REPUBLIC OF THE PHLIPPINES

Leyte Normal University

MAPEH Unit
Tacloban, City

BACHELOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Team Sports (PEd 116)
SY 2019-2020/ 2nd Semester

VOLLEYBALL

I. Definition

It is a game played by two teams, usually of six players on a side, in which

the players use their hands to bat a ball back and forth over a high net, trying to
make the ball touch the court within the opponents’ playing area before it can be
returned. To prevent this a player on the opposing team bats the ball up and
toward a teammate before it touches the court surface – that teammate may
then volley it back across the net or bat it a third teammate who volleys it across
the net. A team is allowed only three touches off the ball before it must be
returned over the net.

II. Objectives of Volleyball

Volleyball seems like a simple game of hitting a ball over the net and keeping
it from hitting the court or sand on your side of the net. In reality, those two
goals are the main objectives of volleyball. Doing it, however, involves elements
that separate the good teams from the average ones.

 Gain & Maintain Control

Ball control in almost everything in volleyball. Even when the ball is going
back and forth over the net at a good clip, teams still rely on good ball handlers
to get digs and “ups” so they can stay in system and launch high quality attacks.
Winning a point means being able to serve, which can lead to another form of
control. A team that can “run” points from the service line, including aces that
aren’t returned at all, get those points as well as momentum.

 Making the Points

Set are won by the team that first scores 25 points, and matches are usually
played in a best three out of five format. A service ace, a kill (an unreturnable
hit), a block that lands on the other teams’ side of the court or an error all count
for points. In theory, a team could win a match without completing a single kill if
its single kill if its opponents constant errors such as net violations or hitting a
ball out of bounds. Regardless of how it happens, the objective is always to
impose your offensive will on the other side while keeping them off balance with
solid defense.
  The Joy of Teamwork
Good teams typically display a high level of communication and teamwork. A
team’s setter, hitters and defensive specialists need to effectively work together
to optimize their three allotted contacts. Often, poor communication results in
poor ball control, which leads to pints lost. Communication and teamwork are so
important to the sport of volleyball because they essentially elevate the
effectiveness of the defense and offense.

 Playing within the Rules

The rules are intended to keep the game moving. That’s why a team has to
return a ball within three hits, and players have to follow handling rules. If a ball
is on a player’s hands for even a full second, or it comes spinning out of her
hands, it can be a violation. A player also can’t run into the net, and any ball hit
into it or the antennas on the ends counts as a pint to the other team. Those
and other rules force players to employ precision and timing along with
athleticism.

III. History
The game of volleyball, originally called “mintonette,” was invented in 1895
by William G. Morgan after the invention of basketball only four years before.
Morgan, a graduate of Springfield College of the YMCA, designed the game to be
a combination of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball.
The first volleyball net, borrowed from tennis, was only 6’6” high (though you
need to remember that the average American was shorter in the nineteenth
century).
The offensive style of setting and spiking was first demonstrated in the
Philippines in 1916. Over the years that followed, it became clear that standard
rules were needed for tournament play, and thus the USVBA (United States
Volleyball Association) was formed in 1928.

Latest Volleyball News from the NCAA and NAIA

Two years later, the first two-man beach volleyball game was played, though
the professional side of the sport did not emerge until much later. Not
surprisingly, the first beach volleyball association appeared in California (1965),
and the professional players united under the auspices of the AVP (American
Volleyball Professionals) in 1983.
During the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, American men and women took gold
and silver medals in indoor volleyball competitions. Four years later at the
Olympics in Korea, the men once again scored gold. Starting in 1996, two-man
beach volleyball was officially introduced to the Olympics. Today, there are more
than 800 million volleyball players worldwide, 46 million of them in the U.S.

Timeline of Significant Volleyball Events

 In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.

 In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high

trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were
introduced.
 In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.

 In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.

 In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn,

NY. Twenty-seven teams from 11 states were represented.

 In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, so the
United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was
formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-
YMCA squads.

 In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.

 In 1934, national volleyball referees were approved and recognized.

 In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize

the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in
the U.S.

 In 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.

 In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.

