50th INDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE

50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FREE AND FIXED HEAD LONG PILES

Sumit Kumar Biswas1, Sibapriya Mukherjee2, Nabajyoti Chaudhuri3, Moyukh De4

ABSTRACT

Piles are often subjected to a wide variety of lateral loading which may be due to earthquake, wind, sea wave
and the like. Thus, it can be realized that a great importance lies in the analysis of piles response under lateral
load. Under similar soil conditions, the behavioral difference for free head and fixed head laterally loaded
piles are required for proper pile design. Keeping this in view, an attempt has been made to carry out a
comparative study on some aspects of behavior of laterally loaded free head and fixed head long piles in
cohesionless soil (sand) with the help of experimental study and also by numerical study using 3D finite
element models. The foundation medium, the length-to-diameter ratio of pile, relative density of sand and
embedment ratio (ratio of embedded length to total pile length) were varied to carry out by experimental and
consequent numerical analysis for different cases of fixed head and free head long piles. The various L/d
ratios are 42, 50 and 55. In homogeneous sand the various relative densities considered are 42%, 62%, 74%
and 90%. Two types of layered sand (Sand A and Sand B) considered in the present study. Sand A has 42%
relative density and 74% relative density in upper and lower layer respectively whereas sand B has 42%
relative density and 90% relative density in upper and lower layer respectively. “42% relative density”, “74%
relative density” and “90% relative density” correspond to “medium compactness”, “dense compactness” and
“very dense compactness” of the sand. Moreover, in case of layered soil, the various thicknesses of upper
layer considered are 0%, 10%, 20%, 33%, 50%, 67% and 100%.

So, in a nut-shell, the experimental and numerical analyses have been carried out by model experiments and
using PLAXIS-3D Foundation software respectively for single long piles with variation of some soil-pile
parameters. The study was carried out for both homogeneous and layered sand media. At the outset, it was
observed that there are almost no differences in the values of the coefficient of modulus of horizontal
subgrade reaction in case of free head piles and fixed head piles for both homogeneous and layered sand
media. The values of the coefficient of modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction were found to increase with
decrease in thickness of the weaker top layer in case of layered sand medium. Moreover, the results of
experimental and numerical analyses were found to agree well to each other.

1
Sumit Kumar Biswas, Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, sumiturdr1@gmail.com
2
Professor Sibapriya Mukherjee ,Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India , sibapmukh@yahoo.co.in
3
Nabajyoti Chaudhuri, Burdwan Development Authority, Burdwan, India, nabajyotichaudhuri@gmail.com
4
Moyukh De, PHED, Govt. of West Bengal, India, 123sherlock@gmail.com
Sumit kumar Biswas / Sibapriya Mukherjee / Nabajyoti Chaudhuri / Moyukh De

Keywords:
Laterally loaded pile, model experiment, numerical study, 3D finite element model, PLAXIS-3D, layered
sand, homogeneous sand
 50thINDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE

50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FREE AND FIXED HEAD LONG PILES

Sumit Kumar Biswas, Assistant professor, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, sumiturdr1@gmail.com
Sibapriya Mukherjee, Professor, Jadavpur University, sibapmukh@yahoo.co.in
Nabajyoti Chaudhuri, Assistant Engineer, Burdwan Development Authority, nabajyotichaudhuri@gmail.com
Moyukh De, Assistant Engineer, PHED, Govt. of West Bengal, 123sherlock@gmail.com

ABSTRACT: Piles are often exposed to a various types of laterally loaded situations which may arise due to
earthquake, wind, sea wave and the like. Therefore, intense significance lies in the analysis and design of piles and to
understand the response of the piles under lateral loading. Under similar soil conditions, the behavior appears to be
different for free head and fixed head laterally loaded piles. Having this in consideration, an attempt has been taken to
perform a study (with the help of 3D finite element models) on some features of behavior of laterally loaded free head
and fixed head long piles (embedded in cohesionless soil i.e. sand) to find out their similarities or dissimilarities. The
varying parameters were foundation medium, the length-to-diameter ratio of pile, relative density of sand and
embedment ratio (ratio of embedded length to total pile length) in executing numerical analysis for different cases of
fixed head and free head long piles. Therefore, concisely, the analysis has been done with variation of some soil-pile
parameters using PLAXIS-3D Foundation software (version 2.1) for single long piles. The study was performed for
both homogeneous and layered soil media. Finally, it was observed that the values of the coefficient of modulus of
horizontal subgrade reaction was almost same in case of free head piles than that for fixed head piles for both
homogeneous and layered sand media. The values of the coefficient of modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction were
found to increase with decrease in thickness of the weaker top layer in case of layered sand medium. To gain proper
understanding regarding the difference in behavior between free head and fixed head long piles, the parametric study
was supplemented with the numerical results obtained from the analysis.

