki_no_Souma
17
https://myanimelist.net/anime/32182/Mob_Psycho_100
18
https://www.louvre.fr/en/
19
https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-01-22/jojo-araki-creates-manga-for-france-louvre-
museum
20
https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/manga.php?id=16004

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JoJo’s Circulation into Popular Culture & the Effect

Localisation had on the Experience.
For such a popular franchise JoJo has had a lot
more than its fair share of troubles to get read
anywhere outside of Japan, let alone anything
else. Even the simplest of ways to reach the rest
of the world was plagued with issues. A great
example of this is the Manga’s localisation (and
what has now become known and the ‘Duwang
Diamond is Unbreakable, Volume 37, Chapter 342, Page
18 - Bad Tranlation Manga - VIZ Media & Hirohiko Araki Translations’ due to whenever the word ‘days’
(original print date November 29th 1993) was said in the Manga it was translated as
Duwang). For a great many years JoJo wasn’t even translated into English, when VIZ Media
started to translate it, they got hit with copyright immediately. This was in response to how
Araki named characters and Stand abilities. A Stand name like ‘Aerosmith’ (based on the
American rock band of the same name) was localised to ‘Lil’ Bomber’21 and one of my
personal favourite localised names was the Stand ‘Dirty Deeds
Done Dirt Cheap’ (named after the 1976 AC/DC LP of the
same name) which VIZ Media changed to ‘Filthy Acts at a
Reasonable Price’22. The reason I mention these things is
because they marred the overall experience of JoJo, now
granted these are minor things that wouldn’t usually affect the
overall story or reception of a series. It was the sheer number
of mistakes, roadblocks and irritation combined that put off a
huge audience. You couldn’t even enjoy the story in its
intended order as when JoJo received its first adaption in Narancia's Aerosmith vs Risotto -
1993, that adapted the third part of JoJo. Thus, dropping the Part 5 Golden Wind - 1995 Araki . H
viewer into a scenario/story they knew nothing about and to make matters worse the studio
adapted the second longest JoJo Part (265 chapters) into 6 episodes, missing out so much.
This forced fans of JoJo into piracy, as this was the only
way to get JoJo content in its purest (and best) form, this
is even the case today. If you were to pirate the Manga
you would get it without changed names, all translated
correctly and in most cases even in colour (there are
JJBA Part 5 Ep 2 - Bucciarati Is Coming (Nov groups of Manga fans who panel by panel colour Manga
2, 2019) Left (Original) Right (Pirated) to make it even more visually appealing). This calls back
to the 2011 interview with Gabe Newell (President of Valve, a game publisher) where he was
quoted saying:
“One thing that we have learned is that piracy is not a pricing issue. It’s a service issue. The
easiest way to stop piracy is not by putting antipiracy technology to work. It’s by giving those
people a service that’s better than what they’re receiving from the pirates.”23

21
https://jojo.fandom.com/wiki/Aerosmith
22
https://jojo.fandom.com/wiki/Dirty_Deeds_Done_Dirt_Cheap
23
https://www.geekwire.com/2011/experiments-video-game-economics-valves-gabe-newell/

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This quote could not ring truer when talking

about JoJo, even when it comes to watching
the Anime, if you watch it through Official
channels you get censorship, name changes
and lower visual fidelity of episodes, even
region locked in some countries. Whereas if
you watch the Pirated version you can watch
it anywhere in the world, subtitled in all
languages, and no name changes etc. This
led to JoJo garnering a huge cult following in
‘underground anime’ circles further
ingraining itself into popular culture through
memes, discussion and references. It’s got to
the stage where there is a common phrase
used amongst JoJo fans that goes ‘Is that a
JoJo Reference?’ or ‘Is that a JoJoke?’ 24 this
can be used as a comment towards anything
that even slightly resembles something in Gabriel DropOut - Episode 2 (2017)

JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure. In the JoJo Fan-Community (or Fandom) it is even used as an
insult towards people who haven’t seen JoJo. Going so far as to be used as an insult in other
shows like Gabriel DropOut25 where a new student joins the school and the reason for her
lack of popularity is blamed on not knowing what JoJo is.
Fredric Jameson spoke about the Utopian
Popular Culture in the text “Reification and
Utopia in Mass Culture” where he stated that:
“The theory of mass culture--or mass
audience culture, commercial culture,
"popular" culture, the culture industry, as it is
variously known--has always tended to define
its object against so-called high culture
without reflecting on the objective status of
this opposition. As so often, positions in this
field reduce themselves to two mirror-images
Araki has designed an entire fashion range based off of and are essentially staged in terms of value.
JoJo costumes for the brand Gucci
Thus, the familiar motif of elitism argues for
the priority of mass culture on the grounds of the sheer numbers of people exposed to it; the
pursuit of high or hermetic culture is then stigmatized as a status hobby of small groups of
intellectual.”26
In this quote Jameson touches on the idea of Elitism and Mass Culture which are two things
very prominent in the JoJo Fandom as demonstrated by the previous example of insults based
on not watching JoJo.