 In 1949, the initial World Championships were held in Prague,

Czechoslovakia.

 In 1964, volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.

 In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.

 In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.

 In 1975, the U.S. National Women’s team began a year-round training

regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de
Caza and Fountain Valley, CA, in 1980, and San Diego, CA, in 1985).

 In 1977, the U.S. National Men’s Team began a year-round training

regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA, in 1981).

 In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.

 In 1984, the U.S. won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles.
The men won the gold, and the women the silver.

 In 1986, the Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was

formed.
  In 1988, the U.S. men repeated the gold in the Olympics in Korea.

 In 1990, the World League was created.

 In 1995, the sport of volleyball was 100 years old!

 In 1996, two-person beach volleyball became an Olympic sport.

IV. Volleyball Playing Area

The sport has three disciplines:

 Indoor volleyball

 Beach Volleyball

 Indoor beach volleyball

1. Indoor Volleyball
The Playing Area

Dimensions
The court is 18m long and 9m wide and is surrounded by a free zone 3m
wide on all sides.
The space above the playing area is known as the free playing space and
is a minimum of 7m high from the playing surface.
For FIVB, world and official competitions, the free zone measures a
minimum of 5m from the side lines and 8m from the end lines. The free playing
surface is a minimum of 7m high from the playing surface.

Playing surface
The playing surface is flat and light colour. For FUVB, world and official
competitions, only a wooden or synthetic surface is allowed.
White colour are required for lines. Other different colours are required for
playing court and free zone.

Line markings
All lines on the court are 5cm wide and area light colour different from the
colour of floor.
The boundary lines are two side lines and end lines. The centre line
divides the playing court into two equal courts, 9m × 9m each. This line extends
from beneath the net from side-line to side-line.
On each court the rear edge of the attack line is drawn 3m back from the
middle of the centre line and marks the front zone.

Zones and areas

The front zone on each court is limited by axis of the centre line and the
rear edge of the attack line. The front zone extends beyond the side lines to the
end of the free zone.
The service zone is 9m wide area behind each end line and extends to the
end of the free zone. It is 15cm long and drawn 20cm behind the end line as an
extension of the side lines.
The substitution zone extends from both attack lines to the scorer’s table.
The Libero replacement zone is part of the free zone on the same side as
the team benches, extending form attack line up to the end line.
A penalty area, 1m x 1m, is located in the control area outside of the end
lines.

Nets and posts

The net is 2.43m high for men and 2.24m high for women. It is placed
vertically over the centre line. It is 1m wide and 9.5m-10m long and is 10cm
square black mesh.
The height of the net is measures from the centre of the playing court.
The antenna is a flexible rod, 1.8m long and 10mm in diameter and made
of fibreglass or similar material. It is fastened on opposite sides of the net. The
top of the antenna extends 80cm above the net and is and is marked with 10cm
stripes of contrasting colour, usually red and white.
The 2.55 high posts are placed 0.50m-1.0m outside the side lines. The
posts are rounded and fixed to the ground without wires.
 2. Beach volleyball

The Playing Area

Dimensions
The court is 16m long, 8m wide and surrounded by a minimum 3m wide
free zone on all sides.
The free playing space above the playing area is 7m high from the playing
surface.

Surface
The surface consists of levelled sand, flat and uniform of possible, free of
rocks, shells and anything else which represents risk of injuries to players.

Line markings
All lines are 5cm wide and coloured to contrast with the colour of the
sand.
The boundary is marked by two side lines and two end lines. There is no
centre line. Court lines are made of ribbons of a resistant material and any
exposed anchors of a flexible material.

Zones and areas

There is a service zone and free zone surrounding the court. The service
zone is an area 8m wide behind the end line which extends to the edge of the
3m wide free zone.

Nets and posts

The net is vertical over the middle of court. The top is set at 2.43m for
men and 2.24m for women. For juniors the height of the net is as follows:
 16 and under – 2.24m
 14 and under – 2.12m
 12 years and under – 2.00m
 The net is 8.5m long and 1m wide when it is taut. The mesh is 10cm square
and at the top and bottom are two 7-10cm wide horizontal white bands.