INTRODUCTION With this in view, an attempt has been made in the

The common causes of lateral loads are wind forces
on structures like towers, buildings, bridges and large
signs, the centripetal force from vehicular traffic on
curved highway bridges, force of water flowing
against the substructure of bridges, lateral seismic
forces from earthquakes, and backfill loads behind
walls. Thus it is understood that response of pile
under lateral loading has a great importance in
analysis and design of piles. Many approaches have
been made by various researchers so far [1, 9, 10].
Non-dimensional stiffness factors (R and T for
cohesive and cohesionless soils respectively) were
suggested to predict and understand the behavior of
piles [9] by dividing it into two basic types that is the
short and long piles respectively. However,
subsequent studies have indicated that the soil
stiffness parameter for cohesionless soil as foundation
medium (coefficient of modulus of horizontal
subgrade reaction, represented as ηh) varies with
respect to the type of pile [4] and fixity at the pile
head.
present investigation [6] for a comparative study
between laterally loaded free head and fixed head
long piles in homogenous and layered cohesionless
soil media. This investigation has been carried out
using PLAXIS-3D Foundation software (version 2.1)
to generate 3D finite element models for both free
and fixed headed long single piles. These single pile
models were modeled as cast iron hollow piles
because results of the experimental investigation done
with them have been found to be in close agreement
with the results of respective PLAXIS 3D models [2].
Later, they were studied with respect to the variation
of different design parameters such as length-to-
diameter ratio of pile, relative density of sand (the
foundation medium) and embedment ratio. Using the
results of the finite element models, a numerical
study has also been carried out by finite difference
approach to evaluate the soil interaction parameter for
sand – the coefficient of modulus of horizontal sub-
grade reaction (ηh) and its variation has been studied
with the parameters mentioned above. A comparative
Sumit kumar Biswas / Sibapriya Mukherjee / Nabajyoti Chaudhuri / Moyukh De

study was then done between free head and fixed A pile cap of concrete conforming to a mix ratio of
head long piles. 1:1:2 and having a size of 72mm × 72mm × 60 mm
was casted at the pile head as shown in Fig. 1.
NUMERICAL STUDY
A numerical study was carried out by PLAXIS 3D Density, elastic modulus and compressive strength of
finite element software. Variation of deflection and the concrete were calculated by routine concrete tests
test
moments of pile at different depths were obtained for conforming to the latest versions of IS 516 and IS
different 3D finite element models. Further finite 1199 respectively. The material properties are listed
difference formulations were used as done by Biswas in Table 2 below:
et al. 2013 [3] to evaluate the modulus of sub grade
reaction (kh) from the above results. Using PLAXIS-
PLAXIS Table 2 Material properties of pile cap
3D, same results would have been obtained indirectly Properties Value
by evaluating the stress at the Gaussian integration Density of Concrete 2438.885 kg/m3
points or stress points as done
one earlier by Kim and Young’s Modulus (Ep) 2.55E+09 kg/m2
Jeong [7]. However, this would have taken a larger Compressive strength (ffck) 25 MPa
computational time than the method adopted for the Poisson’s Ratio (µc) 0.1
present study. Thus the numerical part of the study
comprises of two analyses:
a) Finite Element Analysis by PLAXIS-3D PLAXIS
Foundation version
ersion 2.1 software to obtain moment
and deflection curves of the piles due to lateral load.
b) Application of Finite Difference Method on those
data obtained from PLAXIS Analysis.

