REVIEW EXAM

1. TRUE. It is important to note that history is not past, but rather a glimpse of the past.
2. TRUE. Sources ae said to be worthless if they are not used by the historians.
3. FALSE. Test of authenticity is also known as internal criticism while the test of credibility is known as
external criticism.
4. FALSE. Article 5 of the Malolos Constitution states that, the Philippine Republic is free and
independent.
5. TRUE. Since, the visual sources that are used in history cannot interpret themselves the way their
creators clearly can, it is important to accurately find out the ideas and realities they represent in order
not to misinform the reading public.
6. TRUE. According to Gottschalk, a primary sources is “the testimony of an eyewitness, or of the witness
by any other of the senses, or of a mechanical device like the Dictaphone- that is, of one who or that
which was present at the events of which he or it tells.
7. FALSE. Material evidence refers to remains such as artifacts and ecofacts which help a historian in
determining the culture of the area where the evidence was found.
8. FALSE. The draft of the constitution was promulgated by President Aguinaldo on January 21, 1898 and
was known as the Malolos Constitution.
9. FALSE. Historiography pertains to the process of thorough examining and critically analyzing the
records and survivals of the past.
10. TRUE. Secondary sources cannot be considered independent sources because of their reliance to
primary sources.
11. UNIBERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID. The following are the principal Spanish depositories which
contain tons of collections pertaining to the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines except from one.
12. JUNE 12, 1898. The date when the Philippine Independence was proclaimed by Aguinaldo.
13. POLITICAL CARTOONS. These reveal the popular perception of societies concerning events that
confronted societies.
14. MANGANGAUAY. Witches who deceived by pretending to heal the sick. These priests even induced
maladies by their charms, which in proportion to the strength and efficacy of the witchcraft, were
capable of causing death.
15. JULY 7, 1892. The date when Bonifacio organized the Katipunan.

UNIT 1: UNDERSTANDING HISTORY USING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

Lesson 1: Meaning and Relevance of History

 Sources are the primary foundation of history, needless to say in dealing with it
 Without the sources, the so-called historical narratives can be easily dismissed as historical fiction
what is history?

 History originated as a derivation of historia, an ancient Greek term for learning through inquiry
(Hoefferle, 2013)
 Study of past events
 Merriam Webster Dictionary denotes that history refers to a chronological record of significant events
such as those affecting a nation or institution, often including an explanation of their causes
 The American Historical Association, on the other hand, currently defines history as the neverending
process whereby people seek to understand the past and its many meanings
 Therefore, history is not only a mere collection of narratives compiled or collated by authors, rather
history employs a system to organize narratives.
 Greek philosopher Readings in Philippine History 3 Aristotle once said, history is a systematic account
of a set of natural phenomena. It is also an investigative work because people aim to satisfy their thirst
for truth.
  History attempts to know the actions of human beings that were accomplished in the past (Collingwood,
1976).
 In the Philippine setting, the classic definition of history is given by Zeus Salazar, a notable historian
and retired professor of the University of the Philippines.
 To him, Kasaysayan, the counterpart of history in the mother tongue, is an essential narrative with to a
group of people that is characterized by uniqueness and identity.
 This uniqueness, as opined by Salazar, is largely based on their own language and heritage, hence
“Ang Kasaysayan ay salaysay na may saysay para sa isang grupo ng tao na may kakanyahan,
identidad na nakasandig sa sariling wika at kalinangan (Sebastian and Rosales, 2008).
 Through this definition, Salazar reiterates that the essence of history depends on whose history is being
narrated and who the intended audiences are.
 History is not the past, but rather a glimpse of the past
 The entirety of the past cannot be narrated and included in all of the written histories for the main
reason that not everything which happened in the past were recorded and/or documented.
 history does not create narration of past events; rather a recreation of past events based on available
materials.
Relevance of History

