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 BIBLIOTHEK
INDOGERMANISCHER GRAMMATIKEN

BEARBEITET VON

P. BtJOHELEE, H. HUBSOHMANN, A. LESKIEN, G. MEYEE,

E. SIEVERS, H. WEBEK, W. D. WHITNEY, E. WINDISOH.

BAND II. ANHANG II.

THE KOOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND PRIMARY DERITATIVES OF THE

SANSKRIT LANGUAGE. A SirppLEMENT TO HIS SANSKRIT
grammar; by William D wight Whitney.

-•m 1 •-

LEIPZIG,
DRUCK UND VERLAG VON BREITKOPF UND HARTEL.
1885.
 THE

EOOTS, VEEB-FOEMS,
AND
* » , *- > .

PRIMARY DERIVATtVES
OF THE

SANSKRIT LANGUAGE.

A SUPPLE]\IENT TO HIS SANSKRIT GRAMMAR,

BY

WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY,

PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AND COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN YALE COLLEGE.

THIS WORK IS COPYRIGHT.

LEIPZIG,
BREITKOPF AND HARTEL.
LONDON, TRUBNER & Co. 57 AND 59, LUDGATE HILL, E. C. 8.

ENTD STA. HALL.

1885.
 ;

• •• • •.• ......
• : *

' . • • • • ••

(The Right of Translation and Reproduction is reserved.)

JO^ /O

Printers: Lreitkopf it Kartel, Leipzig.

 PREFACE.

ihis work is intended especially as a Supplement to

my Sanskrit Grammar (Leipzig, 1879), giving, with a ful-
ness of detail that was not then practicable, nor admissible
as part of the grammar itself, all the quotable roots of the
language, with the tense and conjugation-systems made from
them, and with the noun and adjective (infinitival and par-
ticipial) formations that attach themselves most closely to
the verb ; and further, with the other derivative noun and
adjective-stems usually classed as primary: since these also
are needed, one would have a comprehensive view of
if

the value of a given root in the language. And everything

given is dated, with such accuracy as the information thus
far hand allows
in — whether found in the language
throughout its whole history, or limited to a certain period.
My leading authority has necessarily been that magni-
ficent thesaurus of authentic information respecting the
Sanskrit language of every period, the great St. Peters-
burg Lexicon of Bohtlingk and Roth, have gone i
This I

carefully over excerpting all the material needed for my

,

purpose. So far, indeed, as concerns the epic and clas-

sical literature, the Lexicon has been almost my sole source,
since my own collections , for verification or of additional
material though not wholly wanting have yet been al-
, ,

together insignificant as compared with it. But in the older

language, of Veda and Brahman a and Upanishad and Sutra,
I have done much more independent work. I have, namely,

1 With its abbreviation and supplement , the minor lexicon of Boht-

lingk, so far as this has yet appeared: namely, in the hody of the work, to

rajaka; in the Additions and Corrections, to the end of 1.

vi Preface.

gone over all the texts of the earlier period accessible to

me. including- (by the kindness of Professor Weber) the as
yet unpublished Kausitaki-Brahmana and Kathaka, and by
the kindness of the late Dr. Burnell) the immense Jaiminiya
or Talavakara - Brahmana which has as yet hardly been
,

accessible to any one else and from them I have ex-;

^

cerpted all the noteworthy verl)al forms and (less completely)

the primary derivatives; thus verifying and occasionally
correcting the material of the Lexicon, supplying chance
omissions, and especially filling in not a few details which
it had not lain in the design of that work to present in
their entirety.
As a matter of course , no such work as the present
can pretend to completeness, especially at its first appearance.
The only important texts of which we have exhaustive
verbal indexes are the Kig-Veda and the Atharva-Veda.
nor is it known that any other is in preparation: and only
where such indexes exist can the inclusion of all that a
text contains be assured. But I trust it will be found that
the measure of completeness here attained is in general
proportioned to the importance of the material: that it is

the more indifferent forms and derivatives which, having

been passed over by the Lexicon, have escaped my glean-
ing also. expect to continue the work of verification and
I

addition, and to make an eventual future edition perceptibly

nearer to perfection in its details, and possessing such im-
provements in plan as my own experience and the criticisms
of others may suggest. ^ It is unnecessary to add that

The extant texts of which I have most painfully felt the lack are:
1

The (Cashmere) Paippalada Atharva-Veda, which is in Professor PiOth's hands

alone; the latter half of the Maitrayaiii-Samhita, as yet -wanting in Schroder's
edition,and the Kapisthala-Samhita; and the unpublished Sutras, as the
Apastamha (every new number of Garhe's edition of which brings valuable
additional items of material) and the Qankhayana.
2 A conspectus of the work , with specimens , and with invitation of
criticisms and suggestions, was published in the Proceedings of the American
Oriental Society for May, 1882 (Journ. Am. Or. Soc, vol. xi.. pp. cxvii ff.);

and a leaf of specimens, with certain improvements, was sent out somewhat
later to many Sanskrit scholars; but nothing was received in return.
 Preface. vii

corrections and aclditious of any kind will be welcomed by

me. and dnly acknowledged.
Of tlie verb-forms wliicli, tlioug-li not yet found and. —
for the most part, destined never to be found — in recorded
use, are prescribed or authorized by the Hindu grammarians,
a liberal presentation is made under the different roots:
such material being always distinguished from the other by
being put in square brackets. It is in no part given at
hand, but only as reported by Western authorities: the
first

Lexicon Westergaard's Radices

, and the various Euro- ,

pean grammars: all of these supplement rather than con-

tradict one another : and an}^ occasional disagreement among
them is passed over, as relating to a matter of too little
consequence to be worth reporting.
The periods in the life of the language which are
acknowledged and distinguished by appropriate notation are
six: the Veda (marked with v.), the Brahmana (with b.),
the earlier or more genuine Upanishads (with u.) the .

Sutras (with s.) the epics, Mahabharata and Ramaj^ana

.

(with E.), and the classical or common Sanskrit (with c).

This classification, however, is by no means an absolute one,
and calls for certain explanations and limitations, as follows.
Under 'Veda' (v.) are included only the indexed texts
of the Rig-Veda. Sama-Veda. and Atharva-Veda. In strict-
ness, certain passages of the Atharva-Veda should have been
excluded, as being in prose and Brahmana-like and, what ;

is of much more importance, the older and better part of

the maw^ra-material in the various samliitaB of the Yajur-

Veda , in the Brahmanas , and even in the Siitras , is quite
as good Veda as most of the Atharvan, some of it even as
parts of the Rik. In the present condition of things, how-
ever, it did not seem to me practicable to draw the divis-
ion-line otherwise than in the partly arbitrary way in
wliich I have drawn it. When the mantra-msiterial is col-
lected from all places and compared (as it by all means
ought soon to be) , it will be possible to use the term
•Veda' in a more exact sense, both inclusively and exclus-
ively — though between what is genuinely old and what
Vlll Preface.

is in au artificially antique style a definite separation will

probably never admit of being made.
It is further to be stated that in the following lists

nothing is intended to be marked with simple v., as 'Vedic',

that does not occur in the Rig-Veda; what is not Rig-
Vedic, though it may be found in both the other collections,
is marked av., or sv., or both, as the case may be. On
the other hand, if anything occurring only in the Rik among
the three Vedas
found also in later periods, the fact that
is

it does not chance to be met with in the Atharvan or Sa-

man is too unimportant to notice, and (save perhaps in

exceptional cases) it is marked v.b. or the like.
Between Brahmana, Aranyaka, and Upanishad, again,
the line of division is an evanescent one and perhaps ,

hardly worth the attempt at drawing. But I have followed

the method of distinguishing by a u. the small number
of these treatises that have an existence separate from
Brahmana or Aranyaka, while not distinguishing the two
latterfrom one another. The sign u. is the one of least
importance and least frequency in the system adopted.
The division of Sutras (s.) is a plainer one , except so
far as these treatises contain maw?'ra-material in their quoted
verses (as already intimated) — and brahmana -muteYinl
also in their quoted formulas. The proper language of the
Sutras themselves is a true continuator of that of the
Brahmanas.
As epic (e.) are reckoned only the two great poems,
the Mahabharata and Ramayana. And in these it has. of
course,been impossible to distinguish between the older and
the more recent parts; although, beyond a question, a con-
siderable part of both is in no manner distinguishable
from the general later literature except by a degree of ,

archaizing neglect of the strict requirements of the native

grammar.
Everything under the head
else that is Sanskrit falls

of classical (c.) or of the language as written under the

,

domination of the native system of grammar. Here the

only subdivision which one is tempted to make is to mark
 Preface. ix

separately those and words whieli are foimd used

forms
only in the commentaries, and which are therefore open to
a heightened suspicion of artificiality: but this I have not
tried to do.
A pins -sign (+) indicates that the given formation is

found to occur from the specified period onward, even to

the latest or classical period.
Instead of a period, an individual text is sometimes
referred to — yet not upon any very definite and consistent
plan (except in the case of the Vedas , as explained above).
A 'superior' figure rv^) indicates the number of times
(e. g.

a word or form has been met with —

yet this, again, only
in exceptional instances and not in the case of every
,

unique or very rare occurrence.

So far as the present -system is concerned, only so
many specimen-forms are given as suffice to illustrate the
mode of formation. It would have been space and time
thrown away to instance in each case the various sub-for-
mations —
modes, participles, imperfect that occur, since —
one form implies clearly enough the possible existence of
the rest. The form taken as representative specimen is
ordinarily the 3d singular, as being often more character-
istic than the 1st; and that person is even occasionally
given when , in verbs of infrequent use , it is not itself
actually quotable. Irregular or exceptional forms, whether
of the earlier or of the later language , are then added in
parenthesis. Everywhere, an appended ^etc' means that
other forms of the same make occur: yet I find on review
that I have not used this sign consistently, and its absence
must not be taken always as indicating more than that the
variety of forms quotable is comparatively small. The various
modes of present-formation are intended be given in the to

order of their relative regularity or frequency to each is ;

prefixed in brackets the number belonging to it in the order

of the conjugation-classes as given by the Hindu gramma-
rians — since , however meaningless and unworthy of re-
tention this may widely used, not only in the
be, it is still

grammars, but even by general writers on language.

X Preface.

In the other ten«e-sy stems, while iu the main the same

method is followed, the intention nevertheless is to give,

on account of their greater infrequency and irregularity, a

conspectus of the various tense and mode -formations from
the same stem (not, of course , the participles , except for
the aorist). Thus, for example, no quotable precative,
either active or middle , is designedly omitted under the
aorist to which it belongs; nor any quotable conditional
under the first future nor any pluperfect under the perfect.
;

Moreover, in view of the rarity of the 2d sing, perfect active,

and the useless prolixity of the native rules as to its forma-
tion, every example of it is given that has been found to
occur. The order in which the aorists are presented is the
systematic one, without reference to their frequency of use.
Among the verbal adjectives and nouns are included
as belonging to the verbal conjugation only the passive par-
ticiple ,
and the gerunds (along with that in
the infinitives ,

-am, the distinction of which from an ordinary adverbially

used accusative is not always easy to draw) the gerundives ;

are quite too loosely attached to the conjugation-system to

be worth treating as a part of it, and they are accordingly
relegated to the list of derivatives.
Of the secondary or derivative conjugations , only ex-
amples enough are given to show the form of the stem —
unless, indeed some unusual or irregular forms are met
,

with, in which case they are duly noted. To cite, for ex-
ample, the innumerable futures and verbals of the causative
conjugation , or even its perfects , all of them made upon
precisely the same pattern, would have been wholly useless.
The causative aorists . however, since they are made di-
rectly from the root, are of course put along with the other
aorists, save in the exceptional cases where they actually
come from the causative stem (as atisthipat, hlbh-isas, etc.).

All the tertiary conjugations, not omitting even the common

causative passives (any others are quite rare) , are noted so
far as found.
In the lists of derivatives are given not only those of
genuinely primary character, but also those which have
 ;

Preface. xi

come to assume a primary aspect in the language even ,

though of incontestably secondary origin: such as the ge-

rundives in -tavya and Vedic -tva (from -tu) and -anrtja ,

(from -ana] the nomina agentis in -in, and the various for-
,

mations in ya (among vrhich hardly any. if any, are really

primary). These are in general placed next after the forms
from which they are presumably derived. Apart from this,
the order of arrangement intended to be pursued is in the
main the alphabetic order of the suffixes, the radical stems
or those vrithout suffix standing at the head; but such an
arrangement could not be very strictly carried out, nor does
any particular importance belong to it. considering how
easily the columns may be glanced over to verify the pre-
sence or absence of any given formation: and some incon-
sistencies will doubtless be found. Reduplicated stems are
put after the others, and last of all the ^wasi-primitive for-

mations from (secondary, or rarely primary or tertiary) con-

jugation-stems. Notation of the period of occurrence is

made in the same way as for hyphen

the verb-forms. A
put before a stem indicates that it has not been found
quotable otherwise than as posterior member of a compound
one following a stem much more rarely) shows it to occur
only as prior member of a compound, or in derivative stems
or in denominative conjugation.
Throughout the whole work, accent-signs are applied
only where the word is found actually so marked in accen-
tuated texts.
It is, of course, impossible to draw the line everywhere
between the derivatives of a root and words that do not
belong to it; since etymology is from beginning to end a
matter of balancing probabilities, and thick-set with un-
certainties and chances of error. It has been my intention

to err rather upon the side of liberality of inclusion than the

opposite —
and certainly I have in not a few cases put under
certain roots words as to whose connection with those roots
I have great misgivings but doubtless also there are words
:

omitted by oversight or by failure of judgment which

. .

ought to have been included. All such errors, it is hoped,

Xll Preface.

will beviewed with a reasonable degree of indnlgeuee,

considering the novelty and the extreme laboriousness of
the undertaking. Its main intent is to furnish the means

of examining in their chronologic entirety the groups of

words and forms that cluster about the so-called roots in
Sanskrit, that they may be studied, and have their rela-
tions determined, with more complete understanding: and
that intent will be gained in spite of minor omissions and
inaccuracies. Regarding it as primarily an assemblage of
materials for study, I have not hastened to anticipate the
results of comparison by penetrating behind the aspect of
things as shown in the Sanskrit language itself, or to re-
duce the materials to an' Indo-European basis and form of
statement. A few intimations as to the more obviously
probable connections of certain roots are given in brief notes
at the end of exposition of forms and derivatives.
The representative form of the roots is naturally that
adopted in the grammar to which this work is a supple-
ment. Although loath to differ from the Petersburg lexicon
upon such a point, I cannot regret having adopted the r
instead of the ar or ra-form (e. g. kr, krp. instead of Z-ar,

krap) of the many roots exhibiting both elements in their

forms and derivatives. So long as we speak of the Sanskrit
root vid, and not ved, so long it seems to follow that we
ought to speak of the root vrt, and not vart, whatever may
be the Indo-European value of the root in the one case or
in the other. The meanings added after the roots by no
means claim to be exhaustive they are in general intended
;

only to identify the root.

As a matter of course, not a few matters of doubtful
classification present
themselves in connection with the verb-
forms, of which the scope of the work does not allow a
discussion. Such are here and there noted by a question-
mark. The classes of forms that contain the most puzzling
problems are the reduplicated ones and the present stems
.

ending in ya: upon these no new light has been thrown

since the publication of the author's Grammar, in which the
difficulty of their treatment was noticed.
 Preface. xiii

lu the indexes of stems given at the end of the volume,

a classification is adopted which is intended to facilitate the
historical comprehension of the language, by distinguishing-
what belongs respectively to its older and to its later periods
from that which forms a part of it throughout its whole
history.
It may be added that the manuscript left the author's
hands complete in July, 1884: the delay in its appearance
is owing to his distance from the place of printing and

publication.
I desire to
. express my obligation to Professor Lanman
for kindly aiding the accuracy of the work by giving the
proof-sheets an additional revision.

New Haven, July, 1885.

W. D. W.
 ABBREVIATIONS.

AA. Aitareya-Araiiyaka. KB. Kausitaki-Bralimaua.

AB. Aitareya-Brahmaiia. Kcs. Katyayana-^rauta-Sutra.
ACS. Afvalayana-^rauta-Sutra. Lcs. Latyayana-^rauta-Sutra.
AGS. A<;valayana-Grhya-Sutra. M. Mahahharata.
AV. Atharva-Veda. MS. Maitrayani-Samhita.
A\T. do. Paippalada-Text. Mu. Maitri-Upanisad.
B, Brahmanas. PB. Paiicavii'iga-Brahmana.
BAU. Brhad-Aranyaka Upanisad. pu. Pra^na-Upanisad.
Bo. Bohtlingk's minor Lexicon. R. Ramayana.
BR. BotMingk and Roth (Lexicon). Rv. Rig-Veda.
c. Classical Sanskrit. s. Sutras.
CB. ^atapatha-Brahmana. SB. Sadvln^a-Brahmaua.
CCS. ^ankhayana-^rauta-Sutra. sv. Sama-Veda.
CGS, ^'aiikliayana Grhya-Sutra. SVB. Sama-Vidhana-Brahmana.
E. Epic Sanskrit. TA. Taittiriya-Aranyaka.
GB. ©opatha-Brahmana. TB. Taittiriya-Brahmaiia.
GGS. Gobhiliya-Grhya-Sutra. Ts. Taittirlya-Samhita.
JB. Jaiminiya-Brahmana. u. Upanishads.
JUB. Jaiminiya-Upanisad-Brahmana. V. Vedas.
K. Kathaka. vs. Vajasaneyi-Samhita.
For further explanations, see the Preface.
 SANSKRIT ROOTS, VERB-FORMS, AND
PRIMARY DERIVATIVES.
y auh, 'be narrow or distressing'.

Such a root is inferable from the derivatives :

anhati rv. anhu v.b. anghri? b. + ahi v.+

arLhasv. + anliiyas b.s. aghav.+ ahi rv.
The verb-form anaha rv'. is of wholly doubtful meaning and connection.

y 1 aks, 'attain'.

Present. [1.] aksat rvI., aksasefE'.

Perfect, [anaksa,] aksana? rvI.
Aorist. [3. aciksat. — ] 5. aksisus rv*.
[Future, aksisyati, aksyati; aksita, asta.]
[Verbal Adjectives and Nouns, asta; aksitva, astva.]
[Secondary Conjugations: Passive, aksya-. — Intensive. — Desiderative,
aciksisa-. — Causative, aksaya-.]
Derivatives : aksistha
• • •
jb.

A secondary root-form from y 1 aq, ariij, and occurring in a few isolated

forms. Indra and Agni are called aksisthau vahisthau devanam at jb.

i. 304.

]/ 2 aks, 'mutilate'.
Pres. [5.] -aksnoti etc. av. cb.
Verb, -asta v. b.s.

Only used with prefix nis ; does not appear to have anything to do with
the preceding root.

y ang, 'move'.
Pres. [1.] angatu c'.

[Perf. etc. anaiiga etc. etc.]

[Sec. Conj.: Caus. angayati.]

g^A single occurrence, doubtless artificial, in the Nalodaya.

y ae, ano, 'bend'.

Pres. [1.] ancati etc. av.+, -te b. ; acati etc. v.b., -te etc. av.b.s.

Perf. [ananea,] aeire jb.

[Aor. etc. aneit ; ancisyati, aneita.]

Verb, akna b.s., acita e., aneita e.+ [akta] ; -acya v.b. ; -acam b.

Whitney, Supplement II. 1

ac] Roots, Verb-forms,

Sec. Conj.: Pass,acyate etc. v.+ [aneyate. Desid. ancicisa-.] Cans. —

ancayati etc. c.
Deriv.: -anc v.+ ankav.+ ancanav. + anku- V.+
-anein n. ankas ea'. -acana s.+ aksua b.s.
-ancas ev.

y aj, 'drive'.

Pres. [1.] ajati -te etc. v.+

Perf. ajus? rv'. [ajitha etc.]
Aor. 5. ajisus lcs'.

[Fut. ajisyati, ajita.]

Verb, -ajita? cb. -ajya s. -aje rv. ; ;

Sec. Conj. ajyate etc. rv. [

: Pass, Desid. ajijisa-.] —
Deriu.: agra? V.+ ajaka c. ajman v. -ajaB.+
dj V. ajanav.+ -ajya v.b. aji v.+
-aja RV. ajirav. + ajra?Rv.
aja V.+ ajma rv. ajvin s.
The form ajus only by very doubtful conjecture to rv. v. 6. 10; ajisus
variant to av. avisus; ajita in -prajita, possibly for prajita (or pra-jita,

y anj, 'anoint'.

Pres. [7.] anakti ankte etc. v. + — [1.] anjet s'.

Perf. ananja b. anaja anajyat ( rv.), anaje etc. rv.

Aor. [1. ajyat; anji. — o. anjijat. — ] 5. anjis ta.
[Fut. anksyati anjisyati, ankta anjita.]
Verb, akta v. + anktva s., aktva k. [anjitvaj; -ajya
; b.s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ajyate etc. v.+ [ — Desid. anjijisa-.] — Caus. anjayati
etc. s. +
Deriv. : anga c. -ajya c. anjana v. + akta rv.
angya c. -aja e.+ anjasv. + -akti e.+
aiijaka c. ajya v.+ anji v.b. aktu v.b.

anjya c.

y at, 'wander.
Pres. [1.] atati -te etc. e.+
[Perf. etc. ata; atit.]
Fut. 1. atisyati e. [ — 2. atita.]
Verb, atita atitva c.
c. ;

[Sec. Conj.: atatya-; atitisa-; ataya-.]

Deriv.: -ata c. atavi? c. ata pb.+
atana c. atya c.

Apparently a modern form of the following root; ata in pb. is a proper

name.
 AND PkIMAKY DERrV'ATITES. [ay

y at, 'wander'

Pres. [1.] atasi atant atamana b.\*.

Verb, -atita c. ; -atya s.

Deriv. atasi Rv. atithi ? V. + atya ev.b.

-ati? B.V. atithin rv.c.

y ad, 'eat'.

Prcs. [2.] atti etc. (adat adan) v.+, adana kv. — [1.] adasva e.

[Perf. ada, aditha.]

AoT. 1. adyasam jub. [ — 3. adidat.]
Fut. 1. atsyati b.s. [ — 2. atta.J
Verl. attvun v. +, -tave v., -tos b.; attvaya b.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, adyate etc. b.+ — Cans, adayati b.+, adayate etc. s.
Deriv.: -kd\-.+ atti b. attrin kv. -advan v.
-ada AV.+ attavya c. attrii^atri) v.+ -advara ce.
-adakaE.+ attrAv.+ anna v. + adana rv.
-adana b. + attra rv. adman v.b.s. adin v. +
adaniya c. attra v. -adya v.+ adya av. +

y an, 'breathe'.
Pres. [2.] aniti etc.(ananti anyat anit) v.+ — [1.] anati (anet ana anat
anant) etc. av.b., -te jb. —
[6.] anati (3s.) av.

Perf. ana v.

Aor. 5. anisus av.

Fut. 1. anisyati b. [ 2. anita.] —
Verb, anita b. anitum b.; -anya
;
b.; -anam b.s.

Sec. Conj.: [Desid. aninisat-. — ] Cans, anayati etc. av.+, -te e.

i)eriu. ; ana b.u. -anana rv. anila b.+ anav. +

-anatha vs. anana e. +

y am, 'injure'.

Pres. [2.] amisi amiti amanti amit amate amisva v.b. — [1.] ame
etc. V.B.

Perf. amire cb. [emana] emusa? rv. (emusa cb.)

Aor. 3. amamat etc. v.b.

Verb, [anta, amita.]

Sec. Conj. : Pass, amy ate ms . — Caus. amayati etc. v.b.

Deriv. ; ama V.B. -amana 9B. ama?v.+ -amajritnu v.

amati v.b. amina rv. amana ? av.ms.

amati v.b. amiva v.+ -araaya v.+
amatra rv. amla v e. + -amis v rv.

y ay, see y 1 i.
arc] Roots, Vebb-fokms,

y arc, re, 'shine, praise'.

Pres. [1.] arcati etc. v.+, area nvi. — arease (Is.) rvI.

Perf. anarca e. +, anreiis v., anarcus b.+, anrce rv'.

[Aor. arcicat, areit.]
Put. arcisyati c. (arksyant? cb.)
Verb, arcita e. ; areitum e. ; arcitva e. ; -arcya e. + rcase uv.
;

Sec. Con). : Pass, rcyate v. [ — Desid. arcicisa-.] — Caus. arcayati -te etc.

V.+ (arcyate e.)

Deriv. : arc ev. arcatra- uv. arei v. + -rea av.+

arka +
v. arcatri ev. arein ev. -rcas EV.
area b. + arcana e. + arcitr e. -rkti? EV. (suv-)
arcaka c. arcaniyaE.+ arcis v.+ rkva EV.
arcya e. + arcananas v. fc v. + fkvan V.

]/ arj, see V 1 rj, rnj.

y art, see y rt.

y aril, 'deserve' etc.

Pres. [1.] arhati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. +

Perf. anrhiis tsI., arhire ev'.

[Aor. etc.arhyasam, arhi, arjihat, arhit; arhisyati, arhita.]

Verb, arhase ev'.
-See. Conj. [Desid. arjihisa-.
: —
] Caus. arhayati etc. s. +

Deriv. argha v. +
: -arha b. + arhana v. +
-arghya c. arhana c. arhaniya c.

y av, 'favor'.
Pres. [1.] avati etc. v.+
Perf. Siva avitha etc. v. +
Aor. 1. avyas -at v.b.s. — 5. avit etc. (aviddhi etc. avisat etc.) v.b.s.

Fut. 1. avisyati v.b. — 2. avita c.

Verb, -uta ev. ; avitave v.b. ; -avya ev.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. avayas -at v.b.u.
Deriv. : ava ev. avitr v.b.s. avi? V.+
avana c. -avitra b.s.

avas V.B. avistha ev.

avis-'? EV.
Common in v. ;
quite rare in later language.
 + : ;

5 AND PbIMABY DERIVATTVESf—^'^'^ [2 aS

Aor. 1. asta aQata asta v.b., a^yat aqita, etc. v.b., astuB. [a<ji.] — 2. 396-
ma Ev., agemahi sv. [ — 3. a9i9at.] — 4. aksi b., aksat rv. (cf. j/aks).
[ — 5. a9ista.]
Fut. 1. [a9isyate] a9nuvisyamahe cb'. [ — 2. a9ita, asta.]
Verb, astiim k. ; astave v.b., astavai jb.s. ; a9itvun e. ; -asta v.b.
[Sec. Conj. : ai^aq^a.- ; a9i9isa- ; a9aya-.]
Dew. an9a ; + v. a9ana b. + -a9nuva ags. -aqa 993.
asti V. + a9i- vs*. -a9nuvin vs. a9a v. +
Compare ]/ 1 aks and ]/ 2 na9 (to -which latter the forms||anat etc. are
here referred). Derivatives more doubtfully referable to this root are
a9an ev. a9inan v. + a9va v. + 5,911 v. +

a9ani v. + a9ri v. + astra v. + a9iyas b.

a9na ev. a9ru v. + a9ina rv. a9istha v.b.u.

y' 2 aq, 'eat'.

Pres. [9.]a9nati (a9ana) a9nite etc. v.+ — [1.] a9a e'.

Perf. a9a v. + (-a9vans b.)

Aor. [1. a9yat. — 3. a9i9at. — ] 5. a9it etc. v.+
Fut. 1. a9isyati etc. b.+ [ — 2. a9ita.]
Verb. a9ita a9ituin v.; a9itva b. + -a9ya b.
v. + ; ;

Sec. Conj. : a9yate av. + [

Pass. Int. a9a9ya-.] Desid. a9i9isati etc. b. + — —
— Caus. a9ayati b. + (a9ita ev.) a9apaya- mgs. ;

Deriv. : -aq av. a9itavya b. + a9na v. 39! s.

-a9ana +v. a9itr av. + a9ni ta. a9ya av. ? +
a9ana B.TJ. a9itraB.+ -a9a e.+ a9istha b.
-a9aniya s. + a9usa rv. -a9aka b. a9i9isu s.
-a9m B. + a9ayitavya b.
Doubtless ultimately the same with y 1 a9.

y 1 as, 'be'.

Pres. [2.] asti santi etc. (edhx)v.+ (sva sma smahe asateii., syamahe ci.)
Perf. asa asitha etc. v. +
Deriv. asu v. +
: asta v. + -asti v. + -asa (itiha-) av. + sti v.b.

y 2 as, 'throw'.
Pres. [4.] asyati etc. v. +, asyate etc. rv.b. — [1.] asati etc. evI. (? asan) e. +
Perf. asa etc. ev. +, ase ev'.
Aor. 1. asyat fii. asi ci. ;
— 2. asthat etc. av'.kI.c. (? see y stha). [ — 3.

asisat. •
— 5. asista.l
• • J

Fut. ] . asisyati etc. ev. + [ — 2. asita.]

Verb, asta v.+, asita e^.; astave b., -tavai b. ; asitvun e1. ;
asitva s.

-asyav. + -asam b.s.u. ;

Sec. Conj. : Pass, asyate etc. av. + [ — Desid. asisisa-.] — Caus. asayati
etc. E.
 : . +

2 as] Roots, Verb-forms,

Deriv.: -as v. asira evI. astra v. + -asa Av. +

asana v.+ asistha v. -asya b. + -asin AV. +
asana nv. -asti c. -asya e. + asya av.
-asaniya c. -astavya c. asra tb*. -asana c.
asi? V.+ astr v.B.

y ah, 'say'.

Perf. aha ahiis v.+, attha ahatus b.+

Deriv. -aha? pbI.
If niraha is from this root , then perhaps svaha v. + is also to be re-
ferred to it.

y auch, 'tear'.

Pres. [1.] anchati c.

Deriv. auchana c.

Found only in the Su^ruta, and doubtless artificial.

y ap, 'obtain'.
Pres. [5.] apnoti etc. av. +, apnute e.
Perf. apa apitha etc. v. +, apire apana rv.
Aor. 1. api b.+ —
2. apat etc. v.+ (apeyam av.) 3. apipau cb. (apipi- —
pat BAu.) —
4. apsis e.

Put. 1. apsyati b.+, -te b.e. 2. apta b. —

Fer&. apta V. + aptuniB. + aptvaB. + -apyaB.
; ; ;

Sec. Con,). : Pass, apyate etc. b. + —

Desid. Ipsati etc. av. +, ipsate etc. b.b.
(aipsit etc. b.) —
Cans, apayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. (apipayiset cb.)
Deriv. : -apa B.b. + -apaniya s. + -aptr c. ipsa e. +
-apaka e. + apaneya u'. apnana? ev.s. -ipsin u.
-apin u. + api V. + -apayitavya u.c. ipsu s. +
apya av.+ apti AV. + apayitr u. apipayisu e.
apana v. + aptavya u. +
To a more original form of the root (ap is perhaps a ap) doubtless +
belong also

apas V. apis v.b. apnas, apna- ev. -apta (? an-) ev.

BR. regard apas at ev. iii. 6.7 as a verb-form from this simpler root.

y ar, 'praise' (?)

Pres. [4.] aryanti ev2.

Verb, arita ev.
Is perhaps a form of a -|- |/r, 'resort to, have recourse to' ; aryauti in
both occurrences is accented as if it contained a preposition.

y as, 'sit'.

Pres. [2.] aste etc. (asina) v.+ (asand ev2.), asti e. — [1.] asati -te etc.

E. + — [4.] asyati -te etc. e.

7 AND PkIMAEY DERrVATIVES. [2i

Perf. asam cakre etc. a. +, asam cakara e.

Aor. 5. asista etc. b.s.

Fat. 1. asisyate etc. b.+, -yati ts. [ — 2. asita.]

Fer6. asita b. + ; asitum b.+, astum k.; asitva b.s.; -asya c.
Sec. Conj. : Pass, asyate e. + [ — Desid. asisisa-.] — Cans, asayati b.

Deriv. : asa v.b. -asya + u. -asaniya c. -asti c.

-asa u. asya e. + asitavya b. +

-asaka e. + asana av. + -asitr e.

y 1 i, 1, ay, 'go'.

Pres. [2.] eti yanti etc. v.+, -ite -iyate etc. e.+ — [1.] ayate etc. v.+, ayati
etc. Avi.?+ — [4.] iyate etc. v.b.c. — [5.] see ]/ 2 i. — iye Rvi. iyate
Ev'., imaheiyana v.+, lyati evI., -iyant cb.m. (imi taI. aitat
v.b., ;

Av'.; yariEv'.; iyana sv'.; iyamana cb. imalii c.) ;

Perf. iyaya iyus etc. v.+ [iyayitha] (iyetha v.b., iyatha v.) -ay am —
cakre +e.

Aor. 1. iyat etc. e. + (iyasam ggs.) [ 4. (adhy-) aista. 5. ayista.] — —

Fat. 1. esyati etc. av. +, -te etc. b. + ayisyati etc. b.+
; 2. eta etc. b.+ —
Verb. ita v.+, -ita c. ; etum b. +, etave etavai v.b., etos v.b.s. itva b.u. ; ;

-itya V. +, -iya c; -ayya b. ; ayase, ityai, iyadhyai ev. ;

-ayam v.b.

Sec. Conj. : Pass, iyate c. — Int. iyayate pu'. —

[Desid. ayiyisate, iyisa-
ti. — ] Cans, (praty-) ayayati etc. (-ayyate) c. (adhy-) apayati -te ;

etc. TA.E. + [apipat.]

Deriv. . aya v. +
2i] Roots, Verb-fokms, 8

Deriv. : ina rv.c. -inva v.b. invaka b. + enas v. +

Doubtless the same with the preceding root.

y ing, 'stir.
Pres. [1.] ingati -te e.+
Verh. ingita e. +
Sec. Conj. : Cans, ingayati etc. v. + (ingyate cb.)

Denv. ; inga E. + ingana s.+ ingya c. injana c.

Isolated forms as if from ifig, ink, inj are found in the Brahmanas.

y ich, see y 1 is.

T/it.

A assumed hy BR. on account of the proper name

root it, 'wander', is
itant in KB., and the doubtful and obscure itatas atRv.x. 171. 1 -which latter, —
however, is shown by its accent to be^^no participle.

A root id is perhaps to be assumed on account of the nouns id v.+ and

Ida V. +

y idh, indh, 'kindle'.

Pres. [1.] inddhe indhate cic. v.+ (indhate rv., indhana v.: inksva ab. ;

inttam ta.)
Perf. idhe idhire rv.cb. [ tndham cakre.] —
Aor. 1. idhate? rvI. idhimahi v., idhana v.
, 5. aindhista etc. b., —
indhisiya ts., idhisimahi s.
Fut. 1. indhisyant s. [ 2. indhita.] —
Verb, iddha v. + -idhya s. + -idham, -idhe rv.
; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, idhyate etc. v.+ [ Desid. indidhisa-.] —

Cans, indhita c. —
Deriv.: -idh y.+ -idhya ts. edhav. + indha v.b.
-iddhifi. -idhra?v. + edhasAv.+ -indhaka e.
idhma v. + -eddhr rv. indhana v. +

y in, inv, see y 2 i.

y inaks, see y 2 nae.

y iyaks, see y yaj.

y irajy, see y rj.

y iradh, see y radh.

9 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [Iks

y il, 'be quiet'.

Pres. [6.] ilati etc. c.

[Per/", etc. iyela, ailit, elisyati, elita.]

Sec. Conj. : Cans, ilayati etc. av.b.s. (^ailaylt av. ; ilita cb.)
Deriv.: -ilaya b.s.
In Ts., ilayanti is once read.

y 1 is, ich, 'seek, desire'.

Pres. [6.] iehati -te etc. v.+ — [1.] -esati -te etc. e.+ — [6.] -isa -isaut
E. + — [4.] -isyati e. +
Perf. iyesa isus, ise isire etc. b. +
Aor. [3. aisisat. — ] 5. aisit aisisus etc. b.v.

Fut. 1. esisyati etc. b., -te b. [ — 2. esita, esta.]

Fer6. ista v. + ; estum b. + , -tavai cb. , esitum r. ;
[isitva, istva;]
-isya V. +
Sec. Conj. : Pass, isyate etc. e. +, -ti e. [ — Desid. esisisa-.] — Cans, esaya-
ti eic, esita c. (ichayami r1.)

Deriv. -ichaka e. +
Iks] Roots, Veeb-forms, 10

Aor. 1. aiksi c. — [3. aiciksat. — ] 5. aiksisi etc. b. (aiksit c. ?)

Fut. 1.iksisyate etc. b.+, -yati b. [ 2. iksita.] —

Fert. iksita B. + iksitumE. + iksitvaB.; -iksyaB. + -iksam b.s.
; ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, iksyate etc. s. + Desid. iciksisa-(m d.). Caus. iksa-— —
yati etc. v. +, -te av. (iksyate s.)
Deriu. : iksa b. + iksanaKv.? s.+ -iksitavya b. +
iksinE.+
iksaB.+ -iksya E.+ iksaniyaE. + iksitr c
iksaka b.+ iksenya rv. iciksisu c.
Only three occurrences in e.v., but growing rapidly common. Active forms
sporadic.

y inkh, 'swing'.

inkhati etc. c, -te aa.

Pres. [1.]

Sec. Conj. Caus. inkhayati -te etc. v. +

:

Deriv.: -i&kha v.+ -inkhana c. -inkhaya uv.

The form enksva ab. is false.

y Ij, see y ej.

y id, 'praise'.

Pres. [2.] itte idate etc. (idisva) v.b. — [1.] idamahe v., idamana s.

Perf. ide ev., idire e.+ [ — idam cakre.]

[Aor. etc. aidista; idisyate, idita.]
Verb, idita v. + : idituru c.

Sec. Conj. : Pass, idyate c. [ — Desid. ididisa-.] — Caus. aidayan c.

Deriv. : id nv. idya v. + iditavya b. idenya v.b. i<Jitf av.

Only a few sporadic occurrences in the later language.

y Ir, 'set in motion'.

Pres. [2.] irte irate etc. v.b. (irate — b.") [1.] airat etc. kv., irate (3s.) av.

Perf. irire v. (erire uv.) [ — iram cakre.]

[Aor. etc. airirat, airista; irisyate, irita.]
Verb, irna b. +
Sec. Conj.: Caus. irayati eic. v.+, -te e(c. v.b. (iryate etc. b. + ; irita v. + ;

iryant m. ; irayadhyai rv.)

Deriv. : ira e. + irya b. irin e. + irana e. + -iritr v.

-iraka c. irya c. -iraniya c. irma v.b.

The form iryayati, doubtless false, is found once in cb.

y irsy, 'be jealous'.

Pres. [I.] irsyati etc. b.s.

Verb, irsyita c.

Deriv. : irsya av. + irsyin c. irsyii av. + irsyitavya c.

irsyaka c. irsyalu c.
 .. + ;

11 AND Primary derivatives. [1 uks

Evidently a secondary root, but of doubtful origin (BR., from irasy). Not
seldom written witbout tbe y in later works.

y ic, 'be master'.

Pres. [2.] iste i9ate etc. (2s. ikse rv., iqise rv.s. ; i^e 3s. v.b., i<jite u.

iQidhve Av.) v.+ — [1.] i9ate i9ata v.e.u.

Perf. i9ire '? rv. [ — i(jam cakre.]

[Aor. alQista.]
Fut. 1. iQisyati u., -te b. [ — 2. i9ita.]
Verb, itjita u.

Deriv. : Iq b. iqa av. + i9ana u. i9itr u. + i9vara av. +

193, B. + i9in u. + i9itavya c. -i9u v. +

y Is, es, 'move'.

Pres. [1.] isate etc. v.b., -ti etc. v.b.u. — esati etc. av.
Perf. ise rv. (aiyes plpf. rv'.) [ — isam cakre.]
[Aor. etc. aisista; isisyate; isita.]
Verb, -isita v.b.

Dcriu. ; isa •
'? RV. esa rv.
•
-esti
• •
c. estf•
• •
b.s.

Doubtless ultimately one with }/ 1 , 2 is.

y ih, 'be eager'

Pres, [1 .] ihate etc. b. +, -ti e. +

[Perf. etc. iham cakre; aijihat, aihista; ihisyate, ihita.]
Fer6. ihita E. + ; ihitum. c.

[Sec. Conj. : Desid. ijihisa-. — Caus. ihaya-.]

Deriv.: -iha c. iha e.+ -ihana e. eha av. -ehasv.

y u, 'proclaim'
Pres. [2.] uve rv*. — [5.] vinoti rv'. [ — 1. avate.]
[Perf. etc. etc. uve; austa; osyate, ota; usisa-, avaya-.]
Extremely doubtful root; uve is possibly interjection (Bo.); vyunoti is

perhaps for viyujioti; and the pple ota, put here by BR., doubtless belongs to

y va, 'weave'.

y 1 uks, 'sprinkle'.

Pres. [6.] uksati etc. v. +, -te etc. v.+

[Perf. uksam cakara.]
Aor. 5. auksisam etc. b.

Fut. uksisyati etc. b.s. [

1. 2. uksita.] —
Verb, uksita v. + -uksya + b. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, uksyate etc. b. + Caus. uksayati etc. s.+

;
^
 1 uks] Roots, Veeb-forms, 12

Deriv. -uks rv.

: uksana av. + -uksitavya b.c. ustr rvI.
-uksa B.s. uksaniya jb. ustr b.s. ustra v. +
Tiksan V.+
Whether uksan and ustr etc. belong here, is very doubtful.

y 2 uks, vaks, 'grow', see "j/ vaks.

y uc, 'be pleased'.

Pres. [4.] ueyati etc. v.b.

Perf. uvoeitha uvoca, ucise rv.

[Aor. etc. aucit; ucisyati, ucita.]

Verb, ucita v.+ [ocitva.]

Deriv. : -oka rv. okya rv. okas v. + okivans rvI. -ocana v. -ocara av.

y uch, see j/ 1 vas.

y ujh, 'forsake'.
Pres. [6.] ujhati etc. e. +
Perf. ujham cakara c.

Aor. 5. aujhit c.

[Fut. ujhisyati, ujhita.]

Tcrfe. ujhita E. + ujhiturac. -ujhya c.
; ;

Deriv.: -ujha s.+ ujhana c. ujhiti pb.

A secondary root, coming from ud + )/ ha (_ujjaliami etc.').

y uneh, 'glean'.
Pres. [6 '?] unchati etc. s. +
[Perf. etc. uncham cakara; aunchit; unchisyati, unehita.]
Verb, unchitum c. ; -unchya c.

[(Sec. Conj. : Desid. uncichisa-. — Cans, unchaya-.]

Deriv. : uncha s. + unchana c.

y ud, und, 'wet'.

Pres. [7.] unatti undanti etc. v.b.s., undate (Sp.) av. — [6.] undati etc. b.s.

Perf. iidus av. [ — undam cakara.]

[.Aor. etc. aundidat, aundit undisyati, undita.] ;

Verb, utta B., unna s.c. -udya b.s. ;

Sec. Conj. : Pass, udyate rv. [ — Desid. undidisa-. — Caus. undaya-.]

Denu. .•
ud RV. udani- rv. -udrav. + odati rv.
udaka v. + -uditr c. utsa v. + odana v. +
udan,udav.+ udman b. undanas. + odman b.

y ubj, 'force'.
Pres. [6.] ubjati etc. v.b.s.

jPer/". etc. ubjam cakara; aubjijat, aubjit; ubjisyati, ubjlta.]

 13 AND PkIMAKY DERIVAXIVJeS. [2 uh
Verb, ubjita av.b. ; -ubjya jb.

! [Sec. Conj. : Desid. ubjijisa-. — Caus. ubjaya-.]

Der ju. ; -udga '? B. + ubjaRv.?E.+ -ubji- pb.

y ubh, umbh, 'confine'.

Pres. [9.] aubhnat ubhnas rv. — [7.] unap rv., aumbhan ts. — [6.]
umbhata (2p.) av., aumbhat ms.[; ubhati.]
[Perf. etc. uvobha, umbham cakara; aubhit, aumbhit; ubhisyati
umbhisyati, ubhita umbhita.J
Verb, ubdha rv.b., umbhita c. ; -ubhya s.

Deriv. -umbhana ts.

y us, 'shine', see y 1 vas.

y us, 'burn'.
Pres. [1.] osati etc. v. + — [9.] usnan, usnant Rvi.

Perf. uvosa — osam cakara.]

cb. [

Aor. 5. ausit etc. b.s.

[Fut. 1. osisyati. — osita.] 2.

Fer&. usta B.s. ;

[ositva;] -osya ts. ; -usasK. ; osam cb.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, usyate etc. c. [ — Desid. osisisa-. — Caus. osaya-.]
Deriv. : usa ? rv. usna v. + -usya cb. osa, -osa v. +
usa c. -usni ta. usman v. + -osas rv.
usman*
e. + osistha
• • •
b.

Apparently a differentiated form o{ y 1 vas, which see.

y 1 urnu, see y 1 vr.

y 1 uh, 'remove'.
Pres. [1.] uhati v.+, -te v.+
[Perf. ubam cakara.]
j

Aor. 1. uhyat ohi c. [

cb. 3. aujihat.]
;
5. auhit b. — —
Verb, udha uhita c. iihitum e.+, odhum e.+, -ubitavai
b.+, ; b. ; -uhya
B.+, -uhya B. + -oham rv., -uham ms. ;

Sec. Conj. : Pass, uhyate b. +, uhyate c. — Caus. uliayati|c.

Deriv. : uha av. + iiliya b. + uhaniya s. + udlii c.

-uhaka c. uhana s. + uhitavya c. -oha rv.

-oghas ? RV.
Doubtless a differentiated form of }/ vah, from which in some forms and
meanings it is hardly to be separated.

y 2 uh, 'consider'.

Pres. [1.] ohate — ohate (3p.) ohana Ghana rv. —

etc. v. [2.] [1.] uhati c,
-te — ohise
E. rv'. (Is.)

Perf. uhe — uham cakre.]

etc. v. [

Aor. aujihat. —
[3. auhista ] 5. v.
 + +

2 tihl Roots, Vebb-fokms, 14

[Fut. uhisyate, uhita.]

Verb, uliituin c. ; -uhya c.

Sec. Conj. : [Desid. ujihisa-. — ] Caus. uhayati etc. e.

Deriv.: vih.a.B.+ uhana c. uhitavya c. ohas Ev.
uhya c. uhaniya a. 6ha- ? rv. ohasana ev.
Probably 'bear in mind', and so originally identical witb 1 uh and vah.

y r, feh, 'go, send'.

Pres. [6.] rehati etc. v.+, -te etc. cb.e. ; archati —

etc. u.e. [a.] lyarti etc.

(iyarsi) v.b. — [5.] rnoti etc. rnve etc. v. — rnvati etc. rt. — [6.]
rante ranta rv. ranti? sv. [9. rnati.] — [2.] arti ts.
,
—
Perf. ara (aritha) arus etc. v. + anarchat m'. [ aram cakara.] ; —
Aor. 1. arta arata etc. (aryat ts., arita ev.; arana rv.) v.b. — 2. arat
etc. V.B. (aranta aramahi v.) [ 4. arsit.] —
Fut. 1. arisyati b. [ — 2. arta.]
Verb, rta v.+, arna c; artos b.; -rtva av.b.; -rtya av.; -aram ev.
Sec. Conj. : [Pass, aryate. — ] Intens. alarti etc. ev. [araryate etc. — Desid.
aririsa-.] — Caus. arpayati etc. v. +, -te c. (arpipam av.; arpayita
E.; arpita arpita v. + ; -arpya v. + ; arpyate c.)

Deriv. :

ara, ara v. + arna v. + arya v. + ratha v. +

arya, arya v.b. s. arnas rv. iras- rv. -arpaka c.
arana v. artha v. + irina v. + -arpya c
arani v. + -arman, arma v.+ xrya v. arpana v. +
arati rv. arvan, -arva v.+ -rcha u. + arpaniya c.
arami v.b. arvant v.b. rti, rti v. + -arpitr e. +
ari V. + arav.+ rtu v. -arpayitr cb.

aritr rv. -arin b. -rtha v. -arpayitavya c.

aritra, aritra V.+ aruka ta. rna v. +

y ro, see "j/ arc.

y rj, rnj, arj, 'direct, stretch, attain'.

Pres. [7.] rnjate (Sp.) Rv. — [6.] rnjati -ate etc. rv. aa. — [4.] fjyant,
rjyate ev. — rnjase (Is. ) rnjasana rv. — [1.] arjati b.u.c.
Per/", [anai'jus] anrjus avI. ?

Aor. [3. arjijat. — 5. arjista.]

[Fut. arjisyati, arjita.]
Verb, rnjase rvI.

Sec. Conj. : [Pass, rjyate. — Desid. arjijisa-. — ] Caus. arjayati -te etc. s.e.+

Deriv. arjaka c. rjipya rv. rjiyas v.

-arjya c. rji9van rv. rju V. +

arj ana e.+ rjipin rv. raji Hv.
arjaniya c. rjisa RV. rajistha rv.b.
-arjayitr c. rjCinas rv. rajiyas jb.

-rnga rv. raji av. +

15 AND Primaky Derivatives. [rdh

It seems impossible to di-vide these forms (generally distributed to two

different roots) from one another. The root has three -well-marked stages of
development : rj or rnj in rv., arj in Brah., and arjaya in the later language.

Compare also >/raj, probably a deriTative from it. With it is related, further,

the anomalously formed stem irajya (irajyati -te etc. RV., and irajyii RV.),

'direct, rule'.

y 2 rj, 'shine'.
Inferable from the derivatives :

arjuna v.+ -rjika v. rjiti rv. rjra rv.

|/ rt, art, 'pursue'.

Aor. 5. articLhvam pb^

Fut. artisye avI.
Deriv.: artana vs^. -artitr v'. artuka cbI.

A very doubtful root ; anvartisye and anvartitr apparent contractions

for anu-vart-; and Bo. amends artidhvam to arthi- (but??). But artana

and artuka seem to show that the thing had assumed the value of a root.

y yd, ard, 'stir, dissolve'.

Pres. [6.] rdantu ardan rv. [1.] ardati etc. av.+ [ —

7. — rnatti.]
[Perf. etc. anarda; ardidat, ardit; ardisyati, ardita.]
Verb, arnna? cb.
Sec. Conj. : [Desid. ardidisa-. — ] Cans, ardayati etc. (^[ardayit] ardyate
ardita) v.+
Deriv.: -ardaka c. -ardin c. ardanaE.+
Of perplexing variety of meanings.

y rdh, 'thrive'.

Pres. [5.] rdhnoti etc. v.+ — [7.] rnadhat rndhyam rndhant v. — [4.]

rdhyate -ti v. + (Pass."*).

Perf. anrdhus anrdhe rv.cb.
av.,

Aor. 1. ardlima b.s.. rdhathe rv., rdhyam etc. v.b.s., rdhyasam etc.
Av.E.s. rdhimahi rv. rdhant rv. ardhi b.
, . ;
— 2. rdhet rdhema
Av.cB. — [3. ardidhat. ] 5. — [ardhit] ardhista ms.
Fut. 1. ardhisyate cb. —
2. ardhita jb.

Verb, rddha av.+ [rddhva, ardliitva.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, rdhyate etc. v.+, rdhyant m. — Desid. irtsati etc. (^airt-

sit etc.) AV.CB. [ardidhisa-.] — Cans, ardhayati etc. av.+

Deriv. :
ardha ? v. + -ardhi rv. -fdha rv. rdhnuka ags.

ardha?v.+ ardhuka b.s. rdhat, rdhak? v.b. -irtsa av.

ardhya RV. -rdh v.s. rddhiAv.+ -ardhayitr u.s.

Compare roots vrdh and radh.

r9] Roots, Vebb-fokms, 16

>/r9(?), 'harm'.
Perhaps to be inferred from the derivatives :

-arqa ev. arQas vs. + rksa + v. rksika av.b.

-argani rv. ar9asana ev. -rksara v.

y rs, 'rush, push'.

Pres. [1.] arsati etc. (arsase av.) v,b. — [6.] rsati etc. v.e.s.

Perf. anarsat ta.

[Aor. etc. arsit; arsisyati, arsita.]
Verb, rsta v.b. [arsitva.]

{Sec. Con).: arsisisa-; arsaya-.]

Deriu. .-
-arsa B. -arsu ev. rsabha v.+ rsti v. +
-arsana B. arstr b. rsiv.+ rsva v.b.

arsani av. rsii ev.

Hardly calls for the usual division into two roots. Some of the derivatives
doubtful.

y ej, ij, 'stir'.

Pres, [1.] ijate, ijamana rv. ; ejati etc. v.+

[Per/". etc. ejam cakara; aijijat; ejisyati, ejita.]
-Sec. Con).: [^Desid. ejijisa-. — ] Caus. ejayati cb., -te c.

Deriv. : ejathu av. -ejaya v. +

y edh, 'thrive'.

Pres. [1.] edhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. b.+

Perf. edhire c. — edham cakrire cb., edham babhuvire c.

Aor. [3. aididhat. — edhisiya ] 5. etc. av.b.

[Put. edhisyate, edhita.]
Verb, edhita e. + edhitum ; b. +
Sec. Conj. Desid. edidhisa-
: (in d.). — Caus. edhayati etc. s. +
Der jv. : -edha ? B.s. edhatu v.b. -edhana r. edhas s.e. edidhisu-vs.
Perhaps related with rdh.

y katth, 'boast'.

Pres. [1.] katthate etc. e. +, -ti etc. e.

[Perf. etc. cakatthe akatthista katthisyate, katthita.]
; ;

Verb, katthita e. + katthitum e. ;

Sec. Conj. Caus. katthayati e.

:

Deriv. : -kattha e. katthaka c. -katthin e.+ katthana e.+ katthitavya c.

A secondary prakritized root, but of unclear derivation.

y kad, 'destroy'.

Only in the deriv. kadana e.+, and in cakada kadanam r., where
eakada is a misreading for eakara.
 17 AND Primary Derivatives. [kal

y kan, ka, 'be pleased, enjoy'.

Pres. [4.] kayamana ev'.

Perf.eakana cakanas etc. cakanyat cakandhi etc. cakananta cakan
cake eakana v.b.s.
Rv. ;

Aor. 5. akanisam kanisas rv.

Deriv. kana rv.: kanistha v.b. kanlna v. + kanya v. +
kanaka? E.+ kanistha b.+ kaniyasv.+ -kati rv.
-kayya rv.
Doubtless the same with the following root, kam. The stem cakan, on
account of its accent, rather perfect than intensive.

y kam, 'love'.

Perf. cakame etc. v.+

Aor. [aeakamata] aeikamata etc. b, [
3. 5. kamisista.] —
Put. kamisyate etc. b.
1. 2. kamita b. —
Verb. 'kamta, E. + [kamtva, kamitva ;] -karaass. -kamam cb.
;
;

Sec. Conj.: [Intens. cankam-. Desid. cikamisa-. —

] Caus. kamayate —
etc. V. +, -ti etc. e.

Dcriv. ; kam ? V. + kamitr c. kamyav. + kamukaB.+

kama- ? v. kamra c. -kamya av. + kamti e. +
kamana c. kamav.+ -kaman rv'. kamayitavya
kamaniya c. kamin v. + kamana s. + c.

Doubtless the same with the preceding.

y kamp, 'tremble'.

Pres. [1.] kampate etc. u.+, -ti etc. e.

Perf. cakampe etc. e.

[Aor. acakampat, akampista kampisyate, kampita.]

etc. ;

Verb, kampita e. + [kapita] kampitum e., -tos b. -kampya s. +; ;

Sec. Conj.: [Int. cankamp-. Desid. cikampisa-. —

] Caus. kampayati —
etc. B. +, -te etc. u. + (_kampyate c)
Z>eriv. .-
kampa E. + kampinE.n- kampanaE.+ kapana? rv.
-kampaE. + kampya e.+ -kampaniya c. kapi? v.+
-kampaka e.+ kampana e. + kampra s. + kepi v rv.

y kal, 'drive, produce', etc.

[Pres. etc. kalate, cakale, etc.]

Sec. Conj.: Caus. kalayati etc. s.+, -te etc. b.+ (kalyate etc. s. +) — ka-
layati etc. e. +, -te etc. c.

Deriu.. kala? E.+ -kalya c. -kalaniya c. -kalaka c.

-kalika c. kalana s. + -kalayitr c. -kalana s. +

Divided by BR. and Bo. into two roots : 2 kal [kalay), 'drive' ; and 1 kal
(kalay), 'drive etc. etc'

Whitney, Supplement II.

 +

kas] Roots, Vekb-forms, 18

y kas, 'scratch'.

Pres. [1.] kasati etc. av. +, -te etc. e.+

[Perf. etc. cakasa; akasit.]
Fut. 1. kasisyati ts. [ — 2. kasita.]
Verb, kasita c. ; -kasam s. +
Deriv. : kasa•
e. + kasana • •
c. -kasa
•
b. + -kasin•
c.

y kas, 'open'.
Pres. [1.] kasati etc. av.c.

Perf. cakase c.

Aor. 3. acikasat c.

[Fut. kasisyati, kasita.]

Verb, kasta v.b.s., kasita s.

Sec. Conj.: [Int, canikas-. — Desid. eikasisa-. — ] Caus. kasayati etc. c.

(kasyate c.)

Dew. kasana?
•
c. -kasti ts. -kasaE. + -kasin s.+ -kasaniya c.

-kasuka av.+ -kasvara c. -kasaka c. -kasana c.

y ka, see y kan.

y kanks, 'desire'.

Pres. [1.] kanksati -te etc. b.+

Perf. cakanksa e. +
[Aor. aeakanksat, akanksit; kanksisyati, kanksita.]
etc.

Verb, kanksita e. +
Sec. Conj.: [Int. cakanksya-. Desid. eikaiiksisa-. ] Caus. kan- — —
ksayate e.
Deriv. -kanksa c.
:
•
kanksin e. + -kanksana c. • • •

kanksa e. + -kanksya c. kanisaniya c.

-kanksitavya c.

Perhaps a desiderative formation from y kan or kam.

y kac, 'appear, make a show'.

Pres. [].] ka9ate etc. b. +, -ti etc. e.

Perf. cakaqe etc. e. + [ ka9aih eakre.] —

[Aor. acakagat,
etc. aka9ista; ka9isyate, ka9ita.]
Verb. kaQita e. -kaQya b. ;

Sec. Conj.: Int. caka9iti etc. v.b.u.. eaka^yate etc. b.s. [ Desid. eikasisa-.] —
— Caus. kagayati av. +. -te r. + [kagyate e.")
Deriv. kaqa v. +
: -ka9in e. + -ka9aniya c.
-kagaka e. + -kagya c. -canka9a av.
-ka9ana e»+ -ka9ayitavya c.
 ]

19 AND Peimary Debivatives. [kuth

y kas, 'cough'.
Pres. [1.] kasate etc. c. -ti c.

[Perf.etc. kasam cakre; acakasat, akasista; kasisyate, kasita; cakas-,

cikasisa-, kasaya-.]
Deriv. : kas av. kasa av.c. kasa av. kasika av. -kasana c.

Verb-forms only in the medical literature , and probably denominative,

from kas or kasa.

y ku, see y ku.

y kuc, kune, 'shrink, curl'.

Pres. [1.] kuncate etc. c. [6.] kucati — etc. si.c.

Perf. cukoca [cukunea.]

c.

[Aor. etc. akocit, akuncit ; kocisyati kvmcisyati, kocita kuncita.]

Verb, kucita kuncita e. +
e. +,

Sec. Conj. : Pass, kucyate c. [Int. cokucya-. — — Desid. cukuncisa-. —

Cans, kuncayati etc. e. + kocayati etc. e. + ;

Deriv. . kuea E. + kuncana c. -kocaka c.

-kucana c. kunci c. -kocin c.

-kuncaka c. koca e. + -kocana e. +

Given by the grammarians as two distinct roots , and not without some
justification.

y kunj, 'rustle'.

Pres. [1.] kunjati c.

A single occurrence, in the Harsacarita. If not a false reading, is pro-

bably an artificial word.

y kutt, 'divide, crush'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus.kuttayati etc. c. (kuttita c, -kuttya e. +)
Deriv. -kutta E.+
; -kuttaka c. kuttana c.
Perhaps a prakritized form of 1 krt. The forms avakutya and prakutya
(BR. y 2 kut) are only the usual and permitted abbreviations of -kuttya,

y kunth, 'dull'.

Doubtless only a denominative from kuntha e. +, 'dull'. The participle

kunthita c, and the derivatives kunthaka e. +. -kunthana e.+, occur.

y kuth, 'stink'.

Fcr&. kuthita c.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. kothayati etc. c.

Deriv.: kotha c. -kothaka b.
Except the n. pr. nikothaka, found only in Sugruta : no proper root.
2*
 ;

kup] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 20

y kup, 'be angry'.

Pres. [4.] kupyati etc. e. +, -te etc. e.

Perf. CTikopa etc. u^.e.

Aor. akupat.
[2. 3. acukupat.— ] 5. kopisthas e. —
[Put. kopisyati, kopita.]
Verb, kupita bvI. e. + (kupta c'. ?)
Sec. Conj. [Int. cokup-.
: —
Desid. cukupisa-, cukopisa-. ] Cans, ko- —
payati etc. bv. 9B. e. +, -te e. (cukopayisa- in d.)
Deriu. kupa B.s.
; kupayuAv.V kopmE.+ -kopitr e.
kupana? c. -kupya e. kopya e. kopayisnu b.
kupaya b,v. kopa e. + kopana e. + cukopayisu e.

]/ kus, 'tear'.

Pres. [9.] kusnati etc. c. —

[6.] kusati etc. c.

[Perf. etc, cukosa; akosit, akukaat; kosisyati koksyati, kosita kosta

cokus-, cukusisa- cukosisa-, kosaya-.]
Verb, kusita c. -kusya ms.
;

Deriv.: kosa (? n. pr.) cb. -kosana s.c.

The occurrence in ms. hardly a genuine one.

y kti, 'design'.

Pres. [6.] kuvate cb'.

T'er&. -kuta Av. + ; -kavam ts.

Deriv. : -kuti v. + kaviyas sv.

kavi v. +
niskavam, the helongiug of which is douhtful
Used only with a, except in
(as is also that of kavi). rv. has -kava, kavatnii, kavarf , 'stingy', of ques-
tionable relationship. The grammarians set up roots 1 ku, 2 ku or kQ, 'shout',
giving them a full set of forms ; and Nir. once uses their intens. kokiiyate.

y kuj, 'hum'.

Pres. [1.] kujati etc. av.+, -te etc. e.

Perf. cukiija -je etc. c.

Aor. 1. akuji c.

[Put. kiijisyati, kujita.]

Verb, kujita e. + ; kujitva c.

[Sec. Conj.: cokiij-, eukiijisa-, kujaya-.]

Deriv. ; kuj a E.+ kujanaE. + kujitavya e.

y kud, kul, 'burn'.

Sec. Conj.: Cans, kiidayati etc. rvI. ab^.h-, kulayati etc. s.+ (kiilita c,
-kiidya s.c.)
 +

21 AND PkIMARY DeEIVAXIVES. [ikr

y ktin, 'shrink'.
Pres. [1.] kunati c'.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. kunayati etc. c.

y ktird, 'leap, exult'.

Pres. [1.] kurdati -te etc. e.+
Perf. ciikurda etc. c. [-de.]
[Aor. etc. akurdista; kurdisyate, kurdita.]
Verb, kurdita c.

Deriv. ; kurda s. kurdana c. -kroda?Ts. -krodin? ms.

Compare ]/ gurd, which is douhtless the same with this.

y 1 "kr (skr), 'make'.

Pres. [5.] krnoti krnute etc. v.e.s. —

[8.] karoti kurute etc. b,v3.av.+ —
[2.] karsi av'., krthas krtha krse rv. [1.] karanti etc. kv. — —
kurmi e. —
krse ^Is.) kv'.
Perf. eakara cakre etc. (cakartha cakrse etc.') v. + (cakriyas aeakrat
etc. acakriran rv.)

Aor. 1. akaram akar akran etc. akri akrta akrata etc. v.e.s. (karati -te
etc. V.B.S.,kriyama RV., kriyasam -asma v.e.s. 'krdhietc. v.+, kr- ,

sva etc. RV., krant krana rv. kranta rv. akat cb.) akari v. +
; ; ;
—
2. akarat etc. av. b.s. —
3. acikarat c. 4. akarsit etc. e. +, akrsi —
etc. E.G.

Fut. 1. karisyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.c. (akarisyat etc. b.+) — 2. karta s.
Verb. krtav. + ; kartumAv. +, -tave v.b., -tavai b.s., -tos v.e.s. krtva
;

AV. +, -tvi V.B., -tvaya e. -krtya v. + -karam b.+

; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, kriyate etc. v. + —

Int. karikr- carikr- — Desid. ei-
v.e.

kirsati etc. av.+, -te etc. s.+ (acikirsis ce.; eikirsayati c). — Caus.
karayati -te etc. b. + fkaryate etc. e. + ; cikarayisa- in d.)
Deriv. :kara v. + kartr rv. karuka b.+ -krtha bv.
karana rv. kartr v. + -kurmi, -in rv. -kra RV.
karana v. + kartra av. -krt V. + kratu V. +
karaniyaB.+ karman v.+ -krtya n. v. + kriya kcs. e. +
-karani? e. karvara v. -krtya a. v. + cakri ev.
karas rv. -kara v.+ krtya v. + -karikra b.
karistha rv. karaka e. + krti v. + -cikirs c.