MODEL PILE AND FOUNDATION ATION MEDIUM

The model pile and the foundation medium
considered in the numerical study are taken according
to those considered by Biswas et al [2] in their model Fig. 1 Pile cap on model piles
pile experiments.
Long pile and short pile criteria
Model Pile A pile based on its behavior during loading can be
The material properties of the cast iron considered in classified as a long pile or short pile. It is done by
the model pile are the same as considered by Biswas considering a constant known as the stiffness factor
et al. 2012 in their study [2]. (R or T). For cohesionless soil, stiffness factor T is
used. It depends on flexural rigidity of the pile (EI)
(
Table 1 Material properties of cast iron model pile and the coefficient of modulus of horizontal sub- sub
Properties Value grade reaction (ηh) as per the equation:
Density of Cast Iron 9.23×10-88 kN/mm3 1
 EI  5
Young's Modulus (Ep) 66307.55 MPa. T =  (1)
Shear Modulus (τp) 27130.424 MPa.  ηh 
Poisson Ratio (µs) 0.222 Now, if the embedded length of the pile is denoted by
‘L’,
’, then the pile is said to be a short pile if L ≤ 2T
Hollow cast iron model piles of outer diameter 24 and a long pile, if L ≥ 4T..
mm and thickness of 2 mm with embedded lengths of In Fig. 2, the model piles used in the present
pres study are
720mm, 1008mm, 1200mm and 1320mm (to achieve classified as short and long piles in terms stiffness
desired length-to-diameter
diameter ratios of 30, 42, 50 and 55 factor T,, with respect to the relative density of sand.
respectively) were considered. The values of ηh are taken from clause C-3 Table 5,
Pile cap of IS 2911 (Part l/Sec 2): 2010.
 500thINDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE

50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India

is shown here in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respectively. Fig. 3

and Fig. 4 presents ‘φ’ verses
ve ‘relative density’ and
‘Elastic Modulus’ verses ‘density’ respectively.
These were obtained by conducting appropriate pilot
tests as done by Biswas et al. 2012 [2].

Fig. 2 Length (in mm) vs. Relative Density of sand

(%) with respect to length-to-diameter
diameter ratio Fig.3 Calibration Graph for Angle of internal friction
vs. Relative density
As can be seen from the above graph, model cast iron
piles with length-to-diameter
diameter ratio of 42, 50 and 55
can be classified as long piles whereas the model cast
iron piles of length-to-diameter
diameter ratio of 30 can be
classified as piles intermediate between long and
short regions.

Foundation Medium
In this study, sand has been considered as the
foundation medium.
Fig. 4 Elastic modulus of sand vs. density with
Table 3 Properties of the sand considered respect to different confining pressure
Properties Value
Maximum Dry Density (γdmax) 1.70 gm/cc Test Tank
Minimum Dry Density (γdmin) 1.37 gm/cc A square wooden tank of 100 cm × 100 cm × 225 cm
Specific Gravity (Gs) 2.696 deep was fabricated for the experimental model tests
Void Ratio (loosest) emax 0.992 to facilitate the observation of lateral response in the
t
Void Ratio (densest) emin 0.605 foundation medium
Poisons Ratio (n) 0.20
Soil Interaction Parameters: kh and ηh
The calibration curves representing angle of internal To understand the interaction of soil on the laterally
friction (φ) vs. relative density, angle of internal loaded pile, soil interaction parameters are used for
friction (φ) vs. density, elastic modulus vs. density, both cohesive and cohesionless soil parameters. They
increment of elastic modulus with depth (E
( increment) vs. are used to calculate the stress developed by the soil
density, coefficient of horizontal earth pressure (k0) continuum on the pile. For cohesionless soil a method
vs. density were plotted. Among these curves, the t in this regard was proposed by Poulos and Davis [8].
properties of sand (relative density, angle of internal The main soil interaction parameter is the horizontal
friction, Young’s modulus and density) as considered, sub-grade reaction, K (force/length2), however the
Sumit kumar Biswas / Sibapriya Mukherjee / Nabajyoti Chaudhuri / Moyukh De

