UNCLASSIFIED

Design Drivers for Anti-Ship

and Land Attack Missiles
Ioannis VAGIAS
Lecturer, RADAR Systems
Department of Informatics and Systems Engineering
Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the UK
Shrivenham, SN6 8LA

1
UNCLASSIFIED
Missile Surface Warfare
Characteristics
• Long range
• Element of surprise
• Precision attack
• Challenging confrontation
• Strategic targeting
• Maritime buffer zone
• Show of force
Lockheed Martin
Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM)
Historical Examples:
• Cod Wars (1958, 1972-1973, 1975-1976)
• INS Eilat (1967)
• Latacia (1980)
• Operation Morvarid (1980)
• Falklands (1982)
• Imia (1996)
• Africa Horn (2005-)
2
UNCLASSIFIED

Modern Systems
• Boeing: • Zvezda:

• Raytheon:

• MBDA: • Mashinostroyeniye:

• Bofors:
• Novator:
• Kongsberg:
• Raduga:

Supersonic Subsonic
IR seeker RF seeker 3
 UNCLASSIFIED

Missile Subsystems Terminal

Flight Seeker
Safety and control unit
Lift production arming unit
surfaces
Navigation
Power sensors
3M54, SS-N-27 Sizzler supply
Warhead
Secondary
propulsion unit
Primary
propulsion unit

Control surfaces
and servomotors

4
 UNCLASSIFIED

Main Design Drivers 3M45, SS-N-19 Shipwreck

Terminal sensors
• RF seeker:
𝑙(𝑚)⨯180
 Beamwidth is 𝜃3𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝑒𝑔 =
𝜋⨯𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑚)
177.8
 Missile diameter is d(cm) ≈
𝜃3𝑑𝐵 (𝑑𝑒𝑔)

• EO seeker
ℎ(𝑚)⨯𝑤(𝑚)
 Seeker diameter is 𝑑𝑠 𝑚 = 2⨯𝑁 ⨯ f(m)
𝑅(𝑚)
Nasr missile seeker
 Body diameter is d c𝑚 ≈ 2𝑑𝑠 ⨯ 𝑚
l(m) is target length R(m) is target range
h(m) is target height w(m) is target width
N is Johnson criteria f is seeker’s focal length Naval Strike Missile

5
 UNCLASSIFIED

Secondary Design Drivers

• Length to Mass ratio:
 Jet propulsion: 𝑙 𝑑 = 11.9
 Rocket propulsion: 𝑙 𝑑 = 11.2
• Launch mass is 𝑚𝑂 = 0.04 ⨯ 𝑙 𝑚 ⨯ 𝑑 𝑚 2

𝑚𝐸+𝑆 (𝑘𝑔)
• For supersonic attack missiles: = 0.1314 ⨯ 𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.19885 ,
𝑚𝐸+𝑆 𝑘𝑔 +𝑚𝑃 (𝑘𝑔)
mE+S is missile cruise weight and mP is propellant for supersonic attack
• gmax is max lateral acceleration for end game; usually [40, 60]g
F-16 carrying AGM-84 Harpoon

3M80, SS-N-22 Sunburn

6
UNCLASSIFIED

Warhead Design AGM-114N

Metal Augmented Charge

• Depends on missile range

• Must defeat 100 m3 compartments, wall thickness 30 mm
• Usually [120, 450] kg
• Blast/fragmentation coupled with aluminium for
incendiary effects
(Aluminium increases blast overpressure by 100%)
• Fragment size [120, 250] gr
• Fragment speed ∼1600 m/sec
• 10 kg explosive charge (304 kPa of overpressure) per Exocet warhead
compartment
• RDX or Destex (MIL-E-82723) -type of explosive charges

304 kPa = 3 atm

7
 UNCLASSIFIED

Warhead Mass vs Range

1200
mW = 0.0007R2 + 0.283R + 171.46
Bazalt
1000

800
Granit

600

Malakhit
LRASM
400
Moskit
ASM-2
HarpoonSea Eagle
200 Otomat RBS-15 Klub
Exocet C-802
Kayak NSM
C-704 Penguin
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Supersonic cruise Rocket propulsion only

Subsonic cruise 8
 UNCLASSIFIED

Warhead Structural Lethality

Overpressure (kPa) vs Fragment dispersal over 304 kPa zone
Radial dissipation distance (m)