-karisnu s.+ karin av. + krtu (-tvas) v. + ciklrsa e. +

karuna v.b. . karya av. + krtvya rv. cikirsu e. +
kartva v. karana s. + krtnu V. karayitr b.e.
kartavya b. + -karaniya c. krtrima v. + karayitavya e.+
karu E. + krtvan v. eikarayisu c.
kf tvari av. -ciskarayisu e.

The root-form skr is found especially after sam and pari; but also the

aor. nir askrta rv., and pple upaskrta e. +. In v. occur only samskrta
 + +

1 kr] Roots, Veeb-forms, 22

and pariskrta e.v. av., aud pariskrnvanti and -vant bv. (against sam.
akrnvan etc. ev.). sk after sam are frequent,
But from e. on, forms with
almost to the exclusion of those with simplek; even such as sam askur-
vata, sam caskara, sam skarisyanti, samskarayam asa, samciska-
rayisu. Of the derivatives, there are found with sam only: skarana s.+,
skartavya c, skartr e. +, skaraka e. +, skarya e. +, skrti b. + also ;

skriya with sam c. and pari c. skara with sam s. +, pari e. +, and upa ;

c. and skara with apa c, upa e.+, pari e., and vi (V) e. + finally, askra
; -,

RV., which is doubtful.

y 2 kr, kir, 'scatter'.

Pres. [6.] kirati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. +

Perf. eakara cakre e. [cakarus.]
Aor. 1. kiryat c. — 4. akirsata pb. — 5. karisat rv.
Fut. 1. karisyati etc. e. [karisyati. — 2. karita.]
Verb, kirna b. + -, -kirya s. +
Sec. Conj. : Pass, kiryate etc. b. + (kiryet e.) — [Int. cakar-, cekirya-. —
Desid. cikarisa-. — ] Cans, [karayati,] kirayet e.

Deriv. : kara v. ? b. + -kara s. + ? -kira c -kirya c.

-karaka e. -karaka c. kirana v.+ -kula?E.

-karitr• b. -kir c. -kiri b.

One or two late forms occur with prefixed s apaskiramana, praticas- :

kare; others are authorized by the grammarians; in derivatives, viskira s.

y 3 kr, 'commemorate'.

Pres. cakrant ? rv.

Aor. 4. akarsam av. —
akarisam akarit rv.
5.

Sec. Conj.: Int. carkarmi carkrdhi e<c. carkirama -ran earkrse (3s.)

RV. av'.
Deriv. : kara rv. karu v. kirti v. + earkrti rv.
karin rv. kiri, -in rv. -keru ev. carkrtya v.

Cakrant is anomalous and altogether questionable.

y 1 krt, 'cut'.

krntati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.e.

Pres. [6.] [1.] kartati etc. e. —
Perf. cakarta etc. (cakartitha, cakartus) v. +, cakartire e.

Aor. 2. akrtas rv. (krtant- rv.) 3. acikrtas tb. [acakartat.] — — 5.

kartis b.

Fut. 1. kartsyati av. kartisyati c. [ 2. kartita.]

; —
Verb, krtta v. + -krtya v. + -kartam cb.
; ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, krtyate etc. av. +

: [Int. carikrt-. ] Desid. cikartisa- — —
(m d.) [cikrtsa-.] —
Caus. kartayati etc. s. +, krntayati lcs.
23 AND Primary Derivatives. [krs

Deriv. : karta v. + -kartin c. kfta ev. krntana s. +

garta B.+'.' karttavya e. krti rv. krntatra v.b.

kartya c. -karttrE. + krtti? v.+ cikartisa c.

kartana v. + kartari c. -krnta b. cikartisu c.

Samskrtatra v'. is doubtless not referable to this root.

y 2 krt, "spin'.

Pres. [7.] krnatti etc. v.b.s.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. kartita kartya c.

Deriv. karttr e.

y krp, 'lament'.
Pres. [1.] krpate etc. v.
Perf. cakrpanta rv.
Aor. 1. akrpran v. —
5. akrapista rv.

Sec. Conj. Caus. krpayati etc. ev. (^krpayant

: ev'.), -te etc. jb.

Deriv. : krpa e. + krpana v. + krpana av. +

y kr9, 'be lean'.

Pres. [4.] krqyati cb.

Perf. cakarga av.

[Aor. akrgat; karqisyati, karqita.]
etc.

Verb. kr9ita ab. [kr9itva, karqitva.]

Sec. Conj. Caus. karQayati etc. v. +

:

Deriv. kar9ana v. +
: krqa v. + kra9iyas c.

y krs, 'drag, plough'.

Pres. [1.] karsati etc. v.+, -te etc. b.+ — [6.] krsati -te etc. v. +
Perf. cakarsa etc. (cakarsatus) b. +
Aor. 3. acikrsam rv. [acakarsat. 4. akarksit, akraksit.] — — 7. akrk-
sat etc. b. (akrksathas cb.)
Fut. 1. kraksyant s., kraksyejB., [karksyati] karsisyant b. [— 2. kars-
ta,^krasta.]
Verft. krsta AV. + : krastumE. + ; krstva b. + : -krsya s. +
Sec. Conj. : Pass, krsyate etc. b. + — Int. carkrsati etc. v.b. [earikrs-. —
Desid. cikrksa-.] — Caus. karsayati etc. e. +
Deriv. : karsa s. + karsu b. + karsi, -sin b. krsya s. +
karsaka e. + karsana e. + karsman rv. krsti v. +
karsin, -si b. + karsaniya c. krsi v. + krastavya c.

-krastr•
• •
c.

It does not seem worth while to divide this root, evidently one, into two

nearly related ones, as is often done.

 + ]

kip] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 24

y kip, 'be adapted'.

Pres. [1.]kalpate etc. v. + (kalpant? av.)

Perf. caklpe etc. v., -pus av. (-pat v.) eaklpe c. ;

Aor. [2. aklpat. —

] 3. aciklpat etc. v.+ [ 4. aklpta. 5. akalpista.] — —
Fut. 1. klapsyate ab., kalpisyate c. [kalpsyati. 2. kalpita, kalpta.] —
Verb, klpta v. +

Sec. Conj. : [Int. calklp-, caliklp-. — Desid. eiklpsati, eikalpisate. —

Caus. kalpayati -te etc. \. + (kalpyate b. + cikalpayisati ab.) ;

Deriv. : kalpa v. + kalpana v. + kalpitavya c. -kalpayitr cb.

.

kalpaka e. + kalpana e. + kl'pti b. + kalpayitavya

kalpyaE.H- kalpaniya u.+ b.+
"With this root are apparently related krp v.b., krpa v.

y knu, 'wet'.

[Pres. etc. knuyate, eviknuye, aknuyit, knuyisyati, knuyita.]

Verb, -knuyam 9B.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. [knopayati] (-knopam c.)

Deriv. -knopana c.

y kraks, 'crash'.

Pres. [1.] kraksamana evI.

Deriv. : -kraksa evI. -kraksin bxK

Apparently an onomatopoetic root.

y krath, 'be jubilant'.

[Pres. etc.krathati etc.]
Sec. Conj. Caus. krathayati tb^.
:

Deriv. kratha e. + krathana b. +

: kratha -krathin e. krathana
e. c.

A very doubtful group of derivatives, in meaning and connection.

y krand, kland, 'cry out'.

Pres. [1.] krandati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. — Mandate ci.

Perf. eakranda c, eakrade rv. (cakradat etc. rv.)

Aor. 2. kradas rv. —
3. acikradat etc. v.b. — 4. akran v.b. — 5. akran-
dit c.

[Fut. krandisyati, krandita.]

Verb, krandita c. ; kranditum c.

Sec. Conj. : Int.kanikrand-, kanikrad-, kanikradya- v.b. [cakrand-. —

Desid. eikrandisa-.] —
Caus. krandayati etc. v.+
Deriv. : kranda v. + klanda av. krandanu rv.
-krandin c. krandana v.+ krandas v.
krandya v.b. -krandaniya c. kanikrada b.
 + +

25 AND Pkimary Dekivatives. [krxQl

y kram, 'stride'.

Pres. [1.] kramati etc. kramate etc. v. + (^kramati etc, uv.'i e.+, kramate
etc. u.E.) [ — 4. kramyati.]
Perf. eakrama cakramus etc., cakrame etc. v. + (cakramanta rv.)
Aor. 1.akran akramus etc. b,v. — 2. akramat -man av.i!. [ — 3. acikra-
mat.] — 4. akramsta -sata etc. v.b.s. (kramsate ev.) 5. akramit —
V.B.U., kramista (3«.) bv. (akramini rv., akramit cb.-)
etc.

Put. kramsyati -te av.b.e.; kramiisyati -te b.+ (akramisyat r.) [ — 2.

1.

kramita kramta.] ,

Fer&. kramta Av. + kramitumE, + -toss., kramtum e. + kramitva

; , ;

E. +, kramtva b. + [kramtva]; -kramya v. + -krame ev.; -kramam ;

AV. +
Sec. Conj.: Pass, kramyate etc. s.+. — Int. cankram- v. +, eankramyate
B.+ — Desid. cikramisati etc. b.u, [cikramsa-.] — Caus, kramayati
etc. B. +; kramayati etc. b.+ (kramyate c.)

Deriv. :

krama v. + -kramaniya e. + -kramya c. -kramtr e.

-kraminE. + -kramitavya e. -kramana c. cankramaAv.

kramya c. -krama b. -kramuka b. eankramanas.+
kramana V.+ -kramin av.b. -kramtiB.+ -kramayitavya c.
The aor. akran is by some ret'erred to ykrandt

y kri, 'buy.

Pres. [9.] krinati krinite etc. v. +

Perf. cikraya s. [cikriye.]
[Aor. akraisit, akresta.]
Put. kresyati -te etc. b.s. [
1. 2. kreta.] —
Verb, krita v. + kretum e. + kritva av. + -kriya
; ; ; b. +
Sec. Conj.: Pass, kriyate etc. b.+ [ Int. cekri-.] — — Desid. cikrisate c.

[ —Caus. krapayati, aeikrapat.]

Deriv.: kraya av.+ krayyaB.+ -krayaka e.+ kretavyaE.+
-krayaka e. krayanaB.+ -kriAv.+ kretrE.
-krayin e. + krayaniya s. -kriti b. kreya e.+

V y krid, 'play.

Pres. [1.] kridati -te etc. \.+

Perf. eikrida -de etc. b. +
[Aor. acikridat, akridit.]
Put. 1. kridisyati c. [ — 2. kridita.]
Verb, kridita e. + kriditum c. -kridya e.
; ;

Sec. Conj.: [Int. eekrid-. —

] Desid. cikridisa- (m d.). — Caus. kridayati
etc. s. + (^kridapayati e.")
 . . ]

krid] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 26

Deriv.: kridav. + kridinv. + kridi ev.b. eikridisa c.

krida e. +
•
kridana •
e. + kriditr
• •
c. cikridisu
• •
c.

kridu Ev.

y kru, 'be rough or raw'

Such a root appears to be assuraalile for the derivatives :

kravanauv. kravis, -viv. kravisnuv. kravya v.+ -kru rv. kruraAv.+

y krudh, 'be angry'.

Pres. [4.] krudhyati etc. av. + , -te etc. e. +

Perf. eukrodha cukrudhus etc b. +
Aor. 2. krudhat etc. av. + — 3. acukrudhat etc. rv.
[Fut. krotsyati, kroddha.]
Verb, kruddha v. + kroddlium e. kruddhva s.
; ;

Sec. Conj.: [Int. cokrudh-. —

Desid. cukrutsa-. — ] Cans, ki'odhayati
etc. AV. + (krodhyate ji.)

Deriv. : krudh c. krudhmi rv. kr6dliaAv.+ krodhana e.+ krodhaniyaE.

\q^ y kru9, 'cry out'.

Pres. [1.] kr69ati etc. v, +, -te etc. rv.e.

Perf. CTikroga etc. e. [cukru9e.]
Aor. 7. akrviksat etc. v.b.
[Fut, kroksyati, krosta.]
Verb, krusta b. + krostum e. -kru9ya e. +
; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, krugyate e. [Int. cokru9-. —

Desid. cukruksa-. — —
Caus. kro9ya e. +
Deriv. -kro9a v. +
: -kro9in c. kl69a rv. krostu c.
-kro9aka b. + -kro9ya s. kro9ana v. + krostr v. +
-kro9ayitr c.

y krud, 'thicken' (?).

Sec. Conj.: Caus. akrudayat, krudyamana, cukrudayati b.

All in a single passage of the Kathaka. Possible derivative , kroda av. +

y klath, 'turn' (?)

Pres. [1.] klathan b.

A single occurrence , in vs. ; no derivatives.

y kland, see ]/ krand.

y klam, 'be w^eary'.

Pres. [4.] klamyati c.
Perf. [caklama,] caklame c.

[Aor. etc. aklamit; klamisyati, klamita.]

 ]]

27 AND Primary Derivatives. [k^ad

Verb, klamta e. +
Sec. Conj. klamayati c.
: Cans,
Derjw.; klama
+ klamtiE. c.

Compare y 9ram.

y klav, 'stammer'.
Verb, klavita c.

Probably artificial and false, inferred from viklava e. + , viklavita c.

y klid, 'be wet'.

Pres. [4.] klidyati -te etc. e. + — [1.] klindant ci.

[Perf. etc. eikleda; aklidat, aciklidat; kledisyati kletsyati, kledita

kletta.]
Verb, klinna s. + [kliditva, klittva.]
Sec. Conj. : [Int. ceklid-. — Desid. cikledisa-, ciklidisa-, ciklitsa-. —
Caus. kledayati etc. s. +
Deriv.: -klmdu av. -kledin c. kledana c.

kleda e. + -kledya e. -klediyas av.

y kli9, 'distress'.

Pres. [9.] kllQnati etc. e. + — [4.] kliqyate etc. e. + , -ti etc. e. +

Perf. cikle9a etc. c.
[Aor. etc. kli9yat akle9i, acikli9at, akle9it, akliksat; kle9isyati
kleksyati, kle9ita klesta.]
Verb, klista e.+ [kli9ita]; klestum e.; [kli9itva, klistva;] -kli9ya cb.+
Sec. Conj.: [Int. cekli9-. — Desid. cikle9isa-, cikli9isa-, cikliksa-. —
Caus. kle9ayati etc. e. +
Deriv. : kle9a u. + -kle9aka c. kle9iii c. kle9ana c. klestr e.

y kvan, 'sound'.
Pres. [1.] kvanati c.

[Perf. etc. eakvana ; akvanit ; kvanisyati kvanita.] ,

Verb, kvanita c.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. kvanayati etc. c.

Deriv. -kvanana c.

l/kvath, 'boil'.

Pres. [1.] kvathati -te +

etc. b.

[Perf. etc. eakvatha ; akvathit ; kvathisyati , kvathita.]

Fer&. kvathita c.

Sec. Conj.: Caws. kvathayati etc. s.+ (kvathyate etc. e. +)

Deriv. : kvatha c. kvathana c. kvatha c. kvathayitavya c.

y.ksad, 'divide'.
Pres. [1.] ksadate etc. v.b.

Perf. caksade etc. bv.

Deriv. : ksattf v. -ksad rv. ksadman rv.
ksanl Roots, Veeb-fobms, 28

^y°
y ksan, 'wound'.
Pres. [S.] ksanoti ksanute etc. b. +
[Perf. caksana caksane.]
Aor. aksata,
[1. —
] 5. ksanisthas av. [aksanit.]

[Fut. ksanisyati -te, ksanita.]

Verb, ksata v. + ksanitos cb, ;

[Sec. Conj. canksan- ciksanisa- ksanaya-.]

: ; ;

Deriv.: ksanana c. ksati e. +

y ksap, 'be abstinent'.

Pres. [1.] ksapati e. + , ksapate v.s.

Verb, ksapitum c.
Deriv. ksapana e. +
The -words ksap v., ksapa v. + do not appear to be connected with
this root.

y ksam, 'endure'.

Pres. [1.] ksamate etc. v. + , -ti etc, e. + (ksamat av. ?). — [4.] ksamyate
etc. E. + [ksamyati.]
Perf. caksame + (eaksamithas ev.)
etc. b.

[Aor. aksamat, aeiksamat, aksamsta, aksamista.]

Fut. 1. ksamsyati ksamisyati b.+ [ 2. ksamta, ksamita.]
etc. e., —
Verb, ksamta e. +, ksamita e. ksamtum e. + ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, ksamyate

: e. + [Int. canksam-. Desid. ciksamsa-, — —
ciksamisa-. ] —
Cans, ksamayati etc. e.+ (^ksamaye m. ksama- .

paya- c.}
Deriv. ksam, ksa v.
: ksamaniya e. ksamtr e. ksamti e. +
ksama av.+ ksamtavya e.+ ksamya e. ksma V. +
ksama e. + ksamitavya e. ksaman v. eaksma? kv.
ksami sv. ksamapanaci.

y ksar, 'flow'.

Pres. [1.] ksarati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.

Perf. caksara c.

Aor. aksar (3s.") b,v.

[Fut. ksarisyati, ksarita.]

Verb, ksarita b. ; ksaradhyai ev.

Sec. Conj. : [Int. eaksar-. — Desid. ciksarisa-. — ] Caus. ksarayati etc. b. +

Deriv. : ksara v. + ksarana c. ksarana c. ksira v v. +

I ksal, 'wash'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksalayati etc. b.+ (^ksalapayita s.)

Deriv. : ksala e. + -ksalaka e. + -ksalya c -ksalana s. +

Doubtless the same with the preceding root.
 ++

29 AND Pbimaky Dekivatives. [ksip

y ksa, 'burn'.
Pres. [4.] ksayati etc. b.s.

Verb, ksana? b.s.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksapayati etc. av. b.s.

Deriv.: -ksana e. ksati rv. ksamaB.+ ksaraE.

y 1 ksi, 'possess'.
Pres. [2.] kseti etc. v.b. (ksyant ts., ksiyant v.). — [6.] ksiyati etc. av. b. —
[1.] ksayati etc. v.

[Perf. ciksaya.]
Aor. 4. ksesat rv.
Fut. ksesyant rv.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksayaya rv., ksepayat rv.
Z»eriu. ; ksaya V. ksayana vs. -ksit v.+ -ksetr rv.
ksa?v.
•
ksatra?v. +
•
ksiti v.+
•
ksetr a v. +
•

-ksas? RV. ksemav.

y 2 ksi, ksi, 'destroy'.

Pres, [9.] ksinati etc. v.b. — [5.] ksinoti etc. av.+ — [1.] ksayati e. — [4.]
ksiyate etc. v.b. — [2.] ksidhi sv'.
[Perf. ciksaya.]
Aor. 1. [ksiyat;] ksayi b.s. — 4. ksesthas ksesta av.b.s.u.
Fut. 1. aksesyata (3s.) cb. ; ksayisyami r. [ — 2. kseta.]
Verb, ksita v. +, ksina av. + ; -ksetos b. ;
[ksitva;] -ksiya ce.

Sec. Conj.: Pass,ksiyate v. + [Int. ceksi-. ] Desid. ciksisati b. — — —

Caus. ksayayati etc. e. + ksapayati etc. e. + ;

Deriv.: ksayaE.+ -ksayana av. b.s. ksesnii b. -ksapayitr c.

ksayin e. -h ksayisnu u.c. ksapana e. + ksapayisnu c.
ksayya b. + -ksit b. ksapitavya c. ksayayitavya e.
ksiti AV. +

y ksip, 'tkrow'.
Pres. [6.] ksipati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+
Perf. ciksepa etc. e. +, eiksipe e.
Aor. [1. ksipyat aksepi. ] 3. ciksipat etc. v. [
; — — 4. aksaipsit, aksipta.]
Fut. 1. ksepsyati etc. e.+, -te e. [ 2. ksepta.] —
Verb, ksipta v. +, ksipita s. kseptum e. +, -tos ; b. ; ksiptva c. ; -ksipya
E. + ; -ksepam e.

Sec. Conj. ksipyate e. + (-y ant m.)

: Pass, — [Int. ceksip-. — ] Desid. ciksi-
psa- (m d.). —
Caus. ksepayati etc. e. +
Deriv. ksip rv.
: ksipti c. ksepya c. kseptavya e. +
-ksipa c. ksipra v. + ksepan b. kseptr e. +
ksipa RV. ksepa e. + ksepana s. + ksepnu rv.
ksipani rv. ksepaka e. + ksepistha e. -ciksipsu c.

ksipanii rv. -ksepin c. ksepiyas b. +

 ];

k§u] Roots, Verb-forms, 30

y ksu, 'sneeze'.

Pres. [2.] ksauti ksuvanti etc. b. +

Perf. euksava etc. b., euksuve c.

[Aor. aksavit; ksavisyati, ksavita.]

etc.

Verb, ksuta e. + ksutva b. +

;

Sec. Conj.: Desid. cuksusati jb. [ — Desid.-Caus. cuksavayisati.]

Deriu..- ksava Av. ksavathu c.

y ksud, 'crush'.

Pres. [1.] ksodati -te rv. [ — 7. ksunatti ksuntte.]

Perf. cuksudus e.

[Aor. etc. aksudat, aksautsit aksutta; ksotsyati -te, ksotta.]

Verb, ksunna + -ksudya c.
e. ;

Sec. Conj.: Cans, ksodayati etc. ev. c.

Deriu. ksudra V. +
;
•
ksodaE. + •
ksodas
•
ev. ksodistha b.
•

ksodya e. ksodiyas b.+

y ksudh, 'be hungry'.

Pres. [4.] ksudhyati etc. v. +

[Perf. ciiksodha.]
Aor. 2. ksudhat av.
[Fut. ksotsyati, ksoddha.]
Verb, ksudhita v. + [ksudhitva.]
Deriv..- ksudh V.+ ksudha E.+ -ksudhya av. ksudhi c. ksodhuka b.s.

-|/ksup, 'be startled' (?).

Pres. [6.] aksupat e1. (^Aor. 2'?).

Beriv. : ksupa e. + ksiimpa ev.
Not a genuine root. The only verbal form in a single punning etymology.

]/ ksubh, 'quake'.

Pres. [4.] ksubhyati -te etc. e.+ — [1.] ksobhate ui. — [5.] ksubhnuyus
JB. [ — 9. ksubhnati.]
Perf. cuksobha c, cuksubhe av.+
[Aor. etc.ksubhyat aksobhi, aksubhat, aeuksubhat, aksobhit -bhista
ksobhisyati -te, ksobhita.]
Verb, ksubdha b. +, ksubhita e. + -ksobdhos cb. [ksobhitum ksub- ; ;

dhva, ksubhitva.]
Sec. Conj.: [Int. coksubh-. —
Desid. cuksubhisa- , cuksobhisa-. —
Caus. ksobhayati -te e. + (ksobhyate e. +, cuksobhayisa- in d.)
Beriv. : ksubh rv. ksobha b. + -ksobhin c. ksobhana v. +
ksubha e. + ksobhaka c. ksobhya e. + ksobhayitr c.
cuksobhayisu e.
 .

31 AND PRIMA.KY DERIVATIVES. [khad

y ksnu, 'whet'.

Pres. [2.1 ksnaumi rv., ksnauti s., ksnuvana av.

[Perf. etc. cuksnava aksnavit; ksnavisyati, ksnavita.]
;

Verb, ksnuta -ksnutya b.

e. ;

Deriv.: -ksnut e.s. ksnotra rv.

y ksma, 'tremble'.

[Pres. etc. ksmayate, caksmaye, etc.]

Sec, Conj. Caus. ksmapayati c.
:

No genuine root. The single example In Nirukta.

y ksvid, 'hum'.
Pres. [1.] ksvedati etc. e.+
Verb, ksvedita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Caus. ksvedayati e.

Deriv. : ksveda
• •
e. + ksvedana
• •
e. +
A later form of the root next following.

y ksvid, 'hum'.
Pres. [1.] ksvedati etc. b.
Verb, ksvinna c -ksvidas; b.

Apparently onomatopoetic.

, y ksvel, 'play'

Pres. [1.] ksvelati etc. e.

Verb, ksvelita e. +
Deriv. : ksvelana c. ksveli c.

y khac, 'show through'.

Pres. [1.] khacati etc. c.

Verb, khacita e. +

y khanj, 'limp'.

Pres. [1.] khanj ati etc. c.

[Perf. etc. eakhanja etc. etc.']
Deriv.: khanja c. khanjana c.

y khad, 'be hard'.

Pres. -khadant? ce.

[Perf. etc. cakhada etc. etc.]

Deriv. : khada s. khadira v. +

Very doubtful root ; the occurrence in cb. perhaps a false reading.
 +

khan] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 32

y khan, kha, 'dig'.

Pres. [1.] khanati -te etc. v.

Perf. cakhana cakhnus etc. av. + [eakhne.]

Aor. [1. khanyat, khayat. — 3. aeikhanat. — ] 4. khans. [ — 5. akhanit,
akhanista.]
Fut. 1. khanisyati etc. b.+ [ — 2. khanita.]
Verb, khata v. + ; khanitum b. + ; khanitva c. , khatva b. + , -tvl b.;
-khaya e. + ; -khanam s.
Sec. Conj. : Pass, khayate etc. b. +, khanyate etc. e. + [ — Int. eankhan-,
cakha-. — Desid. cikhanisa-.] — Caus. khanayati etc. s. + (kha-
naya- e. ?)

DeWv..- kha V. + khanana c. khanitrav. + khanya s.

kha V. + khananiya c. khara v. + khani c.

khana av. khani + av. khatr c. -khu v. +
khanaka e. khanitr v. + khanaka c. -kheya c.

y kharj, 'creak'.
Pres. [I.] kharj ati s.
Deriv. : khargala v. + kharjura b. +

y khall, 'be relaxed'.

Pres. [1 .] khallate c.

Verb, khallita c.

Deriv. khalla c. .

y kha, see ]/ khan.

y khad, 'chew'.
Pres. [1.] khadati etc. v.+
Perf. cakhada+ etc. v.

[Aor. acakhadat; akhadit.]

Fut. khadisyate e. [-ti.
1 . 2. khadita.] —
Verb, khadita b. + khaditva b.u. ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, khadyate c. [

: Int. cakhad-.] Desid, cikhadisati e. + — —
—
Caus. khadayati etc. e.+
Derii;. khada V. +
: khadyaE.+ khadas- rv. eikhadisu e.+
khadaka s. + khadana e. + khaditavya c.
khadin e. + khadaniya c. khaditr c.

y khid, 'tear'.

Pres. [6.] khidati etc. v. +. [ 7. khintte.] [4.]? see Pass. — —

[Perf. etc. cikheda; aeikhidat, akhaitsit; khetsyati, khetta.]
Fer&. khinna E. + -khidyaB.s. -khidam av. ; ;

Sec. Conj. : Pass, khidyate etc. e. +, -ti etc. e. + — [Int. cekhid-. — Desid.
cikhitsa-. — ] Caws, khadayati -te e.+
 + ]

33 AND Primary Derivatives. [gad

Deriv. : -khida is. kMdvans rv. khedin c. kheditavya e.

khidra rv. kheda v. + khedana c, khedayitavya c,

]/ khud, 'futuere'.

Pres. [6.] khudati etc. v.

Sec. Conj.: Int. eanikhudat s. (kanikhunat tb.)
Deriv. khodana av.

y khel, 'stagger .

Pres. [1.] khelati etc. e. +

Verb, khelita c.

Sec. Conj. : Cans, khelayati etc. c.

Deriv. : khela v. + khelana c. k!!;^eli c.

y khya, 'see'.

Pres. [2.] khyasi khyati khyahi khyata e. +

Perf. cakhyau cakhyus etc. v. +
Aor. [1. akhyayi; khyayat, kliyeyat. — ] 2. akhyat etc. v.b.s., akhyata
etc. v.B. — 4. khyesam b.s. [khyasista.]
Fut. 1.khyasyati etc. b.+, -te e. + [ — 2. khyata.]
Verb, khyata av. + khyatum b. + ; ; -khyaya v. + ; -khyai v.b.; -khya-
yam b.

Sec. Conj. : Pass, khyayate etc. b.+ (khyayisyate b.) — [Int.cakhya-. —

Desid. eikhyasita c. — Cans, khyapayati -te etc. b. + (^[acikhyapat ;]
khyapyate etc. c. ; cikhyapayisa- in d. c.)
Deriv..- -khya B.+ -khyatrv. + -khyeyaav. + khyapana e. +
-khya v. + khyana khyapaka c. khyapaniya c.
b. +
khyati B.+ -khyayakaE. + khyapin c. -cikhyasu c.
-khyatavya E.+ -khy ayin s. + khyapya e. cikhyapayisa c.

y gach, see y gam.

y gad, 'say'.

Pres. [1.] gadati etc. s.

Perf. jagada jagade etc. e.+

Aor. 1. agadi c. [ 5. agadit.] —
Fut. 1. gadisyate e. [ 2. gadita.] —
Verb, gadita e. + gaditum c. -gadya s.
;
;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, gadyate etc. e. + Int. jagadyate — c. — Desid. jigadi-

sati e. —
Caus. gadayati s.
Deriv..- gada B.+ gadanaB.+ -gadin c. gadgada c.

gadya e. + gadi c. -gadya c.

vi gada in av. (v. 22. 6) is douttless a vocative, vigada.

Whitney, Supplement II. 3
 .

gadhj Roots, Verb-Forms, 34

y gadh, 'attach' (?)

Verb, -gadhita b.'v-.

Deriv. gadhya ev.

A root of doubtful meaning and relations.

y gabh, see y gah.

y gam, gach, 'go'.

gachati etc. v. +, -te etc. V. +.

Pres. [1.] garaanti ev., -ntu v. [2.] —
gatha ev'.
Perf. jagama (jagantha [jagamitha]") jagmus etc, jagme etc. v.+ (ja-
gannia ev. jaganvans v. +. jagmivans b. + jagamyat etc. v.; aja-
; ;

gan ajagmiran v.)

etc.

Aor. 1. agamam agan agraan etc. agata aganmahi agmata etc. v.b.s,
(gamat etc. v.b., gamamahai ev. gamyat etc. v.b.s., gmiya b. gahi ; ;

gantu etc. v.b.s.: gmant v.); agami ev., agami c. 2. agamat —

etc. B.+ [garnet etc. v.b.s., gamemahi v.s.) 3. ajigamat etc. v.b. — —
4. agamsi agamsmahi etc. s.+ (agasmahi etc. v.b.) [gamsista, gasista.]

— 5. gamistam ev., gmisiya vs.

Fut. 1. gamisyati etc. av.+, -te etc. e. (agamisyat u.) 2. gamta etc. b. + —
Verb, gata v. + gamtum e. +, -tave v.b., -tavai v.. -tos v.b. gatva av.+,
; ;

-tvaya v.b., -tvi ev. -gatya v. +, -gamya u.s. + gamadhyai ev.,

; ;

-dhye ts. -gamas ms.

;

Sec. ConJ.: Pass, gamyate eic. av. + —

Int. ganigara- v.b., jangam- (m d.),

jagam- av. ? —
Desid. jigamisati -te etc. b. + jigamsati etc. av.+, ,

-te etc. S. + — Cans, gamayati etc. v.+. -te etc. s. + (gamaya evI.)

Deriv. : gaeha c. gamisnu e. -gatvan ev. gamayitr b.+

-gama v. + -gat V. gatvara c. gamayitavya b.c.

gamaka c. gati V. + -gamin e.+ jagat V. +

-gamin c. -gamtva s. -gamiika e. + jagmi EV.
gamya u. + gamtavya B.+ gma ev. jigatnu V.

gamana v.+ gamtr v. + -gman ev. jangama v. +

gamaniya e.+ -gatha v.b. jma EV. jangamana c.
gamistha v.s. gatnu av. jman v. -jigamisu c.

jigamsu c.

y garj, 'roar.

Pres. [1.] garjati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. +

Perf. jagarja etc. e. +
[Aor. etc. agarjit; garjisyati, garjita.]
Verb, garjita e. + ; garjitva e. : -garjya c.

Deriv. : gavja c. -garj in c. garjana e.+ garji c.

 . + ]

35 AND Primary Dekivaiives. [2 ga

y gard, 'exult' (?)

Pres, [1.] agardat pb.

Deriv. garda ts.
Perhaps the same with ]/ gurd.

y garh, 'chide'.

Pres. [1.] garhate etc. ev.s.e. +, -ti etc. e. +

Perf. jagarha -he etc. e. +
[Aor. etc. agarhista; garhisyate, garhita.]

Verb, garhita s. + garhitum e. -garhya c.

; ;

garhyate etc. c.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, [Int. jagarh-. —
Desid. jigarhisa-. — —
Caus. garhayati -te etc. u, +
Deriv. garha E.+
; garhya s.v+ garhana e.+ garhitavya e.

garhin e. + garhaniya e. +

y gal, 'drop'.
Pres. [1.] galati etc. c.

[Perf. c«c. jagala; agalit; etc.]

Verb, galita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Int. galgallti vs., galgalyate c. — Caws, galayati etc. c.

Deriv. : galana c. galana c.

y galbh, 'dare'.
Pres. [1.]galbhate etc. c.
Perf. jagalbhe c.
Deriv. -galbha b. +
With pra, and doubtless in reality a denominative of pragalbha.

y 1 ga, 'go'.

Pres. [3.] jigati etc. v.b. [ — 2. gate.]

Perf. jagayat rv.i, (adhi-) jage etc. e. +
Aor. 1. agat agus etc. v.+ (gani gata etc. v.; agan 3j). c.l [agayi.] —
3. (adhy-) agista agisata etc. b.+ [agasta] gesam -sma av.b.s. ;

[Fut. gasyate, (adhy-) agisyata ; gata.]

Verb, gatave ev^.
See. Conj.: [Pass, giyate. — jegiya-. — Int. ] Desid. jigisati etc. svi.c^.

[jigasa-. — Caus. gapayati, ajigapat.]

Deriv.; -ga V.+ gatrav. + -gaya v. ganga?v.
-ga V. + -gana ev. -gu ? b.
gatu V.B. -gaman ev. gesna? u.

y 2 ga, 'sing'.

Pres. [4.] gayati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. + — [1.] gati ke*., ganti m. — gayise
(Is.) Evi.

3*
 +

2 ga] Roots, Verb-forms, 36

Perf. jagau etc. b.+, jage etc. c.

Aor. [1. geyat; agayi. — ] 4. gasi (Is.) rv. — 6. agasit -sisus etc. v.b.u,

(gasisat ev.)
Fut. 1. gasyati etc. b.+ (agasyat etc. b.tj.) [ — 2. gata.]
Verb, gita v. + ;
gatum b. + ;
gitva + -gaya
b. ; ab., -glya cb.c.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, giyate etc. v.+ (giyant m.) — Int. jegiyate etc. e. +
[jaga-.] — Desid. jigasati etc. b. — Cans, gapayati etc. b.+, -te b.
[ajigapat] ;
gayayeyus jub.
Deriv.: -ga\.+ gayatrav. + gatrv.+ gitis.
-ga Av. + gayana s. + gatha v. + githa av. +
-gaya c. -gayas ev. gatha v. + geya b. +
gayakaE.+ gatu b,v. gana u.s.+ -gesna ab.
-gayin c. gatavya c. -gaman ev. -jigitha, -ta b.u.
-gapana s.

y gah etc., 'plunge'.

Pres. [1.] gahate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e.

Perf. jagaha c. (jigahire sK)

[Aor. ajigahat ; agacLha, agahista.]
Fut. 1. gahisyate e.+ [ 2. gacLha, gahita.]—
Verb, gadiia s. +, gahita e. + ;
gahitum -gahya s. +
e. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, gahyate etc. e. + —

Int. jangahe v. [jagah-. — Desid.
jigahisa-, jighaksa-.] — Caws, gahayati etc. c.
Deriv. : -gaha ev. gaha v. + gambhan b. gabhvara c.

gahana Ev.E. -gahin c. gambhara ev. gadh.av.+

gah-, ganhmanB. -gahya E.+ gambhistha b. gadhana c.

gahvara av. + gahana s. + gabhira v. +

gahaniya c. gambhira v. +
The connection of these derivatives is probable, but not beyond question.

y gir, gil, see y 2 gr.

y gu, 'sound'.

[Pres. etc. gavate; juguve; agosta; gosyate, gota; guta.]

Sec. Conj.: 7rii. joguve joguvana v.b.

Deriv.: -gut? ev. jogu ev.

y gunj, 'hum'.
Pres. [1.] gunjati etc. c.

[Perf. etc. jugunja ; agunjit ; gunjisyati, gunjita.]

Verb,gunjita c.
Deriu.; gunj a c. -gunjin c.
 +

37 AND Pbimaky Derivatives. [gulph

y gunth, 'cover up'.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. gunthayati etc. c. (gunthita e. +, -gunthya s. +)

Deriv. gunthana c.

Probably a denominative formation. ^<^>^ep T

y gup, 'protect'. V^ -^^ " ^^^-^ ^ ^

Pres. [1 gopant? c'.

.] ^*^::£^4[£|^^^^^
Perf. jugopa jugupus etc. v.+
Aor. 3. ajugupat etc. b.s. (ajugupa- b.) [ 4. agaupsit. 5. agopit.] — —
Fut. 1. gopsyati etc. av.+ [gopisyati. 2. gopta, gopita.] —
Verb, gupita v., gupta av. +; goptum u., gopitum c.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, gupyate etc. b. [ Int. jogup-.] —
Desid. jugupsate etc. —
B. +, -ti etc. E. +, jiigupisa- (m d.) [jugopisa-.] Caus. gopayati etc. —
E. +, -te etc. E. (gopyate e.)

Deriv.; -gup E.+ gopyaE. + goptavya e. jugupsaE.+

-gupya B. gopanaAv. + goptr av.+ jugupsus.
gupti AV. + -gopaniya c. gopistha b. jugupisu e.
Perhaps ultimately a denominative from gopa, but assuming the aspect
of a root even in the Veda.

y guph, gumph, 'twine'.

Pres. [1.] gumphati etc. c.

Verb, gumphita, guphita c.

Sec. Conj. : gumphayati etc. c.

Caus.
Deriv. : gumpha c. -gumphaka c. gumphana c.

y gur, 'greet'.

Pres. [6.] gurate etc. v. +, -ti etc. c.

Perf. [jugure] jugurat -ryas -ryat rv.
Aor. 1. gurta rv. [ —
5. agurista.]

[Fut. gurisyate, gurita.]

Verb, giirta v.+, gurna s. + ; -gurya v. +, -gurya c.

Sec. Conj. : Int. jargurana bv. — Caws, giiraya- (m d.).

Deriv. : -gur b.s. gurana c. -gorana c. jugurvani bv.

-gurana c. giirti rv. -gurayitr c.

Doubtless a secondary form of y 1 gr.

y giilph, 'bunch'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. gulphayeyus s'., gulphita s.

Deriv. gulpha av. +

A very doubtful case.
guh] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 38

y guh, 'hide'.

Pres. [1.] guhati -te etc. v. +

Perf. juguha juguhe juguhire e.
c,
Aor. [1. aguhi. —
] 2. giihias guhant- gvLhamana kv. [ — 3. ajugiihat. —
4. agudha. —
5. aguhit, aguhista.] 7. aghuksat — etc. v.b. [aghuk-
sata.]
[Fut. guhisyati -te, ghoksyati -te guhita, godha.] ;

Verb, gudha v. + guhituniE. + [guhitva, gudhva,] gudhvi

; ;
kv. ; -guhya
E. +,-guhya ? E.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, guhyate etc. v. + [ — Int. joguh-.] — Desid. juguksati ev.
[jughuksa-.] — Cans, guhayati etc. s. +
Deriv, : guh rv. '
guhya v. + guhitavya e. goha v.b.s.
guha E. + -gtiha c. -gtihitr c. -gohana kv.
guha V. + guhana s. + -gohya kv.s.

y gurd, 'exult' {?).

Pres. [1.] agurdan jb.

Deriv. gurda b. +
Compare roots kurd, gard, and gurdh. See J.A.O.S., vol. xi., p. cxlvii.

y gurdh, 'exalt' (?).

Sec. Conj.: Caus, gurdhaya evI.

Perhaps the same with the preceding.

]/ 1 gr, 'sing'.

Pres. [9.] grnati grnite etc. v.+ (grne 3s. v., grnata 2p. av.) — [6.] (sam-)
girate etc. c, -ti c. — grnise (Is.) v.

Perf. jagara ta.

[Aor. giryat ; agarit.]

Fut. 1. garisyati s. [garisyati. — 2. garita.]
Verb, [girna ;] -girya b. ;
grnisani ev.
Deriv..- -gara AV. + -garitr b.s. girv.+ -girya b.

-garana c. -gira c.

Compare roots gur and 2 jr.

j/ 2 gr, gir, gil, 'swallow'.

Pres. [6.] girati etc. av.+, -te etc. e.+ (girami av^.); gilati etc. b. + — [9.]
grnati etc. av.s.
Perf. jagara v. +
Aor. 1. [or 2.) garat -ran v. [giryat.] — 3. ajigar ev^.? [ — 4. agirsta.] —
5. garit ev.
Fut. 1. garisyati b.c. [garisyati. — 2. garita.]

^
 +

39 AND Primary Derivatives. [graht

Verb, girna v.+. gilita c. : giritum c. ; -glrya av. +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, giryate etc. e. — Int. jargurana rv., jalgulas ev. [jagr-,
jegilya-. — Desid. jigarisa-.] — Cau,^. girayati c. [garayati.J
Dcriv.; gara AT. + -garaE. + -gilaAV.+ gargaravv.+
galaE. + -garinE.+ -girana c. -jigarta'.'B.
-garana c. -gir v.b.s. gilana c. jigarti rv.
garas"? B.s. -gira av. -gra, -gri rv.

y 3 gr, jagr, 'wake'.

Aor. 3. ajigar rv. ; jigrtam -ta rv.

Sec. Conj.: Int. jagarti jagrati etc. v.+ (jagarasi etc., jagryat etc., jagrhi
etc.; jagrat; ajagar; jagaraetc. ;
jagarisyati -te; jagarita; jaga-
rayati etc.). Irreg., as y jagr: jagrmi m. : jagrati, -te etc. s.e., jaga-
rati M.; jajagara e.+, jagaram asa c: [jagaryat, ajagari, ajagarit.]
X>eriy. ; jagara B.+ j agar ana b.+ jagaruka rv.c. jagrtavya e.
jagaraka c. jagarisnu c jagartavya e. jagrviv.+

]/ grdh, 'be greedy'.

Pres. [4.]grdhyati etc. v. +

Perf. jagrdhus b.c. (jagrdhus rv.)
Aor. 2. agrdhat etc. v.b.u.
Fut. 1. gardhisyati b. [ 2. gardhita.] —
Verb, grddha e. + grddliva c. [grdhitva.]
;

[Sec. Conj.: jarigrdh-; jigardhisa-; gardtiayati.]

Deriu. ; grtsa? v.b. grdhna e. grdhya av. grdhrav.+
gardha c. grdlinuv.+ grdhya e.
gardhin v. + grdhyin e.

y grath, grantti, 'tie'.

Pres. [9.] grathnati etc. b.+ — [7.] grnatti? av. [— 1. granthati, gra-
thati.]
[Perf. etc. jagrantha jagranthus grethus; grathyat, ajagranthat,
agranthit.]
Fut. 1. granthisyati e. [ 2. granthita.] —
Verb, grathita v. + [granthitva, grathitva;] -grathya
;
b. + ; -gran-
tham B.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, grathyate c. — [Int. jagranth-, jagrathya-. — Desid.

jigranthisa-. — ] Cans, granthayate e., grathayati c.

Deriv. : grathin rv. grathana c. grathna s. granthana s. +
grathya c. grathaniya c. grantha e. + granthi v. +
grathitavya c. granthin rv.
 + j]

grabh] Roois, VEEB-roans, 40

y grabh, grab, 'seize'.

Pres. [9.] grbhnati grbhnite etc. v.b.; grhnati grhnite etc. (grhana)
V.+ — [1.] grhnati etc. e. , -te u. — grhithas e., -ita ms.c, -isva b,,
agrhitam e.
Perf. jagrabha jagrbhus jagrbhre (jagrbhraa jagrbhyat v., etc. v.

jagrbhrire Ev. ajagrabhara e<c. v.b.s.u.); jagraha jagrhus jagrhe

;

etc. V, + (jagrhtna sv. jagrahatus m.).;

Aor. 1. agrabhara v.b., agrbhran ev. grabhat ab., grbhana ms. [grhyat; ;

agrahi.] —
2?. grhe [3s.) us., grhate (3p.) grhamahi ev. 3. aji- —
grabhat ms. (ajigrbham k.), ajigrahat c. [4. aghrksata. — —
5. agrabhit agrabhisus etc. agrabhista etc. v.b. (agrabhim ts.);

agrahit etc. agrahlsta etc. av.+ (agrahaisam ab.)

Fut. 1. grahisyati -te b.+ (agrahisyat etc. b.+ agrahaisyat b.u. grhi- ,
;

syati, grahisyati e.) 2. grahita e. —

Verb, grbhita v.b.. grhita av. + grahitum b.+. -tavai b., -tosB. gr-
; -,

bhitva AV., grhitva av. + -grbhya v., -grhya v. + -grabhe ev.,

; ;

grbhe ev., -graham jb.; grhaye k. ; -graham v,.+

Sec. Conj.: Pass, grhyate etc. av. + — [Int. jagrah-, jarigrhya-. — Desid.
]

jighrksati -te etc. b. + , jigrahisa- kb. (ajagrabhaisan? — Cans.

ab.)

grbhayant ev. ;
grahayati -te b. + (grahyate etc. c.)
Deriv. grabha ev.
: -grahisnu s. grahya v. + gfbhi v.
grahav. + grahitavyaB.+ grahi v. grhii ev.
-grahin E. grabhitr av.b. grahuka b. -grhiti b.+
garbha V.+ grahitrAv.+ grbh v.b. jighrksaE.
grabhana v.s. grabha v.b.s. -grh c. jighrksu e. +
grahana av. + graha av. + grbha ev.
grahaniya e. grahaka e. + grha v. +
-grahi b. + grahin e. + grhya av. +
Compare ]/ glah. There seems to tie no good reason wliy the root should
not he given as grbh, grh.

y gras, 'devour.
Pres. [1.] grasati etc. e. +, grasate v.b.

Perf. jagrasana jagrasita ev.

Aor. 5. agrasit c.

Fut. 1. grasisyati -te etc. e.+ [ — 2. grasita.]

Verb, grasita ev., grasta e. + ;
grasitva b. ; -grasam c.

grasyate etc. e.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, [Int. jagras-. — — Desid. jigrasisa-. —
grasayati etc. b.s.
Caws,
Deriv.: grasya e. grasistha v.b. grasti c. grasa s.+
grasana c. grasisnu e. grastr c. -grasaka c.

y grab, see y grabh.

41 AND Primary DERivAirvES. [ghar

y glap, see y gla.

y glah, 'gamble'.
Pres. [1.] glahate etc. e.
[Perf. etc. jaglahe; aglahista.]
Fut. 1. aglahisyat e. [ 2. glaliita, gladha.] —
Der y. glaha AV.+
j ; glaha av. glahana av.
Doubtless from y grah.

y gla, 'be weary'.

Pres. [4.] glayati etc. av. +, -te etc. s.e. — [2.] glati e.

[Per/", jaglau.]
Aor. [1. glayat, gleyat. — 4. glaslsta. — ] 6. (or 4.) glasis e.

[Fut. glasyati, glata.]

Verb, glana b.+ (glanta m.)
Sec. Conj.: [/n(. jagla-. — Desid. jiglasa-. — ] Caus. glapayati etc. v. + ;

glapayati etc. e.+. -te e. [ajiglapat] (glapet m1.)

Dent>..- -gla? GB. glavin vs. -glapana b.

glani E. + glasnu s. + glapana c.

y ghat, 'strive'.

Pres. [1.] ghatate etc. e.+, -ti e.+

Perf. jaghate c.
[Aor. ajighatat, aghatista.]
Fut. 1. ghatisyate c. [ 2. ghatita.] —
Verb, ghatita c. ghatitum c.;

Sec. Conj.: Int. jaghatiti c. — [Desid. jighatisa-. — ] Caus. ghatayati etc.

(ghatyate) e. +, -te c. ;
ghatayati etc. (ghatyate) e. +
iJeriv . ; ghata E. + ghatana c. -ghatin c. -ghati rv.
ghataka c. -ghata av. + -ghatana c. ghatayitavya c.

ghatana c. -ghataka c. -ghataniya e. +

y ghattj 'rub' etc.

[Pres. 1. ghattate.]
Perf. jaghattire r.

Fut. [1. ghattisyati. — ] 2. ghattita m.

Verb, ghattita e. +
Sec. Conj. : Caus. ghattayati etc. e. + (ghattyate c.)
Deriv. : ghatta e. + -ghattin c. ghattana e. + ghattitr e.

y ghar, see y ghr.

 .

ghas] Roots, Verb-forms, 42

y ghas, 'eat'.

[Pres. 1. ghasati.]
Perf. jaghasa jaksus jaksivans etc. v.b. (jaksiyat ev.)
Aor. 1. aghas (_2, 3s.) aksan etc. v.b.s. (aghat 3s. e.s., aghastam 2d.,
aghasta 2p. b. ghasas -sat rv.s. ghastam imp?;, b.), gdha? ev^.
; ;
—
2. aghasat? jb. —
3. ajighasat ms.

[Fut. ghatsyati, ghasta.]

Verb, -gdha- ts.

Sec. Conj.: Desid. jighatsati etc. av. +

Deriv. : ksii v. ghasmara e. + ghasa av, + -gdhi b.
ghasaAv.+ ghasra c. -ghasin vs. jighatsa b.+
ghasana c. ghasvara c. -ghasya b. jighatsuAv.+
ghasi vs. ghasi ev.
Compare y 1 jaks. wbieh is a reduplicated form of this. The anonialous
participle gdha occurs only in agdhad, and gdhi iu sagdhi,

y ghut, 'turn' (?1

[Pres. etc. ghutati, ghotate; jughota jughute ; aghutat, aghotista;

ghotisyati ghutita ghotita.J
-te,
Verb, ghutita c, ghotita e. -ghutya ; c.

Deriv. ghota s.
No proper root.

y ghus, 'sound'.

Pres. [1.] ghosati -te etc. v.+ — [4.] ghusyant cK .

Perf. jughosa jb.

Aor. 1. ghosi ev. [ — 2. aghusat. — 3. ajiighusat. — 5. aghosit.]

[Fut. ghosisyati, ghosita.]
Verb, ghusta e.+ [ghusita]; -ghiisya ev.c.
See. Conj. Pass, ghusyate etc. e. +
: [Int. joghus-. —
Desid. jughusisa-; —
jughosisa-. —
] Cans, ghosayati etc. v.+ (ghosyate c.)

Derir. -ghusa AV.

; ghosav. + ghosanaE. + ghosi ev.
ghusya e. -ghosaka c. ghosana c. ghostr b.
ghosin AV. + ghosaniya c.
One or two ev. forms (^including the anomalously accented ghosayas
are referred by BR. to a root 2 ghus, -crush'; but hardly -with sufficient reason

y ghurn, 'waver'.

Pres. [6, 1.] ghiirnati -te e.+

Perf. jughtirna -ne e. +
[Aor. etc. aghurnit; ghurnisyati, ghiirnita.]

Verb, ghiirnita e. +
Sec. Conj. : Cans, ghiirnayati etc. (ghiirnyate) c.

Deriv.: ghiirna s.+ ghiirnana c.

43 AND Pbimary Derivatives. [cakas

y ghr, ghar, 'drip'.

Pres. [3.] jigharti etc. v.b. [jiliarti s'.) [ — 1. gharati.] ^

[Perf. jaghara; agharsit; gharisyati, gharta.j
etc.

Fer6. ghrta V. + -ghar am gk.

;

Sec. Conj. Pass, aghriyata ms.

: Caws, gharayati etc. — av. + (gharyate s.)

Dertu. -ghara B.s.

: -ghar ana s. gharmav. + ghrna rv.
-gharin av. jaghri ev. ghrna rv. ghrni v.

Gharma etc. are referred to a second root ghr, 'be hot' ; but the two are
probably ultimately identical.

y ghrs, 'rub'.

Pres. [1.] gharsati etc. e. +, -te etc. e.

Perf. jagharsa c.

[Aor. etc. agharsit; gharsisyati, gharsita.]

Verb, ghrsta e. ghrstva c. -ghrsya s.+
+ ;
;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ghrsyate etc. c. (-ti etc. e.+) Caus. gharsita R. —
Deriu.; gharsa E.+ gharsana e.+ ghrsu rv. ghrsvi rv.
-gharsin c. -ghrsti e. -ghrsva ta.
The relation to this root of the last three derivatives is doubtful.

y ghra, 'smell'.

Pres. [3.] jighrati (3p.) av.ms., jighranaE., jighrati c. — [l.]jighrati etc.

V.+, -te etc. s.E. —

[2.] ghrati kb.e.

Perf. jaghrau c.

Aor. 1. [aghrat,] ghrayat s. [ghreyat, aghrayi. — 6. aghrasit.j

[Fut. ghrasyati, ghrata.]
Verb, ghrata b.+ [ghrana; ghratva,] jighritva c; -ghraya s.+, -jighrya
S.+; -ghrayam b.s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ghrayate c. —

[Int. jaghra-, jeghriya-. Desid. jigh- —
rasa-. — ] Caus. ghrapayati etc. e.+ [ajighrapat -ghripat.]
Z>eriy. -ghra s.
.-
ghrati b.+ ghratrB.+ -jighraAv.+
ghrana b.+ ghratavya b.+ ghreya e.+ -jighrana s.+
-ghrapana s.

y eak, 'quake'.
Pres. [1.] cakanti c'.

Verb, eakita c.

y cakas, 'shine'.

Pres. [2.] cakasti -sati etc. c. (caka9at c, eaka9ete'? e.)

[Perf. etc. cakasam cakara; acacakasam, acicakasam.]
Sec. Conj.: Caus. cakasayam asatus c.
 .

oaks] Roots, Verb-fokms, 44

y caks, 'see'.

Pres. [2.] caste eaksate etc. v.+, caksi caksus kv. — [1.] caksate -sante
etc. Rv.E. +. caksati etc. e.

Perf. cacakse cacaksa rv. (aeacaksam ev.)

etc. e.+.

Verb, eastum c. -caksya v. + -cakse ev., -caksi v.; caksase v.

; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, caksyate etc. e.+ Cans, caksayati etc. v.e. —
Derii;. -caks EV.
.•
caksya v.b. caksani ev. caksus v. +
-caksa cb. caksan av. caksas v.b.s.
-caksin ayt. caksana v. + eaksu v.tr.

y cane, 'dance'.
Pres. [1.] cancati g.

A late and doubtless derivative root (perhaps from cancala?).

1/cat, 'go'(?).
Pres. [1.] catati etc. c.

Perf. cacata c.

Verb, catita c.

Sec. Conj.: Cans, catayati etc. c.

Deriv.: -cata c. -catana c. -cataniya c.

Also a late root, perhaps a form of cat; cataka e.+, catu c, catu c.

probably have nothing to do -with it.

y cat, 'hide' (?)

Pres. [1.] catant ev.
[Per/", cacata cete.]
Aor. 3. acicatam -te ta. [ — 5. acatit, acatista.]
[Fut. catisyati -te ; catita.]
Verb, eatta v.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. catayati -te v.b.

Deriv. .-
-eat EV. catm ev. -catana v. -catnuka? ab.
The -words cataka c, catura c, eattra or cattra c. probably do not
belong to this root.

y can, 'be pleased'.

Aor. 5. canistam ev., canisthat? ev.
Derir..- canas V.B. canistha ev. caruv.+
Compare y kan. The form canisthat is plainly corrupt.

y cand, see y 9eand.

y cam, 'sip'.

Pres. [1.] camati b. + ; camanti etc. c. [ — 5. camnoti.]

Perf. eacama cemus e.

[Aor. etc. acami, acamit; camisyati, camita.]

45 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [cal

Verb, camta s. + ; -camya b.+

Sec. Conj.: [Int. caneam-. — Desid. cicamisa- — j Caus. camayati etc.

B.+ (-camayya cos'.)

Deriv. : eamaka? n. pr. c. camana s.+ camti? V.+
-cama s.+ camasa v.+ -camti c.
Always with prep, a, except in Nirukta.

y car, 'move'.
Pres. [1.] carati -te etc. v.+
Perf. cacara (caeartha c.) cerus etc. ay. +, cere c.

Aor. 3. acicarat etc. av.+ — 4. acarsam b.s. •

— 5. acarit etc. v.b.u.s.
(cacarit v u.)

Fut. 1. carisyati etc. b.+, -te b. (acarisyat m.) [ — 2. carita.]

Verb, carita V.+, cirna u. + ; caritum b.+, -tave v., -tavai b., -tos b.s.,

cartum e. + ; caritva b.+, eartva m., cirtva m.; -carya b. + ; carase

Bv.; caradhyai ev. -caram ; b.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, caryate etc. b.+ — Int. carcariti etc. av.b.; carcurya-
V.+ — Desid. cicarisati etc. cb. ; cicarsati kb. — Caus. carayati -te
etc. B.+ (caryate b.+)
Deriv. eara v. + -caraniya c. carsani v. + ceru BV.
cara by. -earenya rv. cara av. + cacara bv.
caraJsa b.+ caritavya ii.+ caraka e. + carcara bv.c.
-carya av. + cartavya e. carin v. + caracara v.b.
-carya s. + -caritr u. -carya b.+ -carayitavya c.

earatha bv. earitra v.+ carana e. + -carayitr c.

carana v. + carisnu v.+ caraniya c. cicarisu b.

carani bv. -carsana? bv. -caruka b.

Compare ]/ cal.

y care, 'repeat'.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. carcayati c, carcita e. +
Deriu.; carca c. carcaka c. -carci s.

carcana c. -carci c.

Probably in reality a denominative of carca, and this a frequentative

formation, perhaps from y car.

y carv, 'chew'.
[Pres. etc. carvati etc.']
Verb, carvita c, ciirna s. + ; carvitum c.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, carvyate etc. c. — Caws, carvayati etc. c.

Deriv.: carvya c. carvana c. carvana c. cumi c.

y cal, 'stir.
Pres. [1.] calati etc. av.+, -te etc. k.

Perf. cacala celus etc. e.+

 .

call Roots, Vekb-fobms, 46

[Aor. calyasam; acalit.]

Fut. 1. calisyati e.+ [ — 2. calita.]
Verb, calita e. + ; calitum e.+
Sec. Conj.: Int. ealcaliti ms., cacalat av. — Desid. cicalisa- (in d.').

Caus. calayati etc. c. ;ealayati b.+, -te u. (calyate e., -ti m.)
Deriv. : cala e.+ -cali AV.+ -calin c. -cacali bv.
-calaka c. -calu B.s. calya e.+ caJQcala e.+
-calaka b.+ ealitavya e. calana e. + calacala v.e.

calana e.+ cala c. -cacala av. cicalisu c.

A later variation of y car.

y cay, 'note, observe'.

Pres. [1.] cayati eayaraana nv.
etc. b.,

Perf. cikyus aa. [eacaya -ye.] -cayam cakrus jb.

Aor. 5. acayisam av. [acayista.]

[Fut. cayisyati -te; cayita.]
Verb, cita b. cayitva av. -cayya
; ; v.b.u.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, eayyate ts.
Deriv.: eayaniya c. cayitr c. cayu ev. -citi b.

A form, but an early specialized one, of ]/ 2 ci. The meanings 'reverence,

be in awe' are rare and secondary.

|/ 1 ci, 'gather.
Pres. [5.] cinoti cinute etc. v.+ — cinvati (_3s.) c. — [2.] ceti kv. — [1.]
cayat cayema ev.
Perf. cikaya etc. cikye -yire etc. v.+ [cicaya cieetha, cieye.]
Aor. 1. acet citana ciyantu ev. [ciyat.] 4. aeaisam etc. b. [acesta.] — —
5. cayistam ev.
Fut. 1. cesyati -te etc. b.+ — 2. ceta etc. e.

Fcr5. cita V. + ; cetum b.+, -tavai b. ; citva b. + , cayitva e.; -citya c,

-ciya M.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, clyate etc. b.+ (-ciyant m.) — [Int. ceci-. — ] Desid. ciki-
sate etc. b. + ; cieisati c. — Caus. eayayate c. [capayati.]
Deriv.: kaya vs.? e. + -eayistha ev. eft B, citi AV.
caya s.+ -caya b. citya AV.B. cetavya b.

cayana av.+ -cay in e.+ -citya B.+ -cetr B.

cayaniya c. -cayya b. citi B.+ eeya e. +

cayitavya ms. -cicisa c.

See y 2 ci.

y 2 ci, 'note, observe'

Pres. [3.] cikesi etc. v.b. (cikihi av., ciketu ts.. cikethe ev.. cikitam av.,
cikyat v., acikayus b.) — [5.] cinoti cinute e, + — [1.] cayate etc. v.b,
Perf. cikaya etc. v.+
 +

47 AND PkIMAKY DeKIVATIVES. [cint

Aor. aeet aeidhvam

1. ev. — 4. acesta c.

Fut. cesyati e.
Verb, cita v. + ; cetum e. + ; -citya e. +
Sec. Conj. : eiyate
Pass, etc. c. — Desid. eikisati -te etc. v.b.s.

I)eriv.: -caya V.+ -cayinE. + -cetavyaE. + -ceya b.

-cayana c. -cit kv. cetr v.u. -cira rv.

cayaka c. citi b. +

Compare cay, wliich appears to te an early specialized form of this

}/

root; cay (BR. The forms and derivatives of 2 ei are not

3 ci) is another.
everywhere well separable from those of 1 ci, and there is reason to suspei^t
the two roots of being ultimately one; words with the prefixes nis and vi, es-
pecially, are probably best referred to 1 ci, with the meaning 'take apart', and
so 'resolve, decide'.

y cit, 'perceive, know, appear'.

Pres. [1.] cetati etc. cetante rv.

Perf. ciketa cikitus etc. cikite -tre etc v.b.s. (ciketa; ciketati etc. cike-
tat etc. cikiddhi aciket, acikitat, eikitas cikitrire) [ciceta.]
; ; ;

Aor. 1. aceti cetiRv., cite?Rv., citanti? rv., citana v.b. (-cetana rv.) —
[3. acicitat. — ] 4. acait ev. [ — 5. aeetit.]
[Fut. cetisyati, cetita.]
Verb, citta v. + cite ? rv. citaye vs.
; ;

Sec. Conj.: Int. cekite etc. -tat ev.c. — Desid. eikitsati etc. v. + . -te e.+
(acikitsis av., cikitsyate etc. e.+) — Caus. citayati etc. -te etc. rv. ;

cetayati etc. -te etc. v.+

Deriv. : keta v.+ cetya rv. cetya rv. cikitsa b.+
ketana e. + cetana v.+ cikit rv. cikitsaka b.+
ketii V. + cetanaE.+ cikiti sv. cikitsyaE.+
cit V. cetas V. + cikitu v. cikitsana e. +
citi c. cetistha v.b. cikitvan ev. -cikitsaniya c.

citti V. + cetu RV. cikitvit rv. cikitsu av. +

Cittl RV. -cetiina rv. -ciketas u. cetayitavya u.+
citra V.+ cettr v.b. cikita s. cetayitr b.+
Compare roots 2 ci and cint. The grammarians give two separate roots,
kit and cit, each with full sets of forms which are not all reported here. —

y oint, 'think'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. cintayati etc. -te etc. b.+ (Jacicintat ;] cintyate etc. u.+;
cintayita c.)

Deriw .
. cinta + E. -cintin c. eintana e.+ -cintitr e.

cintaka e.+ cintya v.+ cintaniya c. cintayitavya c.

Perhaps the denominative of a nasalized derivative of }/ cit.

eud] Rooxs, Verb-fobms, 48

y cud, 'impel',

Pres. [1.] codati -te etc. v.

Aor. 3. acucudat e. — 5. codis ev. |

Verb, cudita m.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. codayati etc. -te etc. v.+ (eodyate etc. s.+}
Deriv.: coda Rv.c. -codin c. eodanas. + codistha ev.
coda Rv. codyaE.+ codaniya b. codayitavya c.
codaka S.+ codanav. + -codas ev. eodayitr ev.c.
coditr EV,

]/ cup, 'stir.
Pres. [1,] copati m'.

[Perf. etc. cucopa; acopit; copisyati, copita.]

Verb, cupita c.
Deriv. -cumpuna? v.b.

y eumb, 'kiss'.

Pres. [1.] cumbati etc. e.+, -te c.

Perf. cucumba etc. e. +

[Aor. etc. acumbit; cumbisyati, emnbita.]
Verb, cumbita c. ; cumbitum c. ; -cumbya c.