Antennae
The antenna is fastened at the outer wide of each side band on the net.
The top 80cm of each antenna extends above the net and is marked with 10cm
strips of contrasting colour. The posts are placed at a distance of 0.70-1m from
each side line to the post padding. They are 2.55m high and fixed to the ground
without wires. The posts must be padded.

V. Materials, equipment’s and paraphernalia (with specification)

VI. Terminology
Ace: A serve that results directly in a
point, usually when the ball hits the
team’s side of the court.
Assist: Helping a teammate set up
for a kill.
Attack: Also “hitter” and “spiker.” A
player who attempts to hit a ball
offensively with the purpose of
terminating play.
Attack Block: The defensive team’s
attempt to block a spiked ball.
Attack Error: An attack botched in
one 5 ways: ball lands out of
bounds; ball goes into the net;
attacker commits center line or net
violation or attacker illegally contacts
ball.
Attack Line: A line 3 meters/10 feet
away from, and parallel to, the net.
Separates the front-row players from
the back-row players. A back-row
player cannot legally attack the ball
above the net unless he takes off
from behind this line.
Back row/court: Space from
baseline (end line) to attack line.
There are three players whose court
positions are in this area (positions
1, 6 & 5 on court.)
Back Row Attack: When a back-
row player takes off from behind the
attack line (10-foot/3-meter) line
and attacks the ball. Various terms
A-B-C-D-PIPE-BIC.
Back set: Set delivered behind the
setter.
Baseline: The back boundary of the
court. Also called the end line
Block: One of the 6 basic skills. A
defensive play by one or more front-
row players meant to intercept a
spiked ball. The combination of one,
2 or 3 players jumping in front of the
opposing spiker and contacting the
spiked ball with the hands.
Blocking Error: Touching the net,
crossing the centerline, blocking a
set or serve or any other “local”
violation that occurs while making a
block attempt.
Center line: The boundary that
runs under the net and divides the
court into two equal halves.
Closing the block: The
responsibility of the assisting
blocker(s) to angle their body
relative to the first blocker.
“Cover”: Refers to the hitter having
his/her teammates ready to retrieve
rebounds from the opposing
blockers.
Cross-court attack: An attack
directed diagonally from the point of
attack. Also called an angle hit.
Cut shot: A spike from the hitter’s
strong side that travels at a sharp
angle across the net.
Deep: Refers to sending the ball
away from the net, toward the
baseline of the opponent’s court.
Defense: One of the 6 basic skills.
The key skills used to receive the
opponent's attack are digging and
sprawling. The dig resembles a
forearm pass from a low ready
position and is used more for balls
that are hit near the defender. The
sprawl is a result of an attempted dig
for a ball hit farther away from the
defender. It resembles a dive.
Dig: Passing a spiked or rapidly hit
ball and low to ground. Defensive
play. Slang for retrieving an attacked
ball close to the floor. Statistically
scored on a 3.0 point system.
Dink: A one-handed, soft hit into the
opponent’s court using the fingertips.
Also called a tip.
Double block: Two players working
in unison to intercept a ball at the
net.
Double hit: Violation. Two
successive hits by the same player.
Down Ball: Type of attack. “Down”
refers to the blockers who neither
jump, nor raise their hands above
the net.
Dump: Usually performed by the
setter, who delivers the ball into the
opponent’s court on the second
contact.
Five-One (5-1): An offensive
system that uses five hitters and one
setter.
Floater: A serve with no spin so the
ball follows an erratic path.
Follow: To move with and block an
attacker. Athletes may change
positions with another blocker in the
process.
Forearm Pass: Sometimes referred
to as the “pass,” “bump” or “dig”.
Four-Two (4-2): An offensive
system using four hitters and two
setters.
Free ball: Returning the ball to the
opponent without the intent to get a
kill. Usually a slow, arcing pass or
“roll” shot rather than a spike.
Front: Position of a blocker so that
she/he can block the attacker.