35100.0

30100.0

25100.0

20100.0
P=10771 x D-1.849
15100.0

10100.0

5100.0

100.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0

9
UNCLASSIFIED

Detonation Effects
• Overpressure
• Heat
• Fragments

10
UNCLASSIFIED

Warhead Lethality over Humans

Peak pressure (kPa)

Peak pressure (psi)

Positive Phase Duration (msec)

11
 UNCLASSIFIED

Aerodynamics
• Efficient packing Nose pressure drag

• Drag minimization Intake pressure drag

10% 23%
3% Aerodynamic surfaces
14% pressure drag
Base drag
9%
Fuselage skin friction drag
16%
15% Intake skin friction drag
10%
Aerodynamic surfaces
skin friction drag
Protuberance drag

12
 UNCLASSIFIED

Nose Cone and Wing Design

Ogive ④
Cone ④
LV-HAACK ① ③
Von Karman ① ② ① ③ ② ①
Parabola ① ③
¾ Parabola ③ ② ① ②
½ Parabola ③ ②
x¾ Power ② ③ ②
x½ Power ①② ① ② ① ② ③
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
① Superior Mach No
② Good 0.5, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐
𝑙𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑒
③ Fair = 2.0, 𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑓
𝑑
④ Inferior 5.0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐

13
UNCLASSIFIED

Missile Wing Span vs Length

Klub
2.8
LRASM Granit
Malakhit Bazalt
2.3
Moskit

1.8

NSM RBS-15
Kayak Onyx
1.3 Otomat
Sea Eagle C-802
C-704 Harpoon Exocet d = 0.7891e0.1097×L
ASM-2
0.8
3.4 4.4 5.4 6.4 7.4 8.4 9.4 10.4 11.4

Supersonic cruise Rocket propulsion only

Subsonic cruise 14
 UNCLASSIFIED

Missile Wing Aspect Ratio vs Length

8.00
LRASM
7.00
Klub

6.00
AR = 0.0213L4 - 0.594L3 + 5.657L2 - 21.312L + 29.331
5.00

4.00
RBS-15
3.00
NSM
HS-2 Otomat
Moskit Bazalt
2.00 Gabriel Kayak
Sea Eagle
Harpoon Exocet
ASM-2 Kormoran C-802 Malakhit Granit
1.00
Onyx
0.00
3.50 4.50 5.50 6.50 7.50 8.50 9.50 10.50 11.50

Supersonic cruise Rocket propulsion only

Subsonic cruise 15
UNCLASSIFIED

Wing Type MBDA Sea Skua

Types of wing
Parameters Delta Trapezoid Straight
Supersonic drag 3 2 1
RADAR Cross Section 3 2.75 1
Canister packaging 1 2 3
Aerodynamic stability
2 2.75 1
and control
Boeing AGM-84
Centre of Pressure Harpoon
1 1 2
displacement
Pitching moment 3 1.5 1
Total 13 10 9
① Fair Novator 3M54,
② Good SS-N-27 Sizzler
③ Superior

16
UNCLASSIFIED

Propulsion: Rocket motor vs Air Breather

• Short range (R < 90 km) ⇒ rocket motor is more cost efficient
and gives immediate operational response
• Medium range (200 km < R < 90 km) ⇒ turbofan is more fuel
efficient
• Long range (R > 200 km) ⇒ ramjet can carry more explosive
charge over greater ranges, faster and efficiently
MBDA FASGW

Mashinostroyeniya 3M55,
SS-N-26 Onyx
MBDA Exocet Block 3

17
UNCLASSIFIED

Propulsion: Rocket motor vs Air Breather

𝑚𝑂
• Boost phase 𝑢𝑒 = 𝐼 ⨯ 𝑙𝑛
𝑚𝐸+𝑆
• Coast phase 5
𝐿 𝐼 𝑚𝑂
𝑅 = 2 ⨯ 𝑢𝑒 ⨯ ⨯ ⨯ 𝑙𝑛
• Terminal phase 𝐷 𝑔 𝑚𝐸+𝑆

