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Straining Actions of Footings Connected With Tie Beams Resting On Replaced Soil
Straining Actions of Footings Connected With Tie Beams Resting On Replaced Soil
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Mohamed Abo-Alanwar
Mahmoud
HAS S UCCE SS FU LLY PU BLIS HED RES E ARCH P AP E R
STRAINING ACTIONS OF
FOOTINGS CONNECTED WITH TIE
BEAMS RESTING ON REPLACED
SOIL
MAY |
2017 Members | IJSER Review Board Panel | www.ijser.org
WWW.IJSER.ORG
STRAINING ACTIONS OF FOOTINGS
CONNECTED WITH TIE BEAMS RESTING ON
REPLACED SOIL
ﻣﻠﺨﺺ:
ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻭﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔ ّﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﻜﺰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ .ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﺗﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ .ﻓﻰ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺧﻄﻴﺔ PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATIONﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔ ّﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺘﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺗﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ .ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ
ﻫﻮ ﺇﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ
ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ .ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﺣﻼﻝ ﺭﻣﻠﻴﺔ ‘ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗُﺴّﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎ ً ﻹﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ) (soil 1ﻭﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ) . (soil 2ﻓﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ :ﺗﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ
ﻁﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ) (Lﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ 7B, 6B, 5.5B, 5B, 4Bﺣﻴﺚ Bﻫﻰ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ .ﺗﻢ
ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻢ
ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ . (M11 & M22) X & Yﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ
ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ‘ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔ ّﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ؛ ﻭﺑﻨﺎ ًء ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﺧﺬ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ .ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ (M11) Xﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ
ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ . (M22) Yﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﺒﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
Xﻭ .(M11 & M22) Y ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻸﺳﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ
ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ‘ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء
ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ) (Lﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ 6Bﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ
ﻫﺎﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻁﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺣﻼﻝ ) (Lﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ .6B
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017
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Abstract— The straining actions variation of foundations located on soil replacement are an important factors
affecting the foundation design and construction. Soil replacement may be refer to topography of the location or/and
accidents like a failure of slops or retaining structures and environmental soil conditions. Uneven soil density induces
structural, functional and operational as well as designing problems. In the present study, a non-linear finite element
PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION analysis is used to investigate the straining actions of two square footings connected with
tie beams resting on replaced soil. The aim of the present study is investigating and analyzing the effect of the
interaction between natural soil deposit, soil replacement density and length and foundations. Three different densities
of sand soil replacement were used. Four different groups for the geometry of the replaced soil were taken into
account related to the density of both of soil natural deposit (soil 1) and soil replaced soil (soil 2). For each group, the
length of replaced soil (L) is varied as 7B, 6B, 5.5B, 5B and 4B where B is the footing width and length. Vertical
displacements of foundations, bending moments and shear force along the tie beam length were obtained. In addition
the bending moment in the two directions X & Y (M11 & M22) induced in the footings have been determined. From the
obtained results, it is concluded that variation of replaced soil density change final straining actions of footings and tie
beams. Thus, variation of replaced soil density must be considered in foundation deign to avoid error in design.
However, in case of the natural soil deposit is dense, increasing the density of the replaced soil increases the
maximum moment in X direction (M11) in footings but has no significant effect on maximum moment in Y direction
(M22). Also, in case of the natural soil deposit is loose, increasing the density of the replaced soil has no significant
effect on maximum moment in X and Y directions (M11 & M22) in footings. In addition, in case of the natural soil
deposit is dense, increasing the density of the replaced soil decreases maximum moment and shear force of tie beam
for replaced soil length ≥ 6B, however, there is no significant effect in case of replaced soil length <6B.
Keywords — straining actions; tie beam, foundations, soil/structure interaction; replacement; soil; density;
displacements; design; plaxis.
—————————— ——————————
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017
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investigated the soil structure interaction analysis of two M. B., (2013) investigated the effect of tie beam length, width
isolated footings connected by tie beam as well as by a wall and overlap- stress on settlement of foundation. Effect of
supported on a strip footing. Three dimensional solid overlap stress as well as tie beam length and width has been
elements were used to represent the footings, beam and determined. Also, efficiency of tie beam length and width on
columns. Winkler model was used to represent the soil. A overlap stress has been obtained.