Front-row: Three players whose
court position is in front of the attack
line (3M/10 Foot), near the net.
These players are in positions 2, 3 &
4 on the court.
Game plan: Offensive and
defensive emphasis for an opponent.
Usually organized for each rotation
by the coaching staff.
Held ball: A ball that comes to rest
during contact resulting in a
violation.
Hit: One of the 6 basic skills. To
jump and strike the ball with an
overhand, forceful shot.
Hitter: Also “spiker” or “attacker.”
The player who is responsible for
hitting the ball.
Hitting percentage: A statistic
derived from total kills minus total
attack errors, divided by total
attempts.
Joust: When 2 opposing players
contact the ball simultaneously
above the net causing the ball to
momentarily come to rest; the point
is replayed if this is called by the
official.
Jump serve: The server uses an
approach, toss, takeoff and serves
the ball with a spiking motion while
in the air. There are two main types:
jump float, jump spin.
Key player/play: To discern a team’s
best player or probable next play by
observation of patterns or habits.
Kill: An attack that results directly in
a point or side out. Libero: A player
specialized in defensive skills. This
player must wear a contrasting
jersey color from his or her
teammates and cannot block or
attack the ball when it is entirely
above net height. When the ball is
not in play, the libero can replace
any back-row player without prior
notice to the officials.
Lines: The marks that serve as
boundaries of a court. 2 inches
(5cm) wide.
Linesman: Officials located at the
corners of the court; each linesman
is responsible for ruling if the ball is
legally in play along the lines for
which he or she is responsible. For
indicating touches and play outside
of the antennae on their side of net.
Lineup: Players starting rotation
and, therefore, serving order.
Numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, & 6.
Line serve: A straight-ahead serve
landing near the opponent’s left
sideline.
Line shot: A ball spiked along an
opponent’s sideline, closest to the
hitter and outside the block.
Load: Body position for the blockers
so that they are most effective.
Middle back: A defensive system
that uses the middle back player in 6
to cover deep spikes. Also called “6
back” defense.
Middle blocker: Usually plays in
the middle of the net when in the
front row and moves laterally to her
blocking assignments.
Middle Up: A defensive system that
uses the middle-back player in 6 to
cover tips or short shots along the 3
meter/10 foot line. Also called a “6
up” defense
Mintonette: The original name of
the game of volleyball, created by
William Morgan.
Net Height: Women – 7 feet, 4-1/8
inches high (2.24m), Men – 7 feet,
11-5/8 inches high (2.43m).
Off-blocker: Outside blocker not
included in the double block. Also
called off-side blocker.
Off-Speed Shots: An attack that is
intentionally slow. Ball spiked with
less than maximum force but with
spin. Also called “roll” shot.
Opposite: Player who plays
opposite the setter in the rotation. In
some systems, this player is also a
setter. In other systems, this player
is called a right-side.
Outside hitter: Usually plays at the
ends of the net when in the front
row. Also called right-side (opposite)
or left side (power).
Overhand pass: A pass with both
hands open that is controlled by the
fingers, with the face below the ball.
Both hands simultaneously contact
the ball above the head and direct it
to the intended target.
Overhand serve: Serving the ball
and striking it with the hand above
the shoulder. Float or spin.
Overlap: A violation called if a team
is lined up out of rotation when the
ball is served.
Overpass: A ball passed across the
net.
Overset: An errant set that crosses
the net without being touched by
another offensive player.
Pass: One of the 6 basic skills.
Receiving a serve or the first contact
of the ball with the intent to control
the ball to another player. Also called
a “bump”.
Pancake: One-hand floor defensive
technique where the hand is
extended and slid along the floor
palm down while the player dives or
extension rolls so the ball bounces
off the back of the hand and is
considered legal.