Sec, Conj. : Pass, cumbyate etc. c. — Desid. cueumbisati — Caus. cum- c.

bayitum c,

Deriv. : cumba c. cumbaka c. cumbin c. cumbana c.

y cur, 'steal',

Aor. 3. aeucurat c.

Sec. Conj.: corayati etc. e,+, -te e.+ (eoryate c.)

Dew.; cora TA.+ coraka c, corayitavya c.

y eulump, 'suck in'.

A single occurrence of a form from this bastard root, with ud, is referred

to in Bohtlingk's Lexicon, as found in the Mahaviracarita.

y cus, 'draw, suck'.

[Pres. etc. ciisati; cuciisa; aeucusat, actisit; cusisyati, cusita.]
Sec. Conj. : Pass. cUsyate c. — Caws, ciisayati c.

Dew..- eusin •
c. ciisana • •
c. cosa c,
•
cosana
•
c,

etisya e.+ cosya e.+

y crt, 'bind'.

Pres. [6.] crtati etc. v.b.s. [ — 1, cartati.]

Perf. cacarta av.
49 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [chad

[Aor. etc. acicrtat, aeacartat, acartit; cartisyati, cartsyati, cartita.]

Verb, crtta v.s. ; -crtya is.s. ; -ertam av.
Sec. Con}.: crtyate
Pass, — u. [ Int. caricrt-. — Desid. cicartisa-, ci-
crtsa-. — Caus. eartayati.J
Deriv. : -eartya is. -cartana b. -crt v. + -crtya b.

y eest, 'stir'.

Pres. [1.] cestati etc. av.+, -te etc. b.+

Perf. eieesta etc. e.

[Aor. etc. acieestat aeacestat, acestit; cestisyati, cestita.]

Verb, cestita e. + cestitmn e. + cestitva b.
; ;

-Sec. Conj.: Caus. eestayati etc. b.+, -te etc. s.+

Derjv.; -eistuv B. (a-) cesta c. cestana e.+ cestayitr e.

casta s. + cestitavya e.

y eyu, 'move, stir'.

Pres. [1.] cyavate etc. v.+, -ti etc ev.? e.+

Perf. eucyuve kv. (cicyuse ev.)
Aor. cyavana? rv.
1. 3. acucyavat -van -vus— v.b. (-vit -vitana cu-
cyavat -virata cucyuviraahi ev.) [acicyavat.] — 4. acyosta etc.

V.B.U.
Fut. 1. cyosyate b. [ 2. cyota.] —
Verb, cyuta v. + cyavitum e., cyotos
; cb.
Sec. Conj.: [Int. cocyu-. — Desid. cueytisa-. —
cyavayati ] Caus. etc. v.+,
-te etc. V.+ [cicyavayisa-, cucyavayisa-] cyavayati pb'. ;

Denv. -cyava V.+

.•
-cyaviyas ev. -cyavnka b. cyautna rv.
cyavana v.+ cyava e. -cynt v.+ cyavayisnii av.
-cyavas rv. cyavana e.+ cyuti v.+ cyavayitavya b.

The EV. forms here grouped under the reduplicated aorist are of difficult
and doubtful classification.

y cyut, 'drip'.

Pres. [1.] cyotati etc. s.c.

[Perf. etc. cucyota; acyutat, aeucyutat, acyotit; cyotisyati, cyotita.]

Sec. Conj.: [Int. cocynt-. —
Desid. cucyotisa-, cucyutisa-. ] Caws, cyo- —
tayati a.

Only a blundering varia lectio for y 9cut, which see.

y chad, 'cover'.

[Pres. 1. chadati -te.]

Verb, channa b.+
Sec. Conj.: Caus. chadayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ (chadyate etc. s.+ [cicha-
dayisa-.])
Withney, Supplement II. 4
chad] Roots, Vekb-forms, 50

Deriv. -chad V. + chadi B.+ chalav e.+ chadya c.

chada s.+ chadis v.+ -chada b.+ chadana s.+
-chadin c. chattra s.+ -chadaka c.
chadana e. + chadman s.+ -chadin c.

y chand, chad, 'seem, please'.

^j

Pres. [2.] chantsi -ntti rv.ms. — [1.] chandati b.e.

Perf. cachanda rv. (eaehadyat rv.)

Aor. acachadat c.
3. —
4. aehan -ntta -ntsus rv. (chantsat rv.)

Sec. Cans, chadayati etc. v.b.

Conj.: chandayati etc. b.+, -te etc. ev. ;

(chandyate etc. e.+)

Deriv. -chad rv.
: chanda rv. chandya rv. chandas v.+
chanda V.+ chandakaE.+ chandana c. chandu rv.
Of very questionable relationship to y chad 'cover', although the two are

not separated by the Hindu grammarians.

y cha, 'cut up'.

Pres. ehyati etc. av.b. chayati? tb. —
ehayet c. —
[Perf. etc. cachau; achat, achasit; chasyati, chata.]
Verb, chata s., chita cb.c. chayitva c. -chaya cb. ; ;

Sec. Conj.: [Int. cacha-, cachi-. — Desid. cichasa-. — ] Caus. chayaya-

ti B.U.
DerJu..- chavi -vi? B.+ -chana c.

y chid, 'cut off".

Pres. [7.] chinatti chindanti etc. v.+ ( — chindeta c. ; achinam m.)

Perf. cicheda cichide etc. b.+ :

Aor. 1. chedma rv. ;

[ehidyat;] achedi v.b.s. — 2. achidat etc. av.+ —
3. acichidas e. — 4. achaitsit etc. b.+ (chetsit etc. b.+), chitsi etc.

AV.+ (chetsi etc. b.u.).

Fut. 1. chetsyati -te etc. b.+ (achetsyat m.) [ — 2. chetta.]

FerS. chinna V. + ; chettum b.+, -ttavai b.s. ; chittvaE. + ; -chidya av.h
Sec. Conj.: Pass, chidyate etc. v.+ (chidyati etc. e.) — [Int. cechid-. —
Desid. cichitsati -te jb. — Caws, chedayati etc. s.+
Deriv. : -chid v. + -chitti B.+ -chedaka c. chedaniya c.

chida c. chidra V.+ -chedin e.+ chettavya e.-

chidura c. cheda av.+ chedya e.+ chettr b.+

chedana b.+ cichitsu e.

y chut, chud, 'wrench".

Sec. Conj.: Caus. chedayati etc. c, chotita c.

Deriv. chotika c.

All very late and questionable forms.

51 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [jafij

y chur, 'scatter.
[Pres. etc. churati; cuchora; achorit; etc.]

See. Conj.: Caus. churayati etc. c, churita e. + ; chorayati etc. c.

Deriv. -churana c.

y chrd, 'spue, eject'.

Pres. [7.] ehrnatti etc. b. [chrntte. — 1. chardati.]

Perf. eacharda c. [-de.]
[Aor. achrdat, acachardat aciehrdat, achardit, achrtta; chardi-
etc.

syati -te, chartsyati -te, chardita.]

Verb, chrnna k. charditva, chrttva.]
[

Sec. Conj.: [Int. carichrd-. — Desid. ciehardisa-, cichrtsa-. — ] Cans.

chardayati -te etc. b. + [cichardayisa-.]
Deriv.; char dana S.+ chardi s.+ ehardis c. chardayitavya c.

chardaniya c.

y 1 jaks, 'eat'.

Pres. [2.] jaksiti jagdhi c, ajaksus kb., jaksat (jpple') u.c. — [1.] jaksati
etc. u.c.

[Perf. etc. jajaksa; ajajaksat, ajaksit; jaksisyati, jaksita-]

Verb, jagdha v. + jagdhum c. jagdhva av.+, jagdhvaya rv.
; ;

[Sec. Conj.: jajaks-; jijaksisa-; jaksaya-.]

Deriv. jagdhi b.+
A reduplicated form of Y ghas. The present forms found later only in

the Bhagavata-Purana.

y 2 jaks, 'laugh'.

Pres. [2.] jaksat (pple) bv.cb.

A reduplicated form of Y has.

]/ jagh, 'eat, devour.

Pres. [5.] jaghnuyat? c.

Found only in Vasistha (i. 23); but Biihler appears to read jahnuyat;
he renders it 'offend'.

y jajh.
Pres. jajhati nvK
This is a a-. Xef. , of doubtful character and meanin

y janj.
Pres. janjati ev'.
This is of the same character as the preceding.
 :

jan] Roots, Vekb-fobms, 52

|/ jan, ja, 'give birth, be born'.

Pres. [1.] janati -te etc. y.e. — [4.] jayate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. + — [2.] ja-
ms va Ev.B. [ — 3. jajanti.]
Perf.jajana jajniis etc. jajne etc. v.+ (jajaniis rv., jajanat b.)
Aor. 1. ajan (3s.) s., ajnata (Sp.') e.; ajani jani v.b., jani rv. jayat ;

E.+ —
3. ajijanat -nata etc. v. + —
5. ajanista etc. v. +, janistam ev.

(janisiya -sista -simahi v.b.s. janiseyam -ya k.; janisthat? sv.)

;

Fut. 1. janisyati -te etc. v.+ (ajanisyata etcB.}, jasyati etc. e. — 2.

janita b.+
Verb. jata v. + ; janitos v.b.s. ;
janitvi rv.
Sec. Conj. : [Pass,janyate. — Int. janjan-, jaja-. — ] Desid. jijanisate
cb. — Caus. janayati -te etc. v. + Qijanayiset cb.)
Deriv.
gna V.B.S.
53 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [Iji

y jambh, jabh, 'chew up, crush'.

[Pres. jambhate, jabhate.]

1.

Aor. ajijabham av. [ajajambhat.

3. ] 5. jambhisat bv. —
Verb, jabdha av. jabhitum c. ;

Sec. Conj.: Int. janjabhana av.s., -bhat s. janjabhyate etc. b.+ Caus. ;
—
jambhayati etc. v.u.
i)eriu.; jambha V.+ jambhaka ii.+ jabhya? av. jambhana av. +
jambha av.+

y jar, see y jr.

y jalp, 'murmur, speak'.

Pres. [1.] jalpati etc. b.+, -te etc. c.

Perf. jajalpa etc. e. (jalp ire c.)

[Aor. etc. ajalpit; jalpisyati, jalpita.]

Verb, jalpita e.+
Sec. Conj.: Pass, jalpy ate c.
Deriv. : jalpa E.+ jalpin e. -jalpana c. jalpitr e.

jalpaka c. jalpya e. jalpi v. -jarjalpa? vs.

y jas, 'be exhausted'.

Pres. [1.] jasamana kv. — [4.] jasyata (ip.) bv.

Perf. jajasa av.

Aor. 3. ajijasata (3s.) cb. (jajastam bv.)
Sec. Conj.: Cdus. jasayati etc. b.+ (jasyate e.)

Deriv.; jasu BV. jasuri Ev. -jasra v.+ j as van ev.

y jah, see y ha.

y ja, see y Jan.

y 1 ji, 'conquer'.

Pres. [1.] jayati -te etc. v. + — [2.] jesi jitam. bv.

Perf. jigaya etc. (jigetha et. ;
jigivans v., jigivans b.+) jigye etc. v.+ —
-jay am asa c.

Aor. 1. [ajayi, jiyat] jajryat jub.m. — 3. ajijayat m. — 4. ajaisit etc. v.+

(ajais -ait jesam jes jesma v.e.s., jesat etc. ev.), jjesi tb. (ajaislja
M.) — 5. ajayit ts.. ajayisata (3p.) c.
Fut. jesyati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. jayisyati
;
jb.e., -te e. — 2. jeta etc. b.e.

Verb, jita v. + ;
jetum b.+, -tave b. jitva b. +
; ; -jitya av. + ;
jise ev.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, jiyate etc. e.+ (jiyeyam m.) [ Int. jejiya-.] —
Desid. —
jigisati -te etc. v. + — Caws, japayati etc. b.s. (ajijapata -jipata b.)
 + . +

Iji1 Roots, Vekb-fokms, 54

Deriv. jaya v.+ jiti V. + jetr V.+ jayu RV.

jayin e.+ -jitvan v.B. jayitr b.e. jayuka ms.
jayya b. -jit vara c. jeman rv. jigyu Bv.
-jay ana e.+ jina c. jeman b. jigisa V.+
jayus Rv. jisnii V. + jeya e.+ -jigisin GB.E.
-ji AV, jasdsnu u.e. jesa v.B.s. jigisu V.+
-jit V.+ jetva v.B. -jesin B. -japayitr b.

-jitya B. jetavya e.+ jayin b.+

y 2 ji, jinv, 'quicken'.

Pres. [5.] jinosi rv.ts., ajinot jb. ,
jinve rv. — [1.] jinvati etc. v.b.s.,

-te RV.
Perf. jijinvathus rv.
[Aor. ajinvit.]
Fut. 1. jinvisyati ab. [ — 2. jinvita.]
Verb, jinvita av.
Deriv. : jira v.b.s. jiri rv. -jinva rv.

y jiv, 'live'

Pres. [1.] jivati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+

Perf. jijiva etc. b.+, -ve r.

Aor. 1. jivyasam -yasma av.b.s. [ — 3. ajijivat, ajijivat.] — 5. ajivit

etc. AV.
Fut. 1. jivisyati etc, b.+ (ajivisyam u.), -te m. [ — 2. jivita.]
Verb, jivita v. + ;
jlvitum b.+ , -tavai av. ;
jivitva jb. ; -jivya e. + ;

jivase v.b.mi.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, jivyate etc. b.+ [ — Int. jejivya-.] — Desid. jijivisati
B.+, -te c. ;
jujyiisati etc. cb. (jijyusita ab.) — Cans, jivayati etc. v.

(jivapayati etc. e. + jijivayisa-

;
in d.)

Deriu.. • jiva V.+ jivya e.+ jivas v.b.e. -jivitr c.

jivaka S.+ jivanav.+ jivatuv.+ jijivisa E.

jivin B.+ jivaniya av.+ jivatr (in d.) c. jijivisu E.

jivitavya c. -jijivayisu e.

y jur, see y jr.

1/ jus, 'enjoy'.

Pres. [6.] jusate etc. v.+, -ti etc. bv.e.+ — [2.] josi v.

Perf. jujosa etc. v.+, jujuse etc. v.c. (jujosati etc. jujosat etc. rv.; jujo-
sate RV., jujosate sv.; jujustana v.; ajujosam k.)
Aor. 1. ajusran rv. (josati josat josa rv. josase av. jusana v.b.c); , ;

jusyat c. [ 3. ajtijusat.] —
5. josisat rv. —
[Fut. josisyate, josita.]
Ferft. justa v., justa V. + justvi RV.
;
 +

55 AKD PltlMABY DERIVATIVES. [2jr

Sec. Conj. : [Int. jojus-. — Desid. jujusisa-, jujosisa- — ] Caus. josayate

etc. V.+, -ti E.

Dmv.; -jus V.+ josav. + -josas v.u. josayitavya c.

-jusa B. josya rv. jostr v.b.s. josayitr b.

justi V. jo3anaB.+

y ju, -be swift'.

Pres. [9.] junati etc. kv. [1.] javate — etc. rv.b.

Perf. jujuvus -vat -vans -vana rv.
[Aor. 3. ajijavat.]
Verb, juta v., javita e. + -javam ts.
;

Sec. Conj.: Cans, javayati c. [jijavayisa-.J

Beriv.: Java v.+ javana v.+ javistha v. juvas RV.
javin V.+ javas V. javiyas rv.b.u. ju V.B.

juti V.B.U.
Related with ]/ jiv, and perliaps with ]/ ji jinv; javita is more prohahly
denominative from Java.

y jurv, 'consume'.
Pres. [1.] jurvati etc. v.

Aor. 5. jUrvit rv.

Doubtless a secondary formation (u- or eiglith class) from ]/ jr jur.

y 1 jr, jur, 'waste away'.

Pres. [1.] jarati etc. jaranta rv. (jarant v.+) [6.] jurati — etc. rv. — [4.]
jiryati etc. av. +, -te etc. e. + juryati etc. rv.
;

Perf. jajara av. [jajarus, jerus]; jujurvans rv.

Aor. [1. jiryat. — 2. ajarat. — 3. ajijarat. — ] 5. jarisus ev.
[Fut. jarisyati, jarita.]
Verb, jirna av.+, jurna rv. [jaritva.]
Sec. Conj.: Pass, jiryate etc. c. — [Int. jajr-, jejirya-. — Desid. jijarisa-,
jijirsa-. — ] Caus. jarayati -te etc. v.+ (jarayant rv.)
Deriv.
v.: jara v.+
jrmbh] Roots, Verb-forms, 56

y jrmbh, 'gape'.

Pres. [1.] jfmbhate etc. v.+. -ti etc. b. +

Perf. jajrmbhe etc. e. +
[Aor. etc. ajrmbhista; jrnibhisyate, jrmbhita.]
Verb, jrmbhita e. + jrmbhitva
;
s.

Sec. Conj.: Int. jarijrmbhate c. — Caus. jrmbhayati etc. c.

Derjv. : jrmbha E. + jrmbhaka e.+ -jrmbhin c. jrinbhanaE.+

jrmbha c.

y jeh, 'loll, pant'.

Pres. [1.] jehamana v.

[Perf. etc. jijehe; ajijehat, ajehista; jehisyate, jehita; jehayati.]

If, as seems probable, jihma v.+ belongs here, the root should be written
jih. It is perhaps a secondary reduplicated formation from ]/ ha.
*
]/ jna, 'know'.
Pres. [9.] janati -nite etc. \.+ (janima janithas m.) — 1. janati -te etc.

u.E. — jha (2s. impv.) c.

Perf. jajhaii jajne etc. v.+

Aor. 1. ajhayi v. + ;
jneyas rv. [jhayat.] — 4. ajhasam ajnasthas av.b.,

jnesam av.b. — 6. ajhasisam etc. av. +

Fut. 1. jhasyati -te etc. b.+ (ajnasyat m.) 2. jhata b. —

Verb, jnata v. + jhatum b. +, -tos b. jnatva b. + -jhaya
; ;
; b. + -jnayam
; b.

Sec. Conj. : P<iss. jhayate etc. v.h [Int. jajna-. — ] Desid. jijhasate etc. av.+,
-ti etc. B.+ (jijhasisi B., jijnasyate etc. e.+) —
Caus. jhapayati eic.
AT. + , -te u. (ajijnipat ts. , ajijhapat etc. c; jhapta b.+ [jnapita],
jnaptum e. + jhapyate ;
cb. [jnipsa-]); jhapayati etc. b. +, -te etc. e.+
(jhapyate etc. e. +. ajnapisyat? v.)

Deriv.: -janaka? e. jhatr V.+ -jnapya c. -jhapayitavya c.

-jna V. + jnatra e. -jhapana av. jijhasa b.+

jha E.+ -jhaya v.b. jhapti c. jijhasyaB.+
jhas E.V. jheya b.+ jhapaka e. + jijhasana c.
jnana v. + -jajhi V.B. jhapya e.+ -jijhasenya b.
jnati V.+ jijhu E. jhapana c. -jijhasitavya u.

jhatavya u. + jhapaniya c. jijhasu E. +

y JyS', ji, 'overpower, injure'.

Pres. [9.] jinati etc. v.b.s. — 4. jiyate ev.cb.
P^ff- jijyah B.

Aor. [1. jiyat. — ] 6. ajyasisam etc. b.

Fut. 1. jyasyati -te b. [ — 2. jyata.]

Verb, jita AV. [jina; jitva; -jyaya.]
Sec. Conj.: Pass, jiyate av.ms. — jajya-, jejiya-. — [Int. ] Desid. jijyasati
etc. V.B. [ — Caus. jyapayati, ajijyapat.]

i
57 AND Primary Derivatiyes. [jhat

IDeriv
V. : -jlti V.B.S.
 . .

jhan] Roots, Verb-forms, 58

y jhan, 'sound'.
A single occurrence, jhanati, in the Harsacarita (Bo.).

y jhar, 'fair
Pres. [1.] jharant c^.

Deriv.: jhara e.+ -jharana c.

A very questionable root.

y tank, 'cover' (?)

[Pres. etc. tankati, tatanka.]

Aor. 1. atanki c.
Verb, tankita c.
Sec. Conj. : Cans, tankayati c.

Deriv. tanka e.+

Most probably a denominative of tanka, rather.

y' tal, 'be confused'.

Pres. [1.] talati c.

A single late occurrence, doubtless artificial.

y tik, 'trip'.
Pres. [1.] tikate c.

A single late and doubtless artificial occurrence. Bo. gives also uttlkita, ;
i

but without statement of authority. A

y tup, 'swell'.

Bo. suggests such a root as origin of (a-) topa e.+

||

y dam, 'sound'.

A single doubtful (onomatopoetic?) occurrence, damant c.

y damb, 'mock'.
Pres. [1.]dambate? c.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. dambayati etc. c. (dambyate c.)
Deriv.: -damba c. -dambaka c. -dambin c. -dambya c. -dambana c.

All forms only with prefix vi.

y di, 'fly'.

Pres. [4.] diyate c? [1.] day ate c?—

[Perf. etc. didye; adidayat, adayista; dayisyate, dayita.]
Verb, dina e. + -diya c.
;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, diyate c. [Int. dedi-. —Desid. didayisa-. ] Cans — —

dayayati c.
Z)mu.; -dayana c. -diyana e. ditara? cb. -diyana c.
A later form of ]/ di, and rare, except in dina.
 .

59 AND Pkimaby Derivatives. [taks

y ql^al, 'mix'.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. dvalayati etc. c.

iJeriv. -dvalana c.

Only used by one scholiast; no proper root.

y dhauk, 'approach'.

Pres. [1.] dhaukate etc. c.

Perf. dudhauke c.

[Aor. etc.adudhaukat, adhaukista; dhaukisyate, dhaukita.]

, Verb, dhaukita e.+
, Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodhaiik-. — Desid. dudhaukisa-. — ] Caus. dhau-
I
kayati etc. c.

[
Deriv. dliavikana c.

y tans, tas, 'shake'.

[Pres. 1. tansati -te.]
Perf. tatasre ev.
Aor. 2. atasat av.b. — 3. atatansatam kv.
Sec. Conj.: Int. tantasaite b.v. [tantasyate.] — Caus. tansayati vs., -te
Rv. (tansayadhyai ev.)
Deriv..- -tansa B.+ tansu'?E.+ tasara v.b. -tantasasrya bv.
-tansana c. -tasti? b.+ titaii? bv.s. +

y tak, 'rush'

Pres. [2.] takti atakta ev. [ — 1 . takati.]

[Perf. tataka ; atakit takisyati, takita.]
etc. ;

Verb, takta ev. -tankam av.

;

Deriv. : -takaua c. takavana ev. takva ev. -takvari av.

taku EV. -takri? ev. takvan v.b.

Probably not to be separated from y tac , which with prefix a has won a

special meaning.

y taks, 'fashion'.
Pres. [2.] tasti ab., taksati (3p.) etc. ev. — [5.] taksnuvanti etc. b.s. —
[1.] taksati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+
Perf. tataksa etc. v. + (taksathus taksus v.b.), tatakse etc. v.e.

Aor. [3. atataksat. —

] 5. ataksisus ev. (taksisat s.)

[Fut. taksisyati, taksyati taksita, tasta.]

;

Verb, tasta v. + ; -taksya c.

[Sec. Conj.: taksya-; tataks-; titaksisa-, titaksa-; taksaya-.]
Deriv.: taksa S.+ taksya ev. taksana s.+ tasti c.

taksaka av. + taksan v. + tastr ev.

tanol Roots, Vebb-forms, 60

y tane, tac, 'coagulate'.

Pres. [7.] tanakti etc. b.s.
[Perf. etc. tatanka; atanksit, atancit; tanksyati tancisyati, tankta

taneita.]
Verb, [takta;] [taktva, taneitva;] -tacya b.

[Sec. Conj. : tatane-, tatacya- ; titanksa-, titancisa- ; tancaya-.]

Deriv.: -tanka E.+ -tancana b.s. takman av. takran. +
-tankya b.s.
See ]/ tak. Only used with a.

y tat, 'clatter.

A single fonn, tatati, in Adbh. Brah., doubtless an onomatopoetic formation.

y tad, 'beat'.
Pres. [2.] tadhi? Rvi.

Perf. tatada c.
[Aor. 3. atitadat.]
Sec. Conj.: Caus. tadayati etc. e.+ (tadyate e.+)
-Denu.; tadit V.+ tadaka e.+ tadya e.+ tadaniya c.

tada AV.+ -tadin c. tadana e.+ tadayitr c.

]/ 1 tan, ta, 'stretch'.

Pres. [8.] tanoti tanute etc. v.+
Perf. tatana etc. v.+ (tatantha v.b. [tenitha]}, tenus etc. e.+ (tatanat
etc. tatananta tatanyus et.); tene etc. av. + (tatane kv., tatne etc,

v., tate Rv.)

Aor. 1. atan e.v., atata (atathas atnata) v.b.; atayi b.
etc. 2. atanat —
etc. B.V. [ — 3. atitanat.] —
4. atansit b. (atan v.), atasi atansmahi

B. — 5. atanit ms. [atanit, atanista.]

Fut. 1. tansyate b. [tanisyati -te.] — 2. [tanita,] tayita c.

Verb, tata v. + tantum e.; tatva

;
e., tatvaya b. [tanitvaj; -tatya b.+,
-taya c.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, tayate etc. v.+, tanyate etc. c. — [Int. tantan-. — Desid.
titansa-, titanisa-. — ] Caus. taijayati av.c.
Deriv. : tan v. taniman b.+ tanti V.+
tana ev. tanistha b.s.
tana av. taniyas b.
tanaya v.+ tanu V.+
tanas ev. tanu V.+
-tani V. + tanus E.

Compare y tay.
61 AND Primary Derivatives. [tark

^
y 2 tan, 'roar'.
Pres. [4.] tanyati rv.
Deriv.: tanyata kv. tanyatii v. tanyii kv. tanayitnu av.
Appears to be au abbreviated form of }/ stan.

y tand, 'be weary'.

Pres. [1.] tandate rv'. (tandrat v rv'.)
Deriv. : tandra v. + tandri e. + tandri av. +

y tap, 'heat'.
Pres. [1.] tapati -te etc. v.+ — [4.] tapyati etc. R.+, -te etc. b.+
Perf. tatapa tape etc. v. + [tatapate rv.)
Aor. 1. tapana sv. ; atapi v.is. —
3. atitapat e., -pe rv. (titapasi av.) —
4. atapsit etc. v.b.s., atapthas? av.
Fut. tapsyati etc.
1 . b. + (atapsyat m.), -te etc. e. ; tapisyati etc. e. — 2.

tapta E.
Verb, tapta v. + tapita , c. ; taptum e. + , taptos ck.; taptva b. +;
-tapya v. +
Sec. Conj.: Pass, tapyate etc. v.+ — Itht. tatapyate etc. e.+ [ — Desid.
titapsa-.] — Caus. tapayati etc. -te etc. AV.+ (tapyate b.e. ; tapita
fut. e.)
Deriv. -tap Rv.s. tapu RV. tapistha v. -tapin B.+
tapa V.+ tapus V. tapisnu e. -tapya b.

tapya e. tapusi v.B. tapiyas c. tapana e. +

tapana v.+ tapti c. tapyatu v.b. -tapitr? E.

tapana,-niv.B. taptavya e. tapa AV.+ tapayitr c.

tapas V.+ taptr E. -tapaka c. tapayisnu rv.

y tarn, 'faint'.

Pres. [4.] tamyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. +

Perf. tatama b.

Aor. [1. atami. — ] 2. tamat etc. rv.b.s.

[Fut. taniisyg,ti^ tamita.]

Verb, tamta tamitos b.s.
b. + ;

Sec. Conj. : tamayati etc. b.s.

Caus.
Deriv. : tamaka c. tami c. tamti c. tama c.

tamana s. tamisici v. -tameru vs. -tamaka c.

tamas v.+ tamisra v. + tamra rv. tami s.
tamra av.+
y tark, 'think'.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. tarkayati -te etc. e.+ (tarkyate etc. e.+)
Deriy. .•
tarka S.+ tarkaka e. -tarkyaB.+ tarkaniya e.
tarka E. tarkin c. tarkana e.+ tarkukav e.
Probably a denominative formation.
tarj] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 62

y tarj, 'threaten',

Pres. [1.] tarjati etc. e.+, -te e.

[Perf. etc. tatarja; atarjit; tarjisyati, tarjita.]

Verb, tarjita e. + -tarjya e. ;

Sec. Con}.: Cans, tarjayati etc. e.+, -te e. (tarjyate etc. e.)

X)€riu.; tarjaka c. tarj ana e.+ tarjanaE.+

y tas, see y tans.

y ta, see y tan.

y tay, 'stretch'.
[Pres. 1. tayate.]
Perf. [tataye] tayam cakre? jb.

[Aor. etc. atayi, atayista; tayisyate, tayita.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, tayyamana vs.

Very questionable forms. The jb. manuscript reads (iii. 177) anusamta-
yayam cakre. Belongs probably in some way to y tan, ta. The Bhagavata-
Purana has once tayita(periph. fut.), which is given above under y tan.

y tav.
Pres. [1.] tavati av.
Probably a false reading.

y ti, 'crush'.
Pres. [5.] tinoti c'.
A single occurrence, and most probably a false reading.

y tij, 'be sharp'.

Pres. [1.] tejate etc. bv.cb.
Per/".? titigdhiB.s.
Verb, tikta v. +
Sec. Conj.: Int. tetikte etc. v.b. — Desid. titiksate etc, v,+, -ti etc. e. +
(titiksmahe m.) — Caus. tejayati etc. e.+
Deriu.; -tikti B,v. tiksna v.+ tejana v.+ tejiyas rv.c.
tigita Kv. tega? vs. tejas v.+ titiksaE.+
tigmav.H- teja c. tejistha v.b.s. titiksu av.+

y tim, 'be quiet',

Pres. [4.] timyant ci. [timyati.]
[Perf. etc. titema etc.:, tetimya-.]

Verb, timita k.

Deriv.: timi? e.+ timira? e.+

Ap parently related with ]/ tam; the participle, with that of y stim.
 :

63 AND PkIMARY DeRIYATIVES. [tur

y tir, see y tr.

y til.

Accepted by BR. in vs. xxiii. 24 pratilami (ts. tb. prasulami); but

an unintelligible and probably false reading.

y tu, 'be strong'.

Pres. [2.] taviti rv. [tauti.]

Perf. tUtava Ev. (tutos -ot rv.)
Sec. Conj.: Int. tavituat ev.
Derii'..- tava-? Ev. tavas v. tavyas ev. tuvi- v.vs.

tavya EV. tavisa v. tivrav.+ tuvis- v.b.

tavya ts. tavisi ev. tumra? bv. tuya v.

tavas V.B. s. taviyas v. turav.+ tiituma? ev.

y tuc, 'impel, generate'.

A root or root-form (see y tuj) inferable from the following derivatives
tuc EV. -tuka? EV. toka v. + tokman, -ma v. +

y tuj, 'urge, thrust'.

Pres. [7.]tunjanti tunjate (3p.} etc. ev. [1.] tiinjamana ev. — — [6.]
tujant tujete kv. [ 1. tojati.] —
Perf. tutujana (and tutujana) tutujyat ev. [tutoja.]
[Aor. etc. atojit; tojisyati, tojita.]
Verb, tujase ev., -tiije ev., tuj aye? v.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, tujyate etc. ev. — Caus. tujayant etc. v.

Deriv. ; tuj v. tuji ev. tugra ev. tunga '? E. +

tujya EV. tunja ev. tugvan ev. tUtUJi EV.
This and the preceding are probably two forms of the same root For the
connection of meaning, compare the roots su, sii.

y tud, 'push, thrust'.

Pres. [6.] tudati etc. v. +, -te e. —
[7?] tundana av.. tundate ev. ( tu- —
dayati av.)
Perf. tutoda V. + [tutiide.]
[Aor. etc. atutudat, atautsit atutta totsyati -te, totta.] ;

Verb, tunna v. + [tuttva;] -tudya e.

;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, tudyate etc. e. + —

Int. totudyate s. [ Desid. tututsa-.] —
—Caus. todayati etc. e. + (todyate e. +)
Deriv.: -tud s.e. tunda? c. -todinv.+ todana c.
-tudaAV.+ todav. + todya c. t6ttraB.+

y tur, see y tr.

 + .

turv] Roots, Vebb-fobms, 64

y turv, turv, 'overcome'.

Pres. [1.] turvati etc. ev.b.
Deriv. : turva bv. turvan bv. turviti ev. turvi bv.
turvani bv.
A specialized form of y tr, tur, to which the derivatives might in part
with equal propriety he referred.

|/tul, 'lift, weigh'.

[Pres. 1. tolati.]
Sec. Conj.: Cans, tolayati etc. e.+ (tolyate c); tulayati etc. e. +, -te
etc. E.

Deriv . : tula c. tulya s. + tolaka c. tolana e. +

tulaB.+ tulana c. tolya c.

]/ tu9, 'drip'.

Pres. [1.] t09ate etc. v. (tOQe bv.)

Sec. Conj. : Cans. toQaya bv.
Deriv. : to9a bv. -toQana bv. togas bv.
BR. refer two or three of the forms to a root 2 tuq = tus.
y tus, 'be content'.

Pres. [4.] tusyati etc. s.+, -te c.

Perf. tutosa etc. e.+

[Aor. etc. atusat, atiitusat; toksyati, testa.]
Verb, tusta e. + ; tostum e. ; -tusya c.
Sec. Conj.: [Int. totus-. — tutuksa-.
Desid. — ] Cans, tosayati etc. jb.+
(tosyate tusayanti bv.
c.) ;

Deriv.: tusti E.+ -tosaka c. tosana e*+ tosayitavya e.

tiisnim? V.+ tosinE,+ tosaniya e.+ tosayitr c.

tosa E. + tosya e, tostavya c.

y turv, see y turv.

y ty, tir, tur, 'pass'

Pres. [1.] tarati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [6.] tirati -te etc. v.b.s. ; turati -te
etc. v.B. — [3.] titarti etc. bv.c. [tutorti.] — [8.] tarute bv'. — [2?]
turyama bv. — [4.] tiryati? av. ; turya bv^. — tarusema -sante
-santa bv.
Perf. tatara v. + (tatarusas bv.), terus e. +, tatare c. ; titirus titirvans
BV. tuturyat -yama bv.
;

Aor. 1. atari v.B. [tiryat.] — 3. atitaras av. — 4. atarsit etc. s.+ —

5. atarit etc. v.b.s. (atarima bv. ; tarisat etc. v.b.s.; tarisimahi bv.)
Fut. 1 . tarisyati etc. s. +, -te etc. e. + [tarisyati. — 2. tarita.]
65 AND Primary Derivatiyes. [tn>

Verb, tirna v.+. turta cb.. turna s. + : tartum e.+. taritumE.+, taritum
E. + ; tirtva Av.u.; -tirya e.+. -turyaiiv.: -tiram -tire nv.; taradhyai
Kv. ; tarisani rv.
Sec. Conj.: Pass. tiryate?E. — Int. tartr- rv.. taritr- rv. . tartvir- rv.
[tatr-.] — Desid. titirsati etc. e.+, -te etc. e.. tutursati rv. [titarisa-.]
— Cans, tarayati etc. av.+, -te etc. s.+ (tairyate etc. e.+); turayant
v., -yante rv.
Deriv. : tara v.+ taras v. + tartavya e. tara av. +
tarin? av. taras sv. taritavya s. + taraka e.+
tarya rv. tariyas kv. -tarituv v.b. tarin ev.e.+
tari E. + taruv RV. -taritr v. tarya av.e.+
tarana v. + taruna?v.+ tarutr v. tarana e. +
taraniya e. + tarus RV. tarutra rv. -taraniya c.

tarani v.+ tarusa v. -taritra? e. -tarayitr n.

-taratha? c. tarusas rv. -tarman rv.
-tira Av.B. tirasv v,+ tira b.+ titirsa c.

tirtha v.+ titirsu E.+

tiir RV.B. turas- rv. -turti v.b. taturi V.B.S.
tura RV. turi rv. turni v.b. -tartura rv.
turana rv. turya ts. -turya v.b.s. tuturvani rv.
torana? e.+
Compare roots tur (oftener given as a separate root), turv, tvar, and tra.

y trd, 'split, bore'.

Pres. [".] trnatti etc. v.b.u., trntte cb. (atrnam kbu.) [ — 1. tardati.]
Perf. tatarda etc. v.c. (tatarditha rv.). tatrdana rv.
Aor. 1. tardas rv., trdyus s. [ 3. atatardat, atitrdat. — — 5. atardit.]
[Fut. tardisyati -te, tartsyati -te ; tardita.]
Verb, trnna b.s.u. ; -trdya b.s. ; -tfdas v.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. taritrd-. — ] Desid. titrtsati etc. v.b. [-te; titardisati
-te.] — Caus. tardayati s.

Deriu. .•
tarda AV.+ -tardi"? e. -trd rv. trdila rv.
trada rv. tardman av.b.s. -trtti b. trtsu? rv.
tardana v. + tfnman? av.

y trp, 'be pleased'.

Pres. [4.] trpyati etc. av. +, -te etc. e.+ — [5.] trpnoti etc. v.b. (trpnoti
etc. c.) — [6.] trmpati etc. v.b.s. — [1.] tarpanti e.

Perf. tatarpa etc. e. (tatrpus -pana v.)

Aor. 1. trpyasma ts. — 2. atrpat etc. v.b. (trpant rv.) — 3. atitrpat eic.

-panta av. + [atatarpat. — atarpsit, atrapsit. —

4. atarpit.] 5.

Fut. 1. atrapsyat b. [tarpsyati, tarpisyati. — tarpita, tarpta, 2.

trapta.]
Verb, trpta av.+.
Whitney, Supplement II. 5
trp] Roots, Verb-forms, 66

Sec. Conj.: [Int. taritrp-. — ] Desid. titrpsati v. [titarpisa-.] — Cans.

tarpayati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ (tarpyate etc. e. ; titarpayisati b.s.)

Derir..- -tarpaka c. tarpana av.+ -trpa rv.c. trpra? v.b.s.

-tarpya e. tarpaniya u. trpala rv. -trpsu ta.

talpa? AV.+ -trp Ev. trpti v.b. tatrpi rv.

trpti RV. tarpayitavya b.

Some accept a, y 2 trp 'steal' for asutrp v.c. and paQUtrp rv.

y trs, 'be thirsty'.

Pres. [4.] tfsyati etc. v.b.

Perf. tatrsus -sana tatrsana rv.

Aor. 2. trsat etc. av.b., trsana rv. — 3. atitrsama etc. v.b.

[Fut. tarsisyati, tarsita.]

Verb, trsita v. +, trsta? adj. v. [trsitva, tarsitva.]
Sec. Conj.: Cans, tarsayati etc. b. [tarsita e.+)
Deriu.; tarsa E.+ tarsana c. trsE. + trsu rv.
tarsya- RV. tarsula e. trsa c. trsnav.+
trsya v. trsnaj rv.

y trh, 'crusli'.

Pres. [7.] trnedhi trnecLhu trnlianti etc. v.b. [trnehmi. — 6. trhati,

trnhati.]
Perf. tatarha av.
Aor. [1. trhyat; atarhi. — ] 2. atrham av. [ — 3. atatarhat, atitrhat. —
5. atarhit. — 7. atrksat.]
[Fut. tarhisyati, tarksyati tarhita, tarctha.]
;

Verb, trdha rv. ; trdhva av. [tarhitva]; -tarham av.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, trhyate etc. av. [ — Int. taritrh-. — Desid. titarhisa-,
titrksa-. — Caus. tarhaya-.J
Deriv. tarhana v.

y tyaj, 'forsake'.

Pres. [1.] tyajati etc. s.+, -te etc. e.+

Perf. tatyaja tatyaje etc. e.+ (tityaja rv., tityagdhi? k.)
Aor. tyajyat; atyaji.
[1. 3. atityajat. —
] 4. atyaksit etc. e.+ —
Fut. 1. tyaksyati -te etc. e., tyajisyati -te etc. e. + [ 2. tyakta.] —
Verb, tyakta «.+, tyajita c tyaktu- e.; tyaktva e. + -tyajya b.+
; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, tyajyate etc. e. + [ — Int. tatyaj-.] — Desid. tityaksa- c.

— Caus. tyajayati etc. e. + (tyajyate c.)

Deriv. ; -tyaj V.+ tyaj ana avp. tyaktavyaE.+ tyajaka c.

-tyajaE.+ tyaj as rv. tyaktrE.+ tyajya e.+
tyajya e.+ tyajas v. tyaga v.+ -tyajana c.

tyagin e. +
67 AND Primary Derivatives. '^trut

y trap, 'be abashed'.

Pres. [1.] trapate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e.

[Perf. etc. trepe; atrapta, atrapista; trapsyate trapisyate, trapta
trapita.]
Sec. Conj.: [Int. tatrap-. — Desid. titrapsa-, titrapisa-.
— J Cans, tra-
payati etc. c. [trapayati.]
DeWr. trpra?
; v.B.s. trapaE.+ -trapana c. trapu.'AV.+
trapa e.+ -trapaniya c.

y tras, -be terrified'.

Pres. [1.] trasati etc. v.+. -te etc. e. •

— [4.] trasyati etc. e.+. -te etc. c.

Perf. tatrasa tatrasvis etc. e.+, tresus e. + (^tresus m^. I, tatrasire e.

Aor. 3. atitrasan av. —

5. trasis cb. [atrasit.]

Fut. 1. trasisyati e. [ 2. trasita.] —

Verb, trasta b. + -trasas k. ;

Sec. Conj.: Int. tatrasyate jb. [ — Desid. titrasisa-.] — Cans, trasayati

etc. Av. +, -te etc. e. (trasyate e.)

Deriv. : trasa v.+ trasara c. trasa av.+ trasana e. +

trasana s. trasnu b. + trasaka c. trasaniya c.
trasin e. -trasiika b.

]/ tra, 'rescue'.

Pres. [4.] trayate etc. v.+ — [2.] trasva tradhvam rv., trati trahi
etc. E.+
Perf. tatre v.b.

Aor. 4. atrasmahi 9B. (atrasatam cb., trasate trasathe -sitham rv.)

Fut. litrasyate etc. b. +, -ti e. [ — 2. trata.]
Verb, trata b.+ [trana]; tratum e. + ; tratva c.

Sec. Conj. : Pass, trayate etc. c.

Deriv. tra V. +
tvaks] Roots, Verb-forms, 68

y tvaks, 'fashion'.
^Pres. [2.] tvaksana rv'. [ — 1. tvaksati.]
tatvaksa; atvaksit; tvaksisyati, tvaksita tvasta.]
[Perf. etc.
X>em\ ; -tvaksana Ev. tvaksas ev. tvaksiyas ev. tvasti c.

tvastr V. +
Compare ]/ taks.

y tvang, 'leap'.

Pres. [1.] tvangati etc. c.

Late and probably artificial.

y tvac, 'cover'.
Such a root is assumed by some for tvac v.+ 'skin', and atuc ev. 'dimness'.

y tvar, 'hasten'.
Pres. [1.] tvarate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e.+
'

Perf. tatvare e. +
Aor. 3. atitvarat e. [atatvarat. — 5. atvarista.]
[Fut. tvarisyate, tvarita.]
Verb, tvarita e.+
Sec. Conj.: [Int. tatvarya-, totur-. — Desid. titvarisa-. — ] Cdus. tva-
rayati etc. (tvaryate e.); tvaraya- c.
av.+, -te etc. e.

Deriv. tvara c.
: tvara s. + tvarana av. tvaraniya e.
A secondary root-form from y tr, tur, under which are here placed the
derivatives with tur- (tHrta, turti, tiirna).

y tvis, 'be stirred up'.

Pres. [2.] atvisus ev. — [6.] atvisanta ev. — [4.] tvisyant c*. [ — 1.

tvesati -te.]
Perf. titvise etc. ev. (atitvisanta ev.) [titvisus.]
[Aor. etc. atitvisat, atviksat -ksata; tveksyati -te, tvesta.]
Verb, tvisita ev. : tvise ev.
[Sec. Conj. : tetvis- ; titviksa- ; tvesaya-.]
Deriv.: tvia Y.+ tvisi v.b.s. tvesin ev. tvesatha ev.
tvisa c. tvesa v.b. tvesya ev. tvesas ev.

y tsar, 'approach stealthily'.

Pres. [1.] tsarati etc. v.b.s.

Perf. tatsara ev.

Aor. 4. atsar ev. — 5. atsarisam cb.
[Fut. tsarisyati, tsarita.]
Verb, -tsarya cb.

Derit?. ; tsara c. tsaru v.+ -tsara v.+ tsarin v.b.

69 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [dan

y thurv •?

Pres. [1.] thurvant ms!

Probably a false reading; the edition has turvant, with one of the manu-
scripts (and the parallel texts).

y danc, da9, 'bite'.

Pres. [l.J da9ati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + — danQati c'.

Perf. dadanqus b. (dadaqvans rv.)

[Aor. da9yat, adadariQat, adanksit.]
Fut. 1. daQisyati e. [danksyati. 2. dansta.] —
Verb, dasta av. + danstva js.; -da9ya e.
;

Sec. Conj. : Pass. — danda9ana nv. (danda9ayitva

da9yate etc. e. Int. c.)

[ — Desid. didanksa-.] — Caus. dan9ayati + (dan9ita +) etc. s. adj. e.

Dcrii;.; dan9a Av. + dan9anaE.+ danstrS v.+ da9av ii.+

dan9aka c. daneuka b. dan9nian av.s. da9ana e.+

-dan9in av. danstf av. danksnu b.

y dans, 'be wondrous'.

Sec. Conj.: dansayas bv'.

Caus.
Deriv. : -dansa ev. dansas v.b. dansu ev. dasma v.

dansana nv.s. dansistha rv. dasmant rv. dasra v. +

y daks, 'be able'.

Pres. [1.] daksate etc. v.b., -ti ev.

Perf. dadakse e.
Aor. 3. adadaksat b. Lf
•
—
5. adaksista.]
J • • •

Fut. daksisyate b. [— 2. daksita.]

1.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. daksayati etc. b.

Deriv. daksa v. +
: daksas v. daksayya ev. daksina v. +

y dagh, 'reacb to'.

Pres. [5.] daghnuyat b.

Aor. 1. dhak dhaktam daghma daghyas ev. — 2? daghat b.

Fut. daghisyante jub.

1.

Verb, -daghas b.. -daghos cb.

Deriv. -dagh s.
: -daghna v. + -daghvan v.b.

y dad, see y 1 da.

y dadh, see y 1 dha.

y dan, 'straighten' {?).

Pres. dan danas rv.
Very doubtful forms.
 + + +

dabh] Roots, Vebb-forms, 70

y dabh, dambh, 'harm'.

Pres. [1.] dabhati etc. v.b. — [5.] dabhnoti etc. v.b.

Perf. dadabha debhus ev. ;

dadambha av. (dadabhanta ev.)
Aor. ]. dabhiis ev. [ — 3. adadambhat. — 5.adambhit.]
[Fut. dambhisyati, dambhita.]
Verb, dabdha v.; dabdhum b. ;
[dambhitva, dabdhva;] -dabhe ev.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, dabhyate ev. [ — Int. dadambh-, dadabh-.] — Desid.
dipsati etc. v.b. ; dhipsati jb. [dhipsa-, didambhisa-.] — Cans.
dambhayati etc. v.b.
Deriv.: dabha v. dabdhi b.s. dabhyav.+ dambhinE.
dabhya EV. -dabhna? av. darabhaE.+ -dambhana v.

dabhiti ev. dabhra v. + dambbaka c. dipsu v.

dabha v.b.

y dam, 'contror.
Pres. [4.] damyati cb.

[Aor. adamlt.]
Verb, damta b. + ;
[damtva,] damitva e. ; -damya e.?

Sec. Conj.: Cans, damayati etc. v.

Deriv. ; dam V. + damakaE. + -damatra s.+ damitr ev.

damav.+ dam.in e. damanav. + damayitr e.
dama b. -damya e.

y day, 'share'.

Pres. [1.] dayate etc. v.+. dayamasi av.

Perf. dayam asa c.

[Aor. adayista; dayisyate, dayita.]

etc.

Verb, dayita e. +
Sec. Conj. [Int. dandayya-, dadayya-.
: — ] On(.«. dayayet c.

Deriv. : daya v. + dayitnu s.

A secondary form of ]/ 2 da "divide", from which it is hardly worth

separating.

y daridra, see y 1 dra.

y dal, 'burst'.
Pres. [1.] dalati etc. e.+
[Perf. dadala.]
Aor. 5. adalit c. [adalit.]
Fut. 1 . dalisyati -te etc. c. (^adalisyat c.)

Verb, dalita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Cans, dalayati e«c. c. ; dalayati eic. e. + (dalyate c. dalya-
te c.)
 J

71 AND Primary Derivatives. [1 d§

Deriv. : dala e. + -dala b. + dalana c. dali c.

dalana c. -dalakaii.+ -dalya c. dalayitr c.

A secondary root-form from y 1 dr.

y das, das, 'waste*.

Pres. [4.] dasyati etc. v.b.s. — [1.] dasati etc. v.u.s.

Per/", dadasvans rv. [dadasa.]

Aor. 2. dasat etc. v.b.s. (dasamana? ev.) — 5. dasit ev.
[Fut. dasisyati, dasita; dasisyati, dasita.]
Verb, dasta b. +
Sec. Conj.: Caus. dasaye ts.. -yanta rv. dasayati etc. av.b. ;

Deriv.: dasa Rv. -dasvant ay. dasav.+ dasanu n.

-dasya v.s. dasyu v.+ -dasins. + -dasvika b.
Usually classed as two roots, das and das dasati etc. only with abhi. ;

y dah, 'burn'.

Pres. [1.] dahati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [4.] dahyati e. — [2.] dhaksi rv.
Perf. dadaha etc. b. +, dehe c.
Aor. 1. dahyat m.v 3. adidahat c. — — 4. adhaksit etc. v,+ (adhak v.b.s.,

dhaksant daksant ev.)

Fut. 1. dhaksyati etc. v.|+, -te etc. s.+ (dhaksyet adhaksyam m.); dahi-
syati E. + [ — 2. dagdha.]
/ Fcrft. dagdha V. + dagdhum
; b. +, -dhosB. ; dagdhvaB. + ; -dahyaB. + ;

-dahas b. ; -daham c.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, dahyate etc. av. +. -ti etc. s.h Int. dandahiti etc. c,
dandaliyate etc. c. etc. e.+,— Desid. didhaksati -te etc. e. dhiksate
;

CB. —
Caus. dahayati etc. e. + [dahyate u.)
Derii).: dahy.s. daksi rv. -dagha av. dahana e.
dahati e. daksu rv. daha av.+ dahuka b.s.
dahana av. + dhaksu rv. dahaka c. didhaksa e. +
-dagdhavya e. daksiis rv. dahin s.+ didhaksuE.+
dagdhr v.+ dahya e.+

y 1 da, dad, 'give'.

Pres. [3.] dadati datte etc. \.+ (dehi v. + , daddhi v.) — [1.] dadati -te
etc. V.+ (dadiyam u., dadayant u.) — [!.] dayamana m. — [2.J dati
datu RV. dadmi e. + ;

Perf. dadau dade etc. v. + (dadatha dadrire rv. ;

dadivans dadavans
AV., dadvans rv.) [dadade.]

Aor. adat etc. v.+, deyam rv.; adi ms., adithas adita adimahi u..
1.

disva B.; dayi v.b. [adadi.] 2. adat etc. v.b. [3. adidadat. — — —
4. adisi adisata av.b.c. (dasat dasathas ev.; desam desma b.s.)

[dasista.] 5. adadista sv. —

I dal Roots, Vebb-forms, 72

Put. 1. dasyati etc. av.+ (adasyat m.), -te etc. b. + ; dadisye k. — 2. data
etc. B.E. [dadita.] .

Verb, -data bv. datta v. + -tta v. + -dita e.+ [dadita]; datum v.+,
, , ,

-tave v., -tavai rv., -tos v.b. dattva av. +, -tvaya kv. -daya v.+, ; ;

-dadya a v. -dam b., ^dai b,v. davane ev, -day am b. +

; ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, diyate etc. v. + dadyamana ev. [Int. dada-, dediya-,
;
—
dadad-.] —
Desid.- ditaati etc. -v. +, -te etc.c; didasant b.v., dida-

sitha B.s. [didadisa-.] — Cans, dapayati etc. av.+ [adidapat.]

Deriv. : da, -da v. + daya v. + -di JB. + dadi V.

dati V. dayaka e. + diya rv. ditsa c.

-tti V.B. dayin av. + destha rv. ditsu V. +

datavya b.+ -davan v.s. desna v. + diditsu M.
datr V. + davan rv. -dad AV. dapin c.
datra? v.b. danu ? V. -dada c. -dapya s.c.
dana v. + -deya n. v.b. datti c. -dapana s.
danav rv. deya gdue. v. + datra '? v. dapaniya c.
daman ev.e. -das? V.+ dada m. dapayitavya c.

daman rv. -das v.b. daditr vs. -dapayitr b.

y 2 da, 'divide, share'.

Pres. [1.] dati etc. v.b.s. — [6?] dyati etc. av.b.s.

Perf. dadire b.

Aor. 1. [adat, deyat;] adimahi b. (adim- vs.k.). — 4. disiya rv.

Fut. 1. dasyati s. [ — 2. data.J
Verb, dina v.b., dita c, [data,] -tta b. + -daya e.+, -ditya? c.
;

Sec. CoThj.: Pass, diyate etc. av. + — [Int. dada-, dedi-. Desid. ditsa-, —
didasa-, didansa-. — ] Cans, dapayita s.
Deriv.: -tti b. datr rv.c. -dana av.b.s. daya? rv.
datn RV. datra RV. -daniya b.s. diti? rv.
-datavya c. dana? rv. danu v. -deya c
A form of this root is day, given above separately.

y 3 da, di, 'bind'.

Pres. [6 ?] dyati etc. v.b. — [2 ?] disva vs. I
Aor. 5. adisi av.'?

Verb, dita v. + ; -daya s. +

Deriv.: -dati* rv.c. daman v. + -daya c. diti? v. +
-dariav. + daman rv. -di av. dina? v. +
Not recognized by the native grammarians as separate from the preceding,
and of somewhat doubtful character.

y 4 da, 'clear'.

Pres. [4 ?] dayamana cK
[Perf. etc. dadau dayat, ; adasit ; dasyati, data.]
 +

73 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [dih

Verb, data ta.e. +

[Sec. Conj.: daya-; dada-; didasa-; dapaya-.]
Deriv. -dana c.

Only with ava; certainly no separate root, and probably a specialization

of meaning of the participle of }/ 2 da.

]/ dae, 'make offering'.

Pres. [1.] da9ati etc. v. — [2.] dasti ev. — [5.] da9n6ti rv.
Perf. dada9a etc. v. (dadaqati -Qas -gat rv. ; dada9vans kv.b., da9van8
v., da9ivans sv.)

[Aor. etc. ada9it; da9isyati, da9ita.]

Sec. Conj.: [Int. dada9-. Desid. dida9isa-. — — ] Caus. ada9ayat ck'.
Deriv. : da9 v. -da9a av. + da9U v. da9uri v.

y das, see ]/ das.

y div, 'play', see y 1 div.

No root y div 'shine' exists as such in the language, except so far as it

may be inferable from the noun div or dyii v. +, divit ev., and the (in that
case, secondary) root dyut. With all these the root div 'play' has nothing
to do.

y di9, 'point'.

Pres. [6.] di9ati etc. v. +, -te etc. ev.e. + — [3.] {Perf.'i') dide9ati didestu
etc. didjsta ev. — [4.] di9yati m'. .

Perf. dide9a etc. av. +, didi9e c.

^or. [3. adidi9at. — ] 4. adiksi adista rv. — 7. adiksat cb.c.

Fut. 1. deksyati etc. s.+, -te c. [ — 2. desta.]

Verb, dista v. + ; destum e. + ; -di9ya b. + ; -di9e rv.
Sec. Conj.: Pass. di9yate etc. e.+ — Int. dedi9at dediste etc. rv., de-
etc.

di9yate av.vs. — Besid. didiksati — c. Caus. de9ayati etc. e. +, -te c.

Deriv.: di9 v.+ de9aka c. -de9anaB.+ destrv.
disti V. + de9in s. + de9ana c. destra ev.
de9a av. + de9ya av. + destavya e. + -didiksa c.

-didik^u c.

y dih, 'smear'.

Pres. [2.] degdlii dihanti adihan etc. v. + (dehat ev.) [digdhe.]

Perf. didihe e. [dideha.]
Aor. [1. adehi. — 3. adidihat. — 4. adigdha. — ] 7. adhiksus jb. [adhi-
ksat -sata.j
[Fut. dheksyati -te ; degdha.]
Verb, digdha av. + ; -dihya s.+
 + +
]]

dih] Roois, Verb-foems, 74

Sec. Conj.: Pass, dihyate etc. c. — [Int. dedih-. — Desid. didhiksa-. —

Caus. dehayati -te e. +
DcWv. : -dih v.s. -degha b. dehl rv. -dehya c.

deha b. + dehika c. dehali s. +

y 1 dl, 'fly .

Pres. [4.] diyati diyase

etc. ev., sv.

Sec. Conj.: Int. dediyitavai cb.

Represented later by y di. From it may possibly come didyu v.b.

y 2 dl, didi, 'shine'.

Pres. didyati (3p.) etc. adidet etc, didye etc. v.b.s. (didayat ev.. didayat
didayante av.. didihi v.b.s., didihi ev. : didyasam b.s.)

Perf. didaya v.b.s. (didaya cb.s. , didetha didiyus ev. didivans v.b. :
;

didayasi etc. didayat etc. v.b. ; dididaya? acs.; dididasi didyasva s.

Derjy.; -diti EV. -diditi ev. didi- ev. didivi rv. didhitis.
Compare y dip. Some confusion of forms is made between didi and
didhi.

y dTks, 'be consecrated'.

Pres. [1.]diksate etc. b.+
Perf. didikse etc. b., -sus pb.c.
Aor. o. adidiksas b. •
—
5. adiksista etc. b. • •

Fut. 1. diksisyate etc. b.+ [ 2. diksita.] —

Verb, diksita av. + diksitva b.u.
;
-diksya s. ;

Sec. Conj.: Desid. didiksisate etc. b. Caus. diksayati — etc. b.+. -te e.

(diksapaya e.)
DeWi'.; diksa AV.+ diksaka c. (n. 2>r.) diksanas.+ diksayitr b.

BR. suggest a derivation from y daks.

ly didhi, see \ dhl.

y dip, 'shine'.
Pres. [4.] dipyate etc. AV.+. -ti etc. e. +
Perf. didipe c.
Aor. [1. adipi. — ] 3. adidipat etc. ev.c. ; adidipat etc. b.e. [ — 5. adipista.]
[Fut. dipisyate, dipita.]
Verb, dipta u. +
Sec. Conj. : Int. dedipyate etc. e. + (-yantim e.) — [Desid. didipisa-. —
Caus. dipayati etc. v. +. -te etc. s.e. (^dipyate tb.e.)
Derjy. .•
dipa U.S. + dipaka e.+ dipana s.+ diptis.
dipin c. dipra c.

Probably related with y 2 di.

 j

75 AND Primary Derivatives. [dul

y 1 div, 'play'.

Pres. [4.] divyati etc. v.+, -te etc. b. + (divyati etc. m.?)
Perf. dideva av.
Aor. adidivat.
[3. ] 5. adevit etc e,—
Fut. devisyati etc. e.+ '^adevisyat m.) [
1. 2. devita.] —
Verb, dyuta av. + [dyuna] devitum e. + f devitva, dyutva
;
-dlvya hv. :
]

—
;

Sec. Conj.: [Int. dediv-.

Caus.
Desid. didevisa-, dudyusa- dudyusaya-.
devayati etc. c.
;
—
Deri y. : div, dyu V. divitr? devinAv.+ devitrE.+
-divan v. -deva b. devitavya e. -dyutya ev.
divana c. devana v. +
Proper form, dm; and it has nothing to do with the so-called root div
'shine', which is diu.

y 2 div (dev), 'lament'.

Pres. [1.] devati e.+ [-te.]
[Perf. etc. dideva; adidevat, adevista; devisyate, devita.]
Verb, dytina b. + devitum e. ;

Sec. Conj.: Caus. devayati etc. e. +, -te e.+

Deriv.: -deva B. -devaka c. -devin e. -devana c.
Only with pari (unless in adyuna) hence perhaps a peculiar specializa- ;

tion of meaning of y I div (paridyiina 'played out'?). At any rate, rather

div than div, on account of the long ii in dyiina.

y du, dii, 'burn'.

Pres. [5.] dunoti etc. av.+ — dunvasva m.

[Perf. etc. dudava ; diiyat, adausit dosyati, dota.]
;

Verb. dvLna av.+, duta aa.v c'.

Sec. Conj. : Pass, diiyate etc. v.s. +. -ti etc. e. + — [Int. dodu-. — Desid.
dudusa-. — ] Caus. davayati c.

Deriv.: dava c. davathu c. davaAV. + duyana c.

-davya b.s. -davya av.b. doman av.

For the form davisani ev., BR. assume a }/ 2 du = 1 div "play".

y dudh, 'stir up'.

Pres. dodhat v.
Verb, dudhita RV.
Deriv.: dudhi nv. dudhra rv. dodhaka v c.

Prohably a reduplicated form of y dhu.

y dul, 'raise'.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. dolayati etc. c.

Deriv. : dula? ts. dola e. +
Doubtless another form of y tul ; as verb, denominative of dola.
 ;

dus] Roots, Vebb-fokms, 76

y dus, 'spoil'.

Pres. [4.]dusyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ (dusyant ci.)

[Perf. dudosa.]
Aor. 2. dusat b. •
—
3. adudusat etc.w. 5. dosistam cb.
•
— • • • «

[Fut. doksyati, dosta.]

Verb, dusta s. +
Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodus-. Desid. duduksa-. — ] Caus. dusayati etc. — v. +,

-te etc. E. + (dusyate etc. e. +) [dosayati.]

Beriv.: dus- v.+ dusinE.+ dosa u.s.+ dosya ms.
diisti Av.c. dusyaE.+ dosa v. + dosas av.
dusa E.+ ddsana av.+ dosin c. -dusayitr c.

dusaka + e. dusi av.

y duh, 'milk, derive'.

Pres. [2.] dogdhi dulidnti etc. v.+, dugdhe duhate etc. v. + (diilie 3s.
V.B., duhate kv., duhrate -hre v.b. duhana v., duhana diighana ;

Ev. duham 3s. v.b., duhram duhratam 3j). av., dhungdhvain acs.
;
;

dohat dohate eic. ev. duhiyat -yan ev. duhus ev., aduhan b.,
-,
;

-hran av.b.) —
[6.] duhet etc. e.+, aduhat v.b.e. + [4.] duhyati etc. —
c, -te M.
Perf. dudoha duduhe etc. v. + (dudohitha v. +, duduhre v.b., -hrire v.

duduhus c.)
Aor. [1. adohi. — ] 3. adudvihat etc. c. — 4. [advigdha,] adhuksata (_3p.)
EV., dhuksimahi7. adhuksat -satab. — etc. v. + (dhuksasva aduk-
sat duksata ev.)
etc.

Fut. 1. dhoksyate c. [ 2. dogdha.] —

Verb, dugdha v. + dogdhum e., dogdhos b. dugdhva b.+; duhadhyai
; ;

Rv. dohase ev. -doham c.

; ;

&ec. Conj.: Pass, duhyate etc. v.+ [ Int. doduh-.] Desid. dudhuksati— —
c. (duduksati ev.) —
Caws, dohayati etc. b. +, -te s. (dohyate b.)
Deriv. : -duh v. + doha V. + dohaua b.+ dogdhavya b.e.
-dugh s. dogha EV. dohana ev. dogdhr AV. +
-duha E. -dohaka c. dohas v.B.s. dogdhra s.
diigha V. -dohin E. dohas EV. dudhuksu e.
duhitr V. + dohya c.

y dti, see y du.

Another root du seems inferable from the derivatives: •

davistha v. daviyaa v.b. duta v. + dura v. + dur? CB.

y 1 dr, 'pierce, split'.

Pres. [2.] darsi adar dart rv. [9.] drniyat cb. —

Perf. dadara etc. v. + (dadrvans ev.) [dadaritha dadaratus dadratus],
dadre s.+
77 AND Primary Derivatives. [drbh

Aor. 1. dityat c. [— 2. adarat.] —

3. adidarat e«c. e.+ [adadarat.J —
4. darsasi darsat darsate darsista rv. [ 5. adarit.] —
[Fut. darisyati, darita.]
Verb, dirna drta r. -dirya b. + -daram c.
b.+, ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, diryate etc. b. +. diryati etc. £.+ Int. dardr- rv.ts. —
(dardirat adardirus bv.) dadrhi ev. [dedirya-. Besid. didarisa-,
;
—
didirsa-.] —
Cans, darayati etc. b.+, -te etc. c. (daryate etc. f..+);
darayati etc. rv.c.
Beriv. dara v. +
: dartnii rv. darana e. + di'ti V. +
darana + s. darman ev.s. -dari e. + drvan? vs.
-daraniya c. darraa rv. daru RV. dra av. '.'