 Collingwood (1976) tells that history is valuable because it teaches people what they have done and
thus what man is.
 Through history, the present generation could assess the feats and defeats of the previous generations
and can learn not only from their errors but also from their victories.
 The following relevance of history were enumerated by Peter Stearns (1998).
 History contributes to Moral Understanding
 History helps us understand people and societies
 History provides Identity
 History is essential for Good Citizenship.
Repositories of Historical Sources
1. Philippine Depositories
 National Library of the Philippines (NLP)
- foremost depository where students of history can go to
- Holding a wide array of general and rare collections on Philippine history, it includes the
following units
a. Filipiniana Division
b. Microfilm Section
- These units, indeed, are very helpful to students in their academic pursuits and research
endeavors.
- Important documents such as the Historical Data Papers and the Philippine Revolutionary
Records are housed in this library.
 Archives of the University of Santo Tomas
- contains rich Spanish-era collection, especially with regards to education-related records
during the Spanish Period
 The National Archives of the Philippines (NAP)
- contains rich Spanish-era collection, more particularly when it comes to government-related
records of the Spanish regime
 Archdiocesan Archives of Manila which is located in Arzobispado, Intramuros
- If the students wish to conduct researches on ecclesiastical-related topics, they can go and
visit
- This depository contains vast information on Church affairs
- It is also here where the infamous Retraction Letter of Rizal was found.
  Manila Observatory Archives
- contains pertinent data regarding the Readings in Philippine History 4 various weather
disturbances and conditions
- This is due to the fact that the Observatorio served as the weather forecasting bureau of the
Spanish colonial government.
 Other institutions of higher learning boast their rich collections of both primary and secondary
sources
- University of the Philippines Main Library in Diliman Quezon City
- Ateneo de Manila University’s Rizal Library
- Historical Collection of the United States Embassy in Loyola Heights, Quezon City
- De La Salle University Libraries in Ermita, Manila
 SIL Philippines in Horseshoe Drive, Quezon City
- Students who wish to conduct researches on ethnic groups
- 2,000 titles relating to the languages of the Philippines
 archives of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM), also in Quezon City
- offers collections on documents written by CICM missionaries who were posted in the
northern parts of Luzon
 Other depositories are the centers established by local historical networks. These centers
provide helpful sources about the history of their towns or provinces; thus the study of local
history becomes easier.
2. Spanish Depositories: following are the principal Spanish depositories which contain tons of collections
pertaining to the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines
 Archivo General de Indias (Seville)
 ArchivoHistorico Nacional (Madrid)
 Museo Naval de la Ministerio de Marina (Madrid)
 Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid)
 Biblioteca Nacional de Espana (Madrid)
 Archivo de Ministerio de AsuntosExteriores (Madrid)
 The Spanish government through the Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte launched the Portal de
Archivos Españoles (PARES) which offers free access to digitized copies of documents and
other sources that can be found in Spanish Archives. Through this initiative, students of history
in the Philippines can freely access digitized documents and other sources online.
3. Mexican depositories
 The Philippines was a part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the capital of which was situated in
Mexico.
 The ties between the two Spanish territories ended when Mexico gained its independence in
1821.
 Because of this, a multitude number of sources could possibly be sitting in the Archivo General
de la Nacion de Mexico which can be very useful to students.
4. British depositories
 For a brief period of time, that is from 1762–1764, the British occupied Manila.
 It was through this invasion that some historical sources written during the Spanish period
made its way to the British Museum
 As a matter of fact, Jose Rizal took some time to research inside this facility in an attempt to
annotate the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas of Antonio de Morga.
5. American depositories: Among the main depositories in the United States of America include the
following:
 National Archives and Records Service (NARS)
 Library of Congress (Washington D.C.)
 Ayer Collection of the Newberry Library (Chicago, Illinois)
  Lily Library (Bloomington, Indiana)
 Harvard University
 Stanford University
 University of Michigan
6. The proliferation of online archives is also beneficial to researchers who do not have the capacity to
conduct research in any of the above-mentioned depositories. Although many of their collections are
yet to be digitized, archive.org and Project Gutenberg offer a wide array of scanned sources which are
available for download.
Classification and Types of Historical Sources