Party ball: When the ball is passed
across the net in front of attack line
so the front-row attacker can
immediately hit the ball on the first
contact.
Penetration: The blocker’s ability
to reach over the net above the
opponent’s court.
Perimeter: Backcourt defense
where 4 players arrange themselves
near the boundaries of the court.
Pipe: A back-row attack from the
middle of the court. Position 6.
Play: An attack with a planned fake,
usually including 2 or more hitter.
Quick set: An extremely low vertical
set used to beat the opponent’s
block. Can be set at any position on
the net.
Rally scoring: Scoring method
where points can be won by the
serving or receiving team.
Ready position: The flexed, yet
comfortable, posture a player
assumes before moving to the point
of contact.
Red card: Given by the official to a
player or coach for flagrant
misconduct resulting in a point/side
out to the opponent. Results in
automatic ejection and a point/side
out for the opponent.
Roof: To block a spike, usually
straight down for a point.
Rotation: The clockwise movement
of players around the court and
through the serving position
following a side out. Players must
retain their initial rotational order
throughout the entire game, but
once the ball is contacted on serve
they are allowed to move anywhere.
Seam: The mid-point between 2
players.
Serve: One of the 6 basic skills.
Used to put the ball into play. It is
the only skill controlled exclusively
by one player.
Set: One of the 6 basic skills. The
tactical skill in which a ball is
directed to a point where a player
can spike it into the opponent’s
court. Sets can be set at different
heights and different locations on
the net and offensively there are
names for each of these. First
number is location on net and
second number height of set.
(Example: 13.) Sets can also be
named.
Set attack: When a setter attempts
to score rather than set the ball to a
setter. Also called a shoot set.
Setter: The second passer whose job
it is to position a pass to the hitter.
Shallow: Near the net.
Shank: Severely misdirected pass.
Side out: Change of service when a
serving team has failed to score a
point. Occurs when the receiving
team successfully puts the ball away
against the
serving team, or when the serving
team commits an unforced error.
Six-pack: Being hit in the face with
the ball.
Six-two (6-2): An offense with four
spikers and two spiker/setters. Setter
comes from the back row.
Slide/step: A quick attack behind
the setter.
Spike: Also called a hit or attack. A
ball contacted with force by a player
on the offensive team who intends
to terminate the ball on the
opponent’s floor or off the
opponent’s blocker.
Split block: A double-block that
leaves a space between the blockers.
Stuff: A ball deflected back to the
attacking team’s floor by the
opponent’s blockers.
Substitution: Allows one player to
replace another player already on Transition: To switch from offense
the court. Rules dictate number of to defense and vice versa.
subs each team is allowed. Triple-block: Block formed by all 3
Switch: To change court positions front-row players.
after a ball is served to facilitate
strongest player positions. Underhand serve: A serve
performed with an underhand
Tandem: A combination in which striking action. The ball is usually
one player attacks immediately contacted with the heel of the hand.
behind another.
Tape: The top of the net. W serve-receive
Telegraph: To show one’s intention formation: Three players in the
to the opponents. front row, two in the back.
Three-meter line: The line Wipe: To deliberately spike the ball
extended across the court to signify off an opponent’s hands and out of
the point which a back-row player bounds. Also called a tool.
must leave the ground behind to
attack the ball. Also call “attack line” Yellow Card: Given by the official
and 10-foot line to a player or coach as a warning of
Tip: A one-handed, soft hit into the misconduct. Two yellow cards result
opponent’s court using the in an automatic red card.
fingertips. Also called a dink.
Tool: When an attacker hits the ball
off an opposing blocker’s arms out of
bounds. Also called a wipe.
Touch: A player contacting the ball
on the defensive play.