ratio of the former with the diameter or width of pile These dimensions were considered adequate to
is known as modulus of horizontal ontal sub-grade
sub eliminate the boundary effects on the performance of
reaction, kh (force/length3). Further the product of kh pile. To model the behavior of soil surrounding the
with the ratio of diameter or width to the depth is pile, Mohr-coulomb
coulomb failure criteria have been used.
known as coefficient of modulus of horizontal sub-sub This elasto-plastic
plastic model depends on the soil
grade reaction, ηh (force/length ). The modulus of
3
parameters; friction angle “φ´”
“ and cohesion intercept
horizontal sub-grade reaction, ηh is used as an “c´”,
´”, Young's modulus “E´”, change in elastic
integral soil interaction parameter in case of modulus with depth “Eincrement” and Poisson’s ratio
cohesionless soil medium as it has a constant value “µ´”. These parameters helped to obtain stress-strain
stress
for a specific cohesionless soil medium. behavior of the soil. The pile was modeled with linear
elastic elements following Hooke’s law. The linear
SOIL PILE MODELING BY Y PLAXIS 3D elastic model included two elastic stiffness
The whole soil continuum has been divided into a parameters viz. Young's modulus “E” and Poisson’s
number of 15-noded
noded wedge elements to form the 3D ratio “µ”.
finite element mesh. The 15-noded
noded elements were
constructed with 8-noded
noded quadrilaterals in vertical FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD ME
direction and 6-noded
noded triangles in horizontal From the analysis of PLAXIS 3D models the
direction. Consequently,
onsequently, interface elements were variation of moments with respect to the depth of pile
modeled as 16-node
node (consisting of eight pairs of and the displacement profile (horizontal deflection
nodes) interface elements. verses depth of pile) of the pile for gradual increment
The depth of soil continuum was taken as 1.7 times of horizontal load are obtained in each case of
the length of the pile (Kim and Jeong [7]) for analysis. On these results the finite difference
numerical modeling (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). approach is further infused to obtain the values of
coefficient of modulus of horizontal subgrade
reaction (ηh). A brief description regarding this has
been given below.

Forr application of finite difference procedures the

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the free head pile model
Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of the fixed head pile
model
pile was divided into a number of nodes and then
finite difference equations were used with respective
boundary conditions and failure load criterion was
considered with assumption of the appropriate fixity
depth of pile. These assumptions were taken as
suggested by Biswas et al 2013 [3, 4]. Then
subsequently applying them on the displacement
profile of pile, soil interaction parameter that is the
coefficient of horizontal sub-grade
sub reaction, kh was
obtained.. This was done by using a computer
program coded in C++ language and subsequently ηh
was obtained in accordance to the expression
proposed by Poulos and Davis [8]. The expression is
η ×z
as follows: k h = h (2)
B
where, ηh is the coefficient of modulus of horizontal
subgrade reaction in case of sand (force/length3), z is
the depth of the pile (length) and B is breadth of the
pile or the diameter of the pile (length), which in this
case is the pile diameter. The whole procedureproced
 500thINDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE

50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India

corresponds to that procedure which was suggested
by Biswas et al 2013 [3, 4].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The values of coefficient of modulus of subgrade
reaction for cohesionless soil medium, ηh were
consequently calculated by varying different soil pile
parameters and subsequent graphs were plotted for
comparative analysis between free and fixed head
long piles.
Variation of the Coefficient of Modulus of
Horizontal Subgrade Reaction (ηh) With Soil-Pile
Parameters
The variation of coefficient of modulus of horizontal
subgrade reaction (ηh) is studied with respect to the
following parameters (values of each parameter used
in this study are indicated within parenthesis) both for
homogeneous and layered soil:
1. Relative density for homogeneous soil (42%, 62%,
74% and 90%),
2. Relative density combination for layered soil (42%
for upper and 74% for lower layer for type –A soil,
42% for upper and 90% for lower layer for type – B
soil),
3. Length-to-diameter
diameter ratios (42, 50 and 55)
4. Ratio of top layer thickness to embedded pile
length. (10%, 20%, 33%, 50%, 67% and 100%)
soil (i.e. with thee increase of compactness of the
sand), the soil resistance increases, which in turn
increases the value of the coefficient of modulus of
sub-grade reaction (ηh).
Further it appears from the figures that for any given
value of L/d ratio and relative density,
densi value of
coefficient of modulus of sub-grade
sub reaction (ηh)
remains almost of same order for free head and fixed
head pile.
This is due to the fact that whether it is free head or
fixed head pile; if the relevant parameters of the soil
system remain same, e, the stiffness of soil does not
alter. So fixity (88.88%) developed at the pile head
(in
in case of a fixed head pile in the present study) does
not noticeably or distinguishably affect the stiffness
of the soil system.
Fig. 7 ηh vs. Relative Density Graph
Gra for Free Head
Long pile in Homogeneous Layer

