CHAPTER FOUR

HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS

By: Melaku M.
 Thermodynamics
The study of processes in which energy is transferred as heat and as work.

Heat is a transfer of energy from one object to a second one at a lower tempe

Zeroth law of Thermodynamics

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they
are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
 Temperature Scales

Celsius or centigrade scale

Fahrenheit scale and
Kelvin.
 Thermal Expansion

Linear Expansion Areal Expansion Volume Expansion

∆𝒍 ~ 𝒍𝒐 ∆𝑨 ~𝑨𝒐 ∆𝑽 ~ 𝑽𝒐
∆𝒍 ~ ∆𝑻 ∆𝑨~ ∆𝑻 ∆𝑽 ~ ∆𝑻
∆𝑙 = 𝛼𝑙𝑜∆𝑇 ∆𝐴 = β𝐴𝑜∆𝑇 ∆𝑉 = γ𝑉𝑜∆𝑇
Where β = 2α Where γ = 3α
Example; The steel bed of a suspension bridge is Exercise; The 70-liter (L) steel gas tank of a car is
200 m long at 20°C. If the extremes of temperature to filled to the top with gasoline at 20°C. The car sits in
which it might be exposed are –30°C to +40°C, the Sun and the tank reaches a temperature of 40°C
a how much will it contract and expand? (𝛼=12 x 10– (104°F). How much gasoline do you expect to overflow
6(C°)–1 ) from the tank? (𝛾=950 x 10–6C°-1
 The Concept of Heat, Work and Internal Energy

Heat(Q)

 Spontaneous flow of energy.

 Energy transferred between substances or systems due to a

temperature difference between them.

Work(W)

 The non-spontaneous energy transfer into or out of a

system due to force acting through a displacement.
Internal energy

 The sum of the mechanical energies of all the molecules or entities in the system.
 Heat

Specific Heat Latent heat

Energy required to change a unit mass of a material Energy required to change the state (gas,
by 1°C. liquid, solid) of a unit mass of material. Units:
To raise/lower its temperature: energy per unit mass.
𝑸𝑳 = +
−𝒎𝑳
𝑸 = 𝒎𝒄∆𝑻
 Examples
1. Total energy to raise temperature of 1.0 kg of water from 10°C to 110°C

Solution
Cpwater = 4.2 x 103 J kg−1 °C−1
Cpsteam = 2.0 x 103 J kg−1 °C−1
Lvaporization = 2.3 x 106 J kg−1
M = 1 kg
∆Q = energy to heat water to boiling point + energy to change state + energy to raise temperature of steam
= Cpwater M∆T + LvaporizationM + CpsteamM∆T
= (4.2 x 103 J kg−1 °C−1)(1 kg)(90°C) + (2.3 x 106 J kg−1)(1 kg) + (2.0 x 103 J kg−1 °C−1)(1 kg)(10°C)
= 2.7 x 106 J
 Examples
2. How much energy does a freezer have to remove from 1.5 kg of water at 20°C to make ice at -12oc
Heat Transfer mechanism

 conduction
 convection
Radiation

Direct burning
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The change in internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat flow into the
system and the work done on the system

The First Law for different thermodynamic

systems:

 Isolated system. ∆𝑈 = 0
 Cyclic Process 𝑄 = −𝑊
 Isochoric process ∆𝑈 = 𝑄
 Adiabatic Process ∆𝑈 = 𝑊
 Q = −𝑊
𝑉𝑓
 Isothermal Process 𝑊 = −𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛( ) For Ideal gas
𝑉𝑖
 Isobaric process ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑃(𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖)
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