 Sources are defined as artifacts that have been left by the pas
 They exist either as (1) relics, (2) what we can call as remains, or (3) as the testimonies of witnesses of
the past (Howell and Prevenier, 2001)
 Based on this definition, the students can infer that historical sources are not only confined to written
documents but also to artifacts and ecofacts
 A basic definition from Collins English Dictionary relates artifact as ‘something made or given shape by
humans such as a tool or a work of art.
 On the other hand, Merriam Webster Dictionary denotes artifact as a simple object showing
workmanship or modification as distinguished from a natural object
 Basically, it is an object remaining from a particular period.
 Examples are tools and ornaments.
Main Types of Written Sources
1. Primary source
 “the testimony of an eyewitness, or of a witness by any other of the senses, or of a mechanical
device like the Dictaphone–that is, of one who or that which was present at the events of which
he or it tells.” by Louis Gottschalk (1950)
 myriad of examples includes the following: diaries, audio recordings, artifacts, letters,
newspaper articles and documents such as birth certificates, marriage contracts, and death
certificates
 Visual sources like works of arts, photographs and videos are also included in this category.
2. Secondary sources
 “the testimony of anyone who is not an eyewitness–that is, one who was not present at the
events of which he tells.” By Gottschalk (1950)
 main difference between it and a primary source is the presence of the writer or author or
observer to the event being described
 include sources as bibliographies, commentaries, annotations, dictionaries, encyclopedias,
journal articles, magazines, monographs, and textbooks.
Main Types of Unwritten Sources
1. Archaeological Evidence
 refers to remains such as artifacts and ecofacts which help a historian in determining the culture
of the area where the evidence was found
 Similarly, the ways of life of the people, including their artistic expressions, have been etched in
these materials.
 Archaeological pieces of evidence include tools, ornaments, fixtures, etc.
2. Oral evidence
 pertains to folk tales, myths, legends, folk songs and popular rituals
 might contain information pertaining to the culture of the people who created them.
  These pieces of evidence can also give a glimpse of the people economic activities at a given
time, especially their socio-political organization and social condition.
3. Material evidence
 includes photographs, art works, videos, and sound recordings
lesson 2: Test of Authenticity and Credibility

 Sources are said to be worthless if they are not used by historians

 The accounts of historians are insignificant likewise if they are not read by readers, especially
the students of history
 This is the reason why every information to be used must be accurate, hence the importance of
internal and external criticisms.
 These criticisms are parts and parcels of the so-called methods of history
What is the Difference between Method [of History] and Historiography?

 Method - pertains to the process of thoroughly examining and critically analyzing the records and
survivals of the past. it means the accumulation of data about the past to be thoroughly examined and
critically analyzed by a set of scientific rules so that a certain past that is attempted to reconstruct can
be determined whether it actually happened or not.
 Historiography - refers the process of reconstructing historical data that have already been tested by
the method. Also, it means the synthesizing of historical data into a narrative or discourse. The writing
of history books, researches such as theses and dissertations or articles for publications or for lectures
in conferences and seminars undergo historiography.
External Criticism: the test of authenticity