-dari rv.c. dara av. + darvinav b.+ -driya rv.

dariman bv. -daraka e. + -dir CB. dadru c.
dartr rv. darin v. + dura.' RV. -dardira rv.
Compare y dal.

y 2 dr, 'heed'.

[Perf. dadre.]
Aor. 1. adrthas etc. b. — [3. adidarat. — ] 4. drdhvam b.

[Fut. darisyate, darta.]

Verb, drta e. + ; -drtya b.+
Sec. Conj.: Pass, driyate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e.+ [ — Int. dardr-, dedriya-. —
Desid. didarisa-. — Caus. daraya-.]
Deriv.: -dara u.'? c. -darana s.+ -dartavya c. -duri rv.
-darin c. -daraniya c. -dara v.b.s. -drtya b.

Only with prefix a, and with passive present-system, suggesting a special-

ization from ]/ 1 dr.

y drp, 'rave'.

Pres. [4.] drpyati etc. v.+ [1.] darpati s. —

[Perf. dadarpa.]
Aor. 2. adrpat b. [ —
4. adrapsit, adarpsit. 5. adarpit.] —
Fut. 1. drapsyati ce., darpisyati jb. [— 2. drapta, darpta, darpita.]
Verb, drpta v. +, drpita rv.
Sec. Conj. Caus. darpayati etc. e. +
:

Deriv.: darpaE.+ darpaka c. darpin c. darpana e.+ -drpti rv.

y drbh, 'bunch'.
Pres. [6.] drbhati etc. s. [1.] drbhmaa? b. —
Verb, drbdha b. +

Sec. Conj. Caus. darbhita c.

:

Deriv.: darbhav.H- drbhika? ev. drbdhi? darbhana s. ?

 +

dr9] Roots, Verb-forms, 78

y drc, 'see'.

Pres. [4.]paqyati etc., see ]/ pa9.

Per/". d.adar9a dadr9e etc.y. + (dadrqe dadr9re dadr9aiia rv., dadr9ram

Av. -9rire tb.

, dadr9ivans u. dar9ivans e. +) [dadar9itha da-
, ,

drastha.]
Aor. 1. adar9am e/c. B. + (adar9ma
ts., adr9rQa je., adar9usB. adar- ;

9as -9at b.s. ;

dar9at etc. v.b.), adr9ran v.b. (adr9rarQ
dar9ati etc. v.,

dr9ana dr9ana rv.), adar9i dar9i v. 2. dr9an v., adr9an b., —

dr9eyarQ etc. v.b. —
3. adidr9at etc. b.+ [adadar9at.] 4. adraksit —
etc. B.+ (adrak b.), adrksata rv. (drksase ev.) [draksiran.j —
7. drksam k.

Fut. draksyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+

1. 2. drasta etc. b. —
Verb, drstav. + drastumAv. + drstva av.+, -tvayaRv. -dr9yav. +
; ; ;
;

dr9e v.b.; dr9aye v. -dar9am c. ;

Sec. Conj. Pass. dr9yate etc. v. +

: -ti etc. e. + Int. daridr9yate c., —
[dardr9-.] —
Desid. didrksate etc. v.+, -ti e. Caus. dar9ayati etc. —
AV.+, -te etc. S.+ (didar9ayisa- s.+)
Deriv.: dar9a v.+ dar9aniyaB.+ dr9iku b.s. drastf AV.+
dar9a av. + df9 V. dr9enya rv. -dre9ya u.
dar9aka e.+ -dr9a v. + drsti V. + didrksa e. +
-dar9in e.+ dr9ya v. + -dr9na ts. didrksu v.+
dar9ya rv. dr9ati rv. -dr9van c. didrkseya rv.
dar9ata v.b. dr9i v. + -drksa b. + didrksenya v.b.
dar9ana v. + dr9lka v. drastavya + dar9ayitr e. +
b.

y drh, drnh, 'make firm'.

Pres. [l.J drnhati etc. -te etc. v.b. — [6.] drfLhantam av., drnhethe rv. —
[4.]drhya drhyasva rv. [ 1. darhati.] —
Perf. [dadarha, dadrnhaj dadrhana adadrhanta rv.
Aor. [3. adadarhat, adidrhat. — ] 5. adrnhit etc. b. [adarhit.]
\Fut. darhisyati, darhita; drnhisyati, drnhita.]
Verb, drdha v. +
Sec. Conj.: [Int. daridrh-, dardrh-; daridrnli-, dardrnh-. — Desid. di-
darhisa-, didrnhisa-. — ] Caus. [darhaya-;] drnhayati etc. v.s.

Deriv. : drh e. + -drnha av. drnhitr v.b. dadrh v.

drrLhana AV.E.s. drahyat? rv.

Divided ty the Hindu grammarians into two roots, drnh 'lix', and drh
'grow', from the latter of which are then derived dirgha v. + and the related
words draghiyas v.b.s., draghistha rv., draghman v.b., draghiman b.

(draghuya ts.).

]/ dev, see ]/ 2 div.

 ,

79 AND Pbimary Derivatives. [2 dra

y dyu, 'attack'.

Sayana has once pra dyauti, apparently an artificial formation . on the

authority of the occurrence of a root dyu in the Dhatupatha.

y dyut, 'shine'.

Pres. [i dyotate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e.

.]

Perf. didyute etc. v. +, didyota av., didyutus ts.

Aor. 1. dyntant- dyutana v.e.. dyutana rv. — 2. adyutat etc. b. + —

3. adidyutat etc. v.e. 4. adyaut dyaut — v.b. [ — 5. adyotista.]
Put. 1. dyotisyati b. [ — 2. dyotita.]
Verb, dyutta av.cb.[dyutita; dyutitva, dyotitva;] -dyutya ab.
Sec. Conj.: Int. davidyut- v.b. [dedyut-. —
Desid. didyutisa-, didyotisa-.J
— Cans, dyotayati + (dyotyate c.) dyutayanta rv.
etc. v. ;

Leriv.: dyTitv.+ dyota av.+ dyotanav. + -dyotraan rv.

-dyuta E. dyotaka c. dyotana rv. didyut v.b.
dyutiE.H- dyotin c. dyotani v. -dyotayitavya u.

dyotya c. dyotis u.

Compare y jyut and j/ div. BR. set off a few of the forms to a ]/ 2 dyut
'hreak'.

]/ dram, run
[^Pres. etc. dramati; dadrama; adramit; dramisyati, dramita.]
Sec. Conj.: Int. dandramyate u. [— Desid. didramisa-. — Caus. dra-
mayati.]
Apparently another form of }/ 1 dra.

y 1 dra, 'run'.
Pres. [2.] drahi dratu drantu v.

Perf. dadrus etc. v.c, dadrana rv.

Aor. [1. drayat, dreyat. — ] 4. drasat rv. [ — 6. adrasit.]
[Put. drasyati, drata.]
Verb, drana u. +
-Sec. Conj. daridrati etc. ts.c. [dadra-.
: Int. Desid. didrasa-.] Caus. — —
drapayati cb. [[adidrapat] didrapayisati cb.)

Deriv.: dra? av. drak? c. drapi? b. daridraB.+

Compare and dru. The intensive stem daridra is reckoned
roots dram
hy the Hindu grammarians as a root, and artificially furnished with a set of
verb-forms and primary derivatives.

y 2 dra, 'sleep'.

Pres. [2.] drati etc. b.+ — [4.] drayate etc. e.+

Perf. dadrau c.

Aor. 4. (or 6.) adrasit b.

 +

2 dral Roots, Verb-forms, 80

Fut. drasyati b.

Verb, drana av.b.+, drita? c.

Sec. Conj.: Desid. didrasati c.

Beriv. : -dra v. + -didrasu c.

y drad, 'split'.

A single doubtful occurrence, uddradayan c.

y dru, 'run'.

Pres. [1.] dravati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+

Perf. dudrava etc. b.+ [dudrotha, dudruma], dudruve etc. e.

Aor. [1. druyat; adravi. —

] 3. adudruvat b.+ (adudrot dudravat ev.)

[adudravat, adidravat.]
Fut. 1. drosyati b. [ 2. drota.] —
Verb, druta b. + drotum c. drutva b. -drutya b. +
; ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Int. dodru- (dodrava xs.) [ Desid. dudrusa-.] Cans, dra- — —
vayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. (dravyate e.) dravayanta ev. ;

Deriv.: dravav.+ dravi ev. -drava vs. -druv.

dravya?u.s. + dravitr ev. -dravin s.+ druti c.
dravanaB.+ dravitnii v. -dravya e. dravayitnu rv.
dravara ev. dravina etc.? v.+ dravana e. +

y druh, 'be hostile'.

Pres. [4.] druhyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+

Perf. dudroha (dudrohitha av.), dudruhe c.
etc. v.b.

Aor. [1. druhyat; adrohi. ] 2. druhas -ban v.e. [ —

3. adudruhat.] — —
4. drogdhas m. 7. adrviksas b. —
Fut. 1. dhroksyati ms. [drohisyati. 2. drogdh.a, drodha, drohita.] —
Verb, drugdha v.+ [drudha] drogdhavai k. [drugdhva, drohitva,
;
;

druhitva;] -druliya ms.e.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. dodrvih.-. — ] Desid. dudruksat k. [dudrohisa- du-

druhisa-, dudhrvLksa-. Cans, drohaya-.] —
Deriv. druh v. +: dnihyu ev. drogha v. drogdhavya b. +
druhya c. druhina c. droha v. + drogdhr e.+
driihu Av. druhvan v. drohin e. + dudhrtiksu c.

y dru, 'hurr(?).
Pres. [9.] drunati ms., drunana ev.
Only two occurrences , of which that in ms. does not appear connectible
with y dru.

y dvar ?

Such a root perhaps to be recognized in dvara ev., dvarin rv.. -dvaras?

EV., and in dvar or dur v. + 'door'.
 )

81 AND Primary Derivatives. [dhav

y dvis, iiate'.

Pres. [2.] dvesti dvisanti etc. v.+, dviste dvisate etc. av.+ — [G. | dvisati
etc. M.. -te etc. s.u.+
Perf. didvesa cb. [didvise. |

Aor. [1. advesi. — 3. adidvisat. —J 7. dviksat dviksata (3s.) av.

[Put. dveksyati -te ; dvesta.]
Verb, dvista v. + : dvestum e.. dvestos ck.
Sec. Conj.: [Int. dedvis-. — Desid. didviksa-. — | Cms. dvesayati c.
/>eriy. .-
dvis V. + -dviati c. dvesin e.+ dvesaniya c.
dvisa c. dvesa v. + dvesya av. + dvesas v.b.
-dvisenya rv. -dvesaka e. dvesana v. + dvestr e. +

|/ dhan, run'.

[Pres. '6. dadhanti. — 1 . dhanati.

Perf. dadhanat dadhanyus dadhanvans rv.
-Sec. Conj. Caus. dhanayan -yante -yanta rv.
:

Leriv. dhanistha rv.'

Compare roots dhanv, dhav, dhav, dhu.

y dhanv, 'run'.

Pres. [1.] dhanvati etc. v.b. (dhaniva sv.")

Perf. dadhanve -vire rv.

Aor. 5. adhanvisus v.b.
Deriv. dhanutr rv.
Seems to be a secondary root- form, from the preceding. Its v has vahie
as u in half the ev. cases (in the present-system).

]/ dham, dhma, 'blow'.

Pres. [1.] dhamati etc v. +, -te etc. u.e. — [2.] dhmant c.

Perf. dadhmau etc. dadhmire e.

Aor. [1. dhmayat dhmeyat; adhmayi.]

6. adhmasit — c.

Fut. 1.dhamisyati etc. e.+ [dhmasyati. 2. dhmata.J —

Verb, dhamita rv., dhmata v. + -dhmaya b.+ ;

dhamyate etc. v.+, -ti e. dhmayate etc. b.+. -ti etc. cb.e.+
Sec. Conj.: Pass, ;

—
Int. dadhmayate c [dedhmiya-. Desid. didhmasa-. — Caus. — |

dhmapayati etc. e.+ (dhmapyate e.1 [adidhmapat.J

Deriv. -dhama av. + dhamitra c.
. -dhmaniya c. dhmapana c.
-dhamana c. -dhma 3!.+ dhmatavya c.
dhamani v. + dhmana av. + dhmatr rv.

y dhav, 'flow'.
Pres. [1.] dhavate etc. rv.
Deriv. dhaviyas rv.
Whitney, Supplement II. •
G
 + J

1 dhal Roots, Verb-fokms, 82

y 1 dha, dadh, 'put.

Pres. [3.Jdadhati dhatte etc. v.+ [1.] dadhati -te etc. v. + ["i.J dhati
— —
iiv3. —
[4.] dhayeta mu., adhayata m.

Perf^ dadhau dadhe etc. v.+ [dadhatha v.. dadhidhve -isva -idhvam
Bv., dadhre rv.)

Aor. 1. adhat adhus etc v.+ (adhitam iiv. dheyam -yus [-yasus] rv. ;
;

dhatu etc. v.; dhetana rv.tk.), adhithas adhita etc v.+ (ahita hita
AV.TA.; adhimahi dhimahi dhlmahe v.; dhamahe rv.; dhise dhire
dhethe dhaithe rv. dhisva rv.); adhayi dhayiv. + — 2. adhat
;

sv., dhat Rv. —

4. dhasus dhasathas -tha rv., adhisi -sata b.+

(dhisiya e.s., dhesiya ms.) 5 v dhayis rv. —

Fut. 1. dhasyati -te etc. b.+ [adhasyat c.) 2. dhata etc. b. —
Verb, hita v. +, -dhita v.c. ; dhatum b.+, -tave v.b., -tavai av., -tos v.b.,

-dhitumc. dhitva n. [hitva|; -dhaya

; av. + ; -dham av. ; dhiya-
dhyai rv. [-dhayam.J ;

Sec. Conj. dhiyate etc. v. +

: Pass, [Int. dedhiyate. ] Desid. dhitsati — —
etc. + (dhitsyate c); didhisati etc. -te etc. rv. (didhi-
V.+, -te etc. v.

sana rv.) —
Caus. dhapayati etc. v. +, dliapayita s. (dhapyate c.)
Deriv.: -dha v.+ dhaya s. -dhi V. + -dadhus ms.
-dhana v. + -dhayaka c. -dhiti v.B.s. dadhisu av.
dhana ? v. + -dhayin c. -hiti V. + didhisu v. +
-dhaniya c. dhayya e.s. dheya b.+ didhisayya rv.

dhatu V. + dhayu rv. -dheya n. v.+ -dhitsa E. +

-dhatavya k. dhasi RV. dhestha v.b. -dliitsu s. +
dhatr v. + -dhas V.+ -dadha b.s. -dhapana s.
dhaman v.+ dadhi v.b. -dhapayitavya c.

y 2 dha, Slick .

Pres. [4 '?] dhayati etc. v. +

Perf. dadhus rv.
Aor. 1. adhat av. [dheyat. — 3. adadhat. — 6. adhasit.J
Fut. dhasyati e.
1. 2. dhata.] |
—
Verb, dhita v.b.; dhatave v.; dhitva cb. -dhiya cb. [-dhaya.] ;

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, dhiyate. Int. dadha-, dadhi-, dedhiya-. — — Desid.

dhitsa-. —
] Caus. dhapayate etc. rv., -ti cb. [adidhapat.

Deriv.: -^lia,^'.+ -dhayin c. dharu av. dhena v.

-dhaya B.+ dhayas v. dhasi rv.s. dhenuv.+
dhatu Rv.s. dhayu RV. dhasyu av. dadhan, dadhi v.+
Related ^vitli |/ dhi. The connection of sOme of the derivatives by uo
means beyond question.

y I dhav, 'run
Pres. [1.] dhavati etc -te etc v.
[Perf. dadhava -ve.]
 + .

83 AND Primary Derivatives. [dhuk?

Aor. [1. dhavyasam. —J 3. adadhavat rv. [adidhavat.] — 5. adhavit

B. [adhavista.]
Fut. dhavisyati c. [-te.
1. 2. dhavita.] —
Verb, dhavita e. + dhavitva c. -dhavya c.
; ;

Sec. Conj. [Jnt. dadhavya-.

; Desid. didhavisa-. — — ] Caws, dhavayati
etc. V.+
Dmy.: dhavaka K. dhavin c. dhavanaK. + dhavitr e. dhara'.' v.+
Compare roots dhan, dhanv, dhav. It is reckoned by the grammarians
as filling up the defective con.iugation of y sr.

y 2 dhav, 'rinse'.
dhavati etc. -te etc. v.
Pre.'. [1.]

Perf. dadhavaj dadhavire c.

j

Aor. 5. adhavista {^-is.) bv.

Verb, dhauta + dhautva? c. -dhavya s.
sv. ; ;

Sec. Conj. : dhavyate c.

Pass, —
Caus. dhavayati etc. -te etc. b. +
Dem;. .-
dhava c. -dhavin c. dhauti kv. dhara v v. +
dhavaka e. dhavana b. +
Perhaps rather related with y dhu than with y 1 dhav.

y dhi, dhinv, 'nourish .

Pres. [5.]dhinoti dhinvanti etc. b. +

[Perf. didhinva.]
Aor. 5. adhinvit pb.
[Fut. dhinvisyati, dhinvita.]
Perhaps only another form of y 2 dha, with causative value. .Some of the
derivatives given under y 2 dha might be put as properly here.

y dhi, dldhi, 'think'.

Pres. [2.] dhimahi b.+ —

[3?] didhayas didhayan didhyat etc di-
dhyat adidhet etc didhye didhyatham didhitham didhyana
adidhita etc v.b.
Perf. didhaya -dhima (-mas sv.) -dhiyus -dhyus didhire v.b.

Verb, dhita v.+

Sec. Conj.: Int.dedhyat ts. Desid.'} dhlsamana rv'. —
Berin.: dhi v.+ dhirav.+ dhiyasana rv. -didhayu rv.
dhiti V.B. dhivanAv. didhitiv.+
Compare y dhya. The form dhimahi belongs here only as tlius used
later, with a false apprehension of its proper meaning.

y dhuks, 'kindle"
Pres. [1.] dhuksate e'.
[Perf. etc. dudhukse; adudhuksat, adhuksista; dhuksisyate,
dhu-
ksita.]
 )

dhuks] Roots, Verb-forms, 84

Sec. Con}.: \lnt. dodhuks-. — Desid. dudhuksisa-. — ] Caus. dhuksayati

etc. E. + (dhuksy ate c.

Deriv. -dhuksana e.+

Occurring only with the prefix sam.

|/ dhti, dhu, shake".

Pres. [5.Jdhunoti dhunute etc. v. + dhunoti dhunute etc. je.s. + [2.] ;

—
dhuvate (3j).) cb., dhuvana ts. [6.] dhuvati etc. av.b. (dhuvet k.) —
—[9.] dhuniyat dhunana dhunana c. dhimet? m'. —
Perf. dudhava etc. e.+, dudhuve av. (dudhuvita dudhot kv.)
Aor. 4. adhusta -sata kv.s. [adhosta. 5. adhavit adhuvit, adhavista.] —
Put. 1. dhavisyati b.s., -te b. [dhosyati -te. — 2. dhavita, dhota.]
Verb, dhuta v. + dhuta e. + [dhuna
, dhavitum ;] dhutva ab. ; ;

-dhuya av. +
Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhuyate etc. av.+ (dhuyant m.) Int. dodhaviti etc. —
V.E., dodhtiyate etc. e.+ (dodhuyat pple. e.+1; davidhu- rv. (da-
vidhava nv.) —
[Desid. dudhusa-. ] Caus. dhunayati -te etc. e.+ —
[dhavayati.]
Deriv. : -dhu v. -dhava b. dhuvaka jb. -dhuti c.

-dhava Rv. dhavitavya cb. dhuvana b.s. dhuni'?v.B.

-dhavanaB.s. dhavitra b.s. dhuti rv. dhunana e.+
Compare \/ 2 dhav.

y dhtirv, injure'.

Pres. [l.Jdhurvati etc. v.b.

[Perf. dudhurva.]
Aor. 5. adhurvit cb.
[Fut. dhurvisyati, dhurvita.]
Verb, dhurvitum cb.

A secondary root-form from y dhvr dhur.

y dhr, 'hold'.

Pres. [l.J dhareran acs'. -, adharam r'.

Perf. dadharaeff. (dadhartha) jb.e. + ; dadhara v.b. (dadhartha rv.ta.);

dadhre etc. \.+
Aor. 1. dhrthas ay.; adhari c. — 3. adidharat etc. v.b.s. (didhar, didhr-
tam -ta rv.), -rata (3 s.) cb. [— 4. adharsit.]
Fut. dharisyati etc. e.+, -te etc. av.+
1. 2. dharta c. —
Verb, dhrta v. + dhartum c. -tavai kb. dhrtva b. + -dhrtya b.; dhar-
; ; ;

tari RV. -dlaaram s.

;

Sec. Conj. Pass, dhriyate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. +

: Int. dardharsi adardhar —
RV.; dadharti dadhrati dadhartu b. (dadhartu? avp.; dadharayati

JB.) —
Desid. didhirsa- [in d.) [didharisate.J Caus. dharayati -te —
etc. V. + ^^dharyate b. + ; didharayisa- s.c.)
 + + + ]

85 AND Primary DERivATrvES. [dhya

Deriv.: dliara v. dliarman ev. -dhari c. dhruvas rv.

dharana dharman v. +
av. + dhira e.+ dhruvi v.n.
-dharaniyac. dharma av. + dhur V. + dadhrvi rv.
dharani e. + dharinaan c. dhura e. + drdlirav rv.
dharuna v.n. dhariman rv. -dhrt V. + didliirsa n.

-dhartu ev. dhariyas n.s. -dhrk E. + -didhirsu c.

-dharitu e,v. -dhara v. dhrti V.+ -dharaya v. +

dhartr v.ii. dharaka r.+ -dhrtvan u. dharayii rv.
dhartra b.s. dharin u.s. + -dhra v.+ dharayitavya u.+
dharitr p.. + dharya e. + -dhri? V. dharayitr n.+
dharnasi v.k. dharana v. + dhruva v. + dharayisnu c.
dharni rv. -dharaniya c. -didharayisa c.

]/ dhrs, 'dare".

Pres. [5.] dhrsnoti etc. v.+ — [1.] dharsati etc. vs.r. — [2V] dhrsant rv.,
dhrsana av.
Perf. dadharsa etc. v.b. (dadhrsus av. ; dadharsat -sati dadharsit rv. ;

dadhrsate dadhrsanta av.

Aor. 2. adiirsas cb. (_dhrsamanaV rv.) — [3. adidhrsat, adadharsat. —
5. adharsisus ta.

[Put. dharsisyati, dharsita.]

Verb, dhrsta v. +. dhrsita v. ; -dhrsya b. + ; -dhrse v.b., -dhrsas rv.
Sec. Conj.: \Jnt. daridhrs-. — Desid. didharsisa-. — ] Cans, dharsayati
etc. B.+
Deriv.: dharsa v.+ dharsana e.+ dhrstiB.+ dadhrsa rv.
-dliarsakaE.+ dharsaniya E.+ dhrsnuv.+ dadhrsi v.
-dharsin c. -dhrs v. dhrsya v. + dadhrsvani rv.

-dharsya av. dhrsaj rv. -dharsayitavyac.

y dhma, see \ dham.

j/ dhya, 'think'.

Pres. [4.] dhyayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ (dhyayita u.) — [2.] dhyati etc.

E.+ (dhyayat b.s.)

" Perf. dadhyau etc. b. +
Aor. 4. dhyasus m. — 6. adhyasisam cb.

Put. dhyasyati e.
1. —
2. dhyata jub.

Verb, dhyata b. + dhyatva b. + -dhyaya e. + dhyayam c.

; ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhyayate c. [in/, dadhya-. —

] Desid. didhyasate ok.
—
[ —Caus. dhyapayati.]
Deriv.: dhya v. + dhyana u.+ dhyatr c. -didhyasana c.
-dhyayin b. + dhyatavya c. dhyeya e.+ -didhyasitavyas.
-didhyasu c
Compare y dhi, of which this is a later secondary form.
 :

dhraj] Roots, Verb-forms, 86

y dhraj, dhraj, sweep'.

Pres. [l.J dhrajati etc. rv. ; dhrajamana ms.

Aor. 5. dhrajisiya ms.
Deriv.: -dhrajati rv. dhraj as rv. dhraj ms. dhraji v.b.

dhraji- rv. dhraj a ms. dhraji ms.

y dhvans, dhvas, 'scatter'.

Pres. [1.] dhvansati -te etc. b. +

Perf. dadhvahsus u.. dadhvansire e. dadhvase v.b. ;

Aor. 2. —
dhvasan rv. [ 3. adadhvahsat. — 5. adhvansista.J
[Put. dhvansisyate, dhvansita.]
Verb, dhvasta b. -dhvasya e.+
+ ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, dhvasyate c, -ti gb. [

— danidhvans- -dhvasya-.
Int. —
Desid. didhvahsisa-.] — Caus. dhvansayati etc. b. + -te etc. jb. , ;

dhvasayati etc. rv.

Deriv.
-dhvasa e.+ dhvasanti n. pr. rv. dhvasman dhvahsin e. +
rv.
dhvasan n. pr. cb. dhvasira rv. dhvasra rv.b. dhvans ana b.+
dhvasani v. dhvasti c. dhvansa av. + dhvansi s.
-dhvansaka c.

y dhvan, 'sound'.

Pres. [1.] dhvanati etc. c.

Perf. dadhvanus c.

Aor. [3. adidhvanat adadhvanat. — J 5. adhvanit rv.

[Put. dhvanisyati, dhvanita.]
Verb, dhvanitac. dhvanta b.+
Sec. Conj.: dandhvan- [^in d.').
Int. —
Cans, dhvanayati u. (dhvanayit
Bv.l; adhvanayat rv. (dhvanita c.)
Deriv.: dhvana ta. dhvani av.c. dhvanas.+ dandhvana e.
dhvanya RV. dhvanana s.+ dhuni v v.b.

The RV. forms are set off by BR., perhaps rightly, to a separate y dhvaa

y dhvr, dhur, dhru, injure'.

Pres. [1.] dhvarati etc. b.

YPerf. dadhvara.] '

Aor. 4. [adhvarsit,] adhursata (3p.) rv. [dhvrsista. — 5. dhvarisista.]

[Put. dhvarisyati, dhvarta.]
Verb, dhiirta e. +, dhruta tb. dhurvane rv. ;

Sec. CoThj.: [Int. dadhvarya-. — ] Desid. dudhursati etc. av.cb. [ — Cans.

dhvarayati.]
 ]

87 AND Primary Derivatives. [nand

Derio.: dhur cb.ms. -dhru ? rv. dhvara ms. -dhvartavya ts.

dhurti RV. -dhrut kv. dhvaras rv. -dhvrt uv.
-dliorana? c. dhruti rv.
Compare y dhtirv, which is a secondary form (u-class) of this root.

y' nanc, see i 2 na9.

y naks, attain'.

Pres. [1.] naksati -te etc. v.k.

Perf. nanaksus -kse rv.

[AoT. etc. anaksit; naksisyati, naksita.]
Deriv.: naksatra? v.+ naksya ev.
A secondary form of ]/ 2 nacj. Compare also inaks, under y 2 nacj.

y nat, 'dance, play'.

Pres. [l.J natati c.

Sec. Conj. : Cmis. natayati etc. c.

Z)er i u. ; nata E.,t- natana c. nata c. natin c.

nataniya c. nataka c. natayitavya c.

A prakritized formation from y nrt.

]/ nad, 'sound'.

Pres. [1.] nadati etc. av. +, -te etc. b. +

Perf. nanada nedus nedire e. e. +,

[Aor. etc. aninadat, anadit; nadisyati, nadita.]

Verb, nadita c. -nadya e. + ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, nadyate e. —

Int. nanadati (3j5.) e<c. v.e., nanadyate

etc. JB.E. —
[Desid. ninadisa-. ] Caus. nadayati -te etc. rv.e. — ;

nadayati -te etc. e. + (nadyate e. +)

Deriv. : nada v.+ nadathu u. nada v.+ -nadana e.

nadi ? V. + nadanu rv. nadin av. + nanada b.s.

-nadin e. nadaniman av. nadi s.

Compare the next root.

y nand, 'rejoice'.

Pres. [J. J nandati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+

Perf. nanandus + etc. e.

[Aor. ananandat, anandit.]

Fut. nandisyate e. [-ti. 2. nandita.] —
Verb, nandita e.4-; -nandya e.+
Sec. Conj. Pass, nandyate etc.c.
: [Int. nanand-. — — Desid. ninandisa-. —
Caus. nandayati -te etc. u. +
 +

nandl Roots, Verb-forms, 88

Deriv. :

nanda v. + nandana av. + nandathu b.+ nauandrV v.

nandaka e.+ -nandaniya c. nandana sv.u. -nandayitavya u.+
nandin ay. + nandi e.+ nandi ev.e. + -nandayitr c.

-nandya c. nanditr e. nanduka c.

Doubtless the same with the preceding root.

y nabh, 'burst'.

Pres. [1.] nabhate etc. v. [ — 9. nabhnati. — 4. nabhyati.]

[Perf. etc.nanabha nebhe, etc.']
Sec. Conj.: Caus. anabhayan ab. nambhaya ts.s. ;

Deriv. nabh ev.

: nabhanya nv. nabhaka nv.u. nabh rv.
nabhanu, -u E.V. nabhasv.+ nabhya v.b.s. nabhiv.+
The connection of part of the derivatives with this root is quite question-
ahle.

y nam, 'bend, bow'.

Pres. [1.] -te etc. v.+ (namana e.)

namati
Perf. nemus(nanama nanamas liv."), neme ev. (^nanamire m.)
c.

Aor. 3. aninamat etc. ev.c. — 4. anan k., anamsata (3p.) b. (namsai

namsante ev.) — 6. anamsit c.
Put. 1.namsyati e., namisyati c. [ 2. namta.] —
Verb, nata v. + namtum c. namitum c. natva
-,
; c. ; -natya e., -namya
E. + -, -namam -name rv.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, namyate v. + — Int. nannamiti c«e. v.b. (nannamus b.),
-mana (namnate anamnata rv.) nannamyate s. Deskl. ninamsa- ;
—
(m d.) —
Caus. namayati etc. v. + namayati etc. u.s.+ (namyate etc. ;

E.+, -ti etc. c.)

Deriv. . -nam av. nami? rv. -nama e.+ nemi v.
nama rv. ? e. + nati AV. + -namaka c. -nannama rv.
namana c. namtva ev. namin v.+ -ninamsu c.
namaniya c. namtr c. namya e.+ namayitavya c.

namas v.+ namra v. + namana c. -namayitr c.

namasana v. -namuka e. namayisnu ev.

y nard, 'bellow'.

Pres. [1.] nardati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. +

Perf. nanarda e.

[Act. etc. anardit nardisyati, nardita.] ;

Verb, nardita e. + -nardam e. ;

Sec. Conj. : Int. nanardyamana c. — Caus. -nardayati gb.

Deriv. : -narda s. + -nardin v. nardana c.
 . .

89 AND Primary Derivatives. [nSth

y 1 na9, 'be lost'.

Pres. [4.] na^yati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. — [1.] na9ati -te etc. v.e. +
Pcrf. nanaqa neQus i5.+
v.e..

Aor. 2. ana9at e.+ —

3. ane9at etc. v.n. aninatjat etc. v. + (nina9U8 e.) ;

Fut. 1. na9isyati av. + nanksyati -te etc e.+ (ananksyata m.)

; 2. na9- —
ita E. [nansta.]
Verb, nasta v. + [nastum, nanstum; nastva, nanstva.]
Sec, Conj.: [Int. nana9-. — Desid. nina9isa-, ninaiiksa-. Caus. na9- — ]

ayati etc. v.+. -te etc. e.+ (na9ayadliyai nina9ayisa- c.)

iiv. :

Derir.: -na9 rv.b. nasti b.+ na9ini!.+ nastra av.k.

-nan9in v.s. na9vara c. na9yaE.+ na9ayitr vs.

na9ana b. + na9a b. + na9ana av. +

iian9Xika k. na9aka e. + na9tika ts.

The forms from the stem na9a are perliaps to be classed as o^ aorist 2.

y 2 nac, nanc, 'attain .

Pres. [1.] na9ati -te etc. v.

Aor. 1. anat v.b. (nat v.; anastam nak naksi impv. nanqi na9i-
mahi rv.)
Verb. -113,96 Rv.vs.

Sec. Conj. : Desid, inaksati etc. rv.

Deriv.: nan9a rv. -nan9ana rv. -na9a v. -na9a rv.s.
The form anat is by some referred to |/ 1 a9. Compare y iiaks.

y nas, 'unite'.
Pres. [1.] nasate etc. rv.
Aor. 1 . nasimahi rv.

y nah, 'ne'

Pres. [4.] nahyati + (nahyus ae. [I .] nahet m.

-te etc. v. )
—
[Per/", etc. nanaha (nanaddha nehithal nehe; aninahat, anatsit
anaddha natsyati -te, naddha.]
;

Verb, naddha v. + [naddhva;] -nahya e.+ ;

Sec. Conj.: Pa.$s. nahyate c. [ Int. nanah-. Desid. ninatsa-.] —

CV;u«. — —
nahayati etc. s.+
Derio.: -nah (nadh) v. + nahus v.+ nahaAv. + -nahana c.

nahanav.+ -naddhi b. -nahya b.s. -nahuka.'AH.

nahas v c. -naddha vya e. +

y nath, nadh, 'seek aid'

Pres. [1.] nathate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e. + nadhamana v. ;

[Per/", etc. nanatha, nanadhe; anathit, anadhista; nathisyati, nadhi-

syate nathita, nadhita.]

;
 . —
nath] Roots, Verb-forms, 90

Verb, nathita nadhita rv. nathitum c; -nathya

v.+, ; c.

Sec. Con}.: Pass, nathyate c.

Z>cr j y. natha V.+ -nadha b. nadhas rv.

y nins, 'kiss'.

Pres. [2.] ninsate ninsata ninsana rv.

[Perf. etc.nininse; aninsista; ninsisyate, ninsita.J
Beriv. -ninsin c.

y niks, 'pierce'
Pres. [1.] niksati etc. av.
[Perf. etc. niniksa; aniksit; niksisyati, niksita.]
Verb, -nikse v.

Der it). : -niksana• •

c. ntksanav
• •
rv. neksana • >
av.s.
Is perhaps a desiderative formation from j/ 1 na9.

y nij, 'wash'.

Pres. [2?] nije c, nijana rv. — [3.] ninikta ^2^.) rv.

[Perf. nineja, ninije.]
Aor. 2. anijara -jan av.s. [— 3. aninijat.] — 4. anaiksit niksi av.

[Put. neksyati -te, nekta.]

Verb, nikta v. + niktva b. + -nijya
; ;
R. + -, -nije rv.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, nijyate etc. e. + — Int. nenekti nenikte etc. v.+ [

Desid. niniksa-.] — Cans, nejayati etc. b.+

Beriv.: -nij v.s. -neka s.c. -neja c. nejanav.+
-nikti c. -nega n.s. nejaka c. -nektr s.

-nejya pb.
The intensive is regarded hy the grammarians as the present-stem of
this root.

y nind, nid, 'revile'.

Pres. [1 nindati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. +

.]

Perf. nininda e. + (nindima ninidiis rv.)

Aor. 1. nindyat u., nidana rv. 5. anindisus rv.s. (nindisat av.) —
Fut. [1. nindisyati. ] 2. nindita e. —
Verb, nindita v. + -nindya e. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, nidyate rv. nindyate c. Desid. ninitsati rv., -te
;
— s.

Beriv. nid rv.

: ninda av. + nmdya v. + ninditr rv.
nida kv. nindaka e. + nindana c. ninitsu rv.
-nedya rv. nindin c. nindaniya c.

y ni, 'lead'.
Pres. [].] nayati -te etc. v.+ —
[3v] ninithas niniyat rv., ninetu ms. —
[2.] nesi v.s., netha rv., anitam rv.
 + ;

91 AND Pkimary Derivatives. iiiud

Perf. ninaya ninyus etc. v.+ [ninetha kv., ninima ts.). ninye «.+ —
-nayam asa m., -nayam cakre e.

Aor. [1. anayi. —

3. aninayat. —
J J. anaisit etc. v.+ [nais anait n.s.

nesati etc. ev., nesat v.u., nesa av.), anesta etc. v.n. 5. anajrit —
Av., anayista (2^-) s. —
anayisata (pa»s.) c.
Fut. 1. nesyati etc. av.+, -te etc. b.+ (anesyathaa m.); nayisyati etc. jb.e.+
(anayisyat jh.), -te etc. e. 2. neta e.. nayita e. —
Verb, nita v. + netum «.+, -tavai e.s., -tos b., nayitum «. + nitva b.+,
; -,

nayitva e. + -niya av. + nesani ev. -nayam jb.

; ; ;

-See. Conj.: Pass, niyate etc. —

v.+ neniyate Int. etc. v.+ — Desid. nini-
sati etc. V. +, -te etc. u.s.+ — Cans, nayayati etc e.+. -te e.
Deriv.: -ni v. -nayya c. netra av.+ nesa rv.
naya v. + -nayana c. nitha v. + nestr v. +

-nayin e. + niti V. + nitha V. -neni rv.

nayana u.s.+ netavya b. + neman-? ev. ninisa e.+
naya ev.c. nayitavya e. + -nlya b. ninisu e. +
nayaka e. + netr v. + neya s. + -ninisenya b.

-nayin e. -nayitr e. nayistha ev.

y nid, 'nest'.

May be mentioned on account of nlda v. + au'l nidi rv.

y 1 nu, nu, 'praise'.

Pres. [2.J nauti nuvanti etc. v. + (anavan ev.) — [1.] navate -ti etc. v.

[— 6. nuvati.]
Perf. nunava c.

Aor. [anunavat] anunot etc. ev.

0. 4. [anausit,] anusi etc. v.b. — —
5. [anavit anuvit,] anavista ev.

[Fut. navisyati, nuvisyati navita, nuvita.J ;

Verb, nuta c. [nuta; navitum, nuvitum;] -nutya s.; -navam b.

Sec. Conj.: Pasf. nuyate etc. e.+ —
Int. nonaviti nonumas etc. v.. no-

nuvanta ev. (nonava nonnvus ev.) navinot ev. [ Desid. nvmu- ; —

sa-. —
Caus. navayati (nunavayisa-).]
Derif. -nava B. +
. navana c. nava ev. nonuva c.
navya ev. navisti ev. nuti c.

y 2 nu, move'.
Pres. [1.] navate etc. ev. [2.] nauti s.

Verb, ntita? pb.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. navayati etc. b

]/ nud, push'
Pres. [6.] nudati -te etc. v. +
Perf. nunoda c, nunude etc. v.+
 :

nud] Roots, Verb-forms, 92

Aor. 1. nudyat e.+ — [3. anunudat. — ] 4. [anautsit,] anutta eic. v.b. —

5. nudisthas av.

Fut. 1. notsyati e., -te b.e. [ — 2. notta.]

Verb, nutta v. +, nimna sv.e. +, nudita m. -nudya ;
s. + ; -nude rv., -nudas
K. : -no dam v.

Sec. Con).: Int. anonudyanta b. — Desid. nunutsa- [in d.). — (aus. nod-
ayati etc. v. + (nodyate e. +)
Dmv..- -nud V.+ nodav.+ nodya c. -nunutsu c.
-nudaE. + -nodaka c. nodana c. -nodayitavya c.

nutti B. + -nodin c. -nottavya b.

I
nr, 'sporf.
Tci be recognized with probability in the derivatives
naruna ta. narista av.vs. narisyant e. + narma vs. narman e. +
also in sunara v.b. and sUnr- (siinfta v.+). Compare also Y nrt.

y nyt, 'dance'.

Pres. [4.] nrtyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. +

Perf. nanarta nanrtus e. +
Aor. 1. nrtus e,v. {^perf.i) — 2. nrtamana? rv. [ — 3. aninrtat, ananar-
tat.] —
anartisus v.
5.

Fut. 1 nartisyati c [nartsyati.

. 2. nartita.] —
Verb, nrtta av. + nartituni~c.. narttum c. nartitva c.
;
-nartam b. ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, nrtyate c. Int. narinartti etc. c.—narinrtyate c. ,

-ti? c. —
Desid. ninartisa- in rf.) [ninrtsa-]. Caus. nartayati etc.
(
—
V.+, -te etc. E. +
Deriv. : nrt a v. -nartin vs. nrtii rv. nartayitr e.

nrtyau.H- nartanas.+ nrtu rv. ninartisa c.

-narta e.+ nrtiv av. -nrtti b.

nartaka e. + nrti v. nartitavya c.

Compare roots nat and nr.

]/ ned, 'flow".

Pres. [1.] nedati etc. b., -te u.

[Perf. etc. nineda, ninede ninide; anedit, -dista; nedisyati, -te;

nedita.]
Deriv. -neda ms.

y pae, 'cook'.
Pres. [1.] pacati -te etc. v.+ (pacana m.) —
[4.] pacyate etc. rv.cb.

Perf. papaea pecus etc. v.b. [papaktha, pecitha], peee pecire etc. v.+
[apeciran av.)
Aor. [1. paeyat; apaci. — 3. apipacat.] — 4. [apaksit, apakta]
paksat RV.
 + ++

93 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [pan

Fut. 1. paksyati -te etc. b. + (apaksyat c.)— 2. pakta u.

Verb, (^pakva;! paktave av.b.; paktva av.e.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, pacyate etc. v. +, -ti m. — Int. papacyate etc. c.
[De«jrf. pipaksa-.
. _
— ] Caas.
-li'
pacayati -te etc.
...»
n.+ (pacyate iz.)

Deriv.: pac? c. pakti uv. pakthin uv. pacaka e.+

-paca B.+ pakti vs. + pakva V. + -pacin c.

-pacya ay. paktavya e. pacelima c pacya u.

pacana v. + paktr Av. + paka V. + pacana e.
pacata v.b. paktrima c. pakin c. -pacayitr c.
pacatya rv paktha rv.b. pakya u.s.

y' paj, 'start' (•?).

Perf. papaje kvI.

Z>erjt!. .pajra v.s. pajas v.b.
The connection of form and meaning among these words is altogether
questionable.

y pat, tear'.

Pres. [1.] patati c'.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. patayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. (^patyate c.)

Deriv. : pata e. + pataka b.+ -patin c. patana e.+

patya c. pataniya c.

]/ path, 'read'.

Pres. [I.] pathati etc. ta.+, -te etc. e.+

Perf. papatha c.

{Aor. apipathat, apathit pathisyati, pathita.]

etc. ;

Verb, pathita s. + pathitva c. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, pathyate etc. e.+ Int. papathiti — etc. c, papathyate
c. — [^Desid. pipathisa-. — ] Caus. pathayati etc. c. (pathyate c.)

I>erjv..- pathaka E. pathitavya c patha s.+ pathyaE.

pathana c pathiti c. pathaka e. + pathana c.
pathaniya c. pathin e. +

y pan, 'bargain'.

Pres. [1.] panate etc. b. +, -ti etc. e. +

[Perf. etc. pene apipanat, apanista panisyate,
; ;
panita.J
Verb, panita panitva s. e. ;

Sec. Conj. panyate etc. e. [ Int. pampan-.

: Pass, Desid. pipanisa-. — —
Caus. panayati etc. c. [panayati.]
Deriv.: pana av. + pananaB.+ panayya b. -pana av.
-panm c. pani v. + vanij ? V. + pani v. .'

panya b. + panitr c. panajritr c.

 .

1 pat] Roots, Verb-forms, 94

y 1 pat, 'fly, fair.

Pres. [1. J patati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. +

Perf. papata petus etc. v. + (paptima paptiis paptivans rv.; papat-
yat Av.)
Aor. 1. apati b. — 3. apaptat etc. v.b.s. ; apipatat etc. v.

Fat. 1. patisyati etc. av. +, -te e. (apatisyat h. +) — patita m.

2.

Verb, patita aa-. + : patitum b. ;

patitva av.b. ; -patya b. + -patam : b. +
Sec. Conj.: Int. papatiti etc. rt. [panipat-.] — Desid. pipatisati etc. av.
CB.; pitsa- (in d.). —
Caus. patayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. + (patyate
etc. E. + ); patayati etc. v.b.s., -te rv.
Deriv. : -pat rv. patman v.b. pata AV. + -paptani rv.
pata- v. + -patya b. pataka s. + patapata .s.

patana v.+ patvan v.b.s. patin AV. + pipatisu E. +

-ptuV MS. patara rv. patya e. + -pitsu c.

pataka s.+ pataru rv. patana s. + patayalii av.

-patitavya c. patistha v.b. pataniya c. patayisnu v.

pattra v.+ -patisnu b. + patuka B.E. patayitr c.

patatra v.c. patiyas b.

y 2 pat, 'rule'.

Pres. [4.] patyate etc. v.b.

Doubtless only a denominative of pati.

|/ path, 'go' (?)

Pres. [1.] pathati etc. s.

\^Perf. etc. papatha, apathit; pathisyati, pathita.]

Sec. Conj. cms. pathayati b.s.

: <

Deriv. :path pathi panthan v.+ pantha v. pathan- b. pathas v. +

pathis B.
No real root ; the present forms doubtless bad readings for patati etc. the ;

causative a denominative of the stem path.

y pad, 'go".

Pres. [4.] padyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. ab.e. — [2v] padyam r1., patsva m1.

Perf. papada pedus etc. v.+, pede etc. b.+

Aor. apadraahi vs. -dran rv. (padati -dat v.; padista v.l; apadi
1.

padi V. + —
3. apipadat av.b. 4. apatsi etc. v.b.u. (patthas av.) —
Fut. 1. patsyati etc. b.+ (patsyantu c), -te etc. v.+ [— 2. patta.]
Fer6. panna AV. + pattuinB.+, -tave rv., -tosB. -padyav. + -padas
;
; :

V.B.; -padam b.+

Sec. Conj.: Int. panipadyate c. — Desid. pitsati b.. -te c. — Caus. pad-
ayati etc. v. +, -te etc. av.+ (padyate etc. b. + pipadayisati
;
v..+]
 .

95 AND Primary Derivatives. [1 pS

Deriv.: -pad v.+ patti av.+ -padin c. -pitsa c.

pad Y.+ -pattavya K. + -padya n.+ -pitsu c.

pada V. + -pattr c. -padana e.+ -patsu c.

-padanaB.r.s. -padva? c. -padaniya c. -padayitavya c.

padanlya K.+ -padaB.+ padii .'

rv.ms. -padayitr (

-padi Rv'. -padaka e. + paduka b. -pipadayisa c.

-pipadayisu v.

y pan, 'admire".
Pres. [1.] pananta rv.
Perf. papana papne rv.
Aor. 5. panista (^3s.) rv.
Verb, panita rv.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, panyate rv. — Int. panipnat v.u. — Caus. panayati -te
etc. RV.
X>ew..- pana- RV. panas- rv. panistama sv. panyas uv.
panya rv.k. panu rv. panisti sv. -panya sv.
panayya rv.ab. panitr rv. panistha v.n. -panyu rv.
paniyas v. panayayyasv.
The words panya s., panayya cb. seem to belong in meaning to this root.

y pard, 'pedere .

Not quotable either in verb -forms or derivatives [parda, pardin,

pardana].

y 1 pac, spac, 'see".

Pres. [4.] paQyati -te etc. v.+

Perf. paspa^e etc. v.

Aor. 1. aspasta (pres.?) rv. [ — 3. apaspaqat.]

Verb, spasta v.+
Sec. Conj.: Caus. spaqayate etc. v.e., -ti s.

Deriv. : pa9 •? RV. paQyin c. -paqyana c. spaija k.+

pa^yav.H- pa9yata av. spaQ a.b. -spa9ana av.

paspaQa c.

The stem pa9ya is regarded as supplying the deficient present of ) dr9.

y 2 pae, 'bind'.

Regarded as inferable from pa9U v. +, pa9a v. +

y 1 pa, 'drink'.
Pres. [1.] pibati -te etc. v. + —
panti kv>.. pathas av'.
[2.] [3.] pipatu —
K., pipite pipate pipiya apipita v... pipana rv.. pipana av.

Perf. papau etc. v.+ (papatha rv., papiyat rv.), papa

etc. v.

Aor. 1. apat etc. v.+ (pahi patam pata pant v.): peyas (3s ) rv. apayi :

RV. —
[3. apipyat. ] 4. pasta av. —
 +

1 pa] Roots, Verb-forms, 96

Fut. 1 . pasyati -te etc. b. + [ — 2. pata.]

Verb, pita v. + ;
patum c, patave v.b., -tavai b., -tos kb.; pitva v.b.s.,

-tvi Kv. ; -paya av. s. , -piya e. + ; -pai ? rv. ;

pibadhyai nv,
[payam.]
Sec. Conj.: Pass, piyate etc. av.+ Int. pepiyate etc. r.c. [papa-.] — —
Desid. pipasati etc. v. + pipisati etc. rv. (j/ pi'.') Cans, payayati
;
—
etc. V.+, -te c. (payyate s. pipayayiset k.) ;

Deriv. -pa v. : panta rv. pitii? V.B. -piba Av.c.

pana + v. -payaka e. pitl V.B.S. papi RV.
paniya e. + -payin b. + -pitha V. + pipasa B. +
patavya b. + -payya rv.c. -peya v. + pipasu E. +
patr V.+ payana v. + pipisu RV.
patra v.+ -pavan v.b. payayitavya ms.
Compare j/ 3 pa.

\ 2 pa, 'protect'

Pres. [2.] pati etc. v. + (_pana rv'.)

[Perf. papavi.]
Aor. 4. pasati etc. rv. — 6. apasit c.

[Fut. pasyati, pata.]

Verb, [pata;] patum e.

[/Sec. Conj.: payate; papa-; pipasa- palayati.]

Deriv. : -pa v.+ patr v.c. pala V. + pitf ? V.+
-panaAv.+ patra? rv'. -pavan v.b. -piti RV.
patavya c. payu v. pati V V. + -pitha V.

-payya rv. -pithy a rv.

y 3 pa, 'rise against'.

BK. refer to such a root certain forms from the reduplicated middle stem
pipi with prefix ud. Since, however, such forms occur with the unquestion-
able meaning 'drink', and, on the other hand, forms from ut-piba (9B.) with
the meaning given to 3 pa, it seems probahle that we have here only a curiously
specialized use of y' 1 pa + ud.
y PS'Yj 'cacare .

Pres. [1.] payate? u.

Deriv. payu b.+

A single very doubtful occurrence (see BR.).

y pi, pi, 'swell, fatten'.

Pres. [l.J payate rv. [2?] piyana rv. —

[SV] pipihi v.b., pipyatam etc. —
pipayat etc. pipaya apipet etc. (-payat -pema -pyan pipayanta )

pipyana rv. — [5.] pinvant -vati av., pinvire pinvana rv., pin-
vate apinvatam jb.
97 AND Primary Derivatives. [pi^

Perf. pipaya etc. (_pipetha pipyathus -yus pipivans pipyua- 1 pipye ?

(pipyana) rv.
Verb, pina av. +
Derit).; -payav RV. -pit rv. piva ab. pivaraE.+
payas v. + pitii v.b. pivan v. + pivas v.b.
-pyasa?AV. piyusav.+ pivans m. pivistha cjj.

The roots pinv and pya (_giveu for convenience separatelyj are extensions
of this. The classification of the reduplicated forms is difflcult and questionable.

y pinv, 'fatten'.

Prea. [1.] pinvati -te etc. v.b.s.

Perf. pipinvathus rv.

[Aor. apinvit; pinvisyati, pinvita.]
etc.

Verb, pinvita cb.

Sec. Conj. : Cans, pinvayati cb.

Deriv. : -pinva rv. pinvana b.s.

A secondary root-form, from stem [5.] pinu of |/ pi, from which stem a
few regular forms are also made in the older language.

y pibd, 'be firm';?).

Pres. [1.] pibdamana v.b.

Deriv. pibdana v,

y pi9, 'adorn'.
Pres. [H.J pincjati -te etc. v.b.

Perf. pipega pipi9us pipi^e -9re v.

Aor. 1. pi9ana rv. [ 3. apipiQat.— — 5. apeqit.]
[Fut. pegisyati, pe9ita.]
Verb, pista v.b., pi9ita av. +
Sec. Conj. : Pass. pi9yate av. — Int. pepi9at -9ana v.b. [ — Desid. pipi-
9i8a- pipe9isa-. — Cans. pe9aya-.]
Deriv.: pi 9 v. pi9acav. + pe9av.+ pe9as v.+
pi9a V. pi9aci RV. pe9iB.+ pe9itr vs.

pi9angav. + pi9una?v. + pe9ana v.

y pis, 'crush'.

Pres. [7.] pinasti pinsanti pinse m.

etc. [6.] pinsa
v.+ (pinak rv.), —
AV. ?, apinsat m. piseyam pisanti apisan e
;
apisan av. ,

Perf. pipesa pipise etc. v. +

Aor. r? apistam (3d.) c'. 3. apipisat e. —
7. apiksan cb. [apiksatam.J —
Fut. 1. peksyati u. [ — 2. pesta.]
Verb, pista v. + ;
pestum b. + , -tavai b. ;
pistva b.; -pisya s. +;
-pesam b. +
Whitney, Supplement II. 7
 + ?

pis] Roots, Veeb-fokms. 98

Sec. Con). : Pass, pisyate etc. a. + [ — Int. pepis-. — Desid. pipiksa-.] —

pesayati
Caus. etc. s.

Beriv.: pesaE. + pesya c. pesanas. + pestra'?Av.

pesaka c. pesi rv. pestr c. pipisvanf ev.
Doubtless we are to read apinstam for apistam (Bhag. Pur.).

|/ pis, 'stretcli' (? .

Pres. [4.] pisyati cb.

Perf. pipisus cb.

Deriv. pesuka cb.

y 1 pi, see y pi.

y 2 pi, see y ply.

y pid, 'press'.

Perf. pipide rv.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. pidayati etc. aa'.+, -te e. (pidyate etc. b. + ; -pidam c.)

Deriv.: -pida E.+ -pidaka c. pidaniya e. -pilana c.

pidas. + -pidin c. pidayitavyaE. pipilaVAv.+
pidana u. +

y ply, 'abuse'.
Pres. [1.] piyati etc. v.b.

Deriv. : piyaru v. piyaka av. piyatnu ev. piyii v.b.

y put, 'scale' etc.

Pres. [6.] putati c.

[Perf. etc. pupota; apotit; potisyati, potita.]

Verb, putita? c.

Sec. Conj. : Pass, putyate c. [ — Caus. putayati, potayati.]

Deriv.: puta b.+ putana c. -pota c. -potana c.

-putaka c. -potaka c.

A late and bastard root, probably denominative of puta.

y puth, 'crush'.

[Pres. etc. puthyati; pupotha; apothit; pothisyati, pothita.]

Sec. Conj.: Caus. pothayati etc. e.+, -te e.+
Deriv. : potha e. pothaka e.

y pus, 'thrive'.

Pres. [4.]pusyati e<c. v.+. -te etc. t..+ — [9.] pusnati etc. e.+ — [1.]

posati ci.
 +

^9 AND Primary Derivatives, [pGy

Perf. puposa etc. v.+ (pupusyas kv.)

Aor. 1. pusyasam -sma b., -yat c. [aposi.] — 2. [apusatj (puseyam
-ema v.is.s., pusa s.) [ apupusat. — \\. — 5. apoBit.J
\Ful. posisyati, poksyati; posita, posta.]
Verb, pusta v. + pusyase rv.
;

Sec. Con). : Pass, pusyate

popus-. etc. c.
Desid. — [Int. — puposisa-, pu-
pusisa-, pupviksa-. ] Cans, posayati etc. v. —
Deriv. -pus RV.C. pusa c. posa V. + -poaas RV.
pusya V. + pusan V.+ posaka e.+ posuka II.

puska- V. + pusana rv.e. posin RV.C. postr R. +

puspa V. + pusarya rv. posya V. + positr c.
pusti V. posana e. + posayitnii av.
pUSti AV. + posaniya o. posayisnu av.

y pu, 'cleanse'.

Pres. [9.] punati punite etc. v. + (punahi sv., punate rv.) — [1.] pavate
(pavamana v.+), pava rv'., pavant
etc. V.B..S. c'. — punise [Is.) av'.

Perf. pupuvus b.s., -ve etc. b. fapupot rv.ms.)

Aor. [3. apipavat. —
] 5. apavisus rv.. apavista etc. rv.ms,

[Fut. pavisyati -te pavita.] ;

Verb, ptita v. + [pavita, puna;] pavitum jb. [pavitva,] putva ;

av.,

putvi -puya B.s. -pavam s.

RV.; ;

Sec.Conj.: Pass, puyate etc. v. + [ Int. popu-. —

Desid. pupusa-, pi- —
pavisa-.] —
Caus. pavayati etc. b.s., -te aa. pavayati etc. b.+, -te e. ;

(pavyate etc. c.)

Deriv. -pu v.b.
: pavya rv. potr V.+ -pava V.+
-pu av. pavana v. + potra V. + pavaka v. +
-pva? V. puti B. + pavitr RV. pavana e. +
pava c. puti'ima AV. pavitr AV. + -puna E.+
pava RV. pavitra v. + pavayitr b.

y puj, 'reverence .

Pres. [1.] apujan? m'.

Perf. pupujire m'.
[Aor. apupujat.]
Sec. Conj.: Caus. pujayati etc. s. +, -te etc. e. (pujyate etc. e.+)
Deny. ; puj a s.+ pujya e. + pujanaRv.E.+ pujayitr e.
ptijaka E.+ pujaniyaE.+ pujayitavyac.

y ptiy, 'stink'.

Pres. [1.] puyati etc. b.s. [-te.]

[Perf. etc. pupuye; apupuyat, apuyista; puyisyate, puyita.]

Verb, [puta,] puyita (caws,?) cb.
[Sec. Conj. popuy-, popu- ; pupuyisa- puyaya-.]
: ;

Deriv.; puya B.+ puti av.+

 +

pur] Roots, Verb-forms, 100

y pur, see y 1 pr.

y I pr, prn, pur, 'fill'.

Pre*. [3.] piparti piprati etc. v.c. (apiprata 3s. ev. ;

pipiprhi c'.) — [9.]
prnati etc. v.b.s. — [6.] prnati -te etc. v.b. — [5.] prnuyat s'. — [4.]
puryamana rvI.

Perf. pupure -rire c. (pupuryas rv.J; [papara, paparus paprus]

paprvans ? ms.
Aor. 1 purdhi rv. apuri c. priyasam av. [puryat.]
. ;
3, apupuram ;
—
CB. fpupurantu ev.) piparat rv*. 5. [aparit,] puristhas ta.
;
—
[Fut. parisyati, parita.]
F€r6. purna V. + ,
purtav. + prta s'. [purita]; puritum
,
r. ;
[purtva;]
-purya e. + ; -puras k. prnadhyai rv. -puram s.
; ;

See. Conj.: Pass, puryate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e. (orpres. 4.) — [Int. papr-, po-
pur-. — Desid. piparisa-, pupursa-. — •
] Cans, [parayati ;] purayati
etc. AV. +, -te etc. e. + (puryate etc. e. +)
Beriv. : pur v. parinas rv. puraka e. + papri rv.
-parana c. pariman rv. -purin e. papuri rv.
parus v. + pareman sv. -purya b.e. pupuri sv.

parvanv. + purisa?v. + puranaB.+ piiraya? rv.

puru V. + purti v. + puraniya a purayitr e.
puraE.+ -prna V.B.S. purayitavya c.

See also y pra, which is a secondary form of this root.

y 2 pr, 'pass'.

Pres. [3.] piparti piprati etc. v.b.s.c. (piprhi s'.c'.) — [1.] para vsi. ? —
parsi rv.
[2.]
Aor. apiparat etc. v.b. (piparat v.b., piparat rv'.)
3. 4. parsati etc. —
RV., parsat v.b., parsa v. 5. parisat rv. —
Verb, parsani rv.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. parayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ (paryate c.)
Deriv.: -parana v. parsani rv. parana v. + pipru? v.
partf RV. parsistha rv. paraniya e. + -paraya bv.
parsa? RV. para v. + perii v. parayitr b.
-parsin? CB. -parin ab. papri v. parayisnuv.
The aorist stem pars has almost won the value of a secondary root.

y .3 pr, 'be busy'.

Pres. [5.] prnoti c'.. prnvana c'.

Verb, prta e. +
Sec. Conj. : Pass, priyate e. + — Cans, parayati etc. c.

Deriv. : -pra ? Rv. -para e. +

 : . +

101 AND Primary Derivatives. [py5

Only with a and (especially) vya ; hence in all probability a specialized

use of 1 or 2 pr (1 pr 'be tilled up or occupied', or 2 pr with vi-a, 'made to
pass to and fro, kept in motion').

y pre, 'mix'.

Pres. [7.]prnakti prneanti etc. v.b., priikte etc. v.b. [1.] prnca pfn- —
cati Av. —
[3.] piprgdhi v.b., piprkta rv.
Perf. paprcus b. paprcasi rv., -cyat etc. \.). paprcana rv.
(

Aor. 1. parcas rv., prciya etc. bv.s., preana rv. 4. aprak av., aprksi —
-kta etc. v.B.s. [ — 5. aparcit, aparcista.J
[Fut. parcisyati -te, pareita.]
Verb, prkta v. +, -prgna? rv'.; -prce rv., -prcas v.b.s.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, prcyate etc. v.+ [ — Int. pariprc-. — Desid. piparciaa-.
— Caus. parcaya-.]
Deriv.: -pre v.b. parka av.+ prka rv. ? praksaVv.
-parcana v. prksa' rv.

y prn, see y 1 pr.

y prt, 'fight'.

Inferable from the derivatives pft rv., prtana v.

y pv9> pv? (?)

Under this heading may be grouped anumber of words of doubtful rela-

tions, in part perhaps connected with y spr9
pf Qana rv. pr9niv.+ prsta v.b. par(juv.+
prQani rv. prsant v. + Pysti ^'-b- parqana v.

prsataB.+ prstha v.+

y pya, 'fill up'.

Pres. [4.] pyayate etc. v. +

Perf. pipye? Rv. [papye.]
Aor. [1. apyayi. — ] 4. apyasam aa. — 5. pyayisimahi s. — 6. pyasi-
simahi av.b.s.
[Fut. pyasyate, pyayisyate pyata, pyayita.] ;

Verb, pyata ts. [pyana.]

Sec. Conj.: Caus. pyayayati etc. av.+, -te etc. c. (pyayayisthas r. ;
pyay-
ydte etc. b.+)
Dmi;.; -pyaya c. -pyayya e. -pyayana b.+ -pyayayitr b.

-pyayin c.

Is a secondary root-form from y pi.

 +

prach] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 102

y prach, 'ask'.

Pres. [6.] prchati -te etc. v.+

Perf. papracha paprachu3 b. +
Aor. apaprachat.
[3. ] —
4. apraksit etc. v. + (aprat ev.), aprasta c.

(prksase? bv.)
Fut. 1. praksyati etc. b.+ (apraksyat b.u.) [ 2. praata.] —
Verb, prsta v. +; prastum v. + pratva e.+ -prchya e. + -prcham
-, ; ;

-che Rv.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, prchyate etc. v.+ [Int. paripreh-. ] Desid. pipr- — —
chisa- (in d.). —
[Caus. praehaya-.]
Deriv. -prch rv.
: prchaka b.+ prastr u.+ piprchisu c.
prach- E.+ prchya rv.c. pra9na v.+ paprksenya ev.
prcha c. prastavya e. + -praqnya b.
The BV. form paprkse is also referred hither by BR.

y prath, 'spread'.
Pres. [1.] prathate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v.
Perf. paprathe etc. v. +, -thatus c.
Aor. 1. prathana ev. —
3. (j>erf. ?) paprathat etc. -thanta rv. — 5. aprath-
ista etc. EV.
[Fut. prathisyate, prathita.]
Verb, prathita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Qaus. prathayati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. (prathayi tb.s.)

Deriv. :

-prth? RV. prthi v.B. prathana b.+ prathistha v.b.

prtha B.+ prthuv.+ prathas v.b. prathiyas b.s.
prthakv.+ prthiviv. + prathuE. + prathasnu? tb.
prthavana rv. pratha c. prathiman rv.c. prathayitr c.

|/ pra, 'fill'.

Pres. [2.] prasi rv.

Perf. paprau etc. v. (papratha rv. ;
papra rv.), papre etc. v.

Aor. aprat etc.

1. v.b. aprayi av,
;
— 4. apras (3^.) rv.b.
Verb, prata rv.

I>eny.; -pra RV. -pra av. b.s. -prana (api-) ev, -pravan ev.
A secondary root-form, from y 1 pr.

y pri, 'please'.
Pres. [9.] prinati -nite etc. \.+ — [4. (or pass.')] priyate etc. u.+, -ti etc. e.+
(priyanti r'.)