A. Homogeneous Soil

ηh vs. Relative Density

From the numerical results, coefficient of horizontal
modulus of sub-grade reaction (ηh) vs. relative
density graphs for homogeneous soil in the case of
free head and fixed head long pile have been plotted
in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 respectively, for different length-
length
to-diameter ratios.
It can be observed from the graphs that for all the
cases of L/d ratios, the values of coefficient of Fig. 8 ηh vs. Relative Density Graph for Fixed Head
modulus of sub-grade reaction (ηh) increases with the Long pile in Homogeneous Layer
increase of relative density of the sand used as the
foundation medium. This holds true for both the cases ηh vs. Length-to-Diameter
Diameter (L/d) Ratio
of fixed head and free head piles. This is due to the Fig. 9 and 10 indicates the variation of coefficient of
fact that, with the increase of relative density of the horizontal modulus of sub-grade
sub reaction (ηh) vs.
Sumit kumar Biswas / Sibapriya Mukherjee / Nabajyoti Chaudhuri / Moyukh De
length-to-diameter ratio (L/d)) for different
compactness of sand.
It can be observed from the all figures that with
increase of L/d ratio (when L/d ratio is beyond 40),
decrease in the value of ηh takes place but the rate of
decrease depends on the density of sand.
Fig. 9 ηh vs. Length-to-diameter
diameter Ratio Graph for Free
Head Long Pile
Fig. 10 ηh vs. Length-to-diameter
diameter Ratio Graph for
Fixed Head Long Pile
Dense (having relative density=74%) to very dense
(having relative density=90%) sand shows an
appreciable rate of decrease in the value of ηh
whereas medium dense (having relative
density=42%) sand shows very little rate of decrease.
This is due to the fact that as the L/d ratio increases,
the pile loses its stiffness. So, the fixity point of pile
goes down. As a consequence, the stress acting on the
pile can act over a larger length of the pile than for
the piles with the lower L/d ratio. Thehe head deflection
of pile should increase as the position of the fixity
point will go deeper. Again for the same amount of
lateral load, if relative density is less,, the fixity point
also attains more lowered position. As a result, the
amount of pile head deflection ion is more for the same
amount of lateral load for less relative density when
the other parameters remain unaltered.
unaltered And as the
pile head deflection is more, horizontal sub-grade
reaction (k) is less for same amount of soil reaction
pile ηh is proportional to the
per unit length of a pile.
grade reaction (k), so the value of ηh
horizontal sub-grade
decreases.
B. Layered Soil
ηh vs. Top Layer Thickness Variation
Two types of sand layer (Sand A and Sand B) have
been used in this study:
Sand A: Relative density for top layer is 42% and for
bottom layer is 74%.
Sand B: Relative density for top layer is 42% and for
bottom layer is 90%.
Variation for coefficient of horizontal modulus of
sub-grade reaction (ηh) with ratio of top layer
thickness to embedded pile length (embedment ratio)
for two combinations of density variations that is the
medium to dense and medium to very dense
compactness for free head and fixed head piles are
represented respectively in Fig.11
Fig to Fig.14.
From the figures, it can be observed that as the
percentage of top layer thickness increases, the values
of coefficient of modulus of subgrade reaction (η ( h)
decreases. This is seen in both the cases of fixed head
and free head piles for all the L/d ratios considered.
The
he density of the top layer of soil is relatively less
(RD = 42%) as compared to the bottom layer (RD ( =
74% for Sand A and RD = 90% for Sand B). As a
result the top layer is weaker and thus as the
percentage of top layer thickness increases, the
stiffness of the soil-pile
pile system decreases; which in
turn decreases the value of coefficient of modulus of
subgrade reaction (ηh).
In this regard, it is to be noted that figure 11 to figure
14 show almost same value of coefficient of modulus
of sub-grade reaction (ηh) for any given value of L/d
ratio and any specific percentage of upper layer
thickness of any particular sand for free head and
fixed head pile. This indicates that there is no effect
of fixity on stiffness of the soil system.
Further, it can be seen (from all figures) that the
values
es of the coefficient of modulus of subgrade
reaction (ηh) is more for Sand B as compared to Sand
A. The reason is quite obvious, because the bottom
layer of Sand B (RD = 90%) has a higher degree of
 500thINDIAN GEOTECHNICAL CONFERENCE
50th
IGC
17th – 19th DECEMBER 2015, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Venue: College of Engineering (Estd. 1854), Pune, India
compactness than the bottom layer of Sand A (RD( =
74%), thus
hus providing a greater stiffness to the soil-
soil
pile system.
Fig. 11 ηh vs. Percent of Top Layer Thickness for
Long pile in Layered Soil (Sand: A) for free head pile
Fig. 12 ηh vs. Percent of Top Layer Thickness for
Long pile in Layered Soil (Sand: B) for free head pile
Fig. 13 ηh vs. Percent of Top Layer Thickness for
Long pile in Layered Soil (Sand: A) for fixed head
pile
Fig. 14 ηh vs. Percent of Top Layer Thickness for
Long pile in Layered Soil (Sand: B) for fixed head
pile
From the figures it has been also studied that the
difference between the values of the coefficient of
modulus of subgrade reaction (η ( h) of Sand B and
Sand A (for
for a given L/d ratio) decreases with increase
in the percent of upper layer thickness and tends to be
negligible when the percentage of upper layer
thickness is very near to 100%.
This indicates that with the increase in upper layer
thickness, the bottom layer thickness diminishes
resulting enhanced influence of upper layer on the
magnitude of coefficient of modulus of subgrade
reaction. So when the bottom layer thickness is nil, its
influence is almost nullified on the value of
coefficient of modulus of subgrade reaction.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions have been drawn from the
present study:
(1)) The values of modulus of sub-grade
sub reaction (ηh)
for free head piles are almost same compared to the
corresponding values in fixed head pile under similar
soil conditions.
(2) For both free and fixed head single pile, variation
grade reaction (ηh) with density is
of modulus of sub-grade
linear and it increases with the increase in relative
density within the range of parameters studied.
(3) With increase inn length-to-diameter
length ratio of pile
for both free and fixed head piles in different relative
densities of sand media, the values of ηh decreases.
Sumit kumar Biswas / Sibapriya Mukherjee / Nabajyoti Chaudhuri / Moyukh De

(4) For a constant length-to-diameter ratio, as the
percent of top layer (having lesser relative density
compared to lower layer) thickness increases, the
value of ηh for both cases, that is for free head and
fixed head piles decreases with the increase of the
percentage of top layer thickness.
(5) For free and fixed head piles in layered soil
medium as the density increases from medium and
dense to medium and very dense condition the
decrease of ηh is more for the earlier case.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors sincerely acknowledge the influence of
the work of Biswas et al. 2013 [5] (relating to “A
comparative study of free and fixed head short piles”)
over the present study and in consequence over the
present paper.
REFERENCES
1. Broms, B.B. (1965), Design of laterally loaded
piles, Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Division, Vol. 91, 79-99
2. Biswas, S.K., Mukherjee, S., and De, M., (2012):
A Study on Response of Laterally Loaded Piles
Embedded in Layered Cohesionless Soil.
Proceedings of IGC-2012 at Delhi held on
December 13-15, 2012, Delhi, India.
6. Chaudhuri, N. (2014). Response of Single Long
Piles under Lateral Load in Cohesionless Soil
Medium, M. E. Thesis, Department of Civil
Engineering, Jadavpur University, West Bengal,
India.
7. Kim Youngho and Jeong Sangseom, (2011):
Analysis of soil resistance on laterally loaded
piles based on 3D soil–pile interaction.
Computers and Geotechnics 38 (2011), pp. 248–
257.
8. Poulos H.G and Davis E.H, (1980). Pile
Foundation Analysis and Design. Publication
John Wiley & Sons, the University of Sydney.
9. Reese, L.C. and Matlock, H. (1956). Non-
dimensional solutions for laterally-loaded piles
with soil modulus assumed proportional to depth.
Proceedings of the 8th Texas Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Austin,
Texas, 1-41.
10. Reese, L.C. Cox, W. R., and Koop, F. D. (1974)
Analysis of laterally loaded piles in sand. Proc.
6th Annual Offshore Technology Conference,
Houston, paper OTC 2080, 473–483.

3. Biswas, S.K., Mukherjee, S., and De, M., (2013):

Study of Soil Stiffness Parameter in Case of
Laterally Loaded Free Head Long Pile. Indian
Science Cruiser, Vol.27, No.1. January (2013),
pp.10-19.

4. Biswas, S.K., Mukherjee, S., and De, M., (2013):

Comparative Study between the Behavior of Long
and Short Laterally Loaded Single Pile.
Proceedings of “Pile-2013” at Bandung held on
June 02-04, 2013, Bandung, Indonesia.

5. Biswas, S.K., Mukherjee, S., and De, M., (2013):

A Comparative Study of Free and Fixed Head
Short Pile. Proceedings of IGC-2013 at Roorkee
held on December 22-24, 2013, Roorkee, India.