 Authenticity means originality

 In history, it is more important to use original sources than secondary sources because they provide
raw data that have not been subjected to the interpretation of historians
 They also lead directly the researcher or historian to the perception and milieu of the eyewitness in
relation to the event being studied
 Genuine sources are usually the sources from which secondary materials derived their data.
 Why the Test of Authenticity is done?
- It is done in order to determine the genuineness of sources.
- It is necessary to determine real accounts from hoax stories or those that were fabricated
covertly by persons who wanted to have false claims on documents that allegedly prove
certain phenomena in the very remote past
- An example to this is the alleged Maragtas which was purported by Pedro Monteclaro
- William Henry Scott (1984) argued in his book Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of
Philippine History that Maragtas was made by Monteclaro based on suspicious oral and
fabricated written sources.
 Sources are likewise fabricated in order to justify the supposed occurrence of events. A classic case on
this matter is Negative Revisionism which, in anyway, attempts to alter history or its course by means of
trying to moderate or restrain the impact of history to a person, institution or groups.
 Another reason in performing the Test of Authenticity is for the historian to detect misleading sources
 Sources that mislead purposively can misinform and, therefore, miseducate people because they divert
the value or real meaning of events
 Moreover, identifying the authorship of a source, the time of an event, including the time when the
source was written, and the space of an event are equally important.
 The authorship of the source provides strong authenticity and credibility to it while time and space,
together with the prevailing practices of that period, become the bases of the context of an event, the
building blocks of a historical process.
  It must be noted that an event being studied must be situated in its proper context in order to
adequately comprehend, analyze and interpret its historical value.

Internal criticism: the test of credibility

 After ascertaining the genuineness or originality of sources, the historian has to perform internal
criticism in order to determine their credibility.
 What then makes the credibility of a source important?
 It is important because it tells whether the source is worthy to use by the historian in his study.
 For a source to be regarded credible, the historian must be able to discern the following:
1. Competence of the source in telling the truth
2. Willingness of the source in telling the truth
3. Adequacy of data relayed by the source
4. Reliability of the source when corroborated by other independent sources.
 According to Gottschalk (1950), in examining the credibility of a source, the historian or the skilled
history researcher plays the role of a “prosecutor, attorney for the defense, judge, and jury all in one.
But as a judge, he rules out no evidence whatever if it is relevant. To him, any single detail of testimony
is credible—even if it is contained in a document obtained by force or fraud, or is otherwise
impeachable, or is based on necessary evidence, or is from an interested witness—provided it can
pass the four tests” enumerated above.
 An independent source, even when it states certain pieces of information claimed by another source, is
a kind of source that derived its information from the occurrence of the event itself. In other words, its
author was there both in time and space and that he was mentally mature and conscious to absorb the
building blocks of an event as they happened before his eyes. This means that an independent source
is an account that did not rely on some extrinsic informants. Certainly, secondary sources cannot be
considered independent sources because of their reliance to primary sources. In order to adequately
establish the credibility of a source, two other independent sources—written or unwritten—must
corroborate its claims.
 In History, there is no such thing as objectivity or judgment-free account. Even primary sources contain
biases. Biases can be seen in the author’s [or eyewitness’] perspective, affiliation, acclamation or
appreciation of certain individuals and institutions, preferences, manner of description and worse, one-
sided view, etc. But biases must be minimized in order that the account would not be considered a
product of what is known as yellow journalism.
Basic assumptions with the sources

 Here are some assumptions which can guide historians or researchers in examining primary sources:
1. Sources like relics, artifacts, remains, documents, and witnesses are accurate when proven to be
authentic and credible. Relics, artifacts, and remains, though, are more reliable while documents (or
narratives) and witnesses are more detailed and specific.
2. The authenticity of a source increases the credibility of that source.
3. A primary source is more reliable than a secondary one.
4. The credibility of a source is increased if it is corroborated by independent sources.
5. Sources would tend to be bias, especially to its provenance or to the one who made it or held its
custody.
6. If sources like witnesses or their testimonies do not have immediate interest or direct involvement to
the event, they become more credible than those who have interest or direct involvement.
7. If all independent sources agree to a certain event, then the event becomes usually acceptable or
factual.
 8. Testimonies of witnesses are credible if the witnesses are mentally and emotionally fit at the time of
the interview or declaration.
9. The source that does not conform to its milieu is considered a fabricated source.

What to Consider with Disagreeing or Hostile Sources?