VII. Basic responsibilities

A. Players

Outside hitter

The outside hitter – also known as the left-side hitter – attacks from the
left antenna and requires a player with good jumping ability. The outside hitter is
often the focal point of the offense and completes most of the attack hits. They
must be able to adjust to sets coming from any location, as well as hit from the
front and back rows. On defense, they often receive the serve. Many outside
hitters possess good back row skills and remain in the game for all rotations.
They also work with the middle hitter in blocking opponent’s shots.

Responsibilities:

 Play in both the front and back row.

 Be the go-to hitter.
 One of the primary passers.
 Read the opponent’s defense and call out hitters.
 Block, often with the middle blocker.

Opposite hitter

This position – also known as the right-side hitter – plays near the right
antenna. Opposite hitters tend to be players who have the most versatility and
can excel on both offense and defense. The opposite hitter also needs to possess
solid jumping skills. Opposite hitters must be able to hit the ball from the front
and back rows. They also need to be ready to set the ball if the setter cannot do
it. Defensively, they line up against the opponent’s outside hitter and need to be
able to work with the middle blocker on blocks.

Responsibilities:

 Act as a backup setter on offense.

 Attack the ball when receiving a set.
 Block opponents outside hitter.
 Work with the middle hitter on blocks.
 Dig for quick attacks.

Setter

This position is essentially the quarterback or point guard of the team. A

setter runs the team’s offense. They aim to receive the second touch, setting it
for an attacking player. Due to this responsibility, they need to have strong
communication skills as they direct the offense and make quick decisions on the
court. A setter should be able to identify the opponent’s blockers and single out
which one is the weakest. Since they can play in either the front or back row,
setters need to be ready to block, dig and receive a serve on defense.

Responsibilities:

 Run the offense.

 Set the ball for teammates.
 Use a “dump shot” to keep opponents off balance.
 Be a vocal leader.
 Dig and block on defense.
 Identify blockers.

Middle blocker/hitter

This spot is known as either the middle blocker or middle hitter. The
team’s tallest athlete tends to play here. Their additional height can help the
player excel in this role. On defense, the middle blocker blocks the center area of
the net and has to be ready for the opponent’s quick middle attacks. But they
also need to move to either side to help teammates close blocks with the
opposite hitter and outside hitter. On offense, they play near the setter to
execute fast attacks. The middle hitter must be able to read the setter and
adjust their approach to get the most of their attack. They can also act as a
decoy to help confuse opponents and spread out their blockers.

Responsibilities:

 Read the opponent’s hitters to set up blocks.

  Block opponent’s shots.
 Use quick attacks on offense.
 Act as a decoy on offense.

Libero

This position focuses on defense. Liberos only play in the back row and
often receive the attack or serve. Players with good passing and defensive skills
have the most success at this position. However, liberos do play a key role on
offense. They need to be able to turn the first touch into a solid pass to the
setter. They also may need to set the ball from the back row if the setter isn’t
available. Liberos can come in and out of the game as needed and do not count
against a team’s substitutions. They also wear different colored jerseys to
distinguish themselves from their teammates. But there are several things a
libero cannot do. They cannot block, set an attack from the front court or attack
the ball above the height of the net.

Responsibilities:

 Replace certain players in the back row.

 Be ready to dig an opponent’s attack.
 Receive the opponent’s serve.
 Set the ball if the setter isn’t available.

Defensive specialist

This is another spot that’s all about playing defense. Defensive specialists
come in to replace a player who may not have the right skills for the back row.
Unlike the libero, defensive specialists must make a substitution with the
referees. Since teams may only have a certain number of substitutions
depending on their league rules, defensive specialists are limited to certain
situations. Another key difference between the libero and defensive specialists is
that defensive specialists can play any spot on the court. While a libero will sub
out after rotating through the back row, a defensive specialist can technically
stay in and play the front row if needed.

Responsibilities:

 Replace certain players in the back row.

 Be ready to dig or pursue.
 Be ready to play in the front row if needed.
 Play as a back-row hitter.

B. Team captain

“Team captain means being responsible”. Being a team captain means

accepting an extra level of responsibility for your sports team. Maybe you
arrive 15 minutes early to help the coach set up before a game or practice, or
you stay 15 minutes late and help carry everything back to their care. Maybe
you’re responsible for running pre-game stretching and warm-ups, getting
your teammates in the right mindset to compete. Whatever need doing, a
team captain should offer to take care if it (at least the best they can). It’s
not your job to be the coach, but even a great coach needs a little help from
time to time.

“Team captain means being setting a good example for your teammates”.
As the team captain, you attitude and actions set the tone for the rest of the
team. If you goof off or slack during practice you are giving permission to
your teammates to do the same. If you back-talk the coach, or poke fun at
him when their back is turned your teammates are going to believe that is
acceptable behaviour and follow your lead. If you single out a teammate and
pick on them the rest of your team is also going to gang up on that player. A
good team captain has to remember that what they do and say is going to be
mimicked by their teammates, for better or worse. If your team loses make
sure you shake the opposing teams’ hands and walk out with your head held
high. If your team wins don’t mock or rub it in the other teams’ faces. Being
a good team captain means setting a good example for your team at every
turn, no matter what may have happened.

