PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN RESEARCH WORK 9

 Balance  Movement
 Rhythm  Contrast
 Emphasis  Unity
 Proportion and Scale

BALANCE
Balance occurs when opposing forces or visual weights appear to be equal and
harmonious. The need for order seeks a balance in life and nature so that harmony with
the environment can be achieved.

Balance can be achieved using three application strategies:

1. Symmetrical Balance – is achieved when the solution presents equal or mirror image
appearances. E.g. World Trade Center, Villa Capra La Rotonda

2. Asymmetrical Balance – occurs when distinct parts that have equal perceptual weight
are arranged. This type of balance presents a solution perceived as dynamic in form.
E.g. Government Center, Brasilia, Brazil, Chateau de Chaumont
3. Radial Balance – achieved through a balance of elements around a center focal
point. This type of balance is most often found in nature, very infrequently found within
architectural design due to the nature of the way we inhabit our environment.
E.g. Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II,

RHYTHM
The use of rhythm within architectural design implies a melodic response incorporated
into the built solution. It is the repeated use of line, shape, color, or texture.

1. Regular Rhythm – an element is repeated at the same repetition/interval each time

2. Graduated Rhythm – The repeated element is identical with the exception of one
detail increasing or decreasing gradually
3. Random Rhythm – the elements are at random or are at irregular intervals

EMPHASIS
The feature in a design that attracts one’s eye – the focal point. It can be achieved to
through size, placement, shape, color, and/or use of lines
e.g. Retail entrance (Frank Lloyd Wright)
PROPORTION AND SCALE
Proportion relates to a perceived equality or ratio between elements of
architectural design. E.g. St. Maria del Fiore

MOVEMENT
Refers to the flow or feeling of action

CONTRAST
Contrast is a design principle used to provide specific emphasis to a particular piece or
section of the solution. Its purpose is to create a greater sense of the element in relation
to its surroundings. E.g Loyola Law School Addition
UNITY
In architecture, it is the sense of “whole” in the design. Achieved by the consistent use
of lines, color, material, and/or texture within a design.
e.g. Lotus Temple