Perf. pipriye -yana rv. ; apipres etc. b.s. (piprayat etc. -ayasva pi-
prihi RV.)
Aor. 1. priyat c. — 4. apraisit etc. b. (presat rv.) [apresta.J
103 AND Primary Derivatives. [plu

iFut. presyati -te, preta.]

Verb, prita v. + pritva cb. ;

Sec. Conj. : [Int. pepri-. — ] Desid. piprisati rv. — Cans, prinayati etc. s.+

Dcriw. ; -pri v.B.s. priti s.+ preman v.+ piprisa e. +

priya V.+ pretr rv.s. preyas v.+ pipri8UE.+
prayas v.b. preni v. prestha v. + prinana e.+
The so-called causative is, of course, a deuominative, apparently of a pple

prina, not occurring independently.

y pru, flow'.

Pres. [1.] pravate etc. rv.b.s.

Perf. pupruve etc. b.

Aor. prosthas s.
4.

Verb, pruta bv.

Deriw. prava RV.
: pravana v. + -prut v.b.'.'

A side-form to the much more common y plu.

y pruth, 'snort'.

Pres. [1.] prothati etc. v.b., -amana rv.

[Perf. etc. puprotha, -othe; aprothit, -thista; prothisyati -te, pro-
thita.]
Verb, -pruthya prothy a s. rv.,

Sec. Conj.: Int. popruthat rv. Cans, prothayitva — s.

Deriv. protha b. +
: prothatha rv.

y prus, 'sprinkle'.

Pres. [5.] prusnuvanti -navat -nute rv. — [9.] prusnant b. — [d.] prusa
RV., -sant? Av. [4.] aprusyat — cb.

[Perf. etc. puprosa aprosit.J ;

Fut. prosisyant ts.

1. [ — 2. prosita.]
Verb, prusita rv.
Dcrjy..- -prus V.+ -prus ts. prusva av.b. prsvaV ts.

Compare y plus.

y pii (?).

The isolated form vi pliyante occurs qt svb. iii. 9. 1.

y plu, 'float'.

Pres. [L] plavate etc. v.+, -ti etc. b. + — [2?] pluvita s., apluvan e.

Perf. pupluve -vus e.+ b.+,

Aor. 3. [apuplavatj apiplavam cb. — 4. aplosta etc. b.

Fut. 1. plosyati -te etc. b.

Verb, pluta av. + -plutya s. +, -pluya
;
cb.k.
 . + ]
;

pluj Roots, Veeb-fokms, 104

Sec. Conj. : Int. popluyate etc. b. + [ — Desid. puplusa-.] — Caus. pla-

vayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ (plavyate c); plavayati c'.

DeWv. plava V.+

.-
plavanas. + plavaB.+ plavyaE.
plavaka E. plavitr e. -plavaka c. plavana b.+
-plavin c. pluti s. + plavin b. + plavayitr e.
Compare ]/ pru.

y plus, 'burn".
Pres. [1.] plosati c*. [plusyati, plusnati.]
puplosa; aplosit; plosisyati, plosita.]
[Per/", etc.

Verb, plusta e.+

Sec. Conj.: Pass, plusyate c.
Derji'. pliisi v.b.
.-
plosa o. plosin c. plosana c.

Compare y prus.

y psa, 'devour".
Pres. [2.J psati etc. av.b.
[Per/", etc. papsau psayat, pseyat, apsasit psasyati,
; ; psata.]
Verb, psata b. -psaya b.
;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, apsiyata jb. [ — Int. papsa*. — Desid. pipsasa-. —

Cans, psapaya-.]
Deriv. psaniya c.

Doubtless a secondary root-form, from y bhas. ^

!
y phakk, 'swell' (?)

Pres. [l.J phakkant c'.

[Perf. etc. paphakka; apaphakkat, aphakkit; phakkisy ati, phakkita
phakkyate, paphakk-, piphakkisa-, phakkaya-.]
The single occurrence doubtless artificial.

y phan, 'spring'.

Pres. [1.] phanati c.

[Perf. etc. paphana paphanus phenus ; aphanit aphanit ;

phanisyati,
phanita.]
paniphanat rv., pamphanat s.
Sec. Conj.: Int. [Desid. piphanisa-. — —
Caus. phanayati etc. bv.lcs. [phanayati.J
Der ju. phana b. +
; phaiitaB.+ phena?v. +

y phar, 'scatter' (?;.

Sec. Conj.: Int. parpharat rvI.

Deriv. : -pharvi v.b. pharvara b,v. phariva rv. parpharika rv.
All the derivatives of doubtful meaning and connection.
105 AND Peimary Derivatives. [bandh

y 1 phal, 'burst'.

Pres. [1.] phalati etc. e. +

Perf. paphala e. [phelus.]
[Aor. etc.apiphalat, aphalit ; phalisyati, phalita.J
Verb, phalita e. +
Sec. Conj. :[Int. pamphul-. Desid. piphalisa-.— — ] Cam. phalayati etc. p.-

Deriv.: phalaka b.+ phalin c. phala v.+ phulla e.+

See y 2 phal. Tlie pple phullant m1. is doubtless a denominative for-
mation from phulla.

y 2 phal, 'fruit'.

Pres. [1.] phalati etc. e. +, -te e.

Perf. phelire c.
Fut. phalisyati etc. e. +
Verb, phalita e. +
Deriv. : phala v. + phalitavya e.

Doubtless in reality a denominative of phala, which from y 1 phal.

y banh, 'make firm'.

[Pres. etc. banhate; babanhe; abanhista; banhisyate, banhita.J

Verb, badha v. +
Sec. Conj. : Cans, banhayate etc. b.

Dcriu. .•
bahala c. bahuv.+ banhistha v. + bahu'' v.+
banhiyas ms.

y bandh, 'bind'.

Pres. [9.] badhnati + (badhana av. +. bandhana e., badhnihi c),

etc. v.

-nite etc. a'.b.s. —

[1.] abandhat c, -dhata (3s.) e.. abadhnanta e.
Perf. babandha av.+. bedhus av.. babandhus e. + bedhe -dhire etc. ;

AV. [babandhe.]
[Aor. badhyat, ababandhat, abhantsit.]
Fut. 1. bhantsyati etc. b.s., bandhisyati -te e.+ [ — 2. banddha.]
Verb, baddha v. + banddhum e. +, baddhum? e., bandhitum e. bad-
: :

dhva av. +, -dhvaya b. -badhya b. + -badhe av. -bandham c.

: ; :

JSec. Conj. : Pass, badhyate etc. v. +. -ti c. — [Int. babandh-, babadhya-.

— Desid. bibhaiitsa-. — ] Cans, bandhayati etc. b.+
Deriv. :

bandha v. + bandhana v. + -baddhavya c. badhira v. +

bandhaka e.+ bandhaniya e. +- -banddhr c. bandhayitr c
bandhin e. + bandhu v. + banddhra av.
bandhya e. + -bandhuka b.
 +

bal] Roots, Verb-forms, 106

y bal, 'whirl'!?).

Sec. Conj.: Int. balbaliti cbI.

It is not probable that this solitary verb-form has anything to do with the
common derivatives (from a y bal 'be strong) bala v. +. baliyas av. +, bal-

istha B.+. baliman u., bala? s.+

y badh, 'oppress'.

Pres. [1.] badhate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e.+

Perf. babadhe v.+. -dha? m.
Aor. ababadhat.
[3. —
] 5. badhista v. (badhithas ta.); badhistam ta.

Fut. 1. badhisyati c, -te e. [ 2. badhita.] —

Verb, badhita a. + badhitum e. ;-badhya rv. badlie hv. ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, badhyate etc. e.+ Int. babadhe babadhana, —

badbadhe -dhana ev.b. —
Desid. bibhatsate etc. \. + bibadhisate ;

cB. —
Cans, badhayati etc. av. +
Dem'.: badh Rv. -badhin b.c. badhaniya c. bibhatsas.
badha, -a v.+ badhya b. + -badhas rv. bibhatsa b.
badhaka e. + badhana e. + badhitavya e. + bibhatsu v. +
badhitr e.+
Compare y' vadh, badh. The reference of bibhatsa- to this root is not
beyond question.

y budh, 'know, wake'.

Pres. [4.] budhyate etc. \.+, -ti etc. e. + — [l.Jbodhati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+
Perf. bubudhe bubodha e. (bubodhati etc. bubodhas rv.)
etc. v.+,
Aor. 1. bodhi abudhran -ram rv., budhana rv. abodhi
(impr.) rv. ; ;

V.+ — 2. budhanta rv., budhemaAv. ? 3. abiibudhat v. — —

4. abhutsi etc. v.b., abuddha c. [bhutsista.] 5. bodhisat rv., —
abodhisata c.
Fut. 1. bhotsyati b., -te e. [ — "i-boddha.]
Ver^. buddha v. + ; boddhum e. + ; buddhva c. ; -budhyas. + ; -budhe
b., budhi RV.
Sec. Conj. .-
Pass, budhyate c. — Int. bobudhiti etc. b.c. — Desid. bubhut-
sati -te etc. c. [bubodhisa-.j — Caws, bodhayati etc. v.+, -te b. (bodh-
yate e., bubodhayisa- in d.)
Deri'-.:

-budh V.B. bodhin e. + buddhi s. + bodhayitavya c.

budha B.+ bodhya e.+ boddhavya l + . bodhayitr rv.c.
-budhya rv. bodhana v. + bodhitavya c. bodhayisnu e.
budhan- tb. bodhaniya e.+ boddhr e. + bubodhayisu e. +
bodhav. + bodhiE. + bubhutsa c. bibodhayisu r'.
bodhaka E.+ bodhit- rv. bubhutsu e.+
 :

107 AND Primary Derivatives. [bhak?

y bul, 'submerge'.
-Sec. Conj. : Caus. bolayati c.

The single occurrence in a commentary is doubtless artificial.

]/ brnh, vrnh, 'roar', see y vrnh.

y 1 brh, 'make big or strong'.

Pres. [1.] brnhati -te etc. cb. — [6.] brhati etc. av.d.

Perf. babarha av., babrhana rv.

Verb, brdha ob., vrdha cii.c.
Sec. Conj.: Int. barbrhat barbrhi ev. — Caus. barhaya v.; brnhayati
etc. {or vrnh.-) e.+, -te e.

Deriv. : brh- v. +
•
brhant
•
v. + brahman v. + brnhana k. +
• •

-barha s. + -barhas v.b. brahman v. + brnhaniya c.

-barhana v. + barhistha v.+ -brhhin c. brnhayitavya c.

barhana ev. barhis ? v. +

Compare the following root.

y 2 brh, vrh, 'tear, see y vrh.

The relations of the two roots brh, and the connection of some of their
derivatives, are not wholly clear.

y bru, say'.

Pres. [2.] braviti bruvanti etc. briite bruvate etc. v. + (brumi e.. bra-
vihiE.+, abriivan u., abravat? m.) [6.] abruvam u.e., bruva- —
dhvam m., bruvamana c.

Aor. 1. bruyasta m1.

Deriv. : -brava v. -bruva av. +

y bli, see y vli.

y bhaks, 'partake of, eat'.

Pres. [1.] bhaksati -te etc. e. +
Aor. 1. ababhaksat
abhaksi c. *
— 3.
*
cb.
* •

Verb, bhaksitum e. + -bhaksam s. ;

Sec. Conj.: Desid. bibhaksisati e.? Caus. bhaksayati — etc. v.+, -te etc.

B.+ (bhaksyate etc. b. + bibhaksayisati e.+) ;

Deriv.
bhaksav.+ bhaksya e. + bhaksitavya c. bhaksayitr e.+
bhaksaka c. •
bhaksana v. + •
bhaksitr e.
•
bhaksayitavya b.+ • •

bhaksin s. + bhaksaniya b.c. bhaksivan b.s. bibhaksayisa c.

bibhaksayisu k. +

Secondary root-form, from y bhaj (as denominative of bhaksa); the non-

'causative' forms only sporadic.
 —
bhaj] Roots, Verb-fokms, 108

y bhaj, 'divide, share'.

Pres. [1.] bhajati -te etc. v.+ — 2. bhaksi ev.
Perf. babhaja bhejus etc. v.+ (babhaktha fn. [bhejitha]), bheje -jire
etc. V. +
Aor. 3. abibhajus ce. — 4. abhaksit etc. v. + (abhak v.b., bhaksat e,v.),

abhaksi -kta etc. v. + (bhaksista etc. v.b.s., -sita sv.)

Put. 1. bhaksyati -te etc. n. (abhaksyan m.); bhajisyati -te etc. e. + [

2. bhakta.]
Yerb. bhaktav. + bhaktum b.+, bhajitum e. bhaktva av. +, -tvaya
; ;

-bhajya b. + -bhajam (m/".) b.

Rv. ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhajyate etc. av.+ [hit. babhaj-. ] Desid. [bibhak- — —
sa-;] bhiksa- (see y bhiksj. Cans, bhajayati etc. v. +, -te c. —
(bhajyate etc. av.b.)
Deriv.: bhaj v. + bhajaniya e. + bhagav. + bhajaka c.
bhaga v. + bhajenya c. bhagin b. + bhaj in v. +
bhaj in c. bhaktiv. + -bhagya s. bhajya c.
-bhajya c. bhajitavya e. bhagiyas c. bhajanaB.+
bhajana c. bhaktr rv. -bhaja s. bhajayu ev.
Compare the derivative root -forms bhaks and bhiks compare also ;

y bhahj.

y bhanj, 'break',

Pres. [7.] bhanakti etc. v.+ (abhanas av.)

Perf. babhanja etc. v. +, -jire c.

Aor. 1. abhajic. [abhahji; bhajyat. — o. ababhahjat.] — 4. abhahksit

etc. e. +
Put. 1. bhanksyati e. —
bhankta m.
2.

Verb, bhagfia s.+ ;

bhaiiktva e.+, bhaktva e. ; -bhajya e.+ ;
-bhahjam c.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhajyate etc. av.+, -ti etc. b. + [ — Jnt. bambhahj-, bam-
bhajya-. — Desid. bibhanksa-. — Caus. bhanjaya-.]
Beriv. : bhanga v. + bhangi c. bhanjana av.+ bhanktr c.

bhanginEv.c. bhanj aka c. -bhahj anu ev. bhaiigurav.+

y bhat, 'hire'.

This so-called root (bhatayati etc. c.) is 07ily a denominative of bhata

E. +. doubtless a prakritized form of bhrta.

y bhau, 'speak'.

Pres. [1.] bhanati etc. jb.c.

Perf. babhana [babhanitha.]

c.

Aor. I. abhani c [ —
3. abibhanat, ababhanat. — 5. abhanit.]
[Put. bhanisyati, bhanita.]
Verb, bhanita c. : bhanitva c.
 109 AND Primary Derivatives. [bhas

Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhanyate c. — Desid. bibhanisa- (in d.) [— Caug. bhan-
ayati.]
Deriv. : -bbana c. bhanana c. bhaniti c. bhanaka c.

bhananiya c. bhana c. bibhanisu c.

A later form of y bhan.

y bhan, 'speak'.

Pres. [1.] bhanati etc.-nanta rv.

Probably related with ]/ bha. Compare y bhan, the later form.

y bhand, 'be bright'.

Pres. [1.] bhandate etc. rv.

[Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhandayati.]
ij
Denu. .- bhand^na v.B. bhandistha v.s. bhadrav.+

y bharts, 'revile'.

Pres. [1.] bhartsati etc. av. .'kb.e.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. bhartsayati etc. e. +, -te c'. (bhartsyate etc. E.+)
Deriv. bhartsana b.+
Tlie form bhartsyami av. is certainly a false reading.

y bharv, 'devour'.
Pres. [1.] bharvati etc. rv.
Deriv.: -bharva? rv. bharvara? rv.

y bhal, 'perceive'.
[Pres. etc. bhalate etc.] <

Sec. Conj. Caus. bhalayati -te

: etc. u.c.

y bhas, 'bark'.

Pres. [1.] bhasati etc. e. +, -te etc. e.

babhasa abhasit bhasisyati, bhasita.]

[Perf. etc. ; ;

Verb, bhasitum e.

Dcr bhasa vs.

Jxj. ; bhasaka c.
m
bhasana c • • •
-bhas?AB.
•

y bhas, 'devour'.

Pres. babhasti bapsati etc. v.b. Cbabhasat rv., babdham c'.)

[3.]
—
[1 ?] bhasat bhasathas rv.
Verb, bhasita c.

i>eriv. bhas c.
; bhastra?B. + -psu rv. babhaea u.
-bhasa ? e. bhasman v. +
Compare the derived root psa. The nouns bhasad v.b.s., bhdnsas v.

hardly belong here.

 ]

bha] Roois, Verb-forms, 110

y bha, 'shine'.
Pres. [2.] bliati etc. v. +
Perf. babhau etc. e. +
[ylor.bhayat, abhasit.]
Fut. bhasyati b.+ [
1. 2. bhata.] —
Verb, bhata u. +

[Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhayate. Int. babha-. —

Desid. bibhasa-. Caus. — —
bhapaya-, abibhapat.]
Deriv. : bha v, + bhaua e. + bhanu v. + -bha van -vari v. +
bha s. + bhati c. bhama v. bhas v. +
Compare roots bhan and bhas.

y bham, 'be angry'.

[Pres. etc. bhamate; babhame; abhamista; bhamisyate, bhamita.]

Yerh. bhamita rv.ts.
[Sec. Conj.: Int. babhamya-. Caus. bhamaya-.] —
Deriv. bhama v.b.

In reality, the solitary form bhamita is doubtless gwusi-pple from

bhama {y bha).
y bhas, 'speak'.

Pres. [1.] bhasate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e. +

Perf. babhase etc. b. +
Aor. [1. abhasi. — 3. ababhasat, abibhasat. — ] 5. abhasisi c.

Fut. 1.bhasisyate c. [ 2. bhasita.] —

Verb, bhasita e. + bhasitumu.+, bhastum e. bhasitvaE. -bhasyaE.+
; ; ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, bhasyate etc. e.+

: [Int. babhas-. —
Desid, bibhasisa-. — —
Caus. bhasayati etc e.+. -te etc. b.e.
-Deri u. -bhas AB.
; bhasaka c. bhasanaE.+ bhasita vy a e.
-bhasaE.H- bhasin e. -bhasaniya c. bhasitrB.+
bhasa s. + bhasya s. +
Related with roots bha, bhas, bhan.

y bhas, 'shine".

Pres. [1.] bhasati etc. av. +, -te etc. e. +

Perf. babhase etc. e. +
[Aor. etc. ababhasat abibhasat, abhasista bhasisyate, bhasita.] ;

Verb, bhasita c.

See. Conj. : babhas-.

[Int. Desid. bibhasisa-.— ] Caus. bhasayati etc. —
V. +, -te E. (bhasyate c)

X)erji;.; bhas B.+ bhasaka c. -bhasanaE. + bhasura e.

bhasa b. + bhasin e. + bhasas rv. bhasvara b. +
bhasya c.

Doubtless a secondary root-form from y bha, perhaps through the noun

bhas. Compare also y bhas.
Ill A.ND PkIMARY DeKIVATIVES. [bhi

y bhik?, 'beg'.

Pres. [1.] bhiksate etc. \.+, -ti etc, e.

Perf. bibhikse b.u.

[Aor. abhiksista.]
Fut. bbiisisye e. [
1. 2. bhiksita.] —
Terb. bhiksita e. + bhiksittim e. bhiksitva c.
: :

Sec. Conj.: Cans, bhiksayati c.

Beriv. bhiksa v. +
: bhiksana s. + bhiksitavya on. bhiksu c.
bhiksin e. bhiksuka s. +
A desiderative formation from y bhaj.

y bhid, 'split'.

Pres. [".] bhinatti bhindanti etc. v.+. bhintte c. bhindana ev.

Perf. bibheda bibhidus v. +, bibhide c.
Aor. 1. abhedam -et etc. bv. (^bhet bhedati bhidant ev.. bhidyusv ms.);
abhedi b.e. — 2. [abhidat] bhideyam av. [ — 3. abibidhat.] — 4.

[abhaitsit,] bhitthas ts. [bhitsista.J

Fut. 1 . bhetsyati etc. s. +, -ate etc. k. + (_abhetsyat u.) [ — 2. bhetta.]
Verb, bhinnav. + bhettuinE. + bhettavai b.s. bh.ittvav. + -bhid-
; , -, :

ya V. +
Sec. Conj. Pass, bhidyate etc. b. +, -ti etc. e. [
: Int. bebhid-.] Desid. — —
bibhitsati etc. rv.e. —
Caus. bhedayati etc. e.+, -te e. (^bibhedayisa-
in cL). bhidapaya- [in d.).
Derh bhid V.+ bhedaka s. + bhindii v.b. bhettr v. +
-bhida e. + bhedin b.+ bhidura c bibhitsa e. +
bhida c. bhedya e.+ bhitta? c. bibhitsu e. +
bhidya v. + bhedana s. + bhitti B. + bibhedayisu e.
bheda v.+ bhedaniya e. bhettavya e. bhidapana c.

y bhisaj, 'heal'.

bhisakti ev.
Pres. [2.] [7 ?] abhisnak ev. —
Beriv.: bhisaj v.+ bhesaja v.+
The use of bhisaj as a verbal root in rv. is very abnormal. The denomi-
native bhisajyati etc. v.b., from the noun bhisaj, is qnite common.

y bhi, bhis, 'fear'.

Pres. bibheti bibhyati etc. v.+ ([bibhitas etc.] bibhiyat c")

[3.]
—
[1.] bibhyati -yanti etc. e.+ bhayate etc. v. —
Perf. bibhaya bibhyus etc. v. + (^bibhaya ^b.aa.), bibhye e. bibhayam —
eakara b.
Aor. 1. bhes b.s.. bhemaRv., bhiyana rv. [abhayi.] — '-i- bibhayat
abibhayanta ev. —
4. abhaisit etc. v. + (bhais + v.. )

Fut. 1 abhesyat cb. [

. 2. bheta.] —
 : +

bhi] Roots, Verb-fokms, 112

Verb, bhita v. + ; bhetum e. ; -bhiya c. ; bbiyase rv.

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, bhiyate. — Int. bebhi-. — Desid. bibhisa-. — ] Caus.
bhayayati etc. c. (-bhayya b.); bhisayate etc. b. + , -ti etc. e. +
(bibhisas ts. ,
-sathas rv. bhisayant c)
;

Deri V. : bhi V.+ bhiyasana av. bheya e. bhisaE.

bhaya v. + bhiti c. bhiru v. + bhisaka e. +
bhayya B. bhetavyaE.+ -bhila e. bhisanav.+
bhiyas V. bliiinav.+ bhls v.b.u. bhisma b.+
The 'causative' stem is, of course, a denominative from a derivative noun.
Compare ]/ bhyas.

y 1 bhuj, bend'.
Pres. [6.] bhujati etc. v.+
Perf. [bubhoja] abubhojis rv.
[AoT. etc. abhaviksit bhoksyati, bhokta.] ;

Verb, bhugna s. + -bhujya s.+ ;

Sec. Conj. : Pass, bhvijyate c.

Deriv.: -bhuj av. bhoga v.+ bhuji rv. bhujyu v.b.

bhuj a E. + bhujman ? rv.

y 2 bhuj, 'enjoy'.

Pres. [7.] bhunkte bhunjate etc. v.+ (-jate rv.), bhunakti bhunjanti
etc. V.+ [bhunjiyat etc. s.+, bhunjitam e.)' — [1 ?] bhunjati etc. u.+,
-te etc. E.

Per/", bubhuje etc. v. + (-jmahe -jrire bv.), bubhujus e. +

Aor. 1. bhojam, bhojate rv. [bhujyat; abhoji.] — 2. bhujema rv. —
[3. abiibhujat, -jata. — 4. abhauksit, abhukta. — ] 6v bhuksi-
siya B.s.

Put. bhoksyate etc. s. +, -ti etc. e. + — 2. bhokta r.

1. •

Fer&. bhukta e. + bhoktumE. + bhuktvas. +, bhunktvac. bhojase

;
;
;

BV. bhiijam bhuje rv.

;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhujyate etc. b. +, -ti m.v Int. bobhujiti c, -jyate —
c. —
Desid. bubhuksate etc. e. +, -ti e. Caus. bhojayati etc. av.+, —
-te c. bhunjapayati c
;

Deriv.
bhuj V.+ bhoga V.+ bhuji RV. bhujisya av.+
-bhoj- RV. bhogin B. + -bhogi RV. -bhujistha? av.
bhoja V. + bhogya av. + -bhogaya ev. bubhuksa e. +
bhojaka e.+ bhojana v. + bhukti S.+ bubhuksu c.

bhojin S.+ bhojaniya b. + bhoktavya s.+ bhojayitavya e.+

bhojya v. + bhojas V. bhoktr U.+ bhojayitr c.

The word bhuaksita R^ is perhaps an irregular formation from this root.

 :

113 AKD Primary Derivatives. [bhu?

y bhur, 'quiver'.

Pres. [6.] bhurantu -ranta -ramana rv.

Sec. Conj. : Int. jarbhuriti -rat -rana ev.
Deriv. : bhurana v. bhurvani rv. bhurni v. bhurij .'
v. +
Doubtless a specialized root-form from ]/ bhr all the
; forms and deriva-
tives such as might come from y bhr : cf. y tr.

y bhuraj.
The single form bhurajanta rv'. is regarded as coming from y bhrjj
'roast'.

y bhu, 'be'.

Pres. [1.] bhavati etc, v.+, -te etc. b.+

Perf. babhuva etc. v.+ (babhdtlia -uvitha v.b. ; babhuyas -yat ba-
bhiitu RV.)
Aor. 1. abhut -uvan etc. v.+ (bhtiyasara -sma etc. v.+, -yama v.b.u.
;

bodbi V.B., bhutu etc. v.); abhavi c. 2? abhuvat etc. v. (bhiivat —

etc. V.B., bhuvani rv.) —
3. abiibhuvas av. [abibhavat.] 5. bha- —
visat? AB. [abhavista, bhavisista.]
Put. 1. bhavisyati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ (abhavisyat etc. v.+, bhavisya-
dhvam e.) — 2. bhavita b.u.e.

Verb, bhiita v. + bhavitum

; bhutvav.+, -tvi rv. -bhdya v.+
b.+, -tosB. ; ; ;

bhuve -bhuve v., -bhve rv. bhusaniRv. -bhuyamB., -bhavamcB. ;

;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhuyate etc. e.+, -ti u. Jnt. bobhaviti etc. v. + — —
Desid. bubhiisati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ Caus. bhavayati etc. av. +, —
-te c. (bhavitum a. bhavyate etc. e. +, bibhavayisati b.)
;

Deriv.
bhu v.+ bhiivana v.+ bhuyas v. + bhavya v. +
-bhu V. + -bhavas b. bhaviyas rv. bhavana e. +
-bhva V. bhuvas B. + bhuyistha v. + bhavaniya e.+
bhiiva B. + bhiiti V. + -bhavistha rv. bhavuka b.+
bhava v. + bhuti RV. bhtiri V. + bubhiisa b.+
bhava av.+ bhavitva rv. -bhtivari v.b. bubhtisaka e.
bhavaka c. bhavitavya b.+ bhusnu B. + bubhiisitavya jb.

-bhavin c. bhavitr e. + bhavisnu b.+ bubhusu s. +

bhavya v. + bhavitra V. -bhuya av. + bhavayitavya b.+

-bhvan v. bhuman v.s. bhava u.s. + bhavayitr b. +

bhavana e. + bhuman v. + bhavaka e. + bhavajni rv.

bhavaniya c. bhumi V. + bhavin e. +

]/ bhus, 'attend upon, adorn'.

Pres. [1.] bhusati etc. v.bI.

[Per/-, etc. bubhusa; abubhusat, abhusit; bhiisisyati, bhusita.]

Whitney, Supplement II. 8

bhu?] Roots, VERB-roRMS, 114

See. Conj. : Caua. bhusayati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. +

JDcTO. ; bhusa E.+ bhusanaE. + -bhusenya uv. bhusayitavya e. +
bhusya c. bhusitavya jb.
A secondary root-form, from y bhu. The Vedic forms are divided \)y BR.
between two roots : 1 bhtis, 'te, move' etc., 2 bhus, 'attend upon' etc.

y bhr, 'bear .

Pres. [3.] bibharti bibhrati etc. v.b.. bibharti etc. ev'.+, bibhrsva bi-
bhrana c. — [1.] bibhramana rv'. — bharati -te etc. v.+ — [2.]
bharti ev-.

Perf. babhara etc. b. + (babhrima c), babhre -rana rv. ;

jabhara etc.

V.B., -bhre etc. v. (jabhartha -bharat ajabhartana nv.) — bibharam

babhuva c.
Aor. 1. bhartam bhrtara b., abhrta c. bhriyasam -yat b. abhari ; ;

V.B. —
bibharas e.
3. —
4. abhai'sit etc. v.b. (abhar v.b. abharisam ;

Av. bharsat b,v.}

;

Fat. 1. bharisyati etc. v.+ (abharisyat rv.) 2. bharta ce. —

Verb, bhrta v. + bhartum v. +, -tave v., -tavai v.; -bhrtya v, + bhara-
; ;

dhyai rt.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, bhriyate etc. v. +, -ti e. Int. jarbhrtas rv., bhari- —
bhrati etc. rv., baribharti c. —
Desid. bubhursati etc. b.+ [bibhar-
isa-.j —
Caus. bharayati e.
Deriv. : -bhra ? v. + bhartr v. + bhara v.+ -bhrtra ev.
bhara v. + bhratr v. + bharin b.+ -bhrtvan v.
'.•'

-bhalav av.s. bharitra ev. bharya av. + bhrtha v. +

bharana v. + -bharnas ev. -bhrt v.+ -babhra b.
bharaniya e.+ bharman rv.c. bhrti V. + babhri v.
bharas v.b. bhariman rv. bhrti cb'. jar bhari rv.
-bhari rv.c. bharman rv. bhrtya gdve. b. + bambhari? b.
bharu c. bharisa ? rv. bhrtya n. av. bubhiirsa s.
bharata v. + bhrtina v. + bhrtya v. bubhursu c.
bhartavya v. + bhrtenya? av.

y bhrjj, 'roast'.

Pres. [0.] bhrjjati bhrjyeyus? b.

etc. v. + [-te.J — [4.]

[Perf. etc. babharjja -je, babhrajja -je; ababharjjat ababhrajjat,

abhraksit abharksit, abhrasta abharsta ; bhraksyati -te, bhark-
syati -te, bhrasta bharsta.J
Verb, bhrsta s. + bhrstva c. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass,bhrjjyate c, -ti e. [Jnt. baribhrjjya-. Desid. bi- — —

bhraksa- bibharksa, bibhrajjisa- bibharjjisa-. ] Caws, [bhrajja- —
yati;] bharjjayati etc. c.
Derjv. bharjjana S.+
.•
bhrjj ana b. bhrastra b. bhrastra c.
 + .

115 AND Primary Derivatives. [bhraj

y bhyas, 'fear'

Pres. [1.] abhyasetam rv., bhyasat sv.

[Perf. etc. babhyase; abibhyasat, abhyasiata; bhyasisyati, bhyasita;

babhyas-, bibhyasisa-, bhyasaya-.J
Deriv. -bhyasa av.
A derivative root-form, from y bhl (througli bhiyas?).

y bhran9, bhrae, 'fall'.

Pres. [1.] bhran9ate etc. b.+, -ti avI.? — [4. J bhra9yate etc. s.+. -ti etc. e.+
[Perf. babhran9a -a9us, babhran9e.]
Aor. bhra9at v.b. [
2. 3. ababhrari9at.— 5. abhran9ista.J —
[Fut. bhran9isyati -te, bhran9ita.]
Verb, bhrasta av. +, -bhrsta v.

Sec. Conj. [Int. babh.ra9ya-, banibhra9ya-, banibhrari9-. —

: De^id. bi-
bhrafi9i3a-. —
] Caus. bbran9ayati etc. e.+ (^bliran9yate etc. s. +);
bhra9ayan ev.
Der ju. bhran9a B. +
; bhran9ana av.+ -bhran9uka b. bhra9ya av.
bhrah9in b. + bhran9ath.u c

y bhram, 'wander'.

Pres. [1.]bhramati etc, cb'. ? e. +, -te etc. e. + [4.] bhramyati etc. e. + —

Perf. babhrama babhramvis etc. e. +, bhrematus -nius c
Aor. 1. bhramyat s. abhrami e. ; abibhraraat e. [ — 5. abhramit.]
.3. —
Fut. 1. bhramisyati c. [ 2. bhramita.] —
Verb, bhramta e.+ bhramitum c bhram turn c. bhramitvaE., bbram-
; :

tva c. -bhramya c, -bhramya c. -bhramam c.

; ;

Sec. Conj.: Int. bambhramiti e(c. c, -myate etc. c. [ — Desid. bibhram-

isa-.] —
Caus. bhramayati etc. e.+, -te c. (bhramyate v.+); bhram-
ayati etc. s.+ (bhramyate c.)
Deriv. bhrma v.
: bhrama v. + bhrami c. bhramaka c.
bhrmi bv. -bhramin c. bhramti c. bhramin c.
bhrmi rv. bhramana e.+ bhrama c. bhramana c.
bhrnga? av.+ bhramanlya c.

y bhraj, 'shine',
Pres. [1.] bhrajate etc. v.+, -ti etc. v. +
Perf. babhraja -ajatus e.+ [babhraje, bhreje.jj
Aor. 1. abhrat bv. bhrajyasam av. abhraji
;
; bv. — [3. ababhrajat,
abibhrajat. — 5. abhrajista.]
Fut. 1. bhrajisyate e. [ —
2. bhrajita.]

Sec. Conj.: [Int. babhraj-. —

Desid. bibhrajisa-. — ] Caus. bhrajayati
etc. E.

8*
 :

bhraj] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 116

Deriv. : bhraj v. + bhraj aka c. bhrajas? av.b. -bhrasti rv.

-bhraj ? v. bhraj in c. bhargas v. + bhrsti? V.B.S.

bharga b. + bhraj ana c. bhraji ms. bhrajistha is.c.

bhraja v. + bhraj as v.b.s. bhrajis- b.e. bhraj isnu e. +
bhrgu? V.+

y bhri, consume'.
Pres. [9.]bhrinanti rv'.
bibhraya; abhraisit; bhresyati, bhreta; bebhri-, bibhrisa-,
[Per/', etc.

bhrayaya-.]

y bhres, 'totter'.

Pres. [1.] bhresati b., -te rv.

[Perf. etc. bibhresa -se etc. etc.]
Deriv. bhresa b. +
Doubtless related with y bhranij.

y manh, mah, 'be great, be liberal, bestow'.

Pres. [1.] manhate etc. v.b. — mahe rv.m., -heta -hema rv.
Perf. mamahe -hana v.b. (mamahanta etc. mamahas rv.) [mamaha,
mamanhe.]
[Aor. etc. amanhista, amahit; manhisyate mahisyati, manhita
mahita.]
Verb, mahita b. + ; mahitva e. ; mahe v.b. ; mahaye rv.
Sec. Con). : Caus. manhayam etc. rv. ; mahayati etc. v. +, -te etc. v.b.
Deriv.
magha v.+ makha? v.+ mahana c. mahman av.
manhana rv. maj man? v. mahaniya e. mahis- rv.
manhaniya c. mah V.+ mahant v. + mahisa v. +
manhiyas rv. maha n. e. + mahas v. + mahistha c.
manhistha v.b.s. maha v. + mahas v. + mahiyas b. +
maksu V rv. maha v. + mahi v. + mahayya u.
mahksu? c. mahya? e. mahin rv. mahayya rv.
manhayu rv. mahan v. mahiman v.+ mahayayya rv.
Generally divided into two (related) roots, but the forms and meanings are
not separable with distinctness.

y majj, 'sink'.

Pres. [1.] majjati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ (majjana c.)

Per/", mamajj a E.+

Aor. 1. majjyatcB.; amajji c. [ 3. amamajjat. — — 4. amanksit.]

5. majjis M.
Put. 1. mahksyati etc. b.+, -te b. majjisyati e. [ ; — 2. mankta.]
 . +

117 AND Prim AKY Derivatives. [math

Verb, magna u.s. + ;

majjitum e.+ [manktum; manktva, maktva;)
-majjya av.+
8ec. Conj. :
[Jnt. mamankti, mamajjyate. — ] Desid. mimanksa- (^in dX —
Cans, majjayati etc. e. +. -te etc. e. +
Deriv. : majjan? v.+ majjuka c. madgu? b.+ mimanksu c.
majjana S.+ manktavya c. -majra?Rv. majjayitf >!.

y mane, 'purify" (?)

[Pres. mancate; mamance; amancista; mancisyate, mancita.]

etc.

Verb, -mancya ci.

Deriv. manca? e. +
: -mancana c.
Doubtless artificial.

y man, 'sound'.
Assumed for the juosi -pple manita, occurring once or twice in late
Sanskrit.

y mant, ?
Sec. Conj. : Cans, mant&yet tbI.
Probably a false reading.

y man4, 'deck*.

[Pres. etc.mandati -te etc. etc.]

Sec. Conj. Cans, mandayati etc. e. +, -te e.
:

Z>eritJ.; manda u. + mandanas. + manditr c.

• • I • • • •

y math, manth, 'shake'.

Pre*. [9.] mathnati etc. v. +, -nite etc. b. (mathnadhvam m.") — [1.] manth-
ati etc. V.+, -te v.b. ; mathati etc. av.e.+, -te etc. e. +
Perf. mamatha av. +, mamathus c, methus methireB.; mamantha
-nthus E. +
Aor. [3. amimathat, amamanthat. — ] 5. mathit etc. v., amathisata jb. ;

amanthistam rv.
Fut. mathisyati -te etc. b. + manthisyati b.s.
1. 2. mathita e.
;
—
Verb, mathita v. + mathitvim e. + -tos b. mtothitavai ms. math-
; , , ;

itva B.+ [manthitva]; -mathya b.+, -manthya e.?; -matham c.

Sec. Conj. Pass, mathyate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. +
: [Int. mamath-, mam- —
math-, mamanth-. —
Desid. mimathisa-, mimanthisa-. J Cam. —
mathayati etc. e. manthayati etc. s. + mathayati c.
; ;

Deriv. math v. +
: mathi ev. -mathin e. + -manthani b.s.
-matha E.+ -mathi v. mantha v. + manthitavyaMs.s.
-mathya b. -mathitr s. mantha v. manthitr av.b.
mathya b.+ mathna ev. manthaka c. manthuv c.
mathan c. mathra ev. manthya b.s. manthanaE.
mathana u. + matha b.+ -manthanav.+ manmathaB.+
 + ]

raadl Roois, Vekb-fokms, 118

y mad, mand, 'be exhilarated, exhilarate'.

Pres. [1.] madati etc. v.b.s.cI., -te etc. av.b. ; mandati -te etc. v.b. — [3.]
raamatsi etc. (mamattu etc., mamadat etc., amamadus) v. — [4.]
madyati etc. b.+, -te e. — 2. matsi -sva v.

Perf. mamada v.b. (mamadant ? s.); mamanda etc. b,v. (mamandat

amamandus e,v.)
Aor. 1. mandus -dana rv. 3. amimadat etc. -danta v.b.u.— 4. amat- —
sus RT. amatta etc. v.b.s. (matsati etc. matsat rv.)
, 5. ama- —
disus etc. V. + [madithas m.); araandit etc. raandista etc. (man-
disimahi) v.b.
[Fut. madisyati, mandisyate madita, mandita.] ;

Verb, matta av. +, madita (caus.'i) v. + maditos b. mandadhyai rv. ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, madyamana rv. [/nf mamad-. Desid. mimadisa-. — . — —

madayati etc. av. +, -te c. madayati -te etc.
Cans, ; v. + ; mandayati
etc. RV. (madayadhyai mandayadhyai rv.)

Deriv. -mad v.b.

: -madvara e. + -madya v. -manda s.
mada v.+ madistha v.b. madana v. + mandin rv.
madin v.b. m.adisnu b. + -maduka e. mandana v.b.
madya v. + matsara v. + medin? v. mandi rv.
madana v. + matsya ? v. + madamada u. mandara v. +
-miaditavya u. maderu? rv. madayitr c. mandii rv.
madira rv. -mada v. + m.adayitr c. mandra v. +
madra? b. + madaka c. madayitnuRv. mandisthaRv.
madvan rv. -miadin e.+ madayisnu v. mandasana v.

mandayii rv.
Might well enough he divided into two different though related roots, of
kindred meaning. BR. refer a few of the forms to a root 2 mad 'delay'.

y man, 'think',

Pres. [4.] manyate

etc. v.+, -ti etc. v.+ (manyasai? cb.) — [8.] manute
+ (manvate 3:p. rv.)
etc. V. [3.] mamandhi -nyat — amaman rv.
Perf. mene etc. b. + (mamnathe -ate rv.)
Aor. 1. amata rv., amanmahi v.b. (manamahe etc. mananta manana
RV.) [ — 3. amimanat.] — 4, amansta etc. v. + (mansate etc. v.b.;

mansista etc. -sirata v. ; masiya rv. mansta av.ta. -stam ta.,; ,

mandhvam kb.) [ —5. amanista.]

Fut. 1 . mansyate etc. b. + (_-syeran m.), -ti e. ; manisye v.b. [ — 2. manta,

manita.]
Verb, mata v.+ [manita]; mantum e. +, mantave rv., -tavai v.b., -tos
B.; matva u.+ [manitvaj; -matya b.+, -manya e.+
Sec. Conj.: Pass, manyate c. [ Int. manman-.] — Desid. mimansate
—
etc. AV. +, -ti etc. b.u. (amimansisthas cb. mimansyate av.+) [mi- ;

mansa, mimanisa-.] — Caus. manayati etc. av. +, -te etc. e. + (man-

yate E. + mimanayisa- ; in d.)
 ;

119 AND Primary Derivatives. [3 mfi

Deriv.: -mana? ts. mati V.+ -taati v.b. -manya v.+

mana rv. mantu v. mana v. + -manyaka c.
manas v.+ mantavya n.+ -manaka c. mimansa + ii.

manisa v. + manotr uv. manin i + . mimansaka c.

manu v.^+ mantr b. + manya e. + mimansya u.s. +
manu v. mantra v. + manana e. + -mimanayisu e.

manus v.b. manman v.b.s. mananiya e. + manayitr i;.+

manana rv. manyu v. + -manuka b. manayitavya e. +
manana rv. muni? V.+
Compare y mna. BR. and Gr. refer, perhaps with reason, the redupli-
cated present forms to another root, meaning 'delay' (y 2 mad, mand HIi.

]/ 2 man Gr.).

y mah, see y manh.

y 1 ma, "'measure'.

Pres. [3.] mimite mimate etc. v. +, mimimas e., mimiyat elc. mimatu
mimihi etc. v.(^mimet kb.) — [2.] mati etc. v.+, maava rv.. mimahe
c. [ — 4. mayate.]
Perf. mame mamire etc. v.+, mamau etc. rv.c.
Aor. 1. [meyat;] amayi v. + — 4. amasi av. (masatai av.) [masista. —
.6. amasit.]
[Put. masyati -te mata.] ;

Verb, mita v. + matum b. +, mitum c. mitva v. +, mitva s. -maya

; ; ;

V. + -me -mai rv.

;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, miyate etc. e.+ [Int. mama-, memiya-. J Desid. — —
mitsati c. — Caus. mapayati -te etc. v.s.+ [amimapat.]
Deric. ma V.+
. -matavya c. maya v. + -mitsa c.
mana V.+ matrv. + mayu v. mapaka c.
mana ? rv. matr ? v. + mas -mas v. + -mapy a c. ,

miti u. + matra v. + meya av. + -mapana e.

y 2 ma, 'exchange'.

Pres. mayet may ante rv.

>i.,

[Perf. etc. mame; amasta; masyate, mata.]

Verb, -mitya av. ? [-maya.]
Sec. Conj.: Pass, miyate c. [Int. etc. as y 1 ma.]
Deriv. -maya s. +
: -matavya c.
Doubtless a specialization of ]/lmain connection with certain preposition*.

y 3 ma, 'bellow'.

Pres. [3.] mimati v. (mimeti sv., mimanti rv. ;

mimiyat k.)

Perf. mimaya v.b.

Aor. 3'! amimet v. (mimayat ev.)

 .

3 maj Roots, Vekb-foems, 1^

Verb, matavai v.

Sec. Conj.: Int. memyat rv.

Deriv. : mayu v.+ mayii? b. ma3nira?v.+
Apparently an onomatopoetic root.

y marg, 'chase'.

Pres. [1.] margati -te e<c. E.+

[Perf. etc. mamarga ; amargit.]
Fut. margisyati e. [
1. 2. margita.] —
Verb, margita e. + margitum e. margitva
; ; e.

Sec. Conj. Caus. margayati etc. e. +

:

Deriv.: margaE. + margin e. margana e.+ margitavya b. +

Really a denominative formation from marga 'track'.

y mi, 'fix'.

Pres. [5.] minoti etc. v. +, minute s.

Per/", mimaya mimyiis ey. [mimye.]

[Aor. meyat; amayi; amasit, amasta; masista.]

Fut. 1. mesyant? ab. [masyati -te. 2. mata.] —
Verb, mita v.b.s.u. -mitya av.?ab. [-maya.]
;

Sec. Conj. Pass, miyate etc. v. [

: —
memi- mitsati -te mapayati.] ; ;

Denv.; maya? e. + mit v. -meka?v.B. metr rv.

-may ana b. miti v.
Doubtless a form of }/ 1 ma, with which it agrees also in meaning in

later Sanskrit.

y mi, 'damage', see ]/ ml.

y miks (mi9), 'mix'.

Pres. [3.]mimiksva rv. —
[1.] mfmiksati etc. v.b.s.

Perf. mimiksathus etc. -se -sire ev.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. meksayati b.s.
Deriv. mi9ra v. +
: -miqla v.b. -miksa v.b.s. meksana b.s.

mimiksu rv.

Seems a desiderative formation to a simpler ]/ mi^ ; referred hy the gram-

marians (and Gr.) to y mih.

y migh, see y mih.

y mith, 'alternate, altercate'

Pres. [1.] methati etc. v.b.s., methete rv. — [6?] mithati rv.

Perf. mimetha rv.

Verb, mithita rv. mithitva c. ;

Deriv. mithati rv.

: mithu v.b. mithus b. -methaka 9B.

mithas v. + mithuna v. + mithya b. + -methana s.

 . , +

121 AND Pbimaky Derivatives. [ml

y mid, mind, see y med.

y mil, 'combine'.
Pre*. [6.] milati etc. c.

Perf. mimiluB c.

[Aor. amelit, amelista.]

Fut. 1. milisyati b.+
Verb. milita c. militva c.
; ; -milya c.

See. Con). : Cans, melayati etc. c. ; melapaya- (m d.).

Deriv. : milana c. mela c. melana c. melapaka c.

melaka c. melapana? c

y mis, 'wink"
Pres. [6.] misati etc. v.+, -te e.
Perf. mimesa c.

Aor. 3. amimisat u. [ — 5. amesit.]

Fut. [mesisyati] (misyanti? e.) [
1. 2. mesita.] —
Verb, misita c. -misya c. -misas ev. -mesam e.
; ;
;

Deriv. -mis v. +
; -mesa v. + -mesana c. -memisa b.

misa V.+

y mih, ^mingere'

Pres. [1.] mehati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ meghamana — ev2.

[Perf. mimeha.]
Aor. [3. amimihat. ] 7. amiksat cb. —
Fut. 1. meksyati etc. av.b.s. [ 2. medha.] —
Verb, midha v. + ;mihe ev.
Sec. Conj. : Int. memihat cb. — [Desid. mimiksa-, see y miks. — ] Caus.

mehayati etc. ev.c.

Deriv. : mih ev. meha b. + mehana v.+ medhra av. +
-mihya cb. -mehin c. -mehaniya s. mendhra? c.
megha v.+ mehana ev. mehatnu ev. midha": V.

midhvanavv.+
Compare y miks.

y mi, mi, 'damage'.

Pres. [9.] minati etc. v.b., aminanta minana ev. (minat -nan ev., minit
AV.) ; minati cb. [minite.] [5.] minoti etc. ev'.cI.—[3.] mimitas? —
Rv., -iyat? V.B. —
[4.] miyate etc. ev.b.+

Perf. mimaya etc. ev., mimye c. (mimaya av.) [mamau, mame.]

Aor. 1. [miyat;] amajdB. — 4. [amasta, masista;] mesta etc. av.b.s. [—
6. amasit.]
Fut. 1 mesyase pb. [masyati, -te.
. 2. mata.] —
Verb, mita v. + metos b.; [mitva; -miya, -maya;] -miyam -miye
;
bv.
 . ]

ml] Roots, Verb-forms, 122

Sec. Conj. : miyate etc, cb.ms.

Pass, Int. memyana ev. [- - Desid. mitsa-.]—
— Cans, mapayati etc. e. + [amimapat.]
Deriv. : -mi- ? ev. -miya b. -mayu b. -matavya e.
-mi Rv. -mayu av. mayuka av.b. -mapana e. +
-may a b. + -miti c. -mapayitr c.

y mil, "wink".

Pres. [1.] milati etc. b.+. -te s.

Perf. mim.ila c.

Aor. 3. amimilat c. [amimilat. — 5. amilit.]

[Fut. m.ilisyati, milita.]
Verb, milita -milya v.+b. + ;

Sec. Conj.: milyate c.

Pass, — [Int. memil-. — Desid. mimilisa-. —
Caus. milayati b.+. -te e.
Deriv. -mila s. +
: milaka c. -milinlAv.c. milana e. +

y miv, m.u, 'push'.

Pres. [1.] mivati etc. av.b.
Verb, mivita b.. -muta v.s, -mivya ; b.

Deriv.: -muv c'. mura ev'. -mavisnu"? ev'. -mota? Av'.

]/ mue, racks, 'release'.

Pres. [6.] muncati etc. v. +. -te etc. v.+ ; m.ucanti etc. mucasva etc. (aor. 2?)
KV.TA.
Perf. mumoca mumuce etc. v. + (mumoktu etc. v.b., miunocat etc. mu-
mocati mumucas amum.uktam. ev.)
Aor. 1. amok av. (^mogdhi ta.); mucista ev. amoei v.+ — 2. araucat ;

etc. V. — amiumueat
3. c. — 4. amatik etc. b. (moksis c), amuksi
etc. V. ; muksiya v.b.
Fut. i.m.oksyati -te etc. p.+ [ — 2. mokta.]
Verb, mukta av. + moktum, ;
b. + ; m.Tiktva b. + ; -m^ucya v. + ;
mokam b.

-Sec. Conj.: Pass, mueyate etc. av. +, miicyase etc. v., -ti etc. u.e. + — [Int.

momuc-. — 1 Desid. raumuksati -te e^c. v. + moksate e^c. ; b. + —

Caus. moeayati -te etc. e.+ [moeyate c. mum.ocayisa- c.)
;

Deriv. -muc V.+ moeya e.+ mucyu GB. mumucu e. +

-muci AV. mocana v.+ -muksa ms. mumuksa e.+
-muca E. + mocaniya b. + moksa b. + mumuksu v. +
moka, -ki + -m.iici b.
v. m.oksaka e. + raocayitr c.

-mokya av. -mucu e. + moksin e.+ mocayitavya c.

moca E.+ mukti AV. + moksya c. mumoeayisu e.

raoeaka c. moktavya e. + moksana e. + moksayitavya c.

-m.oein c. moktr B.+ moksaniya e. moksayitr e.

munioksayisu e.

The desiderative formation moks has nearly the same right to be treated
as a separate root that y bhaks has.

I
 +

123 AND Primary Derivatives. (mtl

y mut, 'break'.
Pres. [1.]motate c'.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. motayati c'.
Deriv. motaka c.
: -motin c. motana c.

y mud, 'be merry'.

Pres. [1.] modate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+

Perf. mumoda v.+, mumude etc. e.+
Aor. 1. mudimahi rv. — [3. amumudat. — ] 5. modisisthas av.
Put. 1. raodisye e. [ — 2. modita.]
Verb, mudita e. + ;
-modam c.

Sec. Conj. : [Int. momud-. — mumudisa-, mumodisa-.

Desid. J 'aus. — (

modayati -te etc. k.+ (mumodayisati 91$.)

Deriv.: mud v.+ modav. + modanaE. + mudra v.
-mudaAV. + raodakaE. + modaniya u. + mudirav c.
mudaE.+ raodinAv.+ -niudvinv c.

y mus, 'steal'.

Pres. [9.] musnati etc. v. + (musana c.) — [1.] mosatha rvI. — [6.] mus-
ati etc. E.

Perf. mumosa c.

Aor. 1. amosi c. — [3. amumusat. — ] 5. mosis amosisus v.u.

\Fut. mosisyati, mosita.]

Verb, musita musta c. musitva 0. -musya v. + muse kv.
v.+, ; ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, musyate etc. c. -yant e. [ — Int. momus-. — Desid. mu-

musisa-.] —
Caus. [mosaya- ;] musayant ? c.
Deriv. -raus v. +
: musaka c. musti V. + -mosm B. + '?

mus Rv. -musi B. mosa mosya c. 13.

rausa e. + musivan rv. -mosaka e. mosana s.c.

] muh, 'be crazed'.

< Pres. [4.] miihyati etc. v.+, -te etc. u.+

Perf. mumoha etc. b. +, mumuhe e.

Aor. 2. amuhat etc. b. — 3. amumuhat etc. av.b.

Fut. 1. mohisyati b. [moksyati. — 2. mohita, mogdha, modha.]

Verb, mugdha v.+, mudha av.s.u. + muhe rv. -moham ; ;
i;.

Sec. Conj.: Int. momuhat s. momuhyate v. — [Desid. mumohisa-,

,

mumuhisa-, mumuksa-. • ' •

— -J
1 Caus. mohayati etc.v. + . -te etc. e.+

(mohyate c.)
Deriv. .•
-muh AV.B. mudha? e.+ -mohaka e. mohuka h.
miihu v.b. mogha v.b. mohinE.+ momugha n.
muhus V.+ m6haAV.+ mohana e.+ mohayitr e.

y mu, see y miv.

V' OF THF
UNIVERSITY J
'^
^
 : .

murch] Roots, Vebb-forms, 124

y murch, mur, 'thicken' 1^

Pres. [1.] murchati etc. ay. +

Perf. mumurcha e. +
[Aor. etc. amtirchit ; murchisyati, murchita.]
Verb, murchita e.+, murta b.+ [murtva.]
Sec. Conj. : Caus. murchayati b. +, -te e.

Derjv.; mura? v.B. murkhaB.+ inurchaE.+ murchana b.+

murti B.+

y 1 mp, 'die'.

Pres. [1.] maranti etc. marate etc. rv. (mara c'.)

Perf. mamara mamrus etc. v.+, mamre etc. c.

Aor. 1. amrta etc. T.B.s. ; muriya v. — 3. amimarat etc. B.C. [— 4. mr-

sista.]
• • • J

Fut. 1. marisyati etc. av.+, -te e. [— 2. marta.]

Verb, mrta v. + ; martum e. +, -tave avp. ; mrtva b. + ; -maram e.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, mriyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ — Int. marimarti c. [mar-
mr-, memriya-.] — Desid. mumursati etc. s.+ —
Caus. marayati
etc. AV.+, -te E. (maryate etc. e. + ; mimarajdsa- in d.)

Deriv.
mara v. + marayu v.b. marman? v.+ maruka b.s.

maraka c. marta, -tya v. + mara v.+ -mamri ay.

marana b.+ mrti c. maraka c. murmur a? b.+

maru? b.+ martavya e. + marin b. + mumursa e.+
-m.ura? a v. mrtyu v. + marana b.+ m.umursu b.+
mimarayisu c.
The following root is doubtless the same with this.

y 2 mr, mrn, 'crush'.

Pres. [9.] mrnihi etc. v. — [6.] mrnati etc. v.b.

Perf. mumurat? ey.

Aor. 1. mrnyus k. — 3. amimrnan ay. [ — 5. amarit.]
Verb, miirna ay.b.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, muryate cb.
Deriv.: mur ry. mura? e.+ -miaritr rv. mallmluv b.

-muri Ev. -mrna y.b.

Hardly to be separated from the preceding.

y mrks, 'stroke'.

Pres. [6.] mrksa ry. — [1.] mraksanti c.

Perf. mimrksus ry.

Sec, Conj.: Caus. mraksaya- c, mrksayati e.
Deriv. : mrksa ry. mrksin rv. -mraksa ev. mraksana c.

Doubtless a secondary root-form from y m.rj.

125 AND Primary Derivatives. [niy^

]/ mrc, 'injure'.
Pres. [4.] mreyati? jb.
Aor. 4. mrksista by.
Verb, mrkta rv.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. marcayati etc. v.b.s.

Deriv.: mfc Rv. marka rv. marka b.s. mrcaya ab.

y mrch, 'perish'.

Pres. mrchante u.

Very likely a false reading; if not, a secondary root-from \/ 1 mr.

y mrj, 'wipe'.

Pres. [2.] marsti mrjanti [marjanti] etc. v.+ mrste mrjate etc. v.+ ,

(marjitas.) —
[7.] mrnjata (3p.) rv., mrnajani gb., mrnjyat cb. —
[1.] marjati -te etc. e.+ [6.] mrjati -te etc. av'.s.c. —
Perf. mamarja mamrjus etc. v. + (mamarjusE., mamrjus rv.), mamrje
Av. (^mamrje -jita rv.)
Aor. [1. ainarji. —
] '6. amimrjanta b. [amamarjat.] — 4. amarksit etc.

B. —
5. amarjit etc. b. —
7. amrksat etc. v.-b.s., amrksata etc. rv.e.

Fut. 1. mraksyate b. , marksyate b.s. [marjisyati.] — 2. mrasta jb.

[marsta, raarjita.]
Verb, mrsta v.+, mrjita c, marjita (caus.'i) s. + marstum c, marstum ;

c, marjitum e. + mrstva av., marjitva b. -mrjya av. +, -marjya

; ;

c. -mrj as b.
;

Sec. Covj.: Pass, mrjyate etc. v. + Int. marmrjma -janta etc. rv., —
-jyate etc. v.b.s. (^marmrjana rv.), marlmrjyate b. [ Desid. mi- —
marjisa-, mimrksa-.] Caus. marjayati -te etc. v. —
marjayati -te ;

etc. B.+ (marjyate c).

Deriv. :

-rarja c. -marjakaE.+ marjara e.+ marstavya c.

mrjaE.+ marjana v.+ marjalya rv. -mrgra rv.
marjya RV. -marjaniya k. mfstiB.+ -mrgvan av.
-margaAv. + -marguka b. marsti c. marmrjenya rv.

Compare y mrks.

y mrd, 'be gracious'.

Pres. [6.] mrdati etc. v.b.s., -ase b. [ 9. mrdnati.J —

Perf. [mamarda] (mamrdyus rv.)
[Aor. etc. amimrdat amamardat, amardit; mardisyati, mardita.]

Sec. Conj.: [Int. marimrd-. — DesW. mimardisa-. — ] Caus. mrdayati

etc. v.b.c, -te c.

Deriv. : mrda b. +
• *
mrdika
• •
v. + marditr rv.
• •
-mrdaya b.
,

mrdana c, mrditr av. mrdayaku rv.

 : +

mrn; Roots, Veeb-forms, 126

y mrn, see y 2 mr. M i

y mrd, mrad, 'rub, crush'.

Pres. [9.] mrdnati etc. s. + , mrdnita s. — [1.] mardati -te etc. e. + —

mrada nv., -date us.
Perf. manaarda mamrdus e. (mamardus m.), mamrde
+ e.

Aor. 1. mrdyasam b.s. — 3. amimrdat e. [amamardat. — 5. amardit.j

Fut. mradisyati mardisyate jb.
1 .

Verb, mrdita av. marditum e. +, -tosB. ; ; mrditva t, ; -mfdya b. + :

-mrade b. -mardam. c. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, mrdyate etc. b.+ — Int. marmarttu rv. [marimrd-.] —
Desid. mimardisati e. — Caws,mardayati etc. e.+, -te e. (mardyate
c. ; raimardayisa- in d.) ; mradayati ts.
Deriv.
mrd V.+ mardinE.+ mrttikaB.+ mrdu av.+
-mrda s. mardanaB.+ marditavya e. mrtsna b.+
marda e. -t- mardaniya c. -marditr e. mimardisu e.
mardaka c. -mradas v.b.s. mradiyas b. mimardayisu e.

y mrdh, 'neglect'.

Pres. [I.] mardhati etc. ev. — [6.] mrdhati rv.s., -asva s.

Aor. 1. rardhyas rv. — 2. mrdhas s. — 5. mardhis etc. rv.b. (mardhi-

sat RV.)
Verb,mrddha ms.
Deny. mrdh v.B.
: mrdhav.+ mrdhas rv. mrdhra rv.
mardhuka jb.

y mr9, 'touch, feel'.

Pres. [6.]mrQati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.

Perf. mamarcja mamrdus e. + (mamrqus rv.), mamr9e b.+
Aor. 4. [amarksit amraksit] mrksista? rv. 7. amrksat etc. v.e. —
[Fut. marksyati mraksyati, marsta mrasta.]
Verb, mrsta v.+, mr9ita c. marstum e. + -mf^ya v. + -mf^ev.B.; ; ; ;

-mar9am b.s.

Sec, Covj.: Pass, mrdyate etc. e.h Int. marmr^at etc. v.b., m.arimr9ya-
B. — mar9ayati etc. b.+
Caus.
Deriv.: -mr9aB.+ mar9aB.+ -mar9inTJ.+ inarimr9a av.
-m.r9yaB.+ -mar9aka e. mar9ana v.+

y mrs, 'not heed'.

Pres. [4.] mrsyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ [ — 1. marsati -te.]
Perf. mamarsa rv.e., mamrse e.
 127 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [mrit

Aor. 1. mrsthas rv. — 2. amrsan m.. mrsat s. (-sant? c), -santa nv. —
3. mimrsas
[amamarsat.] v. 5. [amarsit,] marsisthas rv. —
[Fut. raarsisyati -te, marsita. ]

Verb, [nirsita; mrsitva, niarsitva;] -mrsya k. -mrse rv. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, mrsyate e. Int. mararsat s. —

Caws, marsayati — etc.

E. +, -te etc. E.+

Derjy.; mrsa V. + -inarsav.+ marsanar,. + -marsi e.

,
-mrsya rv. marsin e. + marsaniya e.+

y med [mid], 'be fat'.

Pres. [4.] medyati etc. v.b. — [6.] medatam rv.

[Perf. mimeda, mimide; amidat, amedista; medisyati-te, medita;
etc.

rainna, miditva meditva.]

Sec. Conj. [Pass, midyate.
: —
] Caus. [mindayati ;] medayati etc. v. +

Deriu. medana RT.

; medinv. + medasv. + meduraR.+
medya c.

y moks, see y muc.

y mna, 'note'.

Pres. [1.]manati etc. s.+, -te s. — [2.] ranayus ci.

[Per/", mamnau.]

Aor. [1. mnayat, mneyat. ] — (3. amnasisus c.

[Fut. mnasyati, mnata.]

Verb, mnata s. +
Sec. Conj. : Pass, mnayate c. [ — Int. mamna-. — Desid. mimnasa-. —
Caus. mnapaya-, amimnapat.]
Dew..- -mnana S.+ -mnatavya c. -mnaya s.+
Only vpith prefix a: a secondary root-form from y man — to which,
indeed, the forms from stem mana- more properly belong.

y myaks, 'be situated' ('?).

Pres. myaksa ev.

[L]
Perf. mimyaksa mimiksus -ksire rv.
Aor. 1. amyak rv.-, amyaksi rv.

]/ mrad, see y mrd.

y mrit, mlit, 'dissolve'.

Pres. [4?] mrityet -yeyU3 ob.

Verb, -mletya s.
Deriv. -mretuka pb.
Perhaps related with y mrd.
 . .

mruc Roots, Verb-forms, 128

y mruc, mluc, mlup, 'set'.

Pres. [1.] mrocati etc. av.b. ; mlocati etc. b. +

Perf. mumloca cb.u.

Aor. 2. amrueat amrocit, amlocit.]

jb. [ — 5.

[Fut. mrocisyati, mrocita; ralocisyati, mlocita.]

Verb, mrukta mlukta bv., mlupta b.s. -mrueas
b.+, ;
ev.

Sec. Conj. malimlucaraahe s.

: Int.

Deriv.: -raruc v.b. -mrocana c. -mrukti b. malimluca av.+

mroka av. -mlocana c. -mlukti c. malimluc s.
-raloea e. + -mloci c.

y mred, 'gratify' (?)

Pres. [1.] mrederan vK

Sec. Conj. : Cans, mredayati etc. e. + (mrelayati s.)

Deriv. -mreda c.

y mla, 'relax'.

Pres. [4.] mlayati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+ — [2.] mlanti e.

Perf. mamlau etc. e. +

Aor. [1. mlayat, mleyat. — ] 6'? mlasis e.

Fut. 1. amlasyatam b., -yetam u. [ — 2. ralata.]

Verb, xalata rv., mlana b.+
Sec. Conj. : mlapayati av. + mlapayati c.
Cans, ;

Deriv. : -mlani c. -mlayin c. -mlapana c. mlapin c.

y mluc, see y mruc.

y mlup, see y mruc.

y mlech., 'speak barbarously'.