24
https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/is-this-a-jojo-reference
25
https://myanimelist.net/anime/33731/Gabriel_DropOut/episode/2
26
Jameson, F. (1979). Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture. Social Text, [online] (1), p.2.
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Conclusion.
To conclude with I’d like to touch
on the idea of Mass Culture (that
Jameson mentioned in the
previous quote) as it is common to
relate mass culture to the western-
capitalist-media but I’d like to
look at JoJo from this viewpoint
for a moment. This is because
after being exposed to JoJo and
becoming a huge fan of the show I
have started to look at other media
with a different viewpoint. I
unconsciously watch other TV
All eight members of the Joestar Lineage drawn in Araki's new style - 2017
shows, Adverts or even when I’m
out in day-to-day life, and I’ll laugh to myself if something resembles something else that is
in JoJo. Now this sounds strange to most people but for fans of JoJo it is very common as
people will take photos of things in other mediums and post them in forums for other JoJo
fans to enjoy. This isn’t the usual way you would apply the term ‘Mass Culture’ and it’s
nowhere near large-scale however if you were to segregate all the people in the JoJo Fandom
I believe you’d see common themes and behaviours occur that wouldn’t if you hadn’t been
exposed to JoJo; which may simply be a result of an over obsessive community but there are
larger, more vocal communities that do not display these traits. Either way the JoJo
community is a small but very passionate and vocal one. The Fandom is growing more and
more with each part and is even hitting the mainstream Western Anime audience, with
services like Netflix taking an interest in JoJo27 (JoJo will hit Netflix 1st March 2020) I
believe that JoJo will gain more and more impact on Pop Culture in coming years.
By now it is pretty clear that JoJo is a Post-
Modern piece, and there is no disputing that.
But it goes so much deeper than that, to some
JoJo is (at the risk of sounding farfetched) a
lifestyle to some. The real fanatics will quote
JoJo all the time - watch, read and play
anything JoJo related – collect all the models
and merchandise. This overblown love for JoJo
is driven by how well viewers can connect to
the show through its loveable characters,
JoJo x Vans (2019 ) engaging story and of course its many, many
references. I had been subconsciously consuming JoJo content for years, with Characters in
Street Fighter being based off of JoJo characters28, Meowth (a Pokémon creature) in
Pokémon performing JoJo poses whilst shouting DIO’s (the main antagonist of JoJo)
catchphrase or even Joseph Frost from Resident Evil having the same name and a similar

27
https://www.netflix.com/title/80179831
28
https://www.polygon.com/a/street-fighter-2-oral-history/chapter-2

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design to Joseph Joestar. It was almost

inevitable that when I watched JoJo, I would
enjoy it. JoJo has inspired the colour palette
for some of my personal projects, I’m even
trying to replicate some of the iconic sound
effects in my own Animations. It is safe to say
that Araki’s work has had a great influence
upon my work and my work ethic as he is
Hirohiko Araki - Lucca Comics & Games 2019 constantly evolving, trying new things, to be
the best mangaka he can be. I believe that in the future we will see more works similar to
JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure because it really is pioneering a new style of writing and
illustration. All of these influences, both upon me and pop culture really just go to show the
profound impact of JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure. To call back to my initial question of:
‘What effect did Pop Culture have on JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure, and what effect did JoJo’s
have on Pop Culture?’
I’d like to answer this by first covering the fact that JoJo is woven into Popular Culture both
at the times of each part’s publication and at a time in the future where people can look back
and see what Araki was subconsciously doing, when referencing the bands and people that he
did. The fact that he was naming fictional characters and abilities after real songs and artists
is in itself a Postmodern Act, he isn’t doing it for any other reason than that it pleases him,
but when someone else looks upon his work it appears as if it were done with some higher
purpose, to serve as some deep message about that specific band or song – which
retrospectively it can, and in some cases Araki even meant to do this, but for the most part it
was all simply his wish to include things that interested him. As for the effect JoJo had on
Popular Culture, I’ve shown several examples of when another show has referenced JoJo but
one thing, I didn’t mention is that whenever a certain artist is mentioned or even when a song
is used it then becomes a part of JoJo and thus JoJo a part of it. People that may have never
listened to The Bangles29 (the song Walk Like an Egyptian was used as the Ending Theme for
Part 3 Stardust Crusaders) are now listening to them and the same with any other reference
that is in JoJo. This interaction between Pop Culture and JoJo is what has made it, in my
opinion, one of the best pieces of work of our time, and subsequently Hirohiko Araki one of
the best and most prolific writers of a generation.

JoJo cosplayers at Romics Ottobre

29
http://thebangles.com/

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Bibliography:

Araki, H. (1986 - Present). JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure. Japan: Shueisha, Lucky Land
Communications.
Araki, H. (1994). JoJo6251. 1st ed. Japan: Shueisha, Lucky Land Communications, p.2.
Araki, H. (1999). Deddo Manzu Q. 1st ed. Tōkyō: Allman (Shueisha), p.1.
Araki, H., (2014). JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Part 1 - Phantom Blood, Vol. 1. San Francisco,
California: VIZ Media: SHONEN JUMP ADVANCED.
Branston, G. and Stafford, R., (2002). The Media Student's Book. 3rd ed. England:
Routledge.
Crunchyroll, (2020), The 10 Most Stylish Anime Fashion Collaborations You Should Be
Wearing! (JoJo x Gucci) [ONLINE]. Available at: https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-
feature/2018/08/14-1/the-10-most-stylish-anime-fashion-collaborations-you-should-be-
wearing [Accessed 11 February 2020].
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