𝑢𝑒 2 − 𝑢ℎ 2 𝐿
𝑅= ⨯
2⨯𝑔 𝐷

18
UNCLASSIFIED

Motor Selection based on Velocity and Altitude

Raduga 3M-80,
SS-N-22 Sunburn

Kongsberg NSM

CPMIEC C-701

19
UNCLASSIFIED

Motor Selection based on M and Consumption

Raduga 3M-80,
SS-N-22 Sunburn

Kongsberg NSM

CPMIEC C-701

20
UNCLASSIFIED

Air Breather Intakes

Scoop intake,
CJ-82

Side-mounted, variable,
cylindrical intake,
3M-80 Moskit

Nose-mounted, variable,
cylindrical intake,
3M-45 Granit

21
UNCLASSIFIED

Navigating towards the Target

• Inertial Navigation (IN)
 Gimballed
 Ring Laser Gyros
 Fibre Optic Gyros
 Vibrating Structure Gyro, Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems
• Stellar Navigation
• Satellite Navigation (GPS/GLONASS/Galileo)
• Terrain Contour Matching
• Digital Scene Matching Area Correlation
• Yaw or bank-and-turn LATAX autopilot with roll-stabilisation
• Data Link

22
UNCLASSIFIED

Navigating towards the Target (Cont’d)

Dive
Terminal Phase
• Manoeuvring Seeker Lock-on
• Fusing set-up • Navigation handover
• ECCM • ECCM
Pop-up Seeker Activation
All-up
Weapon
control
round • Initialisation
• Target data
• Clutter rejection
Cruise
Sea-skim
Midcourse
Boost
• Navigation update
• Target data update
• Steerpoint navigation Launch
• Alignment
• Target data
• Platform data

23
UNCLASSIFIED

Terminal Phase
Dive
Terminal Phase Cruise
• Manoeuvring Seeker Lock-on
• Fusing set-up • Navigation handover
• ECCM • ECCM

Sea-skim Seeker Activation

• Lock-on and proportional navigation • Initialisation
established • Target data
• Clutter rejection Climb
• Digital Scene Matching Area
Correlation for selective attack
• ECCM engaged
Midcourse
• Attack profile • Navigation update Boost
 Straight and level high-speed attack • Target data update
• Steerpoint navigation Launch
 Waving
• Alignment
 Pop-up and dive • Target data
 Supersonic acceleration • Platform data

24
UNCLASSIFIED

Missile Development and Production Cost

System Definition &

24% 12% Prototyping
Hardware &
Subsystems
30% Software
Development
31% Integration &
Testing
3%
Production &
Management

25
UNCLASSIFIED

Missile Cost Analysis

Navigation sensors

8% Terminal sensor
8% 3%
Thermal battery
32%
15%
Guidance computer

6% Servo-actuators

9% 3% Control surfaces
17%
Missile structure

Warhead

Propulsion

26
UNCLASSIFIED

Missile Cost vs Mass

RBS-15
USD 5,200,000
Cost = 6012.8⨯mO - 2⨯106

USD 4,200,000 y = 21.699x2 - 17665x + 4E+06

Kayak

USD 3,200,000
HS-2

Harpoon
USD 2,200,000

C-802
ASM-2
USD 1,200,000 Penguin
Sea Eagle Exocet
Marte
Gabriel Kormoran
USD 200,000
290 390 490 590 690 790

Supersonic cruise Rocket propulsion only

Subsonic cruise 27
UNCLASSIFIED

Epilogue
• Unstable international environment
• Consolidation of exclusive economic zone
• Sovereignty protection
• Anti-ship missile with land attack capability is attractive
and cost effective
• Electronic jamming of ASM is disputed
• Proven air defence against subsonic missiles
• No apparent defence against supersonic threats
• No such trials, exercises, testing or validation of current
systems against supersonic threats

28
UNCLASSIFIED

Current Research at CDS

• Investigate the threats to High and Medium Altitude Long
Endurance (HALE and MALE) UAS and the spectrum, under
which they operate
• Study where such protection systems can be installed and
under which restrictions
• Research payload capability, dispenser installation as well
as countermeasure ejection geometry, to understand how
the UAS can be better masked
• Run simulation of individual and sophisticated scenarios
where UAS will employ self-protection dispensing and non-
dispensing techniques against threats
• Extract practical and feasible techniques for UAS protection

29