Pres. [1.] mleehati etc. b.+
[Perf. etc. mimlecha; amlechit; mlechisyati , mleehita; mlechita,
mlista.]
Deriv. inlechaB.+

y yaks, 'press on' (?)

Pres. [1.] yaksati etc. bv^.b,*., -te evI.

Verb, -yakse ev'^.
Deriv. : yaksa v. + yaksya ev. yaksu ev. yaksma v. +
yaksin bv. yaksman e. +
The character of the root and the connection of its derivatives are very

doubtful.

y yach, see y yam.

 + ++

129 AND Primary Dekivativbs. [yabh

y yaj, 'oflFer'.

Pres. [1.] yajati -te etc. v.+ — [2.] yaksi v.u.s., yaksva ev. — yajase
(Is.) RV'.

Perf. iyaja etc. e. +, ije etc. v. +, yeje av.?

Aor. [J. ijyat. ] 3. ayiyajat etc. b. — 4. ayaksit etc. v.u.s. (ayas rv., —
ayat v.B.s. yaksat v.b.s. yaksatas -satam rv.), ayasta etc. v.b.s.
; ,

(yaksate etc. v.b. yaksiya ms.) 7. ayaksata (Ss.) ags.

;
—
Fut. 1. yaksyati etc. b.+, -ate etc. v. + 2. yasta b. —
Verft. ista V. + yastum b.+, -tave v.b., ijitum m. istva av. + [-ijya;]
; ;
;

yajadhyai v., yajadhyai ts. -yajam av. ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, ijyate etc. e. +, -yant e.

.-
Int. yayaj- (in d.). Desid. — —
3dyaksati -te e. lyaksati etc. v., -te etc. v.b. ; Cans, yajayati etc. —
B. +, -te E.

Deriv. : -ij v. yajas rv. yajna v. + -yajm b.+

yaj V. + -yaji rv. yajyu v. yajya b.+
yaja B. yaj us V. + yajiyas v. yajya b. +
yaj a s. yajata v. yajistha v. yaj ana s.+
yajinB.+ isti V. + yaj van v.+ yajaniya c.

-yajya rv. yajati s. yajvin e.+ -yajvika b.

-yajya v.b.s. yastavya b. yajisnu e. yayaj uka b.+

ijya c. yastr v. + -yaga e. + yiyaksu e.+
ijya S.+ yajatra v.b. -yaja v.+ yajayitavyaB.
yajana av.+ yajatha v. yajaka e.+ yajayitr c.
Appears to be related "with roots yam and yach and yat, and to niean
originally 'reach out, extend'.

y yat, 'stretch'.
Pres. [1.] yatate etc. v. +, -ti etc. v.
Perf. yete etc. v.b.u.
Aor. 1. yatana, yatana rv. [3. ayiyatat. ] 5. ayatista b. — —
Fut. ]yatisyate etc. e. +, -ti etc. e. +
.

Verb, yatta v.+, yatita e. yatitum b. -yatya b. ; ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, yatyate c.

: [Int. yayat-. Desid. jriyatisa-. — — — ] Caus.

yatayati -te etc. v.+ (yatyate etc. b.+)

Deriv. :
-yat + V. yatti MS. -yataka e. + yatiina rv.
-yatana av.+ -yattavya e. -yatya s. + yayati '? v. +
yataniya c. yatitavya e.+ yatana e. +
yati V.+ yatna e. +

y yabh, 'futuere,

Pres. [1.] yabhati etc. av.b.

I
[Perf. etc. yayabha ; ayapsit.]
Whitney, STipplement II.
 : ]

yabh] Roots, Verb-forms, 130

Fut. 1. yapsyati etc. b.s.

Verb, yabdhum c. yabhitum c.

Sec. Conj.: Desid. yiyapsate etc. s.

Deriv.: -yabhya av. yabha c.

y yam, yach, 'reach'.

Prei. [1.]yachati -te etc. y.+ yaraati -te etc. e. h •

—
[2.] yamsi rv. :

yamiti? jb.
Perf. yayama yemiis etc. v.b. (yayamtha rv. yamatus -mus rv.\ ;

yeme etc. v. +
Aor. 1. ayamus etc. rv. (yamati yamat etc. v., yamate etc. v.; yamyas
3s. yamimahi rv. yamdhi etc. rv. ayami v.b. — [3. ayiyamat. —
; ) ;

4. ayamsam etc. v.b. (ayan rv. yamsat etc. v.b.s. yamsatas rv.), : .

ayamsta etc. v.b. (ayamsi ab.. yamsate rv.) 5. yamista [3s.) rv. —
[ —
ayamsisam.J
6.

Fut. 1. yamsyati b.. yamisyati c. [ 2. yamta.] —

Verb, yata v. + yamtum b.+ -tave rv. yamitum c. yamitavai rv.
: , .
, ;

yatva s., yamitva c. -yatya av.b.. -yamya s. + -yamam v.b.

; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, yamyate etc. v.+ Int. yanyamiti rv. —

Desid. yiyam- —
sati B. —
Caus. yamayati etc. v.e. +; yamayati etc. b.+. -te e.
Dcrjy..- yama V.+ yati v.+ yamuna v.+ -yamin B.H-
yama.'v. + -yamtu RV. -yamiyas rv. -yaraana c.
-yamaka c. yamtavya b. + yamistha rv. -yamsenya rv.
yamin b. + yamtur rv. yamasana rv. -yachana e.
-yamya E.+ yamtrv. + yama v.+ yastiv b.+
yamana b. + yamtra v. + yamaka b. +
Compare y yaj and j/ yat.

y yas, yes, 'be heated'.

Pres. [4.] yasyati etc. av. -h — [3.] yayastu rv. — [1.] yesati etc. v.b.

[yasati.]
[Perf. yayasa.]
Aor. 2. ayasat c. [ — 3. ayiyasat. — 5. ayasit.]
[Fut. yasisyati, yasita.]
Verb, yasta v.+, yasita b.c. [yasitva, yastva.j
-Sec. Conj.: [Int. yayas-. — Desid. yiyasisa-. — ] Caws, yasayati etc. e.+
[-te.] (yasyate e.)

Deriv.: yas v.b.s. -yasaka c -yasya v. + yaska?B.+

-yasa b. + -yasin c. -yasana c.

y yah.
Such a root, of questionable meaning, is assumable for the derivatives
yahii rv. yahva v. yabvant rv.
 .

131 AND Primary Derivatives. yu

1 ya, 'go".

Pres. [2.] yati etc. v.+(ayus i!.+ [ayan] yamaki : = yami kb.), yamahe r.K

Perf. yayaii etc. \.+ (yayatha v.), yaye v.

Aor. 4. ayasam etc. v. (yasat v.b. ;
yesam nv.) — 6. ayasisam etc. v.+
(yasisat rv.; yasisisthas v.b.)

Fat. yasyati etc. av.+. -te etc. e. + 2. yata e.+ —

Verb. yata v. + yatum e. + yatave v.. -vai h.
; .
: yatva n.s. :
-yaya n. +;
-yai V.B.; -yayam s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, yayate — iyayate? yaya-

e. Int. — v.. (in d.). Desid. yi-
yasati etc. e.+ — Caws, yapayati + [ayiyapat.] etc. b.

Deriv. -ya V.B.

 ;

1 yu] Roots, Verb-Forms, 132

Verl. yuta v. + ; -yuya v.+, -yutya s.

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, yuyate. — ] Int.yoyavat yoyuve rv. —av.. etc. Desid*
yuyusati rv. [yiyavisa-. — Caus. yavayati, yiyavayisati.]
Dcriv. .•yuB.+ yuti c. yuna s. y6s:'v.+
-yava RV. -yuti? v. + y6ni?v.+ yosana e<c.? v. +
yavana av. + yotra e. yrivan + ? v. -y ava e. +
-yiivana S.+ yut]ia?v. + yavisthav. + -yavana c.
-yut v.B. yaviyas s. + yavayitr c.

Compare y ynj and ]/ 2 yu ; from the latter, in combination with pre-

fixes, the forms and derivatives of this root are not always separable with cer-
tainty.

y 2 yu, yuch, 'separate'.

Pres. [3.]yuyoti etc. v.b., yuyudhvam etc. v.b. [6.] ayuvanta etc. v.b.s. —
—
[1.] yuchati etc. v.

Aor. 1. yuyat B., ytiyatam (3d.) b. (sruyas 3s. v.), yavanta rv. ayavi ;

B. —
3. yuyot rv. —
4. ayausit etc. v.b. (yaus rv., yosati etc. v.,

yosat RV. yosam etc. b.s., yQsam. av.), yosthas b.s.

;
5. yavis rv. —
Verb, yuta rv. yotave -tavai -tos rv. -yavam av.b.
;
;

Sec. Conj. Int. yoyuvat etc. v.b. (yoyava ms.)

: Caus. yavayati etc. v. —
yavayati etc. v.b.

Deriv. : yava av.c. -yuti rv.c. -yutvan rv. -yavana av.

-yavana ms. -yotr rv. -yavan av. yuyuvi rv.
-yut v.b.

Compare |/ 1 ya.

y yuj, 'join'.

Pres. [".] yunakti ytinkte etc. v.+ (yunaiiksi? c, yunjiyat r.) — [6?]
yvinjati -te etc. u.e.+ — [2.] 3mje v., yujmahe yujata (3p.) rv,,
yuksva v.

Perf. yuyoja yuyuje etc. v.+ (yuyujma -jre v.; niniyoja ae. ;
yuyo-
jate RV.)
Aor. 1. ayuji etc. v.b. (yojate yujana rv.), (yojam yoja yujyatam etc.
Kv.); ayoji v.c. —
2.? yujanta rv., ayujat -janta c. o. ayiiynjat —
etc. E.+ 4, —
ayoksit s. [ayauksit] aynksi etc. v.+ (ayunk-,

smahi c.)

Fut. 1. yoksyati etc. b.+, -te etc. av.+ — 2. yokta b.

Verl. yukta v. + ;
yoktum b. + ;
3ruktva v. + , -tvaya v.b.; -yujya e. + ;

yuje RV.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, yujyate etc. v. + , -ti etc. e.+ — [Int. yoyuj-. — ] Desid.

3ru3ruksati e<c. e. + — Caus. yojayati etc. e. + , -te etc. e. + (yojyate

etc. c.)
 . +

133 AND Primary Derivatives. iranh

Beriv yuj V.+ yoga V. + yojana v.+ yugma s.+

-yuja v.s. yogya av. + yojaniya c. yugman u.
yujya y.b. yogya rv. yukti V.+ -yugvan v.ii.s.

yuga V. + yogin s. + yoktavya n. yuyuksu c.

yugya e. + yojaka e.+ yoktr B.+ yojayitavya c.

-yunga b. yojya e.+ yoktra v.+ yojayitf s.c.
yunjaka e.+ yojitr c.

V yudh, 'fight:,.

.Pres. [4.] yudhyate etc. v. + , -ti etc. \.+ — [1.] yodhati etc. av.pb. —
[2.] yotsi Ev.
Perf. yuyodha jruyudhe etc. \.+
Aor. 1. yodhi, yodhat, yodhana rv., yudhana? c.— 3. yuyudhas m. —
4. yotsis E., ayuddha v., yutsmahi av. — 5. ayodhit etr. v.
(yodhisat rv.)
Ful. 1. yotsyati -te etc. ii.+ — 2. yoddha e.
Verb, yuddha v. + yoddhum e. ; ;-y uddhvi rv. ; -yudhya e. ; yudham
JE., yudhe rv. yudhaye rv. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, yudhyate c. — Int. [yoyudh-] yaviyudh- (in d.l —

Desid.yuyutsati -te etc. v.+ — Caus. yodhayati etc. v. + , -te etc. e.

(yodhyate e.)
Beriv. : yudh v. yudhma rv. yodhana e. + yuyudhi rv.
-yudha v.+ yiidhvan rv. yodhanlya c. yuyudhi rv.
yudhi- AV. yodha v.+ yodhuka jb. yaviyudh ev.
-yudhya rv. yodhaka e. yodhlyas rv. yuyutaa e.
yudhenya v. yodhin e.+ yoddhavyaE.+ -yutsav c.

yodhya v.+ yoddhr v. + yuyutsu e. +

y yup, 'obstruct'.
[Pres. 4. yupyati.]
Perf. yuyopa yuyopima v.
Aor. ayupat. — ] 3. ayuyupan
[2. etc. b.

[Fut. yopisyati, yopita.]

Verb, yupita av.b.s.

Sec. Conj.: yoyupyate etc. b.s.

Int. — Caus. yopayati etc. v.b.s.

I>eriw.. • yupa V.+ -yopana v. yoyupana c'.

y yes, see ]/ yas.

I
ranh, 'hasten'.

Pres, [i.] ranhate etc. rv., -ti rv.

Perf. rarahana rv.b. [raranha.]
[Aor. araranhat, aranhit rahhisyati, ranhita.]
etc. ;

Verb, ranhita s.
 ]

raixh] Roots, Verb-forms, 134

Sec. Conj. : ranhayati -te etc.

Caus. rv.
Deriv. : -ranha e. ranghas c. rhant? ev. raghiyas b.
ranhya Kv. rahas? c. raghuY.+ laghiyas av.+
ranhas V.+ ranhi v.b. laghuAv.+ laghistha jb.
Compare }/ rah.

]/ raks, 'protect'.

Pres. [1.] raksati -te etc. v.+

Perf. raraksa etc. v. + (raraksana ev.)
Aor. [1. raksyat. — 3. araraksat. — ] 4. araksit etc. av. + (raksisat etc.

araksit etc. b.s. (arat? ms.)

RV.)?
Fut. 1. araksisyas m., raksye? ii'. 2. raksita — e.c.

Verb, raksita v. + raksitum e. + -raksya c.

; •,

Sec. Conj.: Pass, raksyate etc. v.+ — [Int. raraks-. — ] Desid. riraksisati
etc. E. —
Caus. raksayati etc. c, -te b.
Dcriv. raksa B. +
: raksya e.+ raksas v.+ riraksa c.
raksaE.H- raksanav.+ raksas v.b. riraksu c.
raksaka c. raksana c. -raksi vs. riraksisa c.
raksin s. + raksaniya e. + raksitavya e.+ riraksisu e. +
raksitr v. +
The relation of raksas -demon' to tliis root is questionable. But raksis
Av'. is too weak evidence on which to accept & y 2 raks 'harm'.

]/ rang, 'rock'.
Pres. [1.] rangant c'.

Doubtless artificial.

y rac, 'produce'.
Aor. 1. araci e. — 3. ariracat c.

Fut. 1. racisyati c. ?

Sec. Covj. : racayati etc. e. + (^racyate c.)

Caus.
Deriv. : racana e. + -ranca c. -ranei c. racayitr c.

-racana c -rancya c.

y 1 raj, 'direct', see y yj.

y 2 raj, ranj, 'color'.

Pres. [4.] rajyati -te etc. av1.e.+ — [1.] ranjati etc. ? e.+ [rajati -te.]
[Perf. raranja raranje; rajyat;
etc. arirajat araraujat, arauksit
araukta, raflksista ranksyati -te, rankta.] ;

Verb, rakta b. + [raktva, ranktva ;] -rajya c.

;

Sec. Conj. Pass, rajyate c.

; Int. rarajiti v. [Desid. riranksa-.— — —
Caus. rajayati av. ranjayati etc. e.+, -te e. ;
 j

135 AND Primary Derivatives. [I ran

Deriv; ranga E.+ ranjanaE. + rajaniya e. rakti c

ranjaka E.4- ranjaniya c. raj as v v. + raga t.+
-ranjya c. rajanaAv.+ rajiVav. -ragin b.+
rajakaE.+ raj am e. rajatav.+ rajayitp vs.
The forms with nasal belong to the later language.

y ranch, mark'.
Only in (ni-) -ranehana c. : compare y lanch.

I
rat, 'howl'.
Pres. [1.] ratati etc. c.

[Perf. etc. rarata retus ; ariratat, aratit ; ratisyati, ratita.]

Verb, ratita c.

Sec. Conj.: Int. raratiti etc. e.+

Deriv. : ratana c. -rati c.

y ranv, 'delight'.
Pres. [1.] ranva etc. ts.

Verb, ran vita rv.

A secondary formation from \/ ran, apparently through ranva.

y rad, 'dig'.

Pres. [1.] radati etc. v.b., -te av, — [2.] ratsi rv.
Perf. rarada rv. [redus.]
[Aor. etc.aradit radisyati, radita.]
;

Verb, radita av.b.

Deriv. : rada rv.c. radana c.

y radh, randh, 'be or make subject'.

Pres. [4.]radhyati etc. av.b. [2.] randdhi rv'. —

Perf. [rarandha rarandhima redhma] raradhiis rv.
Aor. 2. radham etc. v. —
3. riradhas etc. rv. (^riradha Is. rv.) [ara-

randhat.] '— 5. randhis rv.

[Put. radhisyati, ratsyati radhita, raddha. ;

Verb, raddha rv. [radhitum.J

raranddhiv rv. [raradh-.]
Sec. Conj.: Int. [Desid. riradhisa-, rirat- —
sa-. —
] Caus. randhayati etc. v. +

Deriu. randhana RV.C.

.•
randdhi rv. randhra bv. + radhrav rv. '^

]/ 1 ran, 'take pleasure'.

Pres. [1.] ranati etc. rv., -anta rv. — [4.] ranyati etc. ranyathas
rv. i
rv'.)

Perf. rarana rv. (raranas etc. raran rarandhi etc. araranus rv.b.j
Aor. [3. ariranat, araranat. — ] 5. aranisus hv. (ranistana rv.)
 : +

I ran] Roots, Verb-forms, 136

[Ful. ranisyati, ranita.]

Sec. Conj.: [Int. ranran-. — Desid. riranisa-. — ] Cans, ranayati etc. v.,

-anta ev. [ranayati.]

Deriv.: ran ev. ranya v. ranti? v. ranitr rv.
rana v. + ranya av. rantya v. ranva v.
ran van rv.
Compare ]/ ram.

y 2 ran, 'ring'.
Pres. [1.] ranati etc. c.

Verb, ranita c.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. ranayati c.

Deriv. -ranana c.

A late and probably artificial formation.

y rap, 'chatter'.
Pres. [1.] rapati etc. v.b.
Sec. Conj.: Int. rarapiti etc. v.

Deriv. : -rap rv. -rapin av.

A variant of y lap, which compare.

y rape, 'be full'.

rap9ate etc.
Pres. [1.] v., rapqant- rv.
Per/".rarap9e rv.
Deriv. -rapQa rv.
: -rap9in v.b.

y raph.
Perhaps to be seen in raphita rv'. 'miserable' (?) : compare y riph.

] rabh, rambh, 'take hold".

Pre«. [1.]rabhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. s. + rambhati -te e.+ ;

Perf. rebhe etc. v.+ (rarabhe rv.), rarabhma rv.

Aor. 1. arambhi c. —
['6. ararambhat. ] 4. arabdha rv. —
Fut. 1. rapsyate etc. e.+, -ti e. [ 2. rabdha.J —
Verb, rabdha v. + rabdhum e. ;
-rabhya v. + -rabham ev., -rabhe v.b.
; ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, rabhyate etc. e. +

: [Int. rarabh-, rarambh-. —
] Desid. —
ripsate etc. b.c. — Caus. rambhayati etc. b.+, -te e.

Deriv.
rabha E. rabliiv.+ rabhistha v.b. rambhin v.+
-rabhya b.+ -rabhin v.s. rabhiyas b.s. -rambhana v.
rabhas V.+ -rabdhi c. rabhyas rv. -rambhaniya b.s.

rabhasana RV. -rabdhavya e. rambhav. + -ripsu c.

rabdhir c. rambhaka c.
Compare y labh, -which is the same in another phonetic form.
 : ;

137 AND Primary Deeitatives. [ras

y ram, 'be or make content".

Pres. [1.] ramate -ti eic. v.+ — [9.] ramnati etc. v.b.

Perf. rarama remus etc. e. +. reme etc. u. +

Aor. 1. ranti? sv. — 3. ariramat etc. rv. — 4. aramsitC, aramsta etc.

V. [ramsisthas.] — 6. ramsisam sv.

Fut. 1. ramsyate etc. b.+, -ti b. [ — 2. ramta.]

Verb, rata b. + ;
ramtum e.+. -tos n., ramitum e. ; ratva )!.. ramtva c.

-ramya s.+ [-ratya]; -ramam s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ramyate etc. e.+ — [Int. ranram-. — J iJesht. riramsa-
(in d.) — Caus. ramayati etc. v. + , -te etc. e. + ; ramayati etc. v. +
(riramayisa- in d.)
Deriu.. • rama E.+ rati b.+ ramtavya c. ramana e.

ramya B.+ ramtiAv.+ ramtr rv. ramsu-v rv.

ramana B.+ ramati av.b. ratri.'v.+ riramsa e.+
ramaniyau.+ ramati av.b. rama v. + riramsu o.
-ramin rv. rirama3ri8u c.

Compare y 1 ran , from which one or two of the derivatives here given
may perhaps come, at least in part. Compare also y lam.

y ramb, 'hang down'.

Pres. [1.] rambate etc. rv.
Deriv. -rambana b.u.
Compare ]/ lamb, from which the verh-forms and derivatives mostly come.

y raxnbh, .'roar'.

Pres. [1.] rambhati -te etc. c.

The isolated occurrences probably artificial.

y rac.
Such a root inferable from the derivatives
ra9anav.+ raqman rv. ra9mi v.+ ra9i v.+

)/ ras, 'roar .

Pres. [1.] rasati -te etc. b. +

Perf. rarasa resus etc. e. +
[ylor. etc. arirasat, arasit ; rasisyati, rasita.]
Verb, rasita c.

[Sec. Conj. raras- rirasisa- ; ; rasaya-.]

Deriv. : rasana c. rasitr c.

Compare y 1 ras.
The root 2 ras 'taste' is only a denominative of rasa.
rah] Roots, Verb-fobms, 138

]/ rah, 'desert'.
[Pres. rahati raraha rehus arirahat, arahit rahisyati, rahita.]
etc. ; ; ;

Verb, rahita e. + rahitum e. ;

Sec. Conj. Caus. rahayati etc. s. +

:

Deriv. raha Ev. +

; rahana c. rahas e.+ rahu-v bv.
-rahin c. rahasya, -yu b.+

y 1 ra, ras, give'.

Pres. [3.] ririhi b,v., rarasva av., raridhvam etc. (rarate '3s., rarana)
V. — [2.] rasi ev., rati c, rate b., rasva v.b.s. — [1.] rasate etc. v.b.s.

Perf. rarima -ivans ev., rare etc. rv.

Aor. 4. arasma etc. v.b. (rasat etc. v.b.) ; rasatham rasiya ev.
Fut. [1. rasyati. — ] 2. rata c.

Verb, rata v. + ratave

; c.

Deriv.: -T& c. rayi? v.+ raka?v. + raravan ev.

rai or ra?v.+ rayistha b. rati v. + -raruv v.b.

-raya v. ratna v v. + ravan v.b.

The present-stem rasa is plainly an extension of the aorist-stem ras.

y 2 ra, 'bark'.
Pres. [4.] rayati etc. v.b.

[Perf. etc. rarau; arasit; rasyati, rata.]

Deriv. -ravan ? vs.

y raj, 'be kingly'.

Pres. [1.] rajati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ — [2.] rasti rat rv.
Perf. raraja rejus etc. e.+, rarajatus m., reje etc. e.+ [raraje.]
Aor. 1. rajyasam s. [ — 3. ararajat.j — 5. arajisus ev. [arajista.]
[Fut. rajisyati, rajita.]
Verb, rajase ev.
Sec. Conj.: [Int. raraj-. — Desid. rirajisa-. — ] Caus. rajayati etc. b. +, -te
etc. av.e.
Dcrtv. .•
raj v.+ rajanv. + rajana b.+ rastri v.b.s.

-rajav. + rajan ev. -rajin ev.e. rastrav.+

Is most probably an old denominative of raj 'ruler', from }/rj, raj, which
see. The anomalous stem irajya- (see ib.) is related with it.

y radh, 'succeed'.

Pres. [5.] radhnoti etc. b.+ — [4.] radhyate etc. av. +. -ti etc. s.+
Perf. raradha etc. v.b.
Aor. 1. aradham b. (radhati -dhat etc. rv. -dhas 9B."); radhyasam ,

-sma av.b.s. ; aradhi v.b.u. —

3. ariradhat etc. b.c. 4. aratsit etc. —
Av.B.s. — 5. radhisi etc. av.b.u.
 —

139 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [ric

Fut. 1. ratsyati etc. av.b.s. [ — 2. raddha.]

Verb, raddlia av. + ; raddhva is. ; -radhya u.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, radhyate c. — \Int. raradh-. — Desid. riratsa-,

ritsa-. — ] Caus. radhayati etc. av. + (radhyate k. riradhayisati u. j
;

Deriv. : radha v. + radhana av. + -radhi av. -radhayitr c.

-radhin e. -radhaniya c. raddhi av.b.s. -radhayisnu b.
radhya v. + radhas v. + -raddhr c.
The form iradJianta kvI., with the inlln. iradhyai (tor iradhadhyai)

Ev'., appears to belong to this root.

]/' 1 ras, 'roar .

Pres. [1.] rasati -te etc. e. +

Perf. rarase c.

[Aor. etc. arasista; rasisyate, rasita.]

Sec. Conj.: Int. rarasyate e.
Deriv.: rasa? c. rasabha? b.+
Compare y ras and y 2 ra.

y 2 ras, see y 1 ra,

y ri, ri, 'flow'.

Pres. [9.] rinati rinite etc. v.b.s. — [5.] arinvan ms. — [4.] riyate v.b. [

6. riyati.]
[Perf. etc. riraya; arirayat, araisit; resyati, reta; reri-, ririsa-, ra-
yaya-, repaya- ariripat,]
Deriv. -raya E.
; rit kv. ritiv.+ retas v.+ renu v.+
Compare y li.

y rikh, 'scratch'.
Pre«. [6.] rikha rv'.
Deriv. rekha e.

The usual form of this root is likh, which see.

y rinkh, ring, 'creep'.

Pres. [1.]rinkhati etc. c; ringati -te etc. c.

[Perf. ririnkha, riringa etc. etc.]

etc.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. ringayati c.

Deriv. rinkhana c.
; ringin c. ringi c.

y rie, 'leave'.

Pres. [7.] rinakti etc. v.b. [rinkte.] — [4?] ricyate e<c. ts., -ti e.

(riricyat etc. v., ririkvans ev.. arirecit ev.)

rireca ririce etc. v.b.
Perf.
Aor. 1. riktam? ev.; areei v.b.s. — 2. aricat c. — 3. ariricat etc m.s. —
4. araik ev., ariksi etc. v.b.
Fut. 1. reksyate b. [— 2. rekta.]
 ]

ric] Rooi's, Vekb-forms, 140

Verb, rikta v. + [rikta.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ricyate etc. v.+ — [Int. reric-. — Desid. ririkaa-. —
recayati
Caus. etc. b. +
Deriv.; -reka V.+ -reeya c. -rincaE. + -rikti jb.

-rekin c. recana v. + -rincya c. riktha v. +

reeaB.+ -recaniya c. -rmciE.+ reknas bt.
recaka e. + reku bv. -rikvan bv.
The accent ricyate is quotable only fram ts., and ricyate only from cb.

y rip, 'smear .

Perf. riripus by.

Verb, ripta rv.
Deriv. : rip v. repas v. ripu v. + ripra v.

Compare the other form of the root, lip, to which most of the formation
belongs.

y riph, 'snarl'.

Pres. [6.] riphant -ati av.b. — [1.] rephant b.

[Perf. etc. rirepha etc. etc.]

Verb, riphita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Pass, riphyate s.

Deriv. repha s. +

y ribh, 'sing'.

Pres. [1.] rebhati etc. v.b.c'.?

Perf. rirebha bv.
[Aor. etc. arebhit rebhisyati, rebhita.] ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, ribhyate bv.

:

Deriv. rebha v.+

y ri9, 'tear'.

Pres. [6.] riQant ricjate etc. bv.

Verb, rista v.u.

Deriv. ri(ja av.

See the other form, licj, from which the forms mostly come.

y ris, 'be hurt'.

Pres. [4.] risyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [).] resat resat v.

[Perf. riresa.]
Aor. 1. ridbvam ta. — 2. arisan etc. v.b.s. (risatha etc. rv., risant
risant? by.) — 3. ririsat etc. v. + (ririalsta bv.c, ririsista ririses
BY.) [ — 5. aresit.]
[Fui. resisyati ; resita, reata.]
Verb, rista v. + ; rise risas by.
 . ]

141 AND Primary Derivatives. mo

See. Conj.: [Int. reris-. — D€.nd. ririksati etc. rv. [ririsisa-, riresisa-.
] —
Caus. resayati etc. v. + (risayadhyai uw)
Deriv.: Asv. resa c. resana v. resman av.b.
res? B. -resins. risti v.u.s. ririksu rv.
-risa Av. risana- rv. risika? c.

y Tih, 'lick'.

Pres. [2.] redhi rihanti etc. v.b., rihate rv., rihana v., rihana vs.
Perf. ririhvans rv.
Verb, ridha rv.
Sec. Conj.: Int. reriliat -hana etc. v.b., rerihyate etc. v.b.

Deriv. : -rehana av. reriha av.

The other verb-forms and derivatives made from ]/ lih, which see.

y rl, see y ri.

y 1 ru, 'cry'.

Pres. [2.] rauti [raviti] ruvanti etc. b.+ (riiyat s., ravanav s.) — [6.]
ruvati etc. v.+ —
[1.] ravati -te etc. jb.+

Perf. rurava e., ruruvire b.

Aor. [1. riiyat. — j 3. artiruvat c. [ariravat.] — 5. aravit etc. rv.

\Fut. ravisyati, ravita rota.]
Verb, ruta av. + ; rotum c.

Sec. Conj.: Int. roraviti etc. v. +, roruvana b.; roruyate etc. e. +. -ti e. —
[Desid. ruriisa-. — ] Caus. ravayati etc. s. +
Deriv. .•
rava v. + -ravas v.+ ruvatha b. rava r.+
ravana c. ravitr b. ruma? rv. ravin e.+
ruvana- RV. ravatha v.b.s. ravanaE.+

y 2 ru, 'break'

Pres. [2.] rudhi av.? — [1.] ravat b.

Aor. 5. ravisam etc. v.b.

Verb, ruta v.b.

Sec. Conj.: Int. roruvat rv.

Deriv. : ravitr b. -ravin b.

A very few sporadic occurrences, and not unquestionable.

y rue, 'shine'.

Pres. [1.] rocate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. +

Perf. rviroca ruruce etc. v.+ (rurukvans rurucyas rurucanta rv.)
Aor. 1. ruciya ta., rucana bv.; aroci rv. — 2. arueat c. — 3. arurucat
Ev., -cata (3s.) etc. b. — 4. arukta ta. — 5. arocista etc. b.+ (rocisiya

b., rucisiya av.)

 .

rue Roots, Vekb-forms, 142

Fut. 1. rocisyate e. [ — 2. rocita.]

Verb, rucita e. + ;
rocitum e. ruce rv. ;

Sec. Conj.: Int. rorueana rv. — Desid. rurueisate? aa. [rurocisa-.]

Caus. rocayati etc. v.+, -te etc. b.+ (rocyate e.); rucayanta rv.
Deriv.: nic v.+ rocaka e. + ruci AV. + rucira e.+
ruea b. -roein. c. roci f ruksa rv.
ruca E. roka V. + rocis V. + rueisya c.
rucaka e.+ roka Ev. roeuka >is. rocisnu b.+
rucya c. -rokin v.b. mkma v. + -ru9a? RV.
roca Av. + roeana v.+ rukmant v.b. ru9ant? v.
-rocaa b.

y ruj, 'break'.

Pres. [6.] rujati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [2?] rukte b.

Terf. ruroja rurujus etc. v.+ (rurojitha rv.)

Aor. 1. rok vs., ruk ms. — 3. arurujat c. [— 4. arauksit.]
]^Fut. roksyati, rokta.]
Verb, rugna v. + ; ruktva b. ; -rujya b. + -ruje rv.
;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, rujyate e. — [Int. roruj-. — ] Lesid. ruruksa- (in d.) —
[Caus. rojayati.]
Deriv.: TX>j 'V.+ rogav. + -ruj ana c. -rujatnu rv.
ruja V.+ loga? V.B. -rogana av. ruruksani rv.
ruj a E. + ruj ana rv.

y ruth, 'torment'
Pres. [1.] rothamana r^.

Compare y luth.

y rud, 'weep'.
Pres. [2.] roditi rudanti etc. v.+ (rudimas rudihi c. arodit b.+) — [6.]
rudati -te etc. s.+ — [1.] rodati -te etc. s.+
Perf. ruroda rurudus etc. e., rurude e.

Aor. 2. arudat etc. av.u. — [3. arurudat. — ] 5? araudisit c.

Fut. 1. rodisyati c. [ — 2. rodita.]

Verb, rudita e. +; roditum
ruditva e.+, roditva e. -rudya c.
c. ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, rudyate c. —

Int. rorudat e., rorudyate etc. e.+ —
Desid. rurudisa- (^in d.) Caus. rodayati etc. v. + —
Deriv. -TVid AX.
: rodana e.+ rodas etc.? v.+ -roruda av.
-ruda? c. rudana c. roditavyaE. + rurudisu c.
roda AV.U. rudra v v. +

y 1 rudh, 'grow'.
Pres. [1.] rodhati rodhat rv. [6.] rudhant? rv'. —
Derir..- -rudh V.+ -rodhaAv.+ -rodhana v.b.

Appeals to be another form of y ruh.

 .

143 AND Primary Derivatives. [nih

y 2 rudh, 'obstruct'.

Pres. [7. J runaddtii rundhanti rtinddhe rundhate elc v.+ — [2. rudh-
—
|

mas Av. [1.] rodhati e. [6'.'J rundhati -te

etc. )i. + —
Perf. rurodha rurudhe etc. v.+ (rurodhitha ev., rurundhatue e.)

Aor. 1. arodham rv.. arudhma ms. (rudhant? rv.); rudhyatc. |arodhi.|

— 2. arudhat etc. v.+ — [3. arurudhat. ] —
4. arautsit etc. n.+

(araut av., rotsis v.), arutsi aruddha etc. b.u. (arautsi ah.)
Fut. 1. rotsyati -te etc. b.+ [ 2. roddha. — |

Verb, ruddha v. + ; roddhum e. + , -dhos d.. rodhitum e. ruddhva b. + ; ;

-rudhya v.+, -nindhya e. ; -rudham av.k.. -rundham h. -rodham h. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, rudhyate etc. v. + . -ti etc. e.+ — Int. rorudhas r. —
Desid. rurutsate etc. b., -ti e. (-syamana? b.s.) — Caus. rodhayati
-te etc. E.+ (rodhyate e.); rundhayati e.
Deriv.: -rudh. v. + rodhaka e.+ rodhanav. + -ruddhi b.

-rudha rv. rodliin s. + rodhana rv. roddhavya e.+

rodha V.+ rodhya e.+ r6dhasv.+ roddhj b.+

-rodliuka b.

I'
rup, 'break, ])am'
Pres. [4.] riipyati etc. b.

[Per/", ruropa.]
Aor. [2. arupat. — ] 3. arurupat etc. av.b.

[Fut. ropisyati, ropita.]

Verb, rupita rv.
Sec. Conj. : Caus. ropayati b.
Deriv. : ropana av. ropi av. ropusi rv.

Probably the same with y lup, though differentiated from it in meaning.

y rus, 'be vexed'.

Pres. [1.] rosati rv.b. — [4.] rusyati -te etc. e.+ — [0.| rusati etc. 8.+

[Perf. etc. rurosa; arusat, artirusat, arosit; rosisyati, rosita rosta.]

Verb, rusita e.+. rusta e. + rusya e. ;

Sec. Conj.: [Int. rorus-. — Desid. rurusisa-, rurosisa-. — ] Caus. rosayati

-te etc. E.+ (rosyate e.+")

Deriv. : rus rosa e. +

e. + rosana e. +
Occasionally written ru9 ; and part of the av. forms of ru(;ant are referred

here by BR.

y ruh, 'ascend'.
Pres. [1.] rohati -te etc. v.+ — [6.] ruhati -te etc. R.+

Perf. ruroha ruruhus etc. v.+ (rurohitha av.^, rurxihe etc. c.

Aor. 2. aruhat etc. v.+ [ruheyam etc. ruha riihana v.b.s.) — 7. anikaat
etc. v.b.s.
 + . +

ruhj Roots, Verb-fokms, 144

Fut. ]. roksyati b.+, -te e., rohisye e. [ — 2. rodha.]

Verb, rudha v. + ; rodhum b. + , rohitum e. ;rudhva av. ; -riihya av. +,
-ruhya ab.; -ruham ev. ; rohisyai ts. ; -roham b.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, ruhyate b. — [Int. roruh-. — ] ruruksati
Desid. etr. v.+
— Cans, rohayati etc. v. + , -te etc. B. + -, ropayati etc. b. + , -te e.

(ropyate e.+, aropi c.)

Deriv. : ruh v. + rohana v. + -rodhavya e. + ropin e. +

-ruha B.+ rohaniya S.+ -rodhr c. ropya e.+
rohaAv. + rohas rv.s. -ruruksuE. + ropanaE.
roliakaE.+ -rohuka k. ropa e.+ ropaniya c.

rohin B.+ rudhi b.+ ropaka e.+ ropayitrE. +

-rohya b.

y rus, 'strew'.
[Pres. etc. rusati etc. etc.]

Verb, rusita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Cans, [rusayati;] rosayati etc. c.

Deriv. .-
rtisana c. ruksaVv.

y rej, 'tremble'.

Pres. [1.] rejati -te etc. v.b.

Sec. Conj.: Cnus. rejayati etc. rv.

y red, 'deceive' (?).

Pres. [1.] -redant b.s.

Only in the phrase aredata manasa. Of wholly douhtful character.

y rebh, see y ribh.

y laks, 'mark'.
Pres. [1.] laksate c, -ti e.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. laksayati -te etc. e.+ (-laksita b. +, -laksya s. + ; laks-
yate e.+)
Deriv. laksa V.+
; laksya u.+ laksaniya c. laksmiv.+
laksaka c. laksana b.+ laksmanv.+ -laksayitavya e.

Eeally a denominative formation from laksa, but having attained the

position and value of a secondary root.

y lag, 'attach'

Pres. [1.] lagati efc. e.+

[Perf. etc. lalaga; alagit.]
Put. 1. lagisyati etc. c. [ — 2. lagita.]
Verb, lagna b'.v e. + ; lagitva c; -lagya c.
145 AND Primary Derivatives. [labh

Sec. Conj.:Caui<. lagayati c.

Deriv.:-lagana c. laganiya c. linga? u.+

The lateness of this root is strongly opposed to the derivation from it of
laksa etc.

]/ langh, 'leap'.
Pre*. [1.] langhati -te c.
[Perf. etc. lalangha -ghe; alanghit, alanghista; langhisyati -te,
langhita.]
Sec. Conj.: Cans, langhayati etc. e.+ (langhita s. + langhyate c.) ;

Derir. laiigliaka c.
. -langhin c. langhyaE.+ langhana s.+
langhaniya c.
Doubtless related with y ranh.

y lajj, 'be ashamed'.

Pres. [6.] lajjate etc. eI.e. +, -ti etc. e.+

Perf. lalajjire c.

[Aor. etc. alajjista; lajjisyate, lajjita.]

Verb, lajjita c. ; lajjitum e.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. lalajj-. — Desid. lilajjisa-. — ] Caus. lajjayati etc. c.

Deriv. lajj a e.+

y lap//prate'.
Prss. [1.] lapati etc. av.e.+, -te etc. e. — [4.] lapyant m.

Perf. lalapa lepus e.+

[Aor. alilapat, alalapat; alapit.]
Fut. 1. lapisyati etc. e,+ [ — 2. lapita.]
Verb, lapita av.+, lapta e. ;
lapitum c. laptum e. -lapya e.+
;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, lapyate — c. Int. lalapiti etc. av.e.; lalapyate etc. e.+,

-ti E. — [Desid. lilapisa-. — ] Caus. lapayati etc. av.+. -te etc. b.u.

Deriv. : -lap av. lapana c. -lapitavya c. -lapin e. +

-lapya c. lapaniya c, -lapaAv.+ -lapya c.
-lapti c. -lapaka e. + -lapana e. +
Compare the other root-form, rap.

y labh, 'take'.

Pres. [1.]labhate etc. av.+, -ti etc. av.? e. + lambhate etc. e. ;

Perf. lalabha c, lebhe etc. v.+

Aor. [1. alambhi. 3. alalambhat. — ] 4. alabdha alapsata — b.;

lapsiya s.
Fut. 1. lapsyate etc. b.+, -ti etc. b. + labhisyati c: 2. labdha e. ;
—
Verb, labdba v. + labdbva av. + -labhya b. + -lambham k.s.

—
: ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, labhyate etc. b.+. -ti c. [— Int. lalabh-, lalambh-.]
.Desid. lipsate etc. av.+, -ti etc. e. + ;
lipsate etc. b.s. (lipsyate cb.) —
Caus. lambhayati etc. b.+, -te b.

Whitney, Supplement II. !••

 .

labh] Roots, Vebb-foems, 146

Deriv.: -labha s.+ labhana c. lambha b.+ lambhuka b.u.

labhya B.+ -labhaniya c. lambhaka b.+ lipsa avp.e.+
labha B.+ labdhiE. + -lambhin e.+ lipsuE.+
-labhaka rv. labdhavya u.+ -lambhya b.s. lipsitavya e.

labhin c. labdhr b.+ larabhanas.+ lipsitavya b.

lambhaniyau.+
Compare the other root-form, rabh.

y lam, 'take pleasure'.

Pres. lalama ci.

Deriv. lamaka? s.

Sporadic variation of y ram.

y lamb, 'hang down'.

Pres. [1.] lambate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e.+
Perf. lalambe etc.
+ e.

[Aor. alalambat, alambista.]

Fut. 1.lambisyati e., alambisyata c. [2. lambita.] —
Verb, lambita + lambitum e. + -lambya e.+
e. ; :

Sec. Conj.: Pass, lambyate etc. e.+ — Caus. lam.bayati etc. e. + . -te c,
(lambyate etc. e.+)
Deriv.: lamba B.+ lambinB. + lam.banaE.+ -lambitavya c.

lambaka c. -lambya c. -lambuka b.

Compare the other root-form, ramb.

y lal, 'sport'.

Pres. [1.] lalati -te etc. e.+

Verb. lalita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Caus. lalayati etc. e.+, -te c. (lalyate c); lalayati etc. c.

Deriv. : lalana e. + lalaka c. lalana c. lalayitavya e. +

-lala c. -lalya c. lalaniya e. +

y las, 'desire'

Pres. [!.] lasati -te etc. e.+ [ — 4. lasyati -te.]

Perf. lalasa lesus c. [lese.]

[Aor. alilasat; alaslt, alasista.]
Fut. 1. lasisyati c. [-te. — 2. lasita.]
Verb, lasita e. +
[Sec. Conj.: lalas-; lilasisa-; lasaya-.]
Deriv.: -lasya c. -lasaniya c. -lasa c. -lasin c.

-lasaka e. + -lasvika c.

Hardly occurs, in verb-forms or derivatives, except with abhi.

 .. + ]]

147 AND Primary Derivatives. [lip

y las, 'be lively'

Pre.<. [1.] lasati etc. e.+. -te etc. c.

Perf. lalasa c.

[Aor. etc. alilasat, alasit; lasisyati, lasita.J

Verb, lasita e.+
Sec. Conj. : Caus. lasayati etc. e. + (laayate c.)

Deriv.: -las c. -lasana c. lasaE. + -lasin e.+

-lasa B.+ lasana e. + lasaka e.+ lasya e. +
lalasa e.+
In meaning . lalasa belongs distinctly to y las , and the two roots are
very possibly one in origin; alasa is the only pre-epic form.

y la, 'grasp'.
Pres. [2.] lati c.

[Perf. etc. lalau; alasit; lasyati, lata.]

Verb, latva c.

A few sporadic occurrences, probably artificial.

y lanch, 'mark'
Only in lanchita c. and lanehana c. ;
perhaps connected with y laks.

y likh, 'scratch'.

Pres. [6.] likhati etc. av.+. -te b.s.

Perf. lilekha etc. b.+
Aor. [1. alekhi. — ] 3. alilikhat — jb. 5. lekhis b.s.

Fut. 1. likhisyati c. [lekhisyati. — 2. lekhita.]

Verb, likhita av. + [lekhitum, likhitum; lekhitva,] likhitva c. ; -li-

khya b. +
Sec. likhyate etc. s.+
Conj.: Pass, [Desid. lilikhisa-, lilekhisa-. — —
Caus. lekhayati etc. s. + likhapayati c. :

i)erii'. likhya c.
.•
lekha s.+ lekhakaE.+ lekhana s.
likhana c. lekha b.+ lekhinE.+ lekhaniya c
lekhya e. +
Compare the other root-form, rikh.

'
y lip, limp, 'smear'.
Pres. [6.] limpati etc. av,+, -te etc. s.+
Perf. lilepa lilipus b. +
Aor. 1. alepi c. — 2. alipat c. lalipata. — 3. alilipat.] — 4. alipta c,
alipsata ev.
[Fut. lepsyati -te ; lepta.]
Verb, lipta av. + -lipya b.+ ;

Sec. Conj. : Pass, lipyate etc. b.+, -ti e. — [Int. lelip-. — Desid. lilipsa-. —
Caus^ lepayati etc. e. + limpayati
;
s.

10*
lip] Roots, Verb-fokms, 14S

Deriv.: lepa r.s.+ lepinE.+ lepana s.+ -limpa av.b.

-lepaka c. lepya c. lipiE.+ limpi c'.
Compare tlie other root-form, rip.

y lie, 'tear.

Pres. [6.] liqate etc. e. {^licjana jb.) [ — 4. ligyate.]

Perf. Iili9ire b.
Aor. [3. alili^at. — ] 5. ale9isi b. [ — 7. aliksata.]
[Fut. leksyate, lesta.]
Verb, lista b.s.

[Sec. Conj.: lelig-; liliksa-; legaya-.]

Derir.; (ku-)li9a? V.+ le9aB.+ lestu e.+
Compare the other root-form, ri9.

yiih, 'lick'.

Pres. [2.] ledhi etc. b.+, lidhe etc. b.+ — [6.] lihati etc. e.+
[Perf. etc. lileha, lilihe.]
Aor. [1. alehi. — 3. alilihat. — 4. alidha. — ] 7. aliksat s. [-ksata.]
[Fut. leksyati -te, ledha.]
Verb, lidha e. + ; -lihya s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, lihyate e. — Int. lelihat etc. e.+, lelihana e. +. -hita jb.,

lelihyate etc. e. +, -hyant c. — [Desid. liliksa-. — ] Cans, lehayati

etc. B.+

Deriv. : -lih c. leha c. -lehin e.+ lehana s.+

-liha c. -lehaka e. lehyaE. + lelihaE.+
Compare the other root-form, rih.

y 1 11, 'cling".

Pres. [4.] liyate av. '?

b.+, -ti etc. v.c. — [1.] layate etc. v.b. — (ni-")layata
E. [— 9. linati.]
Perf. lilye etc. b.+, lilyus b.+ — (ni-)layam cakre cb. [lalau.]
Aor. 4. alesta cb. [alaisit. — 6. alasit.]
[Fut. lesyati, lasyati; leta, lata.]
Verb, llna AV. + ; -liya e.+, -laya s. ; -lay am av.b.
Sec. Conj. : [Int. leli-. — Desid. lilisa-. — ] Caus. lapayati etc. b. + (lap-
yate c.) layayati etc. c.
;

Deriv.: layaB.+ -liyana c. -layya? ev. -lapya c.

layanaAv.+ layav ev. -layana c. -lapana b.+
layu? MS. -layaka vs. -leya v c. -lapayitavya c.

Compare ]/ ri, ri.

149 AND Primary DERtvATivES. flup

y 2 II, 'be unsteady'.

Sec. Conj.: Int. lelayati E.r.s.. alelayat v.. alelet n.. lelayanti lelayatas
B.; lelayate etc. v., aleliyata b. ; lelaya -
cb.. lelaya ms.. lelayat jh.
Deriv. lelacB.?jB.
Perhaps iutensive of the preceding. The variety of form and accent is
quite anomalous.

y lunc, 'tear'.
[Pres. Ivincati.]
Perf. luluncus e., -nee c.

[Aor. etc. aluncit; luncisyati, luncita.]

Verb, luneita c. ; luncitva c [lucitva] -luneya e.
. ;

Deriv.: lvLk.1 c. -lunca vs. -luncaka c. -luncanaE.+

y 1 luth, roll'.

Pres. [6.] luthati -te etc. c.

Perf. lulotha c.
[Aor. etc. aluluthat alulothat, alothit alothista; lothisyati, lothita.]

Verb, luthita c.

Sec. Conj. : Int. loluthiti c. — Caus. lothayati c.

Deriv. lothana? c.

)/ 2 luth, lunth, 'rob'.

Pres. [l.Jlunthati e'.

Fut. lunthisyati c.

Verb, lunthitum c.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. lothayati etc. c. ; lunthayati etc. c. (lunthyate c.l

Deriv. : -luntha c. lunthaka c. lunthana e'.c. Ivinthi c.

y lud, 'stir up".

l^Pres. etc. lodati etc. etc.]

Sec. Conj.: Caus. lodayati etc. e. + lodita -lodya s.+ (lodyate etc. e.+) ;

Deriv. -lodana E. +
; -lodayitr c.
Compare }' lul. A form or two from y lunth appear to have the mean-
ing of }/ Ivid.

y lup, 'break'.
Pres. [6.] lumpati etc. av.+. -te etc. s.+
Perf. lulopa etc. b.+, lulupe e.

Aor. 1. lopi s. — [2. alupat. — ] o. alulupat e. [alulopat.] — 4. [alupta;]

lopsiya u.
[Fut. lopsyati -te, lopta.]
Verb. luptaAV. + loptumc. ; ; luptva s. + ; -lupya \y. + : -lumpam ms.,

-lop am s.
 . .

lup] Roots, VERB-roKMS, 150

Sec. Conj.: Pass, lupyate etc. av.+ (lupyate ts.), -ti s. — lolupat
Inf.

-pyate etc. v.-i- — [Desid. lulupsa-, lulopisa-. — ] Cans, lopayati -te

etc. JB.E.+ (lopyate c.)

Deriv.: lup c lopaka E.+ lopanaE. + -lumpakaE. +

-lupya c. lopin e.+ -lupti b. -lumpana e.
lopaE. + lopya c. loptr e. lolupa e.+
loptra E. +
Compare the other root-form, rup. Xiolupa belongs in meaning to )/lubh.

y lubh, 'be lustful'

Pres. [4.]lubhyati etc. av. + [ 6. lubhati.] [1.] lobhase — — ci.

Perf. lulubhe s. + [lulobha.]

Aor. [2. alubhat. ] 3. alulubhat jb. [ —5. alobhit.] —
{Put. lobhisyati lobdha, lobhita.] ;

Verb, lubdha e. + ; lobdhum e.

Sec. Conj. Int. lolubhyate c.

: [Desid. lulubhisa-, lulobhisa-. —
] Caus. —
lobhayati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+ (lobby ate e. + lulobhayisati ab.") -,

Deriv.: lobhaE. + lobhin e.+ lobhana s. + lobhaniya e.+

-lobhaka c. -lobhya c.

y ltd, 'be lively'.

Pres. [1.] lolati etc. c.
Verb, lulita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Caus. lolayati etc. e.+
Deriv. : lola e. + lolana c.

The same with ]/ lud.

y lu, 'cut'.

Pres. [9.] lunati etc. b.+ — [5.] Ivmoti etc. b.s.

Perf. lulava c.

[Aor. etc. alavi, alilavat -vata, alavlt alavista; lavisyati -te, lavita.]
Verb, liina b. + ; -lavam c
[Sec. Conj. : lolii- ; lulusa- ; lavaya-.]
Derio.: lavaB.+ -lavya c. lavanas. + lava c. lavaka c^

y lok, 'look'

Pres. [1.]lokate etc. b'.c.

Perf. luloke c.

Aor. 1. aloki c. [ 3. alulokat. — — 5. alokista.]

[Fut. lokisyate, lokita.]
Verb, lokitvim c.

.Sec. lokayati etc. e.+, -te etc. e.+ (lokyate etc. c.)
Conj.: Caus.
Deriv. -loka e. +
: -lokin s. + -lokana c. -lokayitr c.
-lokaka e. + -lokya e. + -lokaniya e. + -lokajritavya c.

Doubtless from y ruc, through a noun loka: compare also y loc.

151 AND PkiMARY DeRIYATIVES. [vao

y loc, "see, consider'.

[Pres. locate.]

Perf. luloce c'.

[AoT. etc. alulocat, alocista; locisyate, locita.]

Sec. Con}.: [Int. loloc-. — Desid. lulocisa-. — ) Cuu<. locayati -te etc. e.+
Deriv. : -loca c. -locya c. locana e.+ -locaniya c.

-iocaka c.
The same root with the preceding.

y vak, see y vafic.

y vaks, uks, 'increase'.

Pres. [1, 6.] uksant xiksamana auksat rv.

Perf. vavaksa vavakse etc. (vavaksitha) v.
Aor. 3? vavaksat sv. 5. auksis ev. —
[Put. vaksisyati, vaksita.]
Verb, uksita RV.
Sec. Conj. : Caus. viksayanta rv. ; vaksayam rv.
Deriv. : vaksana uv. vaksana? v. vaksani rv. vaksatha ry. vaksas .'
v.+

y vac, 'speak'.
Pres. [3.] vivakti etc. v. — [2.] vacmi vaksi vakti e. +
Perf. uvaca ucus etc. v.+ (uvaktha av.), iice etc. v.+ (vavaea vivakvans
RV.,vavakse rv.)
Acr. 1. ucyasamE. avaci v.b. ;
—
2. avocat -cata etc. v.+ (vocati -te

etc. vocati etc. v.b.s.

V. + ; vocet -ceta etc. v.b., vocatu etc. v.;
,

vocant c. avoci c.) [ ;3. avivacat.] —

Fut. 1. vaksyati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ (avaksyat etc. b.u.) 2. vakta b.+ —
Verb. ixkta v. + vaktum b.+, -tave rv., -tos b. uktva b. + -ucya b.+
; ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ucyate etc. v.+ Int. avavaeit rv. —

Desid. vivaksati —
-te etc. B.+ (vivaksyate c.) Caus. vacayati etc. b. + —
-te etc. s. ,

(vaeyate c.)

Deriv. vac V.+ vacana v.+ ukti V. + vagnu V.B.

-vaca E. + vacana rv. vakti ui. vakman'.' rv.

-ucya B.s. vacaniya s. + vaktva rv. vakmya? rv.

vaka V. + vacana v. + vaktavya b. + vagvana rv.

-vakin u'. -vacaniya c. vaktr V. + vagvanu rv.
vakya v. + vacas V.+ vaktra e.+ vivaksa b.+
vacaka e. + -vaeas v. uktha V. + vivaksu av. +
vacin c. -vaku AV.+ ucatha rv. vacayitr c.
vacya v. + vacayitavyas.
The aorist-stem voca is treated quite as a secondary root-form.
 ;

vaj] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 152

y vaj, 'be strong'.

[Pres. etr. vajati etc. etc.]

Sec. Conj.:Cms. vajayati etc. v.b.s. (vajayant ev. vajayadhyai rv.) ;

Deriv.: vajav. + ojas v.+ ojiyas v.b. ugrav.+

-vajana s. oja- rv. ojman v. vajrav.+
ojistha V.B.

The verbal forms are really denominative, from vaja.

y vane, 'move crookedly'.

Pres. [1.] vaneati v.b.s., -te c'.
Perf. [vavanca] vavakre rv.
[Aor. etc. vaeyat. avavancat, avancit; vaneisyati, vancita; vancitva
vacitva vaktva.]
Sec. Conj.: Pass, vacyate etc. v. + Int. [vanivanc-] avavacltv ev. — —
[Desid. vivancisa-. —
] Cans, vancayati etc. v.+. -te etc. e.+ (vanc-

yate e. +)
Deriv. vaneaka e. + vanku rv.
: vakra av. + vancayitr c.
vancana v. + vankri v. + vakva rv. vancayitavya e.+
vancaniya e.+ vakvan rv.
It is hardly necessary to assume a different root-form vak for a part of

these forms , since they are all such as sometimes show a guttural in place of a
palatal of the root.

y vant, 'divide'.
[Pres. etc. vantati etc. etc.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, vantyate c.

The '6^ occurrence is doubtless artificial.

single

y vat, 'apprehend'.

Pres. [1.] vatema vatantas av.

Aor. 3. avivatan v.

Sec. Conj. : Cans, vatayati etc. ev.

Deriv. -vata? rv.
Only with api.

y vad, 'speak'.
Pres. [1.] vadati -te etc. v.+ (vadata -deyus e. ; udeyam av.)

Perf. udima udus v.b.. ude etc. b.u.

Aor. 1. udyasam etc. b.s. avadi c. —[3. avivadat.
: ] 5. avadit etc. v.+ —
(vadisas av.. vadisma ab.). vadisthas b. (avadiran av.)
Fut. 1. vadisyati etc. .s.v. +. -te b.
Verb, udita v. + vadita e. + vaditum b. + vaditos e.s. uditva s.
, ; , ;

-udya B. + -ude? av. ;

 :: +

153 AXD Primary Derivatives. vand

Sec. Con).: Pass, udyate etc. v. + Int.vavaditi etc. v.n., -dyate etc. n. —
Desid. vivadisati etc. b.s. Caus. vadayati -te etc. n.+ (vadyate
B.+. -ti E.)
Deriv. : -vada v. vadya av.+ vaditr ii.+ vadman nv.
-vadya v. + vadana e.+ vaditra r.s. + -vadavada n.

-udya Av. + vadana s. + -vadisu s. vadavadin s.

vada V.+ -vadaniya s.+ -vadisnu s. -vadayitr h. +

vadaka e. + vaditavya ii.+ vadistha u.
vadin v. + vaditavya e. vaduka a.

Compare y vand.

y vadh, badh, 'slay.

Pres. [1?] vadha? vadheyam av., vadhet vs.

Aor. 1. badhyasam -stis av.b.s.. vadhyat avadhi c.

l. ;
— 5. avadhit
etc. V. + (avadhim vadhim v.b. ; vadhisas ev.. badhis ta.) [vadhi-
sthas vadhisista.1
;

Fut. 1. vadhisyati -te etc. e. +

Sec. Conj.: Pass, vadliyate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e.+ — Caus. vadhayati etc. b.

Derii\
vadha, ba-v.+ vadhana rv. -vadhyaE. + vadhasna rv.
vadhaka av. + vadhatra rv. -vadhra rv. vadhasnii v.

vadhya, ba- av. + vadhar rv. vadhriv v.+

y van, va, Svin'.

Pres. [8.] vanoti vanute etc. v.b.s. — [1.] vanati -te etc. v. — [(3.] vanati
vanema v.b.

Perf. vavana vavanma etc. vavne (vavantha vavanas vavandhi) rv.

Aor. 1. vanta? rv., vansva rv. —
4. vansat etc. rv.. vansi (Is.) vansate

V.B. vansimahi vasimahi rv. — 5. vanisat av. vanisanta ts.

, ,

(vanusanta rv.). vanisista 6. vansisiya rv. — ? av.

Fut. 1. vanisyate s. [ —
2. vanita.]

Verb, -vata v.b., vanita e. + -vantave rv. ;

Sec. Conj.: Int. vanivan- [m d.). Desid. vivasati — -te etc. v. — Ciw-.

vanayantu av.
Deriv. -van? B.s.
 . ]

vandl Roots, Vekb-fobms, 154

Aor, 1. vandi rv. — 5. vandisimahi kv.

[Fut. vandisyate, vandita.]
Verb, vandita av. + vanditum e. + vanditva e. + -vandya e. + vand-
; ; ; ;

adhyai bv.
Sec. Conj. Pass, vandyate etc. e. +
: Desid. vivandisa- (in d.). Caus. — —
vandayati etc. e.
Deriv. -vanda v.
: vandin c. vandaniya e.+ vanditavya e. +
vandya v. + vandana v. + vandaru v. + vanditr v.b.
vivandisu c.
Doubtless the same with ]/ vad.

y 1 vap, 'strew'.

Pres. [1.] vapati -te etc. v. + (upet s.)

Perf. uvapa iipus etc. v. + (vavapa e.), upe etc. rv.

Aor. [upyat;] vapi n.
1. [3. avivapat. —
] 4. avapsit etc. b.+ [avapta.] —
Fut. vapsyati etc. b.s. vapisyati etc. e. + [
1. 2. vapta.]
; —
Verb, upta V. +, upita e'., vapta e1. uptva e. + -upya v.+ ; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, upyate etc. v. + [Int. vavap-. Desid, vivapsa-. — — —

Caus. vapayati etc. b. +
Deriv. vapa B. -vapaka e. vapaniya c. vaptavya c.

vapa v.B.s. -vapin c. vapana c. vaptr E. +

-upya B. vapya b. + vapi E. + vapra s.+
vapa B.+ vapana av. + upti c. -vapistha b.

-vapayitr b.
Compare the following root.

y 2 vap, 'shear'.

Pres. [1.] vapati -te etc. v.b.s.

Verb, upta -upya s.

s. ; uptva s. ;

Sec. Conj.: Caus. vapayati etc. s., -yita s.

Deriv. vapana B. +
.-
vapa c. vapana s,+ vaptr v.b.s.

Doubtless the same with the preceding root: 'scatter off from one'.

y vara, 'vomit'.

Pres. [2.] vamiti vamanti etc. v.+ (avamit v.b., avamat b.+) — [1.]

vamati etc. e. +
Perf. vavama e. +, vemus [vavamus] (uvama
c. cb.)

Aor. [1. avami. — 3. avivamat. ] 4. avan kb. [ — — 5. avamit.]

[Fut. vamisyati, vamita.]
Verb, vamta vamitva
b. + -, c.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. vanvam-. — Desid. vivamisa-. — ] Caus. vamayati etc.

c. ; vamayati etc. c.
Derjv.; vami c. vamana c. vamitavya c. vamra? v.b,

vamin b. + vamaniya c. vamathu c.

155 AND Primary Derivatives. '1 vas

y val, turn'.
Pres. [1.] valati -te etc. c.

Perf. vavale c.

[Aor. etc. avivalat, avalista; valisyati, valita.]

Verb, valita c. valitva c.
;

Sec. Conj. : Caus. valayati c.

Dcr «('.; valana c. vali .'£.+ valayaE.+

Evidently a secondary root- form, probably from y 1 vr, through some
derivative.

y valg, 'spring'.
Pres. [1.] valgati etc. av. +, -te etc. e.+
Perf. vavalga etc. e.

[Aor. etc. avalgit ; valgisyati, valgita.]

Verb, valgita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Caus. valgayati s.
Deriv.: valga E.+ -valgin c. valgana c. valguv.+

y valh, 'challenge'.
valhati -te etc, b.s.
Pres. [I.]

Verb, valhita c. -valhya b. ;

Deriv. -valha b.s.

: -valhaka b.s.

]/ vac, 'be eager'.

Pres. [2.] vasti u^anti etc. v.+ (Qmasi rv. , vasta sv.") — [1.] vacjanti
ava9at ev., vaqa -qet at.? — [3.] vavaksi vivasti rv., vivastu sv.

— [6.] U9amana rv'.

Perf. vavacjus -qe -9ana rv. [uva9a Uijus.]

Aor. [1. UQyat. 3. avivaQat.— j 5. va9is e. [avacjit.] —
[Fut. etc. vaqisyati, vaqita; uqita.]
.Sec. Conj.: [Pass. u(;yate. Int. vava9-. —
Desid. vivaqisa-. ] Caus. — —
vaqayati c. vaqita? av. + ;

Dcrii'. vaqa V.+

; uqana, -nas v. + v&qi b. vaBti rv.
u(ja-'? RV. UQenya RV. UQi-vv. + va9itr c.
uqij v.B.e. vaqiyas av. .'

y 1 vas, us, uch, 'shine'.

Pres. [6.] uchati etc. v.b.s. — [2.] vastev cb'.

Perf. uvasa usiis etc. v.b.

Aor. ]. avasran ev. — 4. avatv av.

Fut. 1.avatsyat cb.

Verb, usta v.+, usita s.e. vastave ;
rv, ;
-usi v.b.

Sec. Conj. Caus. vasayati etc. v.b.

:
1 vas
 . •

157 AND Primary Derivatives. [2 va

y vah, 'carry'.