 Disagreeing or hostile sources are difficult to deal with, particularly when there is no enough evidence
that deal with the event being studied. Here are some tips that a historian needs to consider when
dealing with them:
1. If two sources disagree with each other and there is no way wherein one could be examined over the
other and vice-versa, the source with more logical reasoning and which accords common sense would
be considered.
2. If sources or witnesses do not agree on certain points, the source that gives more proofs to its
authenticity and credibility becomes more reliable.
3. If the source or witness is hostile, it becomes less credible. Corroboration to other independent and
types of sources would be more necessary.
4. A source or witness that holds orientation from one school of thought or philosophy— e.g., Marxism
—is usually argumentative or hostile with other sources. Thus, the milieu of the source or the events
tackled must be examined by looking at other sources that convey the same theme and that do not hold
orientation from any school of thought.

Ethics in Historical Research

 There are certain values that must be observed in doing historical writing or research. It is expected
that a historian should exude the following:
❖ Conscious as to where he is coming from (biases, e.g., point of view, presuppositions, personal
values, prior knowledge, etc.)
❖ Objective and accurate in examining and analyzing his sources.
❖ Impartial and rational in interpreting his data and in synthesizing his work.
❖ Open to the use of all available and relevant sources, including those that contradict his arguments.
❖ Free from the influence and subjection of others; he must subject himself only to the truth.
❖ Conscientious in properly citing his sources.
❖ Thankful to those who helped him in pursuing his research in one way or another.
❖ Adhere himself to the highest integrity of scholarship by avoiding academic or intellectual dishonesty
such as plagiarism, fabrication, deception, cheating or sabotage.
❖ Engage himself in a scientific scholarship through the proper application of the established methods
of the discipline.
❖ Establish a serious and rational familiarity with sources and a critical dialogue with other historians
and the reading public.
❖ Secure all forms of sources and allow them to be used by other historians.
❖ Offer authentic pieces of evidence to any serious claims or arguments.
❖ Refrain from duplicating what has been done before.
❖ Acknowledge indebtedness from other historians or those who extended assistance.
❖ Exude respect for criticisms from peers and other historians.
❖ Abstain from unreasonable interpretation of his data in order to achieve his intended purpose.
❖ Show respect to other viewpoints.
❖ Avoid irresponsible use of sources in order to deliberately mislead readers, conceal incidents in the
past or modify history for one’s benefit.

LESSON 3: TEST OF AUTHENTICITY AND CREDIBILITY: THE TEJEROS CONVENTION OF 1897

UNIT 2: SPANISH COLONIZATION TO THE PRESENT
LESSON 1: CHRONICLES ABOUT THE 16TH CENTURY FILIPINOS: THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE
WORLD AND THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS

 Age of Exploration and Discovery: between the 15th and 16th centuries is considered by most historians as the
turning point in the development of Philippine history
 In 1521, Magellan accidentally reached the Philippines which marked the succeeding expeditions by subsequent
explorers and by the conquest of the Philippines by Adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
 In 1564, arrival of Legazpi and his effective occupation of Cebu in 1565 started the 333-year rule of Spaniards in
the Philippines

THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

Antonio Pigafetta and His Background

 1491 and 1531

 Hailed from Vicenza
 Italian scholar and explorer who belonged to a rich family
 astronomy, geography and cartography
 member of a rich and influential family, Pigafetta was able to make Readings in Philippine History 36 his way and
become the chronicler of the Magellan Expedition
 among the 18 crew members who were able to return to Spain out of the approximately 270 crew members of
the ill-fated expedition.
 Apart from de Moluccis Indicis of Maximilianus Transylavanus
 Pigafetta’s account is the main source for most of the knowledge we have about Magellan and Elcano’s voyage.
 The difference between the two sources is that Pigafetta’s account is a primary source because he was with
Magellan during the expedition while Transylavanus’ account is primarily a compilation of interviews from
some of the surviving crew of the same voyage.
 However, what makes Pigafetta strange is that his name is nowhere to be found in any official document in the
Casa de Contratacion in Seville, Spain. ascertain