parametric study included beam depth, soil stiffness, soil Elsamny, M.K., et al. (2017) investigated the effect of tie beam
nonuniformity and the level of the tie beam relative to the dimensions (length and height) connecting two isolated
footing was performed. The effects of these parameters on footings on the vertical displacement in Y-direction and
the distribution of the loads between the tie beam and the horizontal displacement in both X and Z directions. A finite
footings, the relative settlement and the stresses in the tie element package of a PLAXIS 3D has been used to
beam were investigated. Elbatal, S. A. (2008) evaluated the investigate the behavior of the two isolated footings of
foundation design by using three models, isolated footings different dimensions connected with tie beam. The
connected with beams, grid strip footing and raft foundation. parameters and criteria have been used were footings
The parameters and criteria have been used were the effect of dimensions aspect ratio, footing thickness, tie beam length
foundation thickness, the effect of soil types as well as effect and beam cross section. As well as angle of internal friction
of superstructure types and its number of floors on the and cohesion of soil. The results indicated that the vertical
followings: (i) Contact pressure distributions under displacement in Y-direction and horizontal displacement in
foundation and (ii) Distribution of column loads. Parametric both X and Z directions increases with increasing the length
study has been done for isolated footings connected with of tie beam. Also, the vertical displacement in Y-direction
beams and for grid strip footing as well as raft foundation and horizontal displacement in both X and Z directions
without considering superstructure effect and with decreases with increasing the angle of internal friction in
considering superstructure effect. The finite element sandy soil as well as cohesion in clayey soil. The vertical
technique was used to perform the analysis for these models. displacement in Y-direction and horizontal in X and Z
Computer program "COSMOS/M version 2.6" was used. Al- directions decreases with increasing the height of tie beam.
Omari, R. R. And Al-Ebadi, L. H. (2008) studied theoretically However in the present study, the effect of relative areas of
the effect of tie beams on settlement, moments and shear added compacted soil layers on soil structure interaction
developed in the foundation. Grid foundation consisted of behavior as well as design of an existing footings connected
nine footings were selected in the study. Three-dimensional with tie beam were investigated.
nonlinear finite element analyses have been conducted. The
soil has been assumed to follow the Drucker-Prager rate
independent plasticity criterion. The parametric study
conducted involved the effects of tie beams proportion, tie
beams soil contact and an induced soil weakness beneath
parts of the total foundation area. The detailed results
Natural Soil Profile
indicated that the tie beams reduce the total and differential
settlements of footings. Almasri A. H. and Taqieddin. Z. N.,
(2011) investigated the effete tie beam on structural resistance
to settlement using finite element analysis of three
dimensional structural models. Results indicate that tie beam Natural Soil Deposit
has efficiency to decrease differential settlement under both
static and dynamic loads. Abd-Elsamee, W.N. (2012)
conducted a field tests to investigate the cooperation between
tie beams and footing depth using two steel rigid plates (one
is square and one is circular). The effect of footings size with Fig. 1(a). Natural Soil Deposites In Most New Cities
dimension (1.00 x 1.00 x 0.50) m, (2.00 x 2.00 x 0.50) m and
(3.00 x 3.00 x 0.50) m has been investigated. Settlement was
found to be sensitive to the tie beam length connected
footings. It was also notes that the settlement under footings
connected with tie beam decreases with decreasing tie beam
length. However, footings connected with short tie beams are
found to work as one footing. Elsamny, M.K., et al. (2012)
conducted an investigation to study the cooperation between
footings and tie beams to transfer the vertical loads to the Replaced Soil
supporting soil. Effect of tie beam length and surcharge on
displacement of soil were investigated. Finite element Natural Soil Deposit
computer program two-dimensional finite element was used
to simulate theoretically tie beam and foundations
displacements. A theoretical formulii have been presented to
calculate the settlement for the square and the rectangular
Fig. 1(b) .Replaced soil ( surface equalization)
footings with tie beam including surcharge effect. Elsedeek,
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 5, May-2017
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Soil Type
Medium
Dense
Loose
Parameter Unit
sand
sand
sand
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Control
002 Medium -----------
003 Loose -----------
1A1 7B
1A2 6B
Medium
Group I
Dense
1A3 5.5 B
1A4 5B
1A5 4B
1B1 7B
1B2 6B
Group II
Dense
Loose
Fig. 7. Variation of the length of replaced soil (L) in plane view. 1B3 5.5 B
1B4 5B
1B5 4B
2A1 7B
Group III
2A2 6B
Dense
Loose
2A3 5.5 B
2A4 5B
2A5 4B
2B1 7B
Group IV
2B2 6B
Medium
a. L = 7B b. L = 6B Loose
2B3 5.5 B
2B4 5B
2B5 4B
3. NUMERICAL RESULTS
The obtained theoretical results involve the followings:
i. Bending moment and shear force along tie beam
c. L = 5.5B d. L = 5B length.
ii. Mmaximum absolute bending moments and shear
force on tie beam.
iii. Bending moment at the center of both footings
iv. Vertical displacement for footings connected with
tie beam and soil
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Fig. 12. Relationship between bending moments along the axisof tie
beam for group III (soil 1 = Loose & soil 2 = Dense).