“Team captain means pulling the team together”.  A great team captain
knows the strengths and weaknesses of every one of their teammates. Who
gets in their head in high-pressure situations? Who can you count on to run a
complicated play? A team captain has to pull the team together no matter
what the situation is.

Not that it’s their job to discipline their teammates (please leave that to the
coach), but the attitude of the team captain sets the attitude of the rest of
the team. If you are calm and focused under pressure it’s easier for your
teammates to stay calm and focused. If you take the first steps in rallying
around a player who had a disappointing at bat and or made a mistake that
cost your team the win most of the other players will fall in line and not
ostracize their teammate. A good captain can hold a team together through
thick and thin, win or loss, and keep everyone’s eye on the prize!

C. Coach

The role of coach is to enhance a players’ volleyball IQ and volleyball skill.

The player’s ability will determine his/her opportunity. The role of the player,
is to listen and apply what the coach is teaching to become a better player.
The coach is a volleyball professional whose job description is to improve the
level of the teak and all the individual players that comprise the team. That
will ultimately be the best way the coach will help a player realize his/her
goals of playing volleyball.

D. Assistant coach
 Train student-athlete in fundamental volleyball mechanics and
techniques and review performance of individual players for providing
feedback.
 Assist and provide guidance to all volleyball players in court and
ensure players receive adequate professional support.
 Assist head coach to maintain equipment inventory for volleyball.
 Provide guidance and counselling to student-athlete on athletic,
academic and personal issue as required.
 Develop and implement strategies to develop effective student
athletes’ physical fitness.
  Administer team and facilitates spirit of sportsmanship, social
development and positive relationship in student athletes.
 Prepare and circulate press release to media as part of media and
communication strategy.

VIII. Preparation for the match

It would be better for volleyball players to start preparing for games

beforehand. Obviously, the sooner athletes begin to prepare for volleyball
matches – the better. It would be better for volleyball players to take advantage
of the so called off-season to get ready for matches and tournaments. Below, we
would like to provide you with the tips that you need to follow to prepare for a
volleyball game in the best possible way.

 Prepare for a volleyball game physically. Obviously, volleyball

players must be well-prepared for the game both mentally and
physically. An athlete must be able to perform well on the court for a
long period of time.
That means that strength and endurance training needs to be a key
part of a volleyball team’s physical preparation program. While
preparing for the match physically athletes should also aim to improve
their volleyball skills dramatically. It also makes a lot of sense for
athletes to practice volleyball team drills for defense and offence.
 Prepare for a volleyball game mentally. Mental preparation for a
volleyball match involves studying the opponents, predicting the game,
learning how to stay focused during the game, achieving relaxation
and more. Athletes should also visualize before volleyball matches.
Mental imagery is something that helps volleyball players prepare for a
match mentally.
 Analyze the opposing team’ players carefully prior to a
volleyball match. It’s incredibly important for you to study your
opponent carefully prior to important volleyball matches. It’s a good
idea for volleyball players and coaches to watch the matches of the
opposing team together. This type of activity gives athletes an exciting
opportunity to discuss the pros and cons of their opponent and
prepare for the match mentally in the best possible way.
 Create a game plan. Volleyball players should be able to think ahead
and predict the game successfully. After studying the opponent
carefully the next thing that a volleyball team has to do is to develop a
game plan. However, things don’t always go as planned. That’s the
reason why a volleyball team should also have a plan B. So, volleyball
players will know what they need to do if their main plan doesn’t work.
 Visualize before volleyball matches. It’s important to know that
mental imagery offers a lot of great benefits to volleyball players of all
skill levels. First and foremost, visualization makes it possible for
volleyball players to improve their skills (serving, setting, digging,
blocking and attacking). Another big advantage is that visualization
allows athletes to achieve relaxation and reduce stress levels
dramatically prior to volleyball matches. Mental imagery allows
volleyball players to improve their performance on the court. When
visualizing the game an athlete should imagine himself/herself, his/her
teammates as well as the opposing team. It’s recommended for a
volleyball player to visualize 20 – 30 minutes before matches.
IX. Warm-up before the game start