Pres. [1.] vahati -te etc. v. + —

[2.] vaksi vodham -dham vihita vaksva
vodhvam udhvam lihana v.r.
Perf. uvaha tihus uhe etc. v. (vavaha vavahatus e.+)
etc. v.+,
Aor. I.avahi c. ixhyat s.: [3. avivahat. —
] 4. avaksit etc. v.u.s. {kva^ —
vat V.E.S.. vaksat etc. v.u.s., vaksati etc. v.) [avaksi,]
Fut. I. vaksyati etc. av.+, -te e. vahisyati etc. e.+ 2. vodha v.
;
—
Verb, udhav. +vodha? k'.; vodhumv. + -dhave v.b.s., -dhavalB.
. ,

udhva E.; -uhya av. + vahe rv. vahadhyai kv. ; ;

Sec. Conj. Pa^s. uhyate etc. v.+, -yant e.+

: Int. vavahiti c, vanlvah- —
yate etc. b.s. — [Desid. vivaksa-. — ] Cans, vahayati etc. ii.+, -te etc.

E. + (vahyate etc. e. +)
Deriv -vah V. + vahya s.+ vodhavya e. + vahiyas v.b.
vaha AV.+ vahana s.+ -vahitavya e. vahni v.+
vahin B.s. vahana v. + vodhr V. + -vahman ev.
vahya v.s. vahaniya c. vahitr e. vaksas v v.

ogha V. + vahat Ev. -vahitr u. vaksana.' v.

augha B. vaghat? EV. vahitra c. vaksi .'

EV.
vaha V. + vahas v.b.s. vahistha v. vavahi rv.
vahaka e. -
udhi E. + vahistha v.b. vivadhav b.+
vahin av. + vahatii v.b. -vahayitr c.

Compare roots 1 , 2 uh.

]/ 1 va, 'blow'.

Pres. [2.] vati etc. v. + — [4.] vayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.

Perf. vavau etc. b, +

Aor. 6? avasit b.

Fut. vasyati etc. c.

1.

Verb, vata s., vana c. vatum c. ;

Sec. Conj. Caus. vapayati etc. v. +

:

Deriv.: -va av.e. vata v. + -vapaka c. -vapayitr c.

-vana e. + vayu v. + -vapana c. -vapayitavya c.

-vayya av.
The forms from pres.-stem vaya have mostly the sense 'be blown or ex-
hausted', and are generally referred to a different root, 2 va. The two, however,
seem evidently only two sides of the same original root , nor are the forms
capable of being clearly divided between them.

]/ 2 va, vi, u, 'weave'.

Pres. [4.] vayati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.+

Perf. livus RV. [vavau etc., uvaya uyus etc.]

[Aor. 1. tiyat. —
avasta, vasista.
4. 6. avasit.] —
Fut. 1. vayisyati ev. [-te; vasyati. 2. vata.] —
Verb, uta v. +. uta s. otum rv., otave sv.. otavai
;
v.. vatave av.
 +

2 val Roots, Verb-forms, 15S

Sec. Conj.: Pass, uyate etc. b.s. [ — In', vava-. — Desid. vivasa-. — Caus.
vayaya-.]
Derjy. ; -vaya Rv.c. vanas. + otu v.b. vem?s.+
vayaka c. vayuna?v. + -vatavya c. vema e. |
-vayana b.s. uti ? c. vayitr b. veman b. +

y 3 va (m vivasa-), see y van.

y vanch, 'desire'.

Pres. [1.] vanchati etc. \.+

[Perf. etc. vavancha; avanchit; vanehisyati, vanchita.]
Verb, vanchita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Pass, vanchyate etc. c. — Caus. vanchayati e.

Deriv. vancha c.

y vac, 'bellow'.
Pres. [4.]vaqyate etc. av. +. -ti e. —
[1.] va9ati etc. ev.e.+, -te etc. e.+

Perf. vava9e etc. v.+ (vavaQre -qana avavaqitam avava9anta etc. rv.)
Aor. 3. avivaqat etc. avivaqanta ev. [avava^at.] 5. ava9isthas b. —
[Fut. va9isyate, va9ita.]
Verb. va9ita e. + va9itva ; -va9ya c.
c. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass. va9yate c. —

Int. vava9at rv. vava9yate e. — ;
[Desid.

viva9isa-. — ] Caus. va9ayati etc. v.s.

X»eni;..- va9a? V.+ va9aka c. -va9ya s. va9rav.
va9a v.s. va9inE. + va9ana c.

y vah, 'press'.

Pres. [1.] vallate etc. c.

[Perf. vavahe; avahista; vahisyate, vahita.]

etc.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. vahayati c.

y 1 vie, 'sift'.

Pres. ['.] vinakti etc. v. + [,3.] viveksi — rv'.

Perf. viveca? av. (vivikvans rv.^

[Aor. avivicat, avaiksit.]
Fut. veksyati c. [
1. 2. vekta.] —
Verb, vikta b. + vektum e. -vicya
; ; s. + ; -vecam s.

Sec. Conj. Pass, vicyate etc. av. +

: — Int. vevekti s. — Caus. vecayati
etc. c.

Deri';..- -veka U.+ -vecaka c. -viktiB.+ -vektr c.

-vekin c. -vecana e. + -vektavya c. vivici v.b.s.

-vekya c.
 +

159 A.ND Primary Derivatives. [2 vid

y 2 Vic, see |/ vyac. ^ ^, ^^ ^.

UNIV I'Y
V vij, 'tremble".

Pres. [G.] vijate etc. v.+, -ti etc. k.+ — [1.] vejate e.

Perf. vivije etc. v.

Aor. 1 (4?). vikthas v.b., vikta ev. — ;}. vivijas rv. [

5. avijista.J
Fut. 1. vijisyati e., vejisyati c. [ — 2. vijita.J
Verb, vikta ev., vigna e. + [vijitum.]
Sec. Conj.: Int. vevijyate nv., vevijanaRv. — [Desid. vivijiaa-. — ] Caus.
vejayati etc. b.+, -te e.

Deriv.: vij u\. -vejaka c. -vejana c. vevija rv.

vegav.+ -vejin c. vigra.'Rv.

y 1 vid, 'know'.
Pres. [2.] vetti vidanti etc. v. +, vidmahe b. + (avidus b., -dan c. ; vidam
karotu c(c. c.) — [1.] vedaE., vedate u. — [6.] vidati-teetc. av.v.k. + ;

vindati -te etc. e. +

Perf. veda vidiis etc. v.+, vidre rv. ; viveda etc. c. — vidam cakara etc.

B.U.S.

Aor. [1. avedi. — 3. avividat. —J 4. avaitv c. — 5. avedit etc. b.+ —

vidam akran b.

Fut. vedisyati -te etc. b.u. (avedisyat u.); vetsyati -te etc. e. +
1. —
2. vedita cb., vetta e.

Verb, vidita av. + veditum b. +, -tos b., vettum e. viditva b.+

; ;

See. Conj. Pass, vidyate c.

: [Int. vevid-. —
] Desid. vividisati etc. b. +. —
vivitsati etc. c. —
Caus. vedayate -ti etc. v.+ (vedyate etc. e. + ;

vivedayisa- in d.)
Deriv.: vid v. + vedana b. + veditavya b. + vivitsa B. +
-vida B.+ vedaniya e. + vidatha v.b. vivitsu E. +
veda V.+ -vedi B. vidya v. + vividisa c.
vedaka e. + vidu(^sO RV. vidmian v. vividisu c.
vedin b. + vitti c. vidura e. + vedayitr c.
vedya v.+ vettr U.+ vidvan av. vivedayisu k.

vedya ev.c. veditr v. + vidvala v.

See y 2 vid.

y 2 vid, 'find'.

Pres. [6.] vindati -te etc. v.+ — vidre v.b.,

[2.] vitte etc. v.b. (vide 3s. v.b.,

vidam 3s. av.b., vidanav.B., vidanav.); vindate (3p.) vindyatv c. e..

Perf. viveda vividus etc. v. + [viveditha rv. vividat rv.) vivide , ,

etc. v.B.s.

Aor. 1.avedi vedi rv. —

2. avidat -data etc. v.b.s. (vidasi etc. vidat etc.

videt -deta etc. v.b.s., videsta av.) — [3. avividat. — ] 4. avitsi v.b.
 +

2 vid] Roots, Verb-forms, 160

FuL 1.vetsyati -te etc. b. + [vedisyati. 2. vetta.] —

Verb. vittaA. +, vinnaAv. + vettum e., vettave av., ; -tavai'.'TB., -tos
jB. ; vittva Av.B. -vidya
; b. + ; vide rv.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, vidyate etc. v. + , -ti etc. e. — Int. vevidat -dana etc.

Rv. — Desid. vivitsati etc. b. + — Caw.*, vedayati etc. e.

Deriv. : -vid v.+ vedyas. + vittiAv.+ vidayya kv.

-vidya V. vedanav.+ -vettavya c. -vindaB.
-veda V.+ -vedanlya c. -vettrE.+ -vindu t.b.
-vedaka c. vedas v.+ vedistha kv. -vindaka c.
-vedin c. veduka b. vediyas rv. -vivitsu? e.

Doubtless originally the same with the preceding root. In some of their
meanings, the two are so close together as hardly to he separable; and there are
instances, from the Veda down, of exchanges of form between them.

y 1 vidh, 'worship'.
Pres. [6.] vidhati etc. v.b.u.c, -te etc. rv.
Deriv. vedhas v. +

y 2 vidh, see y vyadh.

y vindh, 'lack'.

Pres. [6.] vindhate etc. rv.

Derfy.; vidhu V.+ vidliavav.+ vidliviraE.+
A body of forms of not unquestionable connection.

]/ vip, vep, 'tremble'.

Pres. [1.] vepate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. +
Perf. vivipre rv., vepus .'
c. [vivepe.]
Aor. 1. vipana rv. — 3. avivipat etc. rv. — 5. avepista etc. b.s.

[Fut. vepisyate, vepita.]

Sec. Conj.: Cans, vepayati etc. v. + ; vipayanti rv.

Deriv. : vip v. vepa v. + vepana v. + vepathu av.+

vipana- ? rv. -vepin c. vepas rv. vepistha rv.
vipas- V. + vipra v. +

y vi9, 'enter'.

Pres. [6.] vi^ati -te etc. v.+

Perf. vive9a vivi9e etc. v.+ (vive9itha rv.. vivecjus rv.. vive9atus c,
-vi9ivans av., vivi9yas v.. avive9is rv.)
Aor. 1. avi9ranRv. [vi9yat;] ave9i c.;
3. avivl9at c. 4. aviks- — —
mahi etc. rv. 5. ve9it rv. — 7. aviksat -san b.c. [aviksata.] —
Fut. 1. veksyati etc. b.+, -te etc. e. 2. vesta m. —
Verb, vista v. + vettum e. +. -tavai b. -vi9ya av. + vi9am rv.
; ; ;
161 AND Primary Derivatives. [vT

Sec. Conj. : Pass. vi9yate etc. c. — [Int. veviq-. —

] Desid. viviksati etc.
E.+ — Cans. ve9ayati etc. v,+, -te etc av.+ (ve^yate etc s. + )

i>er<(;.: V19 V.+ -vegaka c. ve(janav.+ vestavyaK.+

-vi9aB.+ ve9ins.+ -ve9aniya c. -vestr c
ve9av.+ ve9yav.+ ve9anta v.k. ve9manv.+
ve9i Rv. vi9anaE.+ ve9a8 av. viviksuE. +
-visti s. -ve9ayitavya c.

y vis, 'be active'.

vivesti etc ev. (vives vivesas etc. rv.) — [1.] vesati etc. rv.e.
Pres. [3. J

Perf. vivesa vivisus rv. (avivesis rv.)

Aor. 1? viddhi av.b.s. [2. avisat. ] —
vesisas rv. [— 7. avikaat.J — ;>.

Fut. 1. veksyati -te etc. e. + [ 2. vesta.] —

Verb, vista v. + ; vistvi rv. ; -visya av.b. ; -vise rv.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, visyate b. + — Int. vevesti etc. v.n., vevisana rv.,
vevisyate jub. — viviksa-
Desid. {in d.). — Caus. veaayati etc b.+
Deriv. : -vis? Rv. vesaAV. + vesanav.+ -vestavya c.
visav.H- -vesaka B.+ vesana rv. -ves^rAv. +
visa ? V. + -vesin c. visay a ? e. + visnu '? v. +
-vesya av.b.s. visti v. + -viviksu e.

Divided by Grassmann into two roots.

y vist, vest, 'wrap'.

Pres. [1.] vestate etc. av. +

[Perf. etc. viveste avivestat avavestat, avestista
; ; vestisyate, vest-
ita.]
Verb, vistita v.b.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. vevest-. — Desid. vivestisa-. — ] Caus. vestayati etc.

AV. +, -te etc B. + (vestyate etc. b. +)

Deriv. : vesta s. + vestana s. + -vestitr u.

vestaka s. + -vestaniya c.

y VI, 'enjoy' etc.

Pres. [2.] veti vyanti etc. v.b. (vihi rv. ,

viyantu ts. , vema vs.),

vyana rv.
Perf. vivaya vivye rv.
[Aor. etc. avivayat, avaisit; vesyati, veta.]
Verb, vita v.b.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, viyate — etc. vevetiav.b. veviran Int. rv., ts.. vevi-
yate rv. [ —
— Desid. vivisa-. Caus. vayayati, vapayati.]
Deriv.: VI y.+ vaya rv. vayu? v.b. vetrav k.+
-viya RV. vayya?RV. vayuna v.+ viravv.+
-vaya av. vayas v. + viti v.b.

Whitney, Supplement 11. 11

VI] Roots, Verb-fokms, 162

A very perplexing root in its varieties of meaning ; divided into two or

three roots (on different lines) by BR. and Grassmann. It is treated by the
grammarians as filling up the conjugation of }/ aj.

V vlj, vyaj, 'fan'.

Pres. [1.] vijati etc. e. +, -te e. — vyajate? c.

Perf. vivyajus e.

Sec. Conj.: Cans, vijayati etc. e.+ (vijyate e. +)

Derju.; vijana c. vyaj ana e.+
Perhaps from >/ aj + vi.
]/ vid, 'make strong.
Sec. Conj. : Cans, vidayati -te etc. v.b.s.

Deriv. vidu v.b.

y 1 vr, 'cover',

vrnoti vrnute etc. \.+ (vrnvate rv.); iirnoti (urnvanti urnu-

Pres. [5.]
vanti) iirnute (urnvita urnuvital etc. v.+ (lirnauti cb.s.) [9.] —
avrnldhvam av. —
[l.J varati -te etc. (aor. 1?) rv.c'.

Perf. vavara vavrus vavre etc. v. + [vavartha rv. [vavaritha, vavrma

vavrivans vavavrusas rv.) [iirnunava.]
etc.].

Aor. 1.avar avran etc. (vara? vartam rv., vrdhi rv.) [vriyat], avrta v.
(vrana rv.); avari rv. 3. avivarat av., avavaritv rv. —
4. var- —
sathas rv. — 5. avarit etc. b. [avarista ; aurnavit.]
[Fut. varisyati, varita.]
Verb, vrta v. + ; vartum e., vartave uv., varitum c. varitum c. ; vrtva
V.B., -tvi RV., -tvaya b. ; -vrtya av.+, urnutya c.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, vriyate e. — Int. avarivar rv., varivrta ta. [varvr-,
vovur-, vevri-. — Desid. vivarisa-.] — Cans, varayati -te etc. v. +
(varyate etc. e. + ; vivarayisate b.)

Deriv. varv RV. uru V.+ varna v.+ vara v. +

vara v. + Vft V.B. varuna v. + varaka e. +
-varaka e. + vrti V. + urna v.+ -varin c.

v.ala "? V. + -vartu RV. varman v. + varya v, +

ura? RV. vartr rv. variman v.b.s. varana v. +
vrav V. -varltr c. iirmi? v.+ -varanlya e. +
varana v. + variitr v.b. variyas v.b. -ixrnavana c'.

varana av.+ vartra v.b.s. varivas v.+ vavra v.

varaniya c. vrtra v. + varistha v.+ vavri v.

urana v. + varatra v.+ ulba ? V, + -varayisnu t,.
varas rv. variitha v. + Qrva V.B. vivarayisu e.
uras V.+ varayitavyaE.
See the following root. The present-stem urnu is by the grammarians
artificially provided with a complete set of forms, as if a root or conjugation-

stem. As to varsman etc., see under y vrs.

 .

163 AND Primary Derivatives. [vrj

y 2 vr, 'choose'.

Pres. [9.] vrnite etc. v.+. vrnati etc. e. + — |

o. |
vrnoti vrnute etc. u.k. +
Perf. vavre etc. v.+ (vavrae vavrmahe rv. )

Aor. 1. avri avrta etc. v. + (vurita v.n., urana rv.), varas etc. varanta

RV. — avrsi -sata etc. av.k.u. [avrdhvam u.) [

4. 5. avaris^a.J —
Fut. 1. varisyate b. [varisyate. 2. varita.] —
Verb, vrta v. + ;
varltum
[varitum; varitva,] varitva .s.. vrtva 8.
c.

Sec. Conj. : Pass, vriyate

[Int. vevr-, varvr-, vovur-.
s.c. — Desid. —
vivarisa-, vovursa-. —
] Cans, varayati -te etc k. + (varyate h.);

varayati e.
Deriv vara v. + -varya n. b. varenya v. + varya v. +
vara v. + -vurya v.s. varas- rv. -varana e. +
varaka s. varana s.+ vrtha, -thak v. varistha v. +
varya e. + varaniya u.c. vara v. + variyas u.+
varayitavya b.
Doubtless ultimately the same with the preceding; and the forms a little
mixed up.

y vrnh, brnh, 'roar'.

Pres. [1.] vrnliati etc. e. +

Perf. vavrnhire c.
Verb, vrnhita e. +

y vrj, 'twist'.

Pres. [".]vrnakti vrnkte etc. (vrktamv m1.)

Perf. vavrjus etc. rv. (vavrjyiis vavrktam rv.. -varjusi av.1. vavrje ev.

Aor. 1. vark etc. kv. (varktam avrjan varjati vrjyam etc. rv.. avrk .\v.),
avrkta rv, (varjate rv.) [3. avavarjat. ] —
avarksis r., — -J.

avrksmahi etc. v.b. 7. avrksat etc. v.u. —

Fut. 1. varksyati -te b. [varjisyati. — 2. varjita.]
yer6. vrkta V. + vrktviRv. -vfjyaB.s.; -vrje vrnjase vrjadhyai rv.
;
;
;

-vargam v.s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrjyate etc. v.b.s. Int. varivrjat rv. [varvrj-.J — —
Desid. vivrksate e. —
Caws, varjayati etc. av.+, -te etc. E. + (varjyate
etc. E. + varivarjayant av.)
;

Deriv. : -vrj v. varjaka e. vrj ana v. vrnjana s.+

tirj etc.? V.+ varjin e.+ vrj ana rv. vrjina v. +

varga v. + varjya e.+ vrjani v. -vrkti v.K.

-vargya av. + vraja v. + varjana b.+ varjayitavya c.

-varja s.+ vraja v. varjaniya b.+ varjayitr e. +

-vfjya v.E.s.

11»
 +

vrt] Roots, Vebb-forms, 164

y vrt, 'turn'.

Pres. [l.J vartate etc v.+. -ti etc. u. + [3.] vavartti vavrtyam etc. —
-tiya etc. -tsva etc. avavrtran -ranta vavartat -tati vavrtat v.b. —
[2.] vartti rv'.
Perf. vavarta vavrtus etc. v. + (vavarta -vrtus v.), vavrte etc. u.+
(vavrte v.)
Aor. 1. avart etc. (^vartat vartta) ev. avrtran v.b. 2. avrtat etc. ,
—
Av.B.c. —
3. avivrtat etc. v. [avavartat.] 4. avrtsan c'., avrtsata —
v.B.s. —
5. vartithas m.

Fut. 1. vartsyati etc. av.+ [avartsyat b.), -te etc. e. +: vartisyati -te etc.
E.+ —
2. vartita b.

Fer6. vrtta V. + vartitumE. + -vrtya v. + -vfteRv. -vrtasB.; -var-

; ; : ,

tam B.+
Sec. Conj. Int. varvartti etc. varvrtana v. varivartti etc. v.b. (avarivur
: ;

varivrtyate b.
Kv.}, —
Desid. vivrtsati etc. v., -tes. [vivartisa-.] —
Cans, vartayati -te etc. v. + (vartayadhyai rv. vartyate etc. b. +) ;

Deriv. vrt v. +
: vrata v. + varti e.+ vratati v. +
vrta RV. vrata av. vartis rv. vartman v. +
-varta v. + vartana v. + vrtti b. + varivrta av.
vartaka + vartaniya + varttu +
v. e. v. -vivrtsu c.
vartin v. + vartani v.b.u. -varttavya e. -vartayitavya e.+
-vartya e. + vartas vs. vartitavya e.+ -vartayitr c.
-vartitr v. +
Contracted in one or two forms with anu to anvart : see y rt

y vrdh, 'grow'.
Pres. [1.] vardhati -te etc. v.

Perf. vavardha vavrdhe vavrdhe etc. v.; va-

etc. v.+ (vavrdhus etc.

vrdhati -dhithas -dhasva etc. rv., -dhete av., vavrdhant v.)

Aor. 2. avrdhat etc. v.b.s. (vrdhatas vrdhatu b., vrdhant v., vrdhana
RV.) — 3. avivrdhat etc. v.+, -dhata etc. v.b.s. — 5. avardhista etc.

E.+ (vardhisimahi b.s.)

Fut. 1. vartsyati c. [vardhisyate. — 2. vardhita.]

Fcr6. vrddha v. + vardhitum c. [vardhitva, vrddhva;] vrdhe
; ;
v.,

vrdhase rv., vavrdhadhyai rv.

Sec. Conj. : [^Int. varivrdh-. — Desid. vivrtsa- , vivardhisa-. — ] Caus.
vardhayati -te etc. v.+ (vivardhayisa in d.); vardhapayati c.

Derio, :

vf dh V. + vardhana v. + vardhitr rv. vardhisnu c.

vrdha v. + vardhaniya e. + vardhman c. vavrdhenya rv.

vardha v. + vrdhas rv. varddhra? av.b. vardhayitr c.
-vardhaka c. vrdhika rv. iirdhva v. + vivardhayisu e. +
vardhin e.+ vrddhi v. + vrdhasana rv. vardhapana c.
 + ;

165 AND Primary Derivatives. \QU.

Compare ]/ rdh. The asserted y 2 vrdh 'cut' (used only of the navel-
string) rests on a too narrow foundation to be admitted ; it is probably a spe-
cialized application of this root.

y vrs, 'rain.

Pres. [1.] varsati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+ — [6.j vraate etc. rv.s.. vrsant- av.
Perf. vavarsa vavrsus etc. e.+ (vavarsus e.. vavarsvans ms.), vavrse
etc. E. (vavrsana -sasva rv.)

Aor. avrsat? ts.

2. —
3. avivrsat etc. e. [avavarsat.] 5. avarsit etc. v.h. —
Fut. varsisyati etc. b.u., -te e.
1. 2. vrasta ms. —
Vcr6. vrsta V. + varsitum c, -varstos n. [varsitva,] vrstva h., -tvl
; ;

Rv. -vrsya c.
;

JSec. Conj.: [Int. varivrs-. — ] Desid. vivarsisa- (_m d.). — Ca«.«. varsa-
yati etc. v. +
Deriv.: -vrs v. + varsya v.b.s. varstr b. vrsan v. +
vrsa- v.B.s. varsanas. + varsitr c. vrsni v. +
varsav. + varsvika b. vivarsisu e. vrsabha v.+
varsins.+ vrstiv.
The connection vrsan etc. with this root is questionable and yet more
of ;

that of varsman varsiman vs., varsiyas v.+, varsistha v. +. all of

v. +,

•which may come from an aoristically extended form of }/ 1 vr (like parsistha

etc. from ]/ 2 pr).

y vrh, brh, 'tear.

Pres. [6.] vrhati brhati etc. v.b.u.s.

Perf. vavarha babarha vavrhus v. +

Aor, 1. varhi bv. — [3. avivrhat, avavarhat. — ] 5. barhis -it rv. — 7.

avrksat etc. b.

[Fut. varksyati, varhisyati; vardha, varhita.]

7er&. vrdha brdha B.s. [vrdhva, varhitva;] -vrhya
;
b.u.s. : -vrhasK.
-varham -barham b.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrhyate etc. b. — [/nL varivrh-. — Desid. vivrksa-,

vivarhisa-. — ] Caus. barhayati etc. rv. (varhita c.)

Deriv. : -vrha + s. barhin, va- e. barhana, va- av. + barhis .' v.+

barha, va- av.+

Compare ]/ brh. The confusion of b and v goes back to the oldest time.

y ven, 'long'.

Pres. [1.] venati etc. v.b.

[Perf. etc. vivena -ne; avivenat, avenit -nista; venisyati -te, venita;
veven-, vivenisa-, venaya-.]
Deriv. : vena v.b. venya rv.
veil] Roots, Vekb-forms, 166

y veil, 'stagger.
Pres. [l.J vellati etc. c.

Verb, vellita e. +
Beriv. vellana c.

y vest, see y vist.

y vyae, vie, 'extend'.

Pres. [3.] viviktas vivyacat avivyak aviviktam avivyacus etc. vi-

vyacanta rv. [ — 6. vicati.]
Perf. vivyaca v.b., vivyaktha
viveca? av. [vivicus.] kv. ;

[Aor. etc. vicyat avyaci, avivyacat, avyacit; vyacisyati, vyacita

vicita; vicita, vicitva; vevic- vavyae-, vivyacisa-, vyacaya-.]
Deriv.: vyacas v.b.s. vyacistha v.b. vici? v.
Has a very suspicious likeness to y anc, ac + vi.

y vyaj, see y' vlj.

y vyath, 'waver'.

Pres. [1.] vyathate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+

Perf. vivyathe e. +, -thus e.
Aor. [1. avyathi. —
] 3. vivyathas b. — 5. vyathisi etc. av.+, vyathi-
sat B.

[Fut. vyathisyate, vyathita.]

Verb, vyathita av. + vyathisyai b.s. ;

Sec. Conj. [Int. vavyath-.

: Desid. vivyathisa-. —
] Cans, vyathayati —
etc. V. + (vyathayis av. vyathyate c.) ;

Deriv..- vyatha b.+ vyathanaE.+ vyathis ev. vyathayitr c.

vyathaka c. vyathi v. -vyatha b.
-vyathya V.B. vyathi ?av. vithura v.b.s.

y vyadh, vidh, 'pierce'.

Pres. [4.] vidhyati etc. v,+, -te e.

Per/", vivyadha B. + , vivyadhus e., vividhus u., vividhvans rv. ; vi-

vyadhe e.
Aor. [1. vidhyat. — ] 3. avividhat e. [avivyadhat.] vyatsis b.— 4.

Fut. 1. vetsyati -te e. [vyatsyati.] — 2. veddha e. [vyaddha.]

Verb, viddha v. + ;
veddhum e. ; viddhva e. -vidhya e. + -vidhe rv.
;
-,

Sec. Conj.: Pass, vidhyate e. — vavyadh-, vevidh-.

[Int. ] Desid. —
vivyatsati B. — Caus. vyadhayati b. vyadhayati c. vedhayati
; ;

etc. e.
 + +

167 A.ND Primary Derivatives. ivran

Deriv. . -vidh v. + vedhin k. + vyadha av. + veddhavya v. +

-vidhya E. vedhya c. vyadhin av.h. veddhrE. +
vedha e. + vyadha c. -vyadhya av. -vedhima c-.

vedhaka t..+ vyadhya c. vedhana e. + vyadhvara.' av.

vyadhana av.c.

y vyay, 'expend'.
Pres. [1.] vyayati -te etc. c.

[Perf. etc. vavyaya vavyaye etc. etc.]

Verb, vyayita c.

Is only a conjugation of }/ i -f- vi, or denominative of vyaya.

y vya, VI, 'envelop'.

Pres. [4?] vyayati -te etc. v.
Perf. vivyathus ev., vivye etc. rv. [vivyaya vivyayitha etc.\; -vyayam
cakara cb.
Aor. [1. viyat. —
] 2. avyat etc. rv., avyata etc. v. [ 4. avyasta, vya- —
sista. — 6. avyasit.]
Fut. 1. [vyasyati -te;] vyayisye s. [ 2. vyata.] —
Verb, vita V. +; -viya e.s.c. [-vyaya.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, viyate b. [ Int. vavya-, vevi-. — — Desid. vivyasa-. —

Cans, vyayaya-.]
Deriv.: -vi y.+ -vyaya b.s. -vyana c. -vyayana b.s.

'
y vraj, 'proceed'.

Pres. [1.] vrajati etc. v.+, -te c.

Perf. vavraja etc. v.

Aor. 5. avrajit etc. b.u.

Fut. 1. vrajisyati etc. b. + [ — 2. vrajita.]

Verb, vrajita b. + ; vrajitum e. ; vrajitva s. + ; -vrajya b. + ; -vrajam s.

Sec. Corhj.: Pass, vrajyate c. — [Int. vavraj-. — ] Desid. vivrajisa- (in

d.). — Caus. vrajayati etc. b.+ (vrajyate e.)

Deriv.: -vraj E.+ vrajya e.+ -vrajaka e.+ vrajana v.+

-vrajya E.+ -vrajav. + -vrajinB.+ -vrajana e.
-vivrajisu c.

y vrad, vrand, 'weaken'.

Pres. [1.] avradanta rv'.
Deriv, vrandin ev.

y vran, "sound' (?).

Pres. [1.] vranati c.

Deriv. vrana e. +
No real root; the single occurrence artificial.
 .

vra9c] Roots, Verb-fokms, 168

]/ vra9e, 'cut up'.

Pres. [6.] vrijcati etc. v.b.s.c. — [1.] vra9cati? c.

Perf. [vavragca vavraQCUs] vavrktam? ev.

Aor. [3. avivra9cat. —
] 4. [avraksit] vrksi b.s. [ 5. avraqcit.] —
Fut. 1. vraksyant cb.? [vraqcisyati. 2. vraqcita, vrasta.] —
Verb, vrkna v. + [vraQcitva,] vrstva av., vrktvi rv. -vrcjcya s.c;
;
;

-vra9cain b.s.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, vrqcy ate etc. v.b. (vrqcate av.) [ Int. varivrQC-. — —
Desid. vivraqcisa-, vivraksa-. — Caus. vra^caya-.]
Derjy.; vfka? V.+ -vraqca b. -vraskya s. vra9canav.+
vrqcikav. + -vraska v.b.s. vrksavv. +

y vradh, 'stir up'.

Pres. [1.] vradhanta vradhant ev.

y vrld, 'be abashed'.

Pre.'. [1.] vridate etc. e.+ [4. vridyati.] —
[Perf. etc. vivrida; avridit; vridisyati, vridita.J

Verb, vridita e.+

Sec. Conj.: Caus. vridayati c.

Deriv. : vrida e. + vridana c.

y vrud, sink'.

vrudati etc. etc.]

[Pres. etc.
Verb, vrudita c.
The occurrence or two are doubtless artificial.

y vlag, vlang, 'pursue' (?)

Verb, -vlagya kv-.

Deriv. -vlanga ev.
Only with abhi. Perhaps related with ]/ valg.

y vli, bli, 'crush'.

Pres. [9.] vlinati etc. b. ;

vlinati etc. cb.

[Perf. vivlaya.J
Aor. 4. vlesis s. 1
Fut. 1. vlesyati b. [ — 2. vleta.j
Fer6. vlina b., blina av. -vliya b. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, vliyate etc. b.u. (bliya- vliyeran — ave-

k.. ab.) Int.

vliyanta b. [ —
— Desid. vivlisa-. Caus. vlepayati, avivlipat.]
Deriv.: -vlaya b.s. vlayana b. vrayas? ev.
 + )

169 AND Primaky Derivatives. 9ak

y 9ans, 'praise'.

Pres. [1.] Qansati -te etc. v.+ (9ansiyat c'.)

Perf. 9a9ansa -se etc. a. + (gansus -sire e.1
Aor. 1. gasta (2;).) rv.. gastat a«. ; [gasyat;] gaiisi iiv, — \'-i. agagafi-
sat. —
agansit etc. v.+ (^gansisat etc. v.b.)
] 5.

Fut. 1. gansisyati is.s. [ 2. gansita.] —

Ver&. gasta v. + gansita e. + gansitum k. gastva
, ; ; B. ; -gasya s. +,
-gansya e. ; -gase rv. ; -gansam n.s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, gasyate etc. v.+ [Int. gagas-, gagans-. — — Detfid. gigan-
sisa-. —
] Cans, gansayati etc. v.+, -te c.

Deriv. -gas V.B.

: v.b, gansa v. + gansaniya c. -gastavya e.

-gas V. gansa b. + -gansu s. gansitr e. +

-gasa b. -gansaka e. -gansuka b. gafistr v.b.
gasa rv. gansin v.+ gasti V. + gastra b. +
gasya v. + gansya v.+ -gastenya n. gansatha s.

gansana e. + ganstavya k.e. gasman rv.

Compare the related y 1 gas.

y 9ak, 'be able'.

Pres. [5.] gaknoti -nuvanti etc. v.+

Perf. gagaka gekus etc. v.

Aor. 1. gagdhi gaktam gakat etc. gakyam v. — 2. agakat etc. v.+ (gake-
yam etc. v.b.s., gakemahi u.) [ — 3. aglgakat.]
Fut. 1.gaksyati -te etc. b.+ [ 2. gakta.] —
Verb, gakta e. +, gakita e. + -gaktave rv. ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, gakyate etc. e.+, -ti etc. e. — [Int. gagak-. — ] Desid.
giksati -te etc. v. + (giksana e. ;
gigiksa c. ;
giksyate etc. c. ;
giksa-
yati -te etc e.+) [— Caus. gakayati.
Deriv. . -gaka rv. gakti v. + gikva av. giksaka e.

gakya u.s.+ gakti rv. gakvan v.b.s. -giksin c.

gaka v. gakman rv. gikvan v.b. giksana c.

gaka rv. gakman rv. gikvas rv. giksaniya c.
gaki? RV. -gikman ms. gacistha v.b.s. giksenya s.
gaci V. + gagma v.b.s. giksa v.+ giksu rv.
gaei? rv. gakra v. + giksa B.+ giksuka gb.
The desiderative giks has won a so independent use and value that it

might well enough have been treated (like bhaks etc.) as a separate root. BR.
divide gak (and giks) into two roots, the second meaning 'help', but favor
their nltimate identity.

There are other groups of words, not connectable with this or any other
verbal root: thus, gakvma, gakuni, gakunta, gakunti v. + ;
gaka, gakan,
gakrt v. + ;
ganku v.+, gakti (spear') e.+
 ]

^ank] Roots, Verb-forms, 170

y 9ank, 'doubt'.

Pres. [1.] 9ankate etc. n. +, -ti etc. b.

[Perf. 9a9anke.]
Aor.-6. Qankis gankisthas e.+ (qankithas e.)

[Fut. qankisyate, 9ankita.]

Verb, qankita e. + (jankitum e. + -qaiikya c.
; ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, (jankyate etc. c.

: Cans. 9ankayati — c.

Deriv. (jankaB.+
: -Qankyas.+ QankanaE.? 9ankitavya e. +
9ankin e. + 9ankaniya e. +

y cat, 'cut in pieces'.

Sec. Conj, ; Caus. 9atayati etc. av. +, -te b.

Deriv.: 9ata c. 9atin c. 9atana e. + 9atayitr c.

Called by the grammarians the causative of }/ 2 9ad.

y 1 cad, 'prevail'.

Perf. 9a9adus uv. ;

9a9admahe etc. (9a9adana) v.

Derio. 9atru'.' v.+

y 2 9ad, 'fair.

Perf. 9a9ada 9edus e.

[Aor. 2. a9adat.]
Fut. 1. 9atsyati av. [ — 2. 9atta.]
Verb. 9anna s.

[Sec. Conj.: Int. 9a9ad-. — Desid. 9i9atsa-. — Caus. 9adaya-.J

Deriv. : 9ada av.b.s. 9ada v.b. 9adana c.

Compare ]/ 9at, assigned by the grammarians to this root as another cau-

sative, and y 1 91, regarded by them as its present-system.

y 9ap, 'curse'.

Pres. [1.] 9apati etc. v.+, -te etc. b.+ [ — 4. 9apyati -te.]

Perf. 9a9apa 9epus av.+, 9epe etc. v.+

Aor. [3. a9i9apat. — ] 4. 9apta (2p.) b.s. [a9apta.]
Fut. 9apisye
1. e. [9apsyati -te. — 2. 9apta.]
Verb. 9apta b.+, 9apita e. 9apituinE., 9aptuinE. [9aptva,] 9apitvaE.
; ;

Sec. Conj. Pass. 9apyate c.

: [Int. 9a9ap-, 9an9ap-. —
Desid. 9i9apsa-. — —
Caus. 9apayati etc. av.+
Deriv. 9apa e. +
: 9apana av. 9aptr av. 9apatha v. +
9apana cb.
 —

171 AND Primaky Derivatives. [qa.<f

|/ 1 cam, 9im, 'labor'.

Pres. [1.] gamant sv. — [2.] 9ami8va 9amisva 9amidhvam h.s. — [9.J
qamniae -isva -ithas b.; qcaninan iiv.? — [4. J (jamyati etc. b.,
(jimyati etc. b.

Perf. 9a9ame -mana v.b. (9a9amate rv.)

Aor. 5.a9amisthas rv.
Verb. 9amita e.
Deriv. : qkinsi rv. 9ima b. 9ainitr v.b. 9amistha s.

9ami V.B. 9iini b.

Compare the two following roots.

y 2 9am, 'be quiet'.

Pres. [4.] 9amyati etc. b.+, -te etc. b.+ — [1.] 9ainet e.

Perf. 9a9ama 9emus b. +

Aor. [1. 9amyat; a9ami. — ] 2. a9amat b. — 3. a9i9amat etc. av.+ [

5. a9ainit.]
[Fut. 9amisyati; 9aiaita.]
Verb. 9amta av. + [9amitva, 9aihtva.]
9an9ain-.
Sec. Conj.: [Int. Desid. 9i9aniisa-. —
] Caus. 9ainayati av.+, —
-te + 9aniayati etc. e. + (9aniyate e.+}
etc. B. ;

Deriv.: 9ani?v.+ -9amaka c. 9amti- av. 9ainatha c.

9ainaB.+ 9amyaE.+ 9airiti av.+ 9amayitavya s.

9amin c. 9amana av. + 9amitr e. + 9amayitr s. +

9amaniya s. +
Protatly ultimately the same with the preceding.

y 3 earn, 'note'.
Perf. 9emuBiv c.

Verb. -9aihta s. ; -9amya e.+

Sec. Conj.: Pass. -9arQyate etc. e. + — Caus. -9ainayati etc. e.+ (-9am-
yate e.)
Deriv. -9ainana
: s. -9amaya c. -9amayitavya c.
Only with prefix ni-, except in the strange 9emu8l; hence obviously a
specialization from the preceding root, meaning 'settle in one's mind', or

the like.

y 9al, 'leap'.
Pres. [l.J -9alant c.

[Perf. etc. qele, a9alista, 9alisyate 9alita.J

Verb. -9alita c.
Only with prefix ud, and prohably from y qri, qr.

y 9a9, 'leap'.
Pres. [1.] 9a9ati etc. c.

[Perf. etc. 9a9a9a 9a9a9us, a9a9it, 9a9iByati 9a9ita.]

 +

9a9] Roots, Verb-forms, 172

Verb. ga9ita c.

Deriv. qaqa v.+

Doubtless a denominative formation from qaqk. Only two or three occur-
rences.

y eas, eas, 'cut'.

Pres. [2.] Qasta (2p.) rv. ;

gasti e.s., qasati -atu (3f>.) b., agat (3s.) b. —
gasatha s., gasanti
[].] b., agasat c.

Perf. gaqasa [gagasus] e.

Fut. 1. gasisyati b. [— 2. cjasita.]
Verb, gasta e. -gasya e. -gasas b.
; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, gasyate etc. b. + — Desid. gigasisant s.

Deriv. : -gas b. qasana v. + gastr v. + -gastr b.s.

9asa Av.B.s. 9asitrB.+ gastraB. + -giqasisu b.

y ea, ci, 'sharpen'.

Pres. [3.] gigati giQimasi gigite etc. v.+ (Qiganti -ntu s.) — [6?] gyati
etc. V.B.S., qyana b.s.

Perf. [qaqaxL] -gagana av.

Aor. 1. agita? rv. [aqat; gayat. — 6. agasit.]
[Fm«. gasyati, gata.J
Verb, qita v. +, gata
+ -qaya v. e. ;

[Sec. Conj.: Pass. gaya-. Int. gaga-. — — Desid. giqasa-, qlqanaa-. —

Cans, gayaya-.]
Deriv. : -gana b.s. Qana? c. -giti v.b. qiqaya, rv.
Divided by BR. into two separate roots, with identical forms.

y 1 eas, cis, 'order'.

Pres. [2.] gasti gasati etc. ([gistas etc.] gastana bv., gisyat etc. u.s. + ; aqsLt
B.+) V.+, gaste gasita gasana etc. v. + — [1.] gasati etc. e.+, -te e.

Perf. qaqasa qaqasua etc. v.+ (gagadhi qaqaa rv.)

Aor. 2. aQisat e<c. v.b.u. (Qisant rv.), (jisamahi rv. (-he sv.av.) [ — 3.

aqaqasat.]
Fut. 1. qasisyati -te etc. b.+ [ — 2. gasita.]
Verb. 9istav.+, gasta s.+, 9asitaE. + 9astuni ;
s.+, 9asituinE. + ;
[9istva,]
9asitva c. ; -gisya b.u., -9asya e.+
Sec. Conj. : Pass. 9asyate + 9isyate
etc. e. ;
etc. c. — [Int. 93.93.8-, 9e9is-. —
Desid. 9i9asisa-. — Caws. 9asaya-.]
Deriv.: 933 rv. 9393 rv. gasanav. + -9isti v.b.s.
-9is V. + -9asaJi3 c. 93S3niya c. 9asitr e. +
9asa V. 9asin c. 9asus rv. gastrv.
9asa RV. 9asya v.+ 9asti c. 9astra v. +
9isy3 K. +
Compare the apparently related root 9ans.
 + + ]

173 ANB Primary DERivATiviis. [1 ni

y 2 9as, 'cut', see

y 938.

y eiks, see y 9ak.

y 9ingh, 'snuflF'.

The occurrences ot ucehinghana and upaQinhana in «uvr. are doubt-

less artificial.

y 9inj, 'twang,

Pres. [2.] 9ifikte qinjate etc. v. +, Qinjant c.

[Perf. etc. 9i9mje; a9mjista; 9injisyate, 9injita.|

Verb. 9injita e.+

Sec. Conj. : Caus. 9mjayati etc. b.s.

Deriv.: 9injin c. 9mjara'.' nv. (n. pr.)

Probably an imitative root.

y 9ip, 'be smooth' (?).

Such a root may possibly be inferred from 9ipi v.+, 9ipra av., 9ipita cb.

y cim, see y 1 9am.

y 9is, 'leave'.

Pres. [7.] 9inasti etc. b.+ — [6?] 9ifisati etc. b.s. — [1.] 9esant c'.

Perf. 9i9ise etc. b. [9i9esa.]

Aor. 1. 9esi av.b.s. [9isyat.] — 2. a9isat etc. v.b. (-qisat ev.). 9isatai av.
[ — 3. a9i9isat.]
Fut. 1. 9eksyati -te b. [ — 2. 9esta.]
Verb. 9ista v. + ; -9istva s. ; -9isya b. + ;
-9esain s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9isyate etc. av.+ — [Int. 96918-. — DesUl. 9i9iksa-. —
Caus. 9esayati etc. e. +, -te e. (9esyate c.)

Deriv.: -9isa c. 9esaB.+ -9esiii c. 9esanaAv.

-9esakaE. + 9esya c. (jesas v.

y 1 91, 'fair.

Pres. [4?] 9iyate etc. av.b.u.s. (9iyante? cb'.)

Deriv. -9ayana c.

Reckoned by the grammarians as present-system to ^ 2 9ad and this is ;

curiously supported by jb., which has (ii. 81) upa9iyate tasmad upa9adam,
and (ii. 82) ava9iyante tasmac chadah. So far as the meaning is concerned,
it might well be a specialization of y 2 91.
 ;

2 91] Roots, Verb-foems, 174

y 2 91, 'lie'.

Pres. [2.] qete qerate etc. v. + (9aye 3s. v.b.. 9ere 3j). av.b.. 9ayire c.

9ayam 3s. av., a9eran v.b.) — [1.] 9ayate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ (a9a-
yat V.B.") — a9ayatam -yata (3s.) rv.

Perf. qi(}ye -yire b. + ;

9a9ayana v.

Aor. a9ayi.
[1. —
] 3. a9i9ayat e. 4. 9esan kv'. 5. a9ayista etc. \.+ — —
Fut. 9ayisyate -ti b. + 9esyate -ti e.
1. 2. 9ayita u.c. (-tase cb.)
;
—
Verb. 9ayita e. + 9ayitum e. 9ayitva u. + -9ayya c. 9ayadhyai rv.
; ;
;
;

Sec. Conj.: Pass. [9ayyate;J 9iyant m'. [Int. 9691-, 9a9ay-. ] Desid. — —
9i9ayisate c. — Cans. 9ayayati etc. s.+. -te e.

Deriv.: -91 v.b. 9ayya b.+ -9ayana c. -9ima v.b.s.

-9aVB.+ -9ayaka c. 9ayu v. -9eyya v.
-9ayav. + -9ayins. + 9ayitavya c. 9ayalu c.
9aya rv. 9ayana av. + 9ayath.a rv. -9ivan v.b.
9ayin c. -9ayaniya c. -9itha e. + 9i9ayisu c.

^ )/ 9UC, 'gleam'.
Pres. [1.] 96cati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.+ — [4.] 9ucyati b'. — [2.] 90cimi e'.

Perf. 9U96ca etc. v. + (9U9ukvans rv.. 9U9ugdhi v.). 9U9ueana rv.

(-eita RV.)
Aor. 1. [9ucyasara;] a90ci rv. — 2. a9ucat etc. v. + (9ucant v.. 9uca-
raana rv.) — 3. 9U9ucat etc. av.b. — 5. 90013 b.

Fut. 1. 90cisyati etc. e.+, -te e. [ — 2. 90cita.]

Verl. 9ukta? {adj.') b. + ; 9ocitum e. +, 9oktum m. : 9ocitva e. [9ucitvaj;
9ucadliyai rv.
Sec. Conj.: 969ucan etc. 969ucana etc. v.b. — Desid. [9U9UCisa-,
Int.

9U90cisa- ;] 9U9uksa- (m d.) Caus. 90cayati etc. v.+ (9ocyate c); —

9ueayant rv.
Deriv. 9UC v. +
: 96ka V. + 90CI V. -9ukvan rv.
9uea Rv.c. 9oka AV. 9ucis- RV.C. 96cistha rv.
9uka? V.+ -96eana av.+ 90CIS V. + 9U9ukvaiia rv.
-9oea AV. 90caniya c. 9ukti s. + 9U9ukvani rv.
-90ciii c. -9okas RV. 9oeitavya e. + -9U9uksani kv.

90cya e. + 9uci V. + 9ukra v.+ -9oeayisnu av.

9ukla AV.+

y 9uj, 'swell' (?).

Sec. Conj. : Int. 9U9ujana rv.

y 9udh, 9undh, 'purify'.

Pres. [1.] 9undliati -te etc. v.b.s. — [4.] 9udhyati etc. b.+. -te etc. e.+

[2.] 9und(ihi ags.

175 AND Primary Derivatives. [^H

[Perf. etc. 9U9odha, 9U9undha; a9udhat, a9U9udhat, a9undhit; 901-

syati 9undhisyati, 9od(iha 9undhita.]
Verb. 9uddha v.+
Sec. Conj. : 909udh-.
[Int. ] DesUl. 9U9Utsat s.— — Cans. 9odhayati etc.

B. + (9odhyate e. +) 9undliayati v.ii. ;

DeWv. ; -9odlia c. 9odliya c. 9odhanas.+ 9undhyu v.b.

9odhakaE.+ 9undhana b. 9odhaniya c. 9odhayitavya c.

9odhin c. 9uddlii b. +

y 9Ubh, cumtoh, 'beautify'.

Pres. [1.] 96bhate etc. v.+ [96bhe 3s. rv.), -ti etc. e. 9umbhase
+ ;
etc. v.,

9uinbhati
etc. [6.] 9umbhati etc. v.c,
av, — -amana rv.c.
Perf. 9U9obha 9U9ubhe e.+ [9U9umbha.]
Aor. ]. a9obhi c 9urabhana 9ubhana rv.
-,
[2. a9ubhat. — — |
3. a9u-
9ubhan rv., -bhanta b. [ 5. a9obhista, a9umbhit.] —
Fut. 1. 9obhisyati e. [9unibhisyati. — 2. 9obhita, 9umbhita. |

Verb. 9ubhita b.,9umbhita av. 9ubhe rv., 9obhase rv. ;

Sec. Conj. : Int. 909ubhyate e. —

Desid. 9U9obhisate c. [9U9ubhisa-. \
—
Caus. 9obhayati etc. av. + ;
9ubhayati -te etc. v.e.

Deriv. : 9ubh v.b. 9umbha e.+ 9umbhu b. 9ubhvan rv.

9ubha E.+ -9unibhaka e. 9obhatha sv. 96bhistha rv.
9obha c. 96bhana v. + 9ubhra v. + 90bhayitr c.

9obh.a B. + 9obhana b. + 9ubhri rv.

-9obhin e. + 9umbhana av.+
This root is, with considerable plausibility, divided by BR, into two:
y 1 9ubh 'glide along', and y 2 9ubh 'beautify'; the former only in v.e.

y 1 cus, 'dry'.

Pres. [4.] 9usyati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+

[Perf. 9U90sa; a9usat, a9U9usat; 9oksyati, 90sta.]
etc.

Verb. -9USya b.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. 909US-. — Desid. 9U9uksa-. — ] Caus. 90sayati etc. av.+,
-te e. (9osyate c.)

Dew..- 9usa.' V. 9osmE.+ 9osana e.+ 9uskav.+

90saE.+ -9osyaE.+ 9osaniya c. 9usna? v.n.s.
90saka c. 96suka b. 9osayitr 0.

y 2 9US, 'blow', see y cvas.

y ou, cva, 9vi, 'swell'.

Pres. [1?] 9vayati etc. V.B.

Perf. [9U9ava, 9i9vaya] quqnvusetc (9U9uvat 9U9avama
9U9uyama)
9ti9uve 9ii9uvana rv.
Aor. [1. 9uyat. —
] 2. a9vat b. [— 3. a9i9viyat, a9U9uvat,
a9i9vayat. —
5. a9vayit.]
qiva V. +
 + ]

177 ANB Pkimaky Derivatives. [qrath

y 9oand, cand, 'shine'.

[Pres. etc. candati, caceinda etc. etc.]

Sec. Conj.: Int. cani^cadat rv'.

Deriv.. • candana? E.+ 9candrav.+ candrav.
The fuller form qcandra survives after v. only in the n. pr. hari9candra.

y 9cam.
The single doubtful form 9camnan rv. was entered above under y 9am.
1

y 9cut, 'drip'.

Pres. [1.] 9c6tati etc. v.+

Perf. cu9Cota b.s.

Aor. [2. a9cutat. — ] 3. acu9cutat s, [ — 5. a9eotit.]

[Fut. 9cotisyati; 9cotita.]
Verb. 9cutita B.+
Sec. Conj.: [Int. C09eut-. — Desid. eu9eotisa-, cu9cuti8a-. — ] Caut.
9COtayati etc. b.s. (-9cotayitavai 9B.)
Deriv.: -9cut v. + -9cotana c.

The forms are often , especially later, vrritten with 9cyu , and sometimes
with cyu.

y 9nath, 'pierce'.

Pres. [2.] 9nath.ilii 9nathat ev. [ — 1. 9nathati.]

[Perf. 9a9natha.]
Aor. 3.a9i9nat 9i9nathat etc. rv. — 5. 9nathistam -tana rv.
[Fut. 9nathisyati; 9natliita.]
Verb. 9nathita rv. -9nathas rv.;

Sec. Conj.: 9nathayati -te etc. rv.

Deriv. : 9nathana rv. 9natliitr rv. 9i9natha rv.

y 9ya, 91, 'coagulate'.

Pres. [4?]9yayati b., -te c.
[Perf. qsi(^ye; a9yasta; 9yasyate, 9yata.]
etc.

Verb. 9ita v. +, 9ina vs., 9yana c. [9yata.]

Sec. Conj.: Pass, qlykte etc. b. [Int. qaqya-. — — Desid. 9i9ya3a-. —

Cans. [9yapaya-;] 9yayayati gb.

Deriv.; 9ya Ts.c. -9yayaE.+ 9i9ira'?Av.+

y 9rath, 9lath, 'slacken'.

Pres. [9.] a9rathnan 9rathnas rv., 9ratlmite etc. v. — [6 .'] 9rnthati ts'.

— [9rathati 9ranthate;] 9lathati -te etc. c.

[1.]
Perf. 9a9rathe rv. [9a9rantha 9a9ranthus 9rethus.]
Whitney, Supplement II. 12
9rath] Roots, Verb-forms, 178

Aor. 3. 9i9rathat etc. v.e. [qiqrathantu ev.) [ — 5. a^ranthit -thista.]

[Fut. (jranthisyati, 9ranthita.]
Verb. 9rthita rv., 9lathita c; [9rathitva, 9ranthitva ;] -9ratliya c.
Sec. Conj.: Cans. 9rathayati etc. v.ii., -te rv. 9lathayati c. (9lathyate ;

c) [9rathayati, 9ranthayati.]
Deriv.: 9ratha- r. 9rathar- rv. 9latha e.+

y 9ran, 'give'.

[Pres. etc. 9ranati etc. etc.]

Sec. Conj.: Cans. 9rariayati etc. s.+ [a9i9ranat, a9a9rariat; 9ranayati.]

Deriv. : -9ranana c. -9ranika c.

Only with prefix vi.

y 9ram, 'be weary'.

Pres. [4.] 9rarayati 9ramati -te etc. e. +

etc. v.+ — [1.]

Perf. 9a9raina 9a9ranius v.+ (9remus ke.), 9a9ramana rv.

Aor. [1. a9rami. —
] 2. a9ramat etc. v. 5. 9ramisnia rv.b. —
Fut. [1. 9raniisyati. ] 2. 9ramita m. —
Verb. 9ramta v. + -9ramya b.+ ;

Sec. Conj.; Pass. 9ramyate e.+ Desid. 9i9rainisa- (m d.). — — Caus.

9rainayati etc. s. + ;
9raraayati etc. e. + (^9r amy ate e.+)
Deriv. : 9rama +v. 9raniana r. + 9ramti e. + -9i9raniisu c.

-9rama e. + -9ramana v.+ -9raniistha rv.

y 9rambh, 'trust'.

Pres. [1.] 9rainbhate etc. e. +

[Perf. etc. 9a9rambhe a9rabhat, a9rambhista; 9rambhisyate,9rambh-
;

ita.]
Verb. 9rabdha +; -9rabhya c.
e.

Sec. Conj. : 9rambhayati etc.

Caus. s. +
Deriv. : -9rmbha rv. -9rainbha e. + -9rambhana c. -9rabdhi c.

-91'ambhin c. -9rambhaniya c.

y 9ra, 2 9ri, 2 9r, 'boil'.

Pre*. [4?] 9rayati etc. v.b. —

[9.] 9rmati etc. v.b. [ 2. 9rati.] —
[Perf. etc. 9a9rau 9rayat 9reyat, a9rasit 9rasyati, 9rata.]
; ;

Verb. 9rata v.b.s. ;

9rta v.+ [9rana.]
Sec. Conj.: [Jnt. 9a9ra-. — Desid. 9i9rasa-. — ] Caus. 9rapayati etc. av. +,

-te etc. E. (a9i9rapat etc. b. 9rapyate etc. b. +)

;

Deriv. : 9ira? rv. 9aras'? e. -9rapa b. 91'apana b. +

9rapin s. 91'apayitr b.
179 AND Primary Derivatives. [pru

y cri, 3 9y, 'resort'.

Pre«. [l.J 9rayati etc. av.+, -te etc. v.+

Per/". 9i9raya Qicjriye e<c. v. +
i4or. 1. a9ret -riyan etc. kv.; [qriyat;] a<jrayi rv. — .'{.
acjiqriyat etc. .\v.+

(aqiqret y.b., -Qrema s., -^rayus rv. -qriyus ; e., -9riyan c. 9i9rita?
—
;

RV.) 4. a9rait av. [ — 5. a9rayista. |

Fut. 1. 9rayisyati -te etc. b.+ [ — 2. 9rayita.]

Verb. 9rita v. + ;
9rayitum e, , -tavai b.s. ;
9rayitva e.+ |9ritvaJ;
-9ritya b. +
Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9riyate etc. b.+ (9riyate etc. b.s.) — [Int. 9e9ri-. — Desid.
9i9rayisa-, 9i9risa-. — J Cans. 9rapayati vs'. [9rayayati, a9i9ra-
yat.]
Deriv.: -9ri B.u. -9ara av. 9aranav.+ 9retr e.

-9rayaAV. + 9alaAv. + -9ritv.+ 9reniv. +

-9rayin c. 9rayana b.+ 9riti rv.c. 9arman v. +
9rayav. + 9rayaniya c. -9rayitavya c. 9arira.'v.+
The derivatives from the root-form 9r are probably best referred to a sepa-
rate root 9r or 9ar, 9al, meaning 'cover' or the like.

y 9ris, see y ^lis.

y 1 cri, cr, 'mix'.

Pres. [9.] 9rinati 9rirLite etc. v.b.

Per/". 9i9riye v.

Aor. 3. a9i9rayu8 rv.

Verb. 9rita rv., 9irta rv.
Deriv. : -qir y.B.s. -9ira s. + -9riv. 9rayana s.

Is probably only a form of y 9ri , from which it is at some points hardly

separable. The interrelations of the roots 9r, 9ra, 9ri, 9ri are intricate , and
not yet fully worked out. Especially doubtful is it what is the connection with
them noun qrl v.+
of the 'fortune', and the related 9riyas rv., 9reyas v. +,

9restha v. +, 9reinan b.

y 2 cri, see y 913..

y 9ru, 'hear'.

Pres. [5.] 9rn6ti etc. v. + ,

9rnute etc. v.+ (9rnvise -vire hv.) — [2.]

9r6si RV.
Perf. 9U9rava 9U9ruve etc. v,+ {9U9ninias u. + 9U9ravat 9U9ruya3 ;

-yatam a9U9ravi rv.)

Aor. 1. a9ravain -rot -ravan v.b. (9ravat -vathas etc. v.b.s. 9ruya8am ;

etc. v.c. 9rudhi 9r6tu etc. v.b.) a9ravi 9ravi v.c. 2 ? 9ruvam ta. ;
—
—
;

—
3. a9U9ruvat b., -ravus rv. [a9i9ravat.] 4. a9rau8it etc. k. +

12'
 : +

9ru] Roots, Verb-forms, 180

Fat. 1. Qrosyati qrota m.

etc. b.+. -te e. — 2.

Verb, qruta v. + qrotum e. + ^rutva v. + -Qrutya av. + -Qravam s.c.

; ; ; :

Sec. Conj.: Pass. Qruyate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. [Int. Qocjru-. ] Desul. qu- — —
^rusate etc. \.+, -ti etc. e.+ (9U9rusyate etc. e. +) Caus. (jravayati —
cfc. V. +, -te etc. E. + (qravyate etc. e. +) 9ravayati etc. rv. ;

Deriv.
-Qru B. -9ravana b.s. 9r6tra v. + 9U9rusaka e.+
(jrava b. + 9ravaniya e. + 9ravitr e. 9U9rusiii e.

gravya e. + 9ravas v. + 9rudh.i- kv. 9U9rusya e. +

gravayya rv. 9l6ka V. + -9ruria rv. 9U9rusana e. +
qrava v.+ -9rut V. + 9r6mata rv. 9U9rusenya b.s.
^ravaka c 9ruti V. + 9ravistha av.+ 9u9ru.su B.+
9ravin c. 9rutya v.+ 9rausat v.b. 9U9rusitr e.

gravya e.+ -9r6tu Rv. -9U9ruka'? e. 9U9ruaitavya e.

Qravana v. 9rotavya b. + 9U9i^s E. -9ravayitr u.

9ravaniya b.+ 9rotr V.+ 9U9rusa s.+ 9ravayitavya c.

Compare y 9ru3 ; for y 2 9ru, see ]/ sru.

y crus, 'hear .

Pres. [1.] 9rosan bv,, 9roaantu v., 9r6sainana rv.

Deriv. : 9rusti rv. 9rusti av. 9rausti v.b.

A secondary root, growing out of the s-aorist-stem of |/ 9ru.

y 9lath, see y" crath.

y cla, 'dissolve' (?).

Pres. [4.] 9layati jb.

Only in the passage taamat . . . vi 'va 9layanti tarunam iva hi tarhi

reto bhavati jb. ii. 23. Probably a variant to y 9ra.

y clagh, 'extol'.

Pres. [1.] 9lagh.ate etc. cb1.e.+, -ti e.

Perf. 9a9laghire c.
[Aor. etc. a9a9laghat, a9laghista; 9laghisyate, 9laghita.]

Verb. 9lagh.ita c.

Sec. Conj.: Pass. 9laghyate etc. e.+ — Caws. 9laghayati etc. e. +

Deriv. : 9lagh.a b.+ 9laghiii e. + 9laghana e. + 9laghistha b.

9laghya e. + 9laghanlya e. +

y clis, 9ris, 'clasp'.

Pre*. [4.] 9l{syati etc. b.+, -te u. — [1.] 9resama rv. (y qri'l)

Perf. 9i9lesa b.+

Aor. 2. a9lisat e.+, 9risat rv. [ — 3. a9i9lisat. — 7. a9liksat.]
 ]

181 AND Primary Derivatives. [stl^iv

[Fut. 9leksyati, 9lesta.j

Verb. 9lista b. + ;
Qlestum c; qlistva c. ; -qlisya e. + ; -Qrisas v.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, ^lisyate etc. c. — [Int. 969168-. — Deaid. 9i9lik8a-

{^in d.yi — Cans. 9lesayati etc. b.+, -te c.

Deriv. : -9ris av. -9r6sina av. 9le8in b.c. -9re8man av.

-9liSB.c. 9lesaAv.+ -9le8anaB.+ 9l68man b,+
-9resa av.b. 9lesaka c. -9i9lik8u'' av.

y 9 vane, 'spread'.
Pres. [1.]9vancate etc. v. (9mane- ta.)
Aor. 3? 9a9vacai b,v.
Sec. Conj.: Caus. 9vancayas b,v.
Derii\ -9vanka b.

y cvas, 9US, 'blow'.

Pres. [2.] 9vasiti etc. v.+ (9vasihi av. + ; a9vasit b.+, a9va8at e. +j; 9U8-
antam 9use 9usana kv. — [1.] 9vasati -t6 etc. av.+
Perf. 9a9vasa etc. e. +
Aor. [3. a9i9vasat. — ] 5 (or pres.'). 9vasis c.

Fut. 1. 9vasisyati e. [ 2. 9vasita.] —

Verb. 9vasita b.+, 9vasta e. + 9vasituin ;
e. ; -9va8ya s. + ; -9vaBas rv.
Sec. Conj. : Int. 9a9vasat rv. — [Desid. 9i9vasisa-. — ] Caus. 9vasayati
etc. V.+ (9vasayati ci.?)

Deriv.: -9vasa av. 9usa v.b.s. -9vasanaE. + 9va8atha v.b.

9vasa V.+ 96sa?vs. -9vasaniya c. 9usraa v.b.
9vasinB.+ 9vasanav.+ 9vasi- ev. 9usinaiL c.

-9vasya e. + -9vasaniya c. -9vasitavya b.+

y cva, cvi, see

y qu.

y 9vit, 'be bright'.

[Pres. etc. 9vetate 9i9vite.] ;

Aor. 1. a9vitan 9vitana rv. — 3. a9i9vitat rv. — 4. a9vait rv. [ — 5.

a9V6tista.]
[Fut. etc. 9vetisyate, 9vetita; 9vitta.]
Deriv.: -9vit v.c. 9V6tav. + 9viti- Rv. 9vitna rv.

9vetana rv. 9vitra v. +

y sthiv, 'spew'.

Pres. [1.] sthivati etc. av. + [ — 4. sthivyati.]

Perf. tisth6va b. [tisth.6va.]

Aor. 5. asthavisam? gb.s. [aBth6Vit.]

[Fut. sthevisyati, sthevita.]
 +

sthiv] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 182

Verb, sthyuta b. +. sthivita c; sthutva? s. : -sthivya c.

[Sec. Conj.: Int. testhiv-, testhiv-. — Desid. tisthivisa- tis-, tusthjrusa-

tus-. — Caus. sthevayati.]

]/ saks.
For the participle saksant, see y sah.

y sagh, 'be equal to',

Pres. [5.] asaghnos rv.
[Perf. sasagha.]
Aor. 1. saghat rv. ; saghyasam b.s. [ — 3. asisaghat. — 5. asagh.it.]
[Fut. etc. saghisyati, saghita ; sasagh-, sisaghisa-, saghaya-.]
Deriv. saghan b.