Fig. 13. Relationship between bending moments along the axisof tie
beam for group IV (soil 1 = Loose & soil 2 = Medium).
Fig. 11. Relationship between bending moments along the axisof tie
beam for group II (soil 1 = Dense & soil 2 = Loose).
Fig. 14. Relationship between shear forces along the axisof tie beam for
control group.
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Fig. 15. Relationship between shear forces along the axisof tie beam for
group I (soil 1 = Dense & soil 2 = Medium).
Fig. 16. Relationship between shear forces along the axisof tie beam for
group II (soil 1 = Dense & soil 2 = Loose).
Fig. 17. Relationship between shear forces along the axisof tie beam for
group III (soil 1 = Loose & soil 2 = Dense).
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Fig. 22. Comparison between maximum absolute bending moments Fig. 25. Comparison between maximum absolute shear forces along the
along the axisof tie beam for group IV (soil 1 = Loose & soil 2 = axisof tie beam for group III (soil 1 = Loose & soil 2 = Dense).
Medium).
Fig. 26. Comparison between maximum absolute shear forces along the
axisof tie beam for group IV (soil 1 = Loose & soil 2 = Medium).
Fig. 27. The relasionship between length of replaced soil (X) and
Fig. 24. Comparison between maximum absolute shear forces along the bending moments in both X & Y directions (M11 & M22) at the center of
axisof tie beam for group II (soil 1 = Dense & soil 2 = Loose). both footings (F1 & F2) for group I (soil 1 = Dense & soil 2 = Medium).
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a. L = 7B b. L = 6B
a. L = 7B b. L = 6B
c. Loose sand
e. L = 4B
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4. CONCLUSIONS
From the present investigation the followings are
concluded:
I. In case of the natural soil deposit is dense and the
replaced soil is loose soil, decreasing the length of
replaced soil decreases the bending moments (M11 &
M22) in both X &Y directions of footings.
a. L= 7B b. L = 6B
II. In case of the replaced soil is loose, decreasing the length
of replaced soil decreases the absolute maximum shear
force along the tie beam length.
III. In case of the natural soil deposit is dense, increasing the
density of the replaced soil increases the maximum
moment (M11) in X direction of footings. However, there
is no significant effect on maximum moment (M22) in Y
direction of footings.
c. L = 5.5B d. L = 5B
IV. In case of the natural soil deposit is loose, increasing the
density of the replaced soil has no significant effect on
maximum moment (M11 & M22) in X and Y directions of
footings, as well as the maximum bending moment and
shear force of the tie beam.
V. In case of the natural soil deposit is dense, increasing the
density of the replaced soil decreases maximum moment
and shear force of tie beam for replaced soil length ≥ 6B.
e. L = 4B
However, there is no significant effect in case of replaced
Fig. 38. Vertical displacement for footings connected with tie beam soil length < 6B.
for group III (soil 1 = Loose & soil 2 = Dense).
Future study for repair and strengthening of foundation
resting on replaced soil with variable density shall be
applied.
REFERENCES
[1] Abd El-Samee, W.N., (2012), “Effect of Tie Beam Length and Depth
of Isolated Footings on Settelement of Granular Soils” Al-Azhar
University Engineering Journal, 7, 965–988.
i. LL = 7B j. L = 6B [2] Almasri A. H., Taqieddin. Z. N., (2011), “Finite Element Study of
Using Concrete Tie Beams to Reduce Differential Settlement
Between Footings” Proceedings of the 13th WSEAS International
Conference on Mathematical and Computational Methods in
Science and Engineering, Catania, Sicily, Italy — November 03 -
05, 2011
[3] Al-Omari, R. R. and Al-Ebadi, L. H. (2008), “Effect of Tie Beams on
Settlements and Moments of Footings” The 12th International
Conference of International Association for Computer Methods
k. L = 5.5B l. L = 5B and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG) 1-6 October, 2008
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