Doubtless another form of ]/ sah.

y sac, 'accompany'.
Pres. [1.] sacate etc. v.b.. -ti rv'. — [3.] sisakti etc. rv. ; sa9eati(3p.) rv.,
saQcata (3p.) rv. — [1.] sagcasietc. sa9ee rv.

Perf. seeire av. ; sa9cinia saeeus etc. rv., sa^cire rv.

v.b.,

Aor. J. saeana rv. — 4. asaksata etc. (saksat -simahil rv. [— 5.

asaeista.l
[Fut. sacisyate, sacita.]
Verb, sacadhyai rv. ; saksani? kv.
Deriv.: -sac v.s. sacya Rv. saei? V.B. -sakra rv.
-saca V.B. saeana rv. sakhi? V.+ saksani rv.
saca Kv.B. saeas- rv. sacatha rv. saqcat v.
-sacin b. + saci v. + sakman, -mya rv. sacaya cb.

y saj, sanj, 'hang'.

Pres. [1.] sajati etc. v.+, -te s.

Perf. sasanja b.+ ([sasajus] sasanjus c, sasajjatusv m., sejus cb.")

Aor. 1. asanji b. [sajyat. 3. asasanjat.] —
4. sanksit etc. v.+. asak- —
thas -ta V.B.
[Fut. sanksyati, sankta.J
Verb, sakta v. + saktvim e., sanktos b. -sajya b. + -sangam b.s. ; ;
;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, sajyate etc. b.+, -ti e.; sajjate etc. t..+, -ti etc. e.+ —
[Int. sasaj-, sasanj-. —
J Desid. sisanksati cb. [sisaiiksa-.] Caus. —
sanjayati etc. e. + ; sajjayati etc. e. +, -te e.

Deriv.: -saj V. saiigav.+ -sanjanaB. + sakti V.

-saja Bv. saiigin AV.+ -saiijaniya c. saktu V V. +

-sajya c. -saiigya b.s. sajjana c. -saktavya c.
-sanj a c. ,
-sanktavya o.
183 AND Primary Derivatives. san

y sad, 'sit'.

Pres. [l.J sidati etc. v.+, -te etc rv1.k.+ — [2.j satsi v.

Perf. sasada sedus etc.\.+ (sasattha uv. ; sasadyat av. ; sidatus k.),

sedire rv.
AoT. 1. asadi sadi kv. — 2. asadat etc. v. + i sadathas uv.. aadas etc. v. +,

sadeyam e<c.v.B.s., sadatue^e. sadatamv.K.s., sadantuv., aadantam

AV., sadat- rv.) — 3. asisadat etc. a. — 4. satsat uv. — .").
asadit ta.
Fut. 1. satsyati etc. b.s.; sidisyati c. [ — 2. satta. |

Verb, sanna av.+, satta v.; sattvim b., siditum e. ; -sadya v. + : -sadam
Bv., -sade v.b. ; -sadam i?.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, sadyate b. — [Int. sasad-. — Desid. sisatsa-. — ] t'(iu>.

sadayati etc. v. +. -te etc. v.+ (sadyate etc. b. + ; sisadayisa- in d.)

Deriv. : sad v.+ sadin av. + sadi e. sanni c.

sada B.+ -sadya e.+ sedi av.b.s. sadman v. +

-sadya v.b.s sadanav. + -sandi? av.b.s. sadman rv.

-sadya n. V.B. sadanav. + sediika e. -sadvan v.s.

-sadya CB. -sadaniyaE.+ sattiv.+ -sadvara b.s.
sada V.+ sadas v. + sattr v.b.u. -satsnu Rv.
-sadakaE.+ -sadi av. sattra v. + sadayitavya e. -i-

-sisadayisu e.
The stem sada, so far as accented sada, is perhaps rather a present-stem.

y san, 2 sa, 'gain'.

Pres. [8.] sanoti etc. v.b.s. — [Ivj sanat etc. sanema sana sanant rv.

Perf. sasana rv. (sasavans v., sasanusi b.s.) [sene.]

Aor. asata; sanyat, sayat.
[1. — ] 2. asanam etc. v.b. (saneyam etc b.s. •,

sanem b.s.) [3. asisanat. — — ] 4vsesam set b. — 5. asanisam rv.

(sanisat etc v., sanisantu sv.), [asanistaj (sanisamahe sanisan-
ta RV.)
Fut. 1. sanisyati v.b. [ — 2. sanita.]
Verb, sata v.b.

Sec. Conj. : [Pass, sanyate, sayate. — [sansan-, sasa-,] sanisnata

] Int.

E,v. — Desid. sisasati etc. v.b. [sisanisa-. Cans, sanayati.j—

Deriv . : -san RV.
 + ]

sap] Roots, Vekb-forms, 184

y sap, 'serve'.

Pres. [1.] sapati -te etc. v.b.

Perf. sepus Ev.

Aor. 3.sisapanta ev.
[Fut. sapisyati, sapita.]
Sec. Conj.: Cam. sapayant? e.

DeWv. ; -sap EV. sapa b.s. sapar- v.+ saptiv.

-sapin EV.
The relations of part of these forms are very donbtfol.

y sarj, 'creak'.

Pres. [1.] sarjati etc. v.b.

Does not appear to admit of connection with y srj.

y sa9e, see y sac.

y sas, 'sleep'.

Pres. [2.] sasti etc.(sastas sasant etc.) v. [3.] sasasti ts., sasasti vs., —
sasat ci.
[Perf. etc. sasasa; asisasat, asasit; sasisyati, sasita; sasas-, sisasisa-,
sasaya-.]
Deriv. sasa ? ev.
The single later occurrence is doubtless artificial.

y sah, 'prevail'.

Pres. [1.] sahate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ (sahant ev.); sahati etc. ev'.e'. —
[4.] sahyami m1. — [2.] saksi saksva saksva ev.
Perf. [sehe] (sehana ev. sasahe av. sasahe etc. v. sasahana v., sa-
; ; ;

sahisthas ev.), sehima -bus e. (sasaha v.; sasahat etc v., sa-
sahyama etc. ev., sasalivans ev,, sasahvans ta., sahvans ev.)
Aor. 1. sahana ev. ; sahyama v., sahyas etc. ev. — [3. asisahat. —
4. asaksi saksi asaksmalii (saksate ev. saksiya etc. av.b.),
ev. ,
b. ;

saksit GB. (saksati av., saksat ev., saksama ev., saksat pple. ev.)
— asahista ev., sahisimahi etc. v.
5.

Fut. 1. saksyati etc. e., -te b., saksye? av. ; sahisyati -te etc. e.+ (asah-
isyat E.) —
sodha e.+ [sahita.]2.

Verb, sadlia v.+, sodha c. sodhum e.+, sahitvun ; e. ;

[sadhva, sahitva;]
-sahya v. + -saham b. sahadhyai ev.k.
; ;

Sec. Conj. : Pass, sahyate etc. c. — [Int. sasah.-. — ] Desid. siksati -te etc.

Bv.Ts. [sisahisa-.] — Caus. sahayati etc. e. +

 +

185 AND Pkimaby Derivatives. sadh

Deriv. : -sah v.+ -sabha? e.+ sehuv Av.K. sahyu uv,

saha v.B. sinha? v. sadhi MS. sahianu R.+
saha V. + sahanv uv. sodhavya c. sahvan h.s.
sahaka c. sahana c. sahitavya e. saksa h.

-sahya sv,+ sahaniya e. + sadhr rv. -saksin nv.

-sahya n. ev. -sahana e.+ sodhr E. saksana rv,
saha V. + sahantya v.n. sahuri v. saksani v.
-saha Rv, sahas v. + sahiyas v. + sasahi v.
-sahin c. sahasana rv. sahyas rv.
-sahya v, + -sahi c. sahistha v.d.

y 1 sa, si, 'bind'.

Pres. [6?] syati etc. v.+, -te etc v. + — sinati — [9.] etc. v.b.u. [5,] asinot
JR., -sinvant rv. ? — [Iv] sami santi seyam set m,
Perf. sasau c. sisaya rv. (siset v rv.) [sisye.J
;

Aor. 1. asat etc. v.b. (sahi sitam rv., simahi rv.ts.?) [seyat. — 3. asi-
sayat. — 4. asaisit, asesta. — 6. asasit.]
Fut. 1. [sasyati] sisyati m. [sesyati -te. — 2. sata, seta.]
Verb, sita v. + ; satum jr., setave av., -situm c. ; sitvas. ; •8ayav.+,
-sya E. + ; -sai ev.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, siyate etc. e.+ — [Int. sasa-, sesi-. — Desid. sisasa-,
sisisa-. — ] Caus. sayayati etc. b.+
Deriv.: -sa'?Rv.+ -seya c. -sya e. setavya c.

-saya E.+ -sanav. + -sitiv. ?c. setr ev.

-sayin b.+ -satr rv.c. setu v.+ -sinva".' ev.
It is not practicable to separate the two forms of this root. Its prevailing
use with ava has led to its reduction to mere s in some of the forms made
from it.

y 2 sa, see y san.

y sadh, sadh, 'succeed'.

Pres. [1.] sadhati -te etc. ev. — [5.] sadhnoti etc. jb. ;
[sadhnoti. — 4.

sadhyati.]
[Perf. sasadha.]
Aor. 3. sisadhati -dhas etc. -dhema -dhatu v.b. [ — 4. asatsit.]
[Fut. satsyati, saddha.]
Verb, sadhitum (cans. '?) c.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. sasadh-. — Desid. sisatsa-. — ] Caus. sadhayati etc. v,+,

-te etc. E. + (sadhyate etc. e. + ; sisadhayisati etc. sisadh- c.)

Deriv. .
-sadh rv. sadhyav.+ sadhuv.+ sadhayitavya c.

sadha rv. sadhana +

v. sadhu rv. sadhayitr c.
sadhaka e.+ sadhaniya e.+ saddhi jb. sisadhayisa c
sadhin c. sadhas v. sadhiyas i;.+ sisadhayisu s.+
sadhistha rv.u.
 :

si] Roots, Vekb-fokms, 186

y si, 'bind', see y 1 sa.

From a root or roots si or si appear to come sundry doubtful derivatives,

as sayaka e. +, sena v. +, sita v. +. siman -mant -ma av. +. sira v. +

y sic, 'pour out".

v.+
Fres. [6.] sificati etc. v.+, -te etc. [1.] seeate evI. —
Perf. siseca sisiee etc. v.+ (sisicus nv., sisice ev.c.)
Aor. 1. sieyat b. (sincyat? acs.); aseei r..s. 2. asicat — etc. v.+, -cata

etc. v.B. (sicamahe v.b.) — [3. asisicat, asisieat. — 4. asikta.]

Fut. 1. seksyati -te etc. b.e.

Terft. sikta V.sektum e., -tavai

+ ;
b.; siktvaB.+, sincitvac. ; -sicya
AV. + ; -secam s., -sekam s.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, sicyate etc. v.+, -ti e. — [Int. sesic-. — Desid. sisiksa-,
sisiksa-. — ] Caus. secayati etc s.+, -te s. + ; sineayati e'.

Z)eriu. ; sic v.B.s. -sekin c. secanav.+ sektrY.+

-sicya B. -sekya B.+ -secaniya b. -secitr e.

-sicya n. b. -secaka e. sikti v.b. siktha c.

sekav.+ -secya e. sektavya c.

y 1 sidh, 'repel'.

Pres. [1.] sedhati etc. v. +, -te etc. s.+

Perf. sisedha etc. v.+, sisidhe k.

Aor. 1 . asedlii c. — [3. asisidhat. — 4. asaitsit. — ] 5. asedhis etc. ev.k.

Fut. 1. setsyati e., sedhisyati c. [ — 2. seddha, sedhita.]

Verb, siddha b. + ; seddhum b.+; -sidhya av.+
Sec. Conj.: Pass, sidhyate etc. e.+ — Jnt. sesidhat rv. — [Desid. sisedh-
isa-, sisidhisa-, sisitsa-. — ] Caus. sedhayati etc. s.+
Deriv.
sedhaAv.+ -sedhya c. -siddhi c. -seddhra b.
-sedliakaE.+ -sedhanaE.+ -seddhavya e.+ sidhma, -man? b.+
-sedhin c. -sedhaniya c. -seddhr b.+ -sedhayitr c.

See the following root.

y 2 sidh, 'succeed'.

Pres. [4.] sidhyati etc. rv1.u.s.+, -te etc. b,+

Perf. sisedha uvi?
Aor. [1. sidhyasam; asedhi. — 2. asidhat. — 3. asisidhat. — ] 4. sait-

sit c'.

Fut. 1. setsyati -te etc e.+ [— 2. seddha.]

Verb, siddha b^.e. + [sedhitva, sidhitva, siddhva.j
[See. Conj.: sesidh-; sisitsa-; sedhaya-.J
1 87 AND Primary Derivatives. [sul

Z>mv. ; -sidh Rv. siddhi u.+ sidlima rv. -sidhvan nv.

sidhra rv.
Appears to be a weakened form of >/ sadli. Grassmami, however, con-
siders 1 sidh and 2 sidh as one root, and there are iti fact some difficulties In

their separation.

y SI, see y si.

y siv, syu, 'sew'.

Pres. [4.] sivyati etc. v. +. -te v.

[Per/", etc. siseva; asisivat, asevit; sevisyati, sevita.J
Ver6. syuta v, + syutva s. -sivya av.
; ;

Sec. Conj. : [Int. sesiv-, — Desid. sisevisa-, susyusa-. — ] Caus. sevayati;]

\

sivayati c.

Derlv.: syu b. seva b. sevitavya c. syilman v.b.

sivaka c. sevanaB.+ sutra .\.v.+ syona'.' v.b.s.

sivya c. sivana b.+ sfina v.b.s.
The noun sucl (of which sucay 'point out' is a denominative) can hardly
be connected with this root.

y su, 'press out'.

Pres. [5.J svmoti etc. \.+. sunute etc. v.+ [sunvire rv.) — [.'i.] susvati
(3p.) RV.
Perf. susava susuma etc. v.e., susvana rv.
AoT. 1. sotu sutam etc. rv., suvana svana v. asavi ; rv. — 3. asusavus
AB. [asusavat. — 4. asausit, asosta. — 5. asavit, asavista.]
Put. 1. sosyati kcs., savisyati cb. — 2. sota ab.

Verb, suta V. + ; sotave rv., -tos v.b. ;

-sutya b. + ; -suya e.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, suyate etc. v.+ — [Int. sosu-. — Desid. sususa-. — j Caus.
savayati s.

Leriv.: -siw a h. savana v. + sotu rv. soman rv.

sava V.B.S. -sut V.+ sotva rv. suya k.

sava RV. -suti v. sotr rv. sura.v. +

-savin rv. sutya s.+ sutvan v. -sunva ev.

-savyas.+ sutya b.s. soma v. + susvi rv.

Doubtless the same with ]/ an, and the forms and uses of the two not al-

ways clearly distinguishable.

>/sul(?).

Only in the single form pra svdami ts.tb., for which vs. has pra
tilami: see y til.
 —

subh] Roots, Verb-fokms, 188

y subh, sumbh, 'smother' (?).

Pres. [9.] asubhnan ts. — [6?] sumbhan k.

Verb, subdha ts.

Deriv. sobhari? v.

y su, su, 'generate, enliven, impel'.

Pres. [2.] sute suvate etc. v. + (suvana svana? kv.), sauti b. +, sQhi s. —
[6.] suvati etc. v.b.u. (sva av.ta.), suvate etc. b. [4.] suyate —
etc. b1. +, -ti etc. e. + [1.] savati— etc. e.+
Perf. susava etc, e. +, susuve etc. a\.+ (sasuva v.)
Aor. [1. asavi.] —
3. [asusavat,] asusot ms., -savus tb. 4. [asausit,] —
asosta U.+ —
5. asavit etc. y.b. (savisat v.b.) [asavista.]

Put. 1. sosyati -te etc. b.+ (susyant rv^.c'.), savisyati -te etc. e.+ [
2. seta, savita.]
Verb. sutav.H-, suta b. + [suna] ;
[sotum,] sutave v. , -tavai .w., savi-
tave Av.; siitva b. + -suya ;
e. + -sutya
;
cb.

Sec. Conj. Pass, suyate etc. v.+

: — Int. sosaviti rv. — [Desid. sususa-. —
Cans, savaya-.]
Deriv. su V.+ -savas b.s. sutri AV. -suya AV.+
sava + V. suti V. + stri? V.+ sura? V.
savy a ? n. pr. rv. -SUti RV. savatha ? c. surf? V.+
-savin c SUtU AV. -suna S.+ saviman v.b.s.

savana v.+ savitr v. + sunu V. + -suvan V.

- suvana av. -savitr rv. -suma V. susa AV.
stisana? av.
Usually divided into two roots , 1 su 'impel', and 2 su 'give birth' (the

verb-forms of the former, with three or four sporadic exceptions, limited to the
older language); but their forms and meanings are mixed beyond the possibility

of successful separation.

y stid, 'put in order'.

[Pres. siidate.]

Perf. [susude,] susiidima rv. (susudati etc. susudat etc. rv., susiid-

ata AV.)
Aor. 3. asusudanta ts.

[Fut. siidisyati, siidita.]

Sec. Conj.: [Int. sosud-. — Desid. susHdisa-. — ] Cans, sudayati etc. v.+,

-te etc. E. +

Z>eriy. ; -sud RV, -sudakaE.H- sudanav. + sudayitnu rv.

suda V. + sudin b.
 + . :

189 AND Primary Deuivatives. [bW

y surk?, 'heed'.
Pres. [1.] surksati etc. b.s.

[Perf. etc. susurksa; asurksit; surksisyati, surksita-J

Deriv. surksya b.

y sr, 'flow'.

Pres. [3.] sisarti sisrat etc. rv., sisrate (3p.) etc. v. fsisratus ev'.) — [1.]
sarati etc. s'.e.+, -te etc. e. +
Perf. sasara sasre etc. v. + sasrva
( cb., sasrvans v. +, sasrana uv. ; sasr-
mana bv.)
Aor. 1. asari b. [sriyat.] — 2. asarat etc. v.b. (sarat etc. sira rv.) — 4.

[asarsit,] sarsat av.

Fut. 1. sarisyati etc. v.+ [ — 2. sarta.]
Ferft. sartum
srtd, B. + ; c, sartave bv.. -tavai rv. ; srtvan. + : -srtya
B. + -saram b.
;

Sec. Con}.: Int. sarsre etc. bv. (sarsrana v.) — Desid. sisirsati etc. b. —
Caus. sarayati -te etc. v.+ (^saryate etc. b. + ; sisarayiaa- in d.);

sardyante rv.
Deriv. sara v.
: sarana v. + -sf tya AV. saramav v.+
saraka e. + sarani c. -srtya jb. srmara b. +
sarin? bv. sarana b.+ -sartu RV. sarayu v. +
sara v. + -saraniya c. -sartavya b.c. sarira b.

saraka e. + saras v.+ sartr b. salila V. +

sarin b. + sant V. + srtvan v.b. sarala? e. +
-sarya c. saru ? AV. -srtvara c. sasra bv.

sira V. + -srt V. + sarma bv. sasri bv.

sira BV. srti AV. + -sarman bv. -sisarayiau c.

sariman bv.

y srk, 'be pointed' (?',

A root srk or arc inferable with plausibility from the derivatives

srka v.b. srakt{ v.b.s. srkva c. 8rkvanv.+
srakva rv. srkvi e. +

y syj, 'send forth'.

Pres. [6.] srjati -te etc. v.+ — [1.] sarjatas av.. -anti c. [aarajant bvI?)
Perf. sasarja sasrje + (sasarktha c. [sasarjitha sasrasthaj. sasrj-
etc. v.

mahe -jrire rv., sasrgmahe sv.; sasrjyat asasrgram av.)

Aor. 1. asrgran -ram bv.; asarji v.b. srjana rv. [3. asisrjat, asa- ;
—
sarjat. —
asraksit etc.
] 4. v.+ (asrak v.b.c'. ,
asrat b.. sras av. ;

sraksat b.), asrksi asrsta etc. v.b.

Fut. 1. sraksyati -te etc. b.+ 2. srasta? pb. —
 + ]]

syj Roots, Verb-forms, 190

Verb, srsta v. + ;
srastum e. + ; srstva b.u. ;
-sfjya b. + ;
-sargam b.,

-sarjam. b.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, srjyate etc. —v.+ sarisrj-. — Desid. sisrksati

[Int. ] etc.

B.+ (sisrkamas ci.), -te gb. — Cans, sarjayati -te b.+ etc.

Deriv. ; -srj V. + -sargin s.+ srstiv.+ srjaya -ya b.

sraj V.+ sarjaB.+ srsti cbI. sisrksa c.

srjyaB.+ -sarjya e. srastavya c. sisrksuE.
sargav.H- sarjana v.+ srastrv.+ sarjayitavya u.+

y srp, 'creep'.

Pres. [1.] sarpati etc. v. +, -te etc. e.+

Perf. sasarpa etc. b.+
AoT. asrpat etc. av.b.
2. —
3. asisrpat b. [asasarpat.] 4. [asarpsit, —
asrapsit ;] asrpta b.s.
Put. 1. srapsyati etc. b.+, sarpsyati b. [ 2. sarpta, srapta.] —
Verb, srpta b. + sarpitum ;
e. + srptva b. -srpya av.b.s. -srpas b. ; ; ; ;

-sarpam b.s.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, srpyate sarisrpant c, -pyate b.

etc. b. + — Int. —
Desid. sisrpsati etc. v.+ Cans, sarpayati etc. s.+ —
Dcriv..- -srp b.s. -sarpaka s. sarpi b. srpra rv.
-srpya c. -sarpin b. + sarpis v. + sasarpari rv.
sarpav.+ sarpanav.+ -srpti c. sarisrpav.+

y sev, 'attend upon'.

Pre?. [1.] sevate etc. v.+, -ti etc. ev'.e. +

Perf. siseve etc. e. +, -va c.

[Aor. asisevat, asevista.]

Fut. 1. sevisyati e. [-te. — 2. sevita.]
Verb, sevita e. + ; sevitum c. ; sevitva e. ; -sevya c.

Sec. Conj.: Pass,sevyate etc. e. + — [Int. sesev-. — Desid. sisevisa-. —

Cans, sevayati c. [sisevayisa- in d.)

Deriv.: sevaE. + sevinE.+ sevanaE.+ sevitavya b. +

sevaka E.+ sevya e.+ sevaniya c. sevitr e.+
sisevayisu c,

y skand, 'leap'.

Pres. [1.] skandati etc. v. +, -te c.

Perf. caskanda v. +, -de e. +

Acr. 1. askan skan v.b. [skadyat.] [2. askadat. — — 3. acaskandat. —
4. askantsit b. (^askan skan b.s.)

Fut. 1. skantsyati b. [ — 2. skantta.]

Verb, skanna v. + ;
[skanditum skanttva;] -skandya ; b.+, -skadya b. ;

-skade -skadas rv. ; -skandam av.b.

191 AND Pkimary Derivatives. [stan

Sec. Ccnj.: [Pass, skadyate. —

] Int. kaniskan caniskadat rv. — {Defid.
ciskantsa-. — J Cans, skandayati etc h. +
/)eri(>.; skanda V.+ -skandya h. -skadvari h. skandha av.+
skandinB.+ skandana n.+ skandhas? t.h.

y skambh, skabh, 'prop'.

Pres. [9.] skabhnati etc. v.b. (skabhana n.) — [5.] skabhnuvant «. [—

1. skambhate.]
Perf. easkambha c'. (caskambha skambhathus -bhus rv.). [caskam-
bhe] caskabhana av.
[Aor. etc. acaskambhat, askambhit; skambhisyati, skambhita. |

Verb, skabhita v. ;
[skambhitum ;J skabhitvi rv. ; -skabhe rv.
Sec. Conj.: Cans, [skambhayati (skambhita )
c")

Lervi. : skabha- v.n. -skambhaka c. skambhana v.r. skabhiyas rv.

skambha v. + -skambhin e. +

y sku, 'tear'.

Pres. [2.] skauti cr. — [5.] sk\inoti av. [skunute. — !). skunati,
skunite.]
[Perf. etc. cuskava euskuve acuskavat, askausit askosta ; ; skosyati
-te, skota.]
Verb, skuta rv. ; -skavam e.

Sec. Conj.: ms. —

Pass, skuyate Int. coskuyate etc. rv. [ — Desid. cu-
skusa-. — Caus. skavayati.]
Derli\: -skava av. -skavana s.
The doubtful form skuptva in Ap. Dh. S. (i. 31. 24) perhaps belongs
here ; compare dantaskavana ib. ii. 5. 9.

y skr, see y 1 kr.

y skhal, 'stumble'.
Pres. [1.] skhalati etc. e. +, -te ab.
Perf. caskhala caskhalus e. +
[Aor. etc. askhalit; skhalisyati, skhalita.]
Verb, skhalita b. +
Sec. Conj. : Caus. skhalayati etc. c. [skhalayati.]
Deriv. : skhala b. + skhalana e. +

y Stan, 'thunder'.

Pres. [2.] stanihi stan rv. — [1.] stanati etc. av.e.h-, -se c'.

[Perf. tastana tastanus.]

Aor. [2. atistanat. — ] 5. astanit av
[Fut. stanisyati, stanita. j
 : + ]

Stan] Roots, Vebb-fobms, 192

Verb, stanita s.+ stanitva c.

;

Sec. Conj. : Int. tanstanihi ay. [ — Desid. tistanisa-. — ] Cans, stanayati

+
etc. V,

Deriv.: -stana v.e. stanana c. stanatha kv. istani? rv.

-stanaka? c. stanauv av. stanathu av. stanayitnu v.+
Compare y 2 tan.

y stambh, stabh, 'prop'.

Prea. [9.] stabhnati etc. v. + (stabhana v.b.) — [5.] stabhnoti etc. b. —

[1.] stambhant c, stambhate etc. c. stabhamana aa. ;

Perf. tastambha tastabhus etc. v. (tastambhat rv.), tastambhe etc. b.+

(tastabhana v.b.)

Aor. 1 [stabhyat ;] astambhi c.

. [2. astabhat. 3. atastambhat. — — —
4. astarapsit tb. 5. astambhit stambhit —
ev.
[Fut. stambhisyati, stambhita.]
Veri. stabhitav., stabdhan. + stabdhum c. stabdhva av.e., stambh-; ;

itva E. -stabhya b. + -stambham b.

; ;

Sec. Conj. : Pass, stabhyate c. [Int. tastabh-. —

Desid. tistambhisa-. — —
Caus. stambhayati -te etc. e.+ (stambhayisa? in d.)
Deriv,
stanabha stabha- bv. v.stambhana b. +
+ -stambhayitr c.
stambhaka E.+ -stabhya c stambhaniya e. + -stambhayisu e.
stambhin e. + stabhu- ev. -stabdhi b. +
Compare tte parallel and equivalent root skambh.

]/ sta, 'be stealthy'.

Is inferable from the derivatives:

stay at av.gb. stayu
steya v. + vs. staman? av.

stayat jb. tayii? v. stenav.

GB. reads stayan; jb. has na stayad bhavati ii. 24 (ter).

y stigh, 'mount'.

Pres. [5.] stighnoti -nuyat ms. [stighnute.]

[Perf. etc. tistighe; atistighat, asteghista; steghisyate, steghita.]
Verb, -stigham ms.
Sec. Conj.: [Int. testigh.-.— Desid. ] tistighisati ms. [tistighisa-, tiste-
ghisa-. — Cans, steghayati.]
These forms are somewhat amended from the MSS. (which have stinnoti
etc.} : see Schroder in ZDMG. xxxiii. 195.

]/ stim, stim, '^be stiff'.

[Pres. etc. stimyati; tistema, tistima; etc. etc.]

Verb, stimita e. +
Compare ]/ sty a.
 : +

193 AND Pbimahy Derivativks. [six

y 1 stu, 'praise'.
Pres. [2. J stauti stuvanti etc v. +, stute stuvate etc. v.+ (stavimi c'..
stosi Rv., stuvana
stavana v., stavana iiv.)
v.,
[l.J stavate etc. —
(stave 3s.) rv. —
[6?] astuvat e., stuvate etc. av.b. [J.j stun- —
vanti etc. u.c, stunvana u. stuse (!,3«.) v. —
Perf. tustava tustuvus etc. v. + [tustuva -ma], tustuve etc. v. +
Aor. 1. [stuyat;J astavi rv. —
3. atustavam rv., -tuvam .ik. (tustavat

Bv.) — 4. astausit etc. b.+ (stosat etc. stosani bv.), astos^a etc. v.n.

— 5. astavit etc. b.s.

Ful. 1. stosyati etc. b.+ (astosyat etc. b.u.), -te etc. b. + ; stavisyati -te
etc. V. [ — 2. stota.]
Verb, stuta v. + stotum b.+, stotave rv. stutva av. + -stiitya b. +.
; ; ;

-stuya E. + stavadhyai rv. ;

Sec. Conj. Pass, stuyate etc. v. h

: [Int. tostu-. ] Desid. tustusita c. — —
Cans, stavayati etc. b.+, -te c. stavayati c'. ;

Derjv. -stu BV.

.•
-stavya s, stut v.s. stotrav.
stavav. + stavana S.+ stuti v. + stavatha rv.
stavya e. -stavaniya s. stutya v. + stoma v. +
stava b. + -stavana E.+ stotavyaB.+ stavan'.' rv.
stavaka c stotr v. stuseyya ev. t-

j/ 2 stu, 'drip'.

Such a root is with probability inferable from the derivatives

-stu RV. -stava av. stuka v.b..s. stupa av.b.

stoka V. + stupa v. +

|/ stubh, 'praise'.

Pres. [1 stobhati v.b.s. [-te].

.]
—
[2.] stobdhi (3s.) jb., stubhana rv.

[Perf. etc. tustubhe; atustubhat, astobhista; stobhisyate, stobhita.]

Veri. stubdha b.s.

Sec. Conj.: stobhayati n\.cK

Cans,
Deriu. .•
stiibh V.+ -stobha b.+ stobhana c. stubhvan rv.

stubha E. stobdhavya jb.

Seems related with y 1 stu.

y str, 'strew'.

Pres. [9.] strnati strnite etc. v.+ — [5.] strnoti strnute etc. v.+ — [l.J

starati + etc. e.

+ tastare -rire (tastrire av. tistire 3».

Perf. tastara tastarus b. ,
c. .

-rana bv.)
Aor. 1. astar star rv., astrta ab. (starate staramahe rv.); [staryat;]

astari rv. — [3. atastarat. — ] 4. [astarsit] astrsi b.; strsiya w. —

5. astaris av. [astarista, starisista.]
Whitney, Supplement II. 13
sty] Roots, Vekb-forms, 194

Fut. 1. starisyati -te b.c. [ — 2. starta.] f

Verl. strta v. +,startave e., -tavai b., staritavai b., stari-
stirna v. + ;

tave AV.B., -staritavai b. strtva b.s., stirtva b.s. -strtya e., ; ;

-stirya b. + -stire rv. strnisani by.

; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, stiryate etc. s.+, -ti m.?; striyate en. [staryate. — Int.

testirya-, tastarya-. — ] Desid. tistirsate jb. ; tustursate b.u.s. —

Caus. starayati etc. e. +
DcWu.; stf ? ET. starya B. -starin av.+ -staritu rv.
-stir E.V. -starya b. starana v. + -staritr c.

-stur Ev. -starav.+ strtiB.+ stariman ev.

-stara v.+ -staraka c. strtya b. -strna c.

y strh, 'crush'.
Pres. [6.] strhant s'.
[Perf. etc. tastarha etc. etc.]
Seems to be a variant of ]/ trh.

y stya, sti, 'stiffen'.

Pres. [4.] styayate etc. b.c.

[Perf. etc. tastyau sty ay at styey at, astyasit styasyati, styata.]
; ;

Verb, styana c. [stita, stima] -styaya e. ;

Derju..- stiy a RV. -styaya c, -styayana c. stima av.

-stimin av.b.
The last two derivatives perhaps rather from ]/ stim (or this from them).

y sthag, 'cover'.
[Pres. etc. sthagati tasthaga ; ; asthagit ; sthagisyati, sthagita.]
Sec. Conj. : Caus. sthagayati etc. c.

Deriv.: sthagaka c. sthagana c.

y stha, 'stand'.
Pres. [1.] tisthati etc. v. +, -te etc. v. + (tisthasam ? ggs.)
Perf. tasthau tasthe etc. v. +
Aor. 1. asthat etc. \.+ (sthati sthathas stheyama sthant rv. asthithas ),

-ita V. +, asthiran v.b. [stheyasam;] asthayi c. 2? asthat av.k.

;
—
— 4. [sthasista:! sthesam e., -sus? av. — 5. asthisi -sata b.+
Fut. 1. sthasyati -te etc. e.+ — 2. sthata etc. e. +
Verb, sthita v. + sthatum ;
e.+, -tos e.s., -sthitum r. ; sthitva e. + ;

-sthaya v. + -sthayam
; v.b.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, sthiyate etc. b.+ (asthayisi c'.) — [Int. tastha-, testhi-
ya-. — ] Desid. tisthasati etc. b. + (tisthaset .'
ce.) — Caus. sthapayati
etc. V.+, -te etc. v.+ (atisthipat etc. v.b.-, -sthapam e. : sthapyate
etc. B. + ; -sthapayisati r,.^
 +

195 AND Primary Derivatives. [snu

Deriv. :

stha V. + -sthu V. + sthaman v.c. tisthasa c.

-stha V. + -sthr B. stheman b.+ tisthasu c.
-sthin Av. + sthayuka i.. stheyas v. + sthapaka k. +
-sthaya e. sthiti B.+ sthira v. + sthapin c.
-sthayaka c. sthiti cb'. sthala, -li? V.+ sthapya b. +
St hay in «.+ sthatavya e.+ -sthavan v.b. sthapana k. +
sthana V. + sthatur rv. sthavara b.+ sthapaniya ii.+
-sthi Ev. sthatr V. + sthasnu s. + sthapitr c.

stheya b. + sthatra v. tasthu c. sthapayitavya e. +

-stheya n. b. stlianu V. + sthapayitr e, +
A number of derivatives are also made from a root sthu, which appears to
he only a form of stha. They are
sthura v.b. sthavira v. + sthuna v. + sthaviman «.

sthula AV.+ sthavira rv. sthdri .'

v.b. sthaviyas b. +
-sthava b. sthavistha k. +

y sna, 'bathe'.
Pres. [2.] snati etc. v. +, snayita e. — [4.] snayate etc. e.

Perf. sasnus c.

Aor. 1. [snayat, sneyat;] asnayi c. [ — 6. asnasit.]

Fat. 1 .snasyati -te etc. e. + [ 2. snata.] —
Verb, snata av. + snatum b. + snatva av. + -snaya
; ; ; v.b.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. sasna-. — ] Desid. sisnasa- iin d.). — Caus. snapayati
etc. Rv.s. +, -te gb. ; snapayati etc. av. +
Deriv.: -sna v.c. sneya e.+ snatva v.b. snapaka e. +
-snaE.+ snanaAv. + snatavyaE.+ snapanaE.
sna3rinE.+ -snatr v.c. sisnasu e. snapana av.+

y snih, 'be sticky'.

Pres. [4.] snihyati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. +
[Perf. etc. sisneha; asnihat, asisnihat; snehisyati, snekayati, sneh-
ita snegdha snedha.J
Verb, snigdha e. + [snidha; snehitva, snihitva, snigdhva, snidhva.J

Sec. Conj.: [Int. sesnih-. — Desid. sisnehisa-, sisnihisa-, sisniksa-. —J

Caus. snehayati etc. rv.c.

Deriv. : snih ta. snehin c. snihan b. snihiti v.

snehaB.+ snehya c. snehanaE. + snehiti rv.

snehaka c. snehayitavya c.

y snu, 'distil'.

Pres. [2.] snauti etc. b. + [snute.]

[Perf. etc. susnava susnuve; asnavi, asnosta, asnavit; snavisyati
snosyate, snavita snota.]
13*
 .

snu] Roots, VERB-rouMS, 196

Verb, snuta s.? e. +

[Sec. Conj.: sosnu-; susntisa-; snavaya-.]

Deriv. : -snu Rv. -snava e. + -snavin c.

y spand, 'quiver'

Pres. [1.]spandate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. +

[Perf. paspande; aspandista; spandisyate, spandita.]
etc.

Verb, spandita c. spanditum c. ;

Sec. Conj. Int. panispad- (m d.).

: [Desid. pispandisa-. ] Caus. spand- — —
ayati -te etc. b.+
Deriv.: spanda e. + spandin c. spandana av.+ panispada av.

]/ spac, see y pac.

y spurdh, see ]/ sprdh.

y spr, win'.

Pres. [5.] sprnoti sprnute etc. v.b.u.s. (sprnvate ev. )

— [9.] sprnati jub.

Perf. paspara b.
Aor. 1. aspar etc. v. (sparat v., sprdhi etc. rv.) — 4. asparsam rv.

[Fut. sparisyati, sparta.]

Verb, sprta v.b. ; sprtva b. sparase ;
rv.

Deriv. ; spara B. sparana av.b. spft v.b. -spartr rv.

sprti b.s.

y sprdh, spurdh, 'contend'.

Pres. [1.]spardhate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e.+ [6.] spurdhan rvI. —
Perf. pasprdhe etc. v.b. (apasprdhetham v.), paspardha e.+
Aor. 1. asprdhran sprdhana rv. [ 5. aspardhista.] —
[Fut. spardhisyate, spardhita.]
Verb, spardhita e. + spardhitum av.b. -spfdhya rv. ; ; ; spurdhase rv.

[Sec. Conj. pasprdh- ; pispardhisa- spardhaya-.]

: ;

Deriu. ; sprdh RV. spardhinE.+ spardhaniya c. -spardhasv. +

spardha B.+ spardhya e.

y spr^, 'touch'.
Pres. [6.] sprqati etc. v.+, -te etc. av.+ (sprqana e.~) — [!.] asparQat c'.

Perf. paspr9us -96 etc. e. + (paspar9us'? u.; paspar9at rv.)

Aor. 1. spr9yat e. — .3. pispr9as -9ati rv. 4. aspraksam — etc. b.e.

[asparksit.] — '. asprksat etc. av.b.

Fut. 1. spraksyati etc. e. [sparksyati. — 2. sprasta, sparsta.]

197 AND Primary Derivatives. [sphut

Verb, sprsta av. + sprastum e. + sprstva n.+ -spr9yaK. + -spyge iiv..

:
; ; ;

-sprqas b.
Sec. Conj.: Pass. spr9yate etc. e.+ [Int. parispr9-. —
] Desid. pisprksa- —
(m d.). —
Cans. spar9ayati etc. b. +, -te kv.
Deriv. :

-spr9 + V. spar9a av. + spr9i c. 8par9itr e.

-spr9aE.+ spar9in S.+ spratiB. + pisprksuE. +

spr9ya E. + spar9ana u.s.+ sprastavya b.+ spar9ayitavya u.

spar9aniya e. + sprastr b. +
Compare y Tpvq, prs; a part of the words there given may with consider-
able plausibility be connected with this root.

y sprh, 'be eager'.

sprhanti s.
Pres. [6.]
Sec. Conj. Cans, sprhayati etc. v. +, -te etc. e. +
:

Deriv.: -sprh v. sparha v. + sprhana e. sprhayalu e +

sprha E. + sprhaniya e. + sprhayayya rv.
The non-causative form only in Ap. Dh. S. i. 31. 9 (^perhaps an error?).

y sphat, 'split'.

Sec. Conj.: Cans, sphatita c.

Deriv. sphatika r.+
No proper root; the participle probably a denominative formation.

y sphar, see y sphr.

y sphal, 'strike'.

Sec. Conj. : Cans, sphalayati etc. ta.c.

Deriv. sphalana e. +

y spha, 'fatten'.

[Pres. etc. sphayate pasphaye apisphavat, asphayista sphayisyate,

;
; ;

sphayita.]
Verb, sphita e. +
Sec. Conj.: Pass, sphiyate e. Caus. sphavaya- ^in — d.).

Deriv. : -sphaka av. sphati v.b.s. sphira rv. sphavayitr ab.

-sphana v.c. sphiti c.

y sphut, 'burst'.

Pres. [6.] sphutati etc. b. + — [1.] sphotati e.e.

Perf. pusphota c.

[Aor. apusphutat, asphotit.]

 :

aphut] Roots, Veeb-forms, 198

Fut. sphutisyati etc. e. [

1. 2. sphutita.] —
Verb, sphutita e. + sphutitva c. ;

•
Sec. Conj.: Caus. sphotayati etc. e.+
Deriv. sphuta e. +
: sphota e. + sphutana c. sphotana e. +

y sphur, sphul, see sphr.

y sphurj, 'rumble'.
Pres. [1.] sphurj ati etc. av. +
[Per/", etc. pusphurja; apusphurjat, asphurjit; sphurjisyati, sphurj-
ita.]
Verb, sphurjita -sphurjya e.?
e. + ;

Sec. Conj.: [Int. posphurj-. Desid. pusphurjisa-. — — ] Caw. sphurja-

yati etc. v. +
Deriv. sphurja c.
: -sphurjana c. -sphurjathu c. -sphurji c.

sphurj aka b.+

y sphr, sphar, sphur, sphul, 'jerk' etc.

Pres. [6.]sphurati etc. v. +, -te etc. b.+

[Perf. pusphora pusphure.]
Aor. [1. sphuryat. 3. apusphurat. — — ] 5. spharis rv. [asphorit.]
[Fut. sphurisyati, sphurita.]
Verb, sphurita sphulita c'. spharitva c.
e. +. ;

Sec. Conj.: [Int. posphur-. Desid. pusphurisa-. —

] Caus. spharayati —
etc. E. + sphurayati c. [sphorayati.]
;

Der jr.; -sphur RV. -spharaE. + sphuranas. + -sphulmga v.+

-sphura v. + - sphur ti c.

Does not seem worth the attempt to divide into different roots, as the

whole considerahle range of meanings appears in the forms of sphur.

y smi, 'smile'.

Pres. [1.] smayate etc. v. +, -ti etc. e. +

Perf. sismiye etc. v.b.-, sismiye etc. e. + ,
sismaya etc. e. + ; -smayam
asa E
Aor. [1. asraayi. — 3. asismayam. — • 4. asmesta. — ] 5. asmayisthas e.

[Fut. smesyate, smeta.]

Verb, smita e. + smitva c. -smayitva
;
e. ; -smitya e.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. sesmi-. — Desid. sismayisa-. — J Caus. smapayati etc.

E.+ (sismapayisa- in d.); smayayati c.

Deriv.
smayaE. + smayana s. + smera rv.c. -smapaniya c.
smayaka ta. -smayaniya e. + -sraapaka c. -smapayaniya e.

smaya c. smetavya ta. -sm^apanas. + -sisruapayisu e.

 + + :

199 AND Primary DERivAin-ES. [srans

y smr, 'remember.
Pres. [1.] smarati etc. v.+, -te etc. v.

Perf. sasmara sasmarus e.

Aor. [1. smaryat, asmari. ;i. asasmarat. — — j 4. asmarsus m.

Fut. 1 . smarisyati e. 2. smarta e. —
Verb, smrta v. + ; smartum e. ; smrtva s.+. smaritva 3:.: -smrtya s. + ;

smaram c.

f^ec. Conj. : Pass, smaryate etc. b. + — [Int. sasmr-. — Desid. susmursa-.

— ] Cans, smarayati etc. e. +, -te etc. e. + (smaryate etc. e. +) ; smara-
yati etc. c.

Deriv.: smara Av. + smaraka c. smararLaE.+ smrtiAv.

smarya c. smarin c. smaraniya e + smartavya b.+
smara B.+ smaranaE.+ -smrt c. smartr c

]/ syand, syad, 'move on'.

Pres. [1.] syandate etc. v.+, -ti etc. e. +

Perf. sisyanda sisyadus -de av.b. sasyande c. [-dimahe -dmahe.] ;

Aor. 1. syandi cb. [2. asyadat. —

] 3. asisyadat -danta v. 4. asyan — —
Rv.
[ —
5. asyandista.]

Fut. syantsyati b. [syandisyate.

1. 2. syantta, syandita.J —
Verb, syanna v. + syanttvim b. syanttva b.. syattva b. -syadya a.
; ; ; ;

-syade rv.
Sec. Conj. Pass, syandyate c.
: Int. sanisyadat v.b. iBesid. sisyan- — —
disa-, sisyantsa-. — ] Cans, syandayati etc. b. + (syandayadhyai rv.)

Deriv. : -syad X. syandakaE. + syandanav. + syandra rv.

syada b. syandin s. + syedu av. sasyad rv.
syandaB.+ syandya b.s. syanttr rv. sanisyada av.

y sraixs, sras, 'fall'.

Pres. [1.] sransate etc. b.+, -ti etc. e. +

Perf. sasransus b., sransire ? c.

Aor. 1. asrat b. — 2. asrasat etc. v.+ (srasema rv.) — 3. asisrasat etc.

AV.B. — 5. asransisata e.

[Fut. sransisyate, sransita.]

Verb, srasta av. + [sransitva, srastva;] -sransya
;
b.s., -sx'asya s.

-srasas v.b.u.

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, srasyate. ] — Int. sanisras- (in d.). — [Desid. sisran-

sisa-. — ] Caws, sransayati etc. av.+ (sransyate e.")

Z)erii;. .
-sras V.B. -srasya b. -sransaka b. sransana e.+

-srasa B.s. sransa av.+ sransin c. sanisrasa av.

 .

sridh Roots, Vekb-forms, 200

y sridh, 'blunder (?)

Pres. [1.] sredhati etc. rv.

Aor. 2. sridhat sridhana rv.
Deriv. sridh v.

y sriv, 'fair.

Pres. [4.] srivyanti b1.

[Perf. etc. sisreva; asrevit; srevisyati, srevita; sruta, srevitva

srutva.]
Sec. Conj. : [Int. sesriv-. — Desid. sisrevisa-, svisrusa-. — ] Cans, sreva-
yant rv., (jrivayati av.

Deriv.: -srivi? b. -sremanVRv.

Sometimes found written witli (j for s.

y sru, 'flow'.

Pres. [1.] sravati gruvat rv.

etc. v.+, -te etc. e. + ;

Perf. susrava susruvus av.+ [susruma], susruve etc. e. +

Aor. 3. asusrot etc. v.b. [asusruvat asusravat asisravat.] ; — 5. asra-
vis JB.

Fut. 1. sravisyati etc. e. [srosyati. — 2. srota.]

Verb, sruta av.+, 9ruta av. ; sravitave rv., -tavai rv.
Sec. Conj. : [Int. sosru-. — Desid. susrusa-. — ] Cans, sravayati etc. av. +,

-te etc. B. ; sravayati c.

Deriv. sru RV. sravm b.+ sravat v. srotas V. +

sruva V.+ sravya e. + srue ? V. + srotya v.b.

srava v.+ sravana v.+ -srut V. + sravatha rv.
-sravin c. sravana av. + srutya b. sravayitavya ms.
-srava av. + -sravas e. sruti V.+
Apparent forms and derivatives of this root are occasionally found with
initial q, even in v. ; and BR. recognize a root 2 9ru, equivalent in meaning
with sru.

y svaj, svanj, 'embrace'.

Pres. [1.] svajate etc. v. +, -ti etc. rv1.e.+ (svajana e.)

JPerf.sasvaje etc. v.+, -jus c. [sasvanje.]

Aor. asasvajat (plpf.'i') rv. [
3. 4. asvaiiksi.] —
Fut. 1. svajisyate e. [svafiksyate. 2. svankta.] —
Verb, svakta b. + svaktura e. svajitva e.
; -svajya e. + -svdje v.
; ; ;

[Sec. Conj.: svajya-; sasvahj-, sasvajya-; sisvaiiksa-; svanjaya-.]

Deriv. svaja av.b.

: -svanga e. + -svajana c. -svahjalya av.
-svajya e. -svahgin c. -svajiyas av.
 )

201 AND Primary Dkrivatives. [svar

y svad, svad, 'sweeten'.

Pres. [1.] svadati -te etc. v. + svadate
; kvI.
Perf. sasvade c. [sasvade.]
Aor. 3. asisvadat etc. v.b.
[Fut. svadisyate, svadita.]
Verh. svatta v.b. -Slide rv. ; ; -svadam s.

Sec. Conj. :
[Int. sasvad-. — Desid. sisvadisa-. — ] Cans, svadayati -te
etc. V.B. svadayati etc. e. + (svadyate c.
,

Deriw. ; svada-? RV. -svadya k. + svaduv.+ svadman iiv.

svada c. svadana rv.c. svadiya8v.+ svadman ev.

-svadaka c. svadaniya e. svadisthav.+ svadiman c.
svadin c. -svadas rv. svadayitr h.
Compare y" sud, which is perhaps related.

y svan, 'sound'.
Pres. [1.] svanati -te etc. e. — [2'.'] asvanit rv.
Perf. sasvana sasvanus e.+ [svenus.]
Aor. 1. svaniv [3. asisvanat.
rv. — — ] 5. svanit rv.
[Fut. svanisyati, svanita.]
Verb, svanita rv.
Sec. Conj. Int. sanisvanat rv. [sansvan-.
: Desid. sisvanisa-.] — — Caus.
svanayati etc. rv.c.
Deriv. : -svan Rv. svana v. + -svanas rv. svanaya rv.
svana v. + svanin rv. svani rv.

y svap, "sleep'.

Pres. [2.] svapiti -panti etc. v. + (svapihi c, svaptu av.), svapita e. —

[1.] svapati etc. v.+, -te etc. e. +
Perf. susvapa susupus etc. v.+, susupana rv. (susupthas ^s.s. i

Aor. 1. supyat s. asvapi c. 3. sisvapas sisvap rv. [asusupat.J

;
— —
4. asvapsam etc. s.+
Fut. 1. svapsyati etc. «. + -te etc. e. +; svapisyati av. -te u.
, . — 2.

svapta M.
Verb, supta AV. + svaptum b. + sviptva av. + -svapam rv.
; ; ;

Sec, Conj. Pass, supyate etc. e. + [

: Int. sasvap-, sosup-.] — — Desid.

susupsa- (in d.). Caus. svapayati —

etc. v. +; svapayati c'.

Deriv. -sup rv.

: svapana b.c. svaptavya b.+ susupsa e.

svapa E.+ svapana S.+ svapitr c. susupsu n.+

-svapin c. supti c. svapna v.+

y svar, 'sound'.
Pres. [1.] svarati etc. v.B.u.fe.
Perf. [sasvara sasvarus] sasvar ? rv.) (
 J

svar] Roots, Vebb-forms, 202

Aor. [3. asisvarat. — ] 4. asvar asvarstam rv. — 5. asvaris jb.

\Fui. svarisyati, svarta svarita.]

Ytrh. svaritos jb. ; -svaram s.

8tc. Conj. : [Int. sasvar-. — Desid. sisvarisa-, susvursa-. — ] Cans, svar-

ayati av. + (svaryate c") [svarayati.
Deriv. : -svar b,v. svarya rv. svarana bv. svaritr rv.
svara Av.E. svarav.+ -svaras rv. -svartr rv.
svara v. + -svarya c s vari ? av. svariyas c.
svaru? v.B.s. svarayitavya c.

Hardly to be separated from this root are the derivatives showing the ra-
dical sense of 'brightness': namely,
svarv.+ sura v.B. 3uryav.+ surta? v.

-svara u.c. suri .'

v. +

]/ svad, see y svad.

I svid, 'sweat'.
Fres. [1.] svedate b.u. —
[4.J svidyati etc. e. +, -te etc.
c.

Ferf. sisvide e. -dana rv. [sisveda.]

AoT. 1. svidyat s. [ 2. asvidat. —

3. asisvidat.] —
[/ut. svetsyati, svetta.]
Verb, svinna av. + ; -svedam b.

Sec. Conj. : [Int. sesvid-. — Desid. sisvitsa-. — ] Caus. svedayati etc. b. +

Deriv.: sveda v.+ svedinE.+ svedya c. svedana c. svedu- v kv .

y had, 'cacare'.

Fres. [1.] hadati c. [-te.]

[Ferf. etc. jahade; ahatta; hatsyate, hatta.]
Verb, hanna c.

[Sec. Conj.: jahad-; jihatsa-; hadaya-.]

Deriv. : -hada e. + -hadana c.

y han, 'smite'.

Fres. [2.] hanti hatas ghnanti etc. v. +, hate ghnate etc. v. + (hanma e. :

ghniya -ita b.c'., hanita etc. b. ;

jaha v.+, handhi ahata '6p.
ta. ;

AB.) — hanami ta., ahanat -nan b. + — [6'']

[1 .] aghnam e., ghnata
(2p.) E. + aghnanta ghnamana e. — [8.] hanomi
,
pgs. — [1.] ji-

ghnate etc. rv.b.. -ti etc. b. jaghnant e. ;

Ferf. jaghana jaghnus etc. v.+ (jaghantha v. jaghanvans v.b., jaghni- ;

vans B.+; jaghanat rv.), jaghne etc. b.+

Aor. [1. aghani.] 3. ajighanat etc. e.+— 4. ghan? s. [ahasta.] — —
5. ahanit jb.
Fat. 1. hanisyati etc.v.+, -te etc. b. + (ahanisyat e. +) ; hansyati e. —
2. hanta e.
 +

203 AND Primary Derivatives. I

has

Verb, hata v. + , ghata a. ; hantum v. + . -tave v.ii.. -tavai v.i;.s.. -tos

V.B., hanitum
hatva v. + -tvi uv. -tvaya v.; -hatya v. +,
c'.; ,
.
,

-hanya e. + -ghatam b.+ ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, hanyate etc. v.+, -ti e, Jnt. janghanti etc. -ananta v.n.. —
jaiiglianyate u. ghanighnat rv jijahiVE. [jeghniya-.J
; Deitid. ;
—
jighansati etc. v. + (ajighansis cb 0, -te etc. E.+ — Caus. ghatayati
etc. B. +, -te etc. e. + (aghatayithas E.) [ajighatat.]
Derk -han V. + -hanasV v.b. hantr v. + jighatnii uv.
-ha V. + hanu ? V. + hatha rv. jighanaa e.+
-hana v. + -hat RV. hatnii v. jighansu b.+
-gha V. + hati V.+ hanman v.b. -hata c.
ghana v, + -hatya n. v. + haniyas ];. ghata B. +
-ghna V. + hatya v. + hanistha rv. ghataka e.+
-ghnya v.+ -hanti b. jaghanav v. ghatin av. +
-ghni Av, -hantu V. + ghanaghana v.+ ghatya c.
-ghni v.B. hantva v.b. jaghni v.s. ghataua e. +

hanana av.+ hantavya e. + jangha v.+ ghatiika av.b.

y har, 'be gratified'.

Pres. [4.] haryati -te etc v.b.

{Perf. etc. jaharya; ajaharyat, aharyit; haryisyati, haryita; jaharya-,
jiharyisa-, haryaya-.J
JDeriv. haryata v.b.

Perhaps a derivative from y hr.

A conspicuous group of words show an inferable root har or hir -be

yellow' : thus,
hariv.+ haritav.+ hariman v. hiranya v.+
haritv.+ harinav. + hiri- rv.

y has, 'laugh'.

Pres. [1.] hasati etc. b.+, -te etc. e.+

Perf.jahasa jahasus e.+, jahase c.

Aor. 1. ahasi c. [ 3. ajihasat. — — 5. ahasit. j

Flit. I . hasisyati e. + [ — 2. hasita.]

Verb, hasita E. + ; hasitum e. : hasitva e. + -hasya e.+
:

Sec. Conj. hasyate

: Pass, etc. c. — Int. jahasyate r.. — [Desid. jihas-

isa-. —
] Cans, hasayati etc. c.

Deriv.: has- rv. hasa B.+ hasana rv. hasana c.

hasa V.+ hasaka e. hasana e.+ hasra uv

hasa AV. hasin av. + hasaniya c. -hasvan rv.
-hasya av. hasya e. +
Compare the derivative root 2 jaks.
 J

1 ha] Roots, Verb-fokms, 204

y 1 ha, 'leave'.

Pres. [3.] jahati jahati etc. v.+ (jahitam -ita -itat av., jahihi c. [jahilii,
jahahi], jahimas etc. jahitam ajahitam at.b., jahyat etc. av.+) —
[1.] jahat AB.. -hati etc. e. +
Perf. jahau jahus etc. v.+ (jaha Rv.?), jahe e.
Aor. 1. ahat b.c. ahayi av.b. [heyat.] ; 3. ajijahat — c. — 4. ahas ! 3s.") rv.,

ahasma hasus etc. v.e., ahasi -sthas etc. av.b. — 6. hasisam etc. v.+
Fut. 1. hasyati etc. av.+, -te etc. n. + ;
jahisyati etc. e. + [ — 2. hata.]
Teri. hlna V. +, hata c, hana ab., jahita v. + hatum b.+ ; ; hitva v. +,

-tvi RV., -tvaya rv. [hitva]; -haya b. + -hlyam ts. ;

Sec. Conj. : Pass, hiyate etc. v. + (hiyate etc. ts.cb.) , hiyanti e. — [Int.

jaha-, jehiya-. — ] Desid. jihasati etc. c. — Caus. hapayati etc. e. +,

-te c. (jihipas rv. [ajihapat.])

Deriv.: -ha v.b. -hayya b. -hi? c. jihasa c.

-haE. + hanaB.+ heya c. jihasu c.

hayaka e. -hayas v. + -havari ms. jahaka b.

hayin jb. hatavya e. + hapana c. jahana c.

hani u.s. + -hapaniya c.

Compare the next root. Two or three of the forms given ahove show the
establishment of a secondary root-form jah.

y 2 ha, 'go forth'.

Pres. [3.] jihite jihate etc. v.+ (jihitham cb.)

Perf. jahire av.
Aor. 4. ahasta etc. v. +
Fut. 1. — hata.]
hasyate etc. b.e. [ 2.

Verb, hana hatum b. ;[hatva;] -haya v.+ b.e. ;

Sec. Conj.: [Pass, hayate. — jaha-. — Desid. jihisate Int. ] av. ? — Caus.
hapayati etc. av.b. [ajihapat.

This is only the middle conjugation of 1 ha, with the signification slightly
weakened or generalized. The forms of the two cannot everywhere he distinctly
separated , and one or two of the derivatives given under 1 ha have an equal or
better claim to be placed here. Compare also y has, which is a secondary form
of ha (doubtless through the aorist-stem).

y has, 'go emulously'.

Pres. [1.] hasate etc. v.

Sec. Conj. : Caus. hasayanti rv.

A secondary form of ]/ 1, 2 ha (hasante av. iv. 36. 5 is omitted in the

Atharva-Veda Index).
 .

205 AND Primary Derivatives. [hi?4

y hi, 'impel'.
Fres. [5.] hinoti hinvanti etc. v. + hinve . etc. v. (hinvire av.) — [l.|
hinvati etc. v.+ jighyati -tu ab. — — hayant rv.ts. — hi^e
(Is.) RV.

Perf. jighaya jighyus b.+

Aor. ahema ahetana ahyan heta
1. rv. . hiyana rv.s. [hiyat.J — 2.
ahyamv av. — [3. ajihayat. —J 1. ahaisit n. (_ahait av.). ahesata rv.
Fat. 1. hesyati etc. e.+ [ — 2. heta.]
Verb, hita v. + ; -hye rv.
Sec. Conj.: Pass, hiyate c. [— /n<. jeghlya-. — Desid. jighisa-. — Cau.^.
hayaya-.]
Deriv. : ha,yav.+ hetiv. + hetr rv. hinvd rv.
-heya Av.B. hetiiv. + -heman v.i;. hesasv rv.
-hit B. hetva rv. heman rv. -hayya w.
-hiti RV. hetavya c. hitvan rv.
Probably another form of y ha, with causative value. Some of its uses are
equivalent with those of }/ ha; and the stem jighya perhaps belongs direi^tly
to the latter.

y bins, 'injure'.
Pres. [7.] hinasti hinsanti etc. v.+ (hinsyat etc. b. + ; ahinat 3s. b. : hinsi
2s. E.), hmste etc. v.b. — [1.] hinsati -te etc. b.+
Perf. jihinsa -sima av.b.s. (jihinsis av. )

Aor. [3. ajihinsat. — ] 5. ahiiisit etc. v.+

Fut. 1. hinsisyati -te etc. b.+ [ — 2. hinsita.]
]'erb. hinsita AV. + ; hinsitum b. + , hihsitos b. : hinsitva av.b. : -hins-
ya E.

Sec. Conj.: Pass, hinsyate v.+ [Int. jehins-. ] Desid. jihinsisati — — cu.
—
Cans, hinsayati e.
Deriv. hinsa b. +
: hinsaka e. + hinsana i:. + hinsitavya av.

hinsya s.+ hinsaniya t..+ hinsra v. +

Probably an abbreviated desiderative of y han.

y hikk, 'sob'

Pres. [1.] hikkati -te etc. c.

[Perf. etc. jihikka -ke; ajihikkat, ahikkit ahikkista; hikkisyati -te,

hikkita.]
See. Conj.: [Int. jehikk-. — Desid. jihikkisa-. —J Cans, hikkayati c
Leriv. : hikka e. + hikkin c. ^-C^"^ TTTT
V" OF TIJJ-

y hind, 'be empty' (?). 11 UNIVERSIT

Pres. [1.] ahindanta ci.
^^^^il I FO RN^^
[Perf. etc. jihinde ahindista ; hindisyate, hindita.]
;
 + ;

hugi4] Roots, Verb-fokms, 206

Deriv. ; -hindaka
• •
E.+ -hindukaE. +
• •

The single occurrence is probably artificial.

y hid, hel, 'be hostile'.

Pres. [1.] hedant rv., hedamana rv., helamana e., hidamana b. ;

ahidat? ge.
Perf. jihida rv. (jihida av.), jihide etc. v.b.

Aor. 3. ajihidat av. [ajihedat.] — 5. hidisatam ta.

[Put. hedisyate, hedita.l

Verb, hidita v.b.
Sec. Conj.: Cans, hedayant rv. (helayam asa helayate e.
c.},

Derjy.: hida? RV. hela e.+ helanaE. + hedas v.b.

heda v. -hedana v. helaniya c. helitavya e.

y hu, 'sacrifice'.

Pres. [3.] juhoti juhvati etc. v. juhute juhvate etc. v.+ (^jvihudhl b.s.,
+ ,

juhvant E. + , ajuhavus -huvus cb.?)

v.b., [2.] hosi rv'. —
Perf. juhava jiihuvus e., jvihuve e.. juhvire b. (juhve juhure rv.);
juhavam cakara etc. b.u.
Aor. 1. ahavi rv. [huyat. 3. ajuhavat.] — — 4. ahausit etc. b.+
Fut. 1. hosyati etc. av. +. -te e. (ahosyat b.) [ — 2. hota.]
\'erb. huta v. + ; hotum b.s., -tavai b.s., -tos b.s. ; hutva b.+
Sec. Conj.: Pass, + — huyate
johaviti — Desid. juhtisati
etc. v. Int. c. etc.

S.+ (juhuset? GGs.) — Caus. havayati + etc. s.

X>erii?.; -hava E.+ havisv.+ h6tr?v.+ homan rv.

havya v. + -hut v.b.s. hotra v. + -hosa rv.

-hava RV. -huti v.b. hotra v. + juhuv.
havana V.B.S. hotavyaB.+ homaAv. + juhusu c.

Y hur, see y hvr.

y hu, hva, •call'.

Pres. [4?] hvayati -te etc. v. + (hvayana e.) — [l.J havate etc. v.b. — [6?J
huve etc. v.b. (huveya etc. ahuve etc. huvana v.b. ; hve av., hva-
mahe vs.), huvat -vema -vant rv. [2.] homa — rv., -hvati kcs.,

hiite K., humahe rv. — [3.] jiihumasi rv.

Ptrf. juhava juhuvus v.+, juhve juhure rv., juhuve -vire b. ; hvayam
asa E., hvayam cakre e.
Aor. 1. ahvi av., ahiimahi rv. [huyat; ahvayi.] 2. ahvat etc. v.b., —
ahvata etc. v.b. [3. ajiihavat. — ] 4. —
ahusata kv. [ahvasta.] —
6V ahvasit ge.
Fut. 1. hvayisyati -te e., hvasyate s. [ 2. hvata.] —
Verb, huta v. + havitave rv..
;
hvayitum b., -tavai b.s., hvatum c.
hutva c. -huya b. + huvadhyai rv. -havam v.s.
;
; ;
207 AND Primary Derivatives. [2hr
Sec. Conj.: Pass, huyate v.+ —
etc. johaviti v.c, Int. elc. johuvanta
johuvana v.b. — Desid. juhusati — Caus. hvayaya- n. (in d.).
Deriv. -hu V. + huvana- rv. hotra V. + -hvayana k.
-huya V.B. havana v. + homan rv. hvana i;.+
hava V. + havas rv. haviman rv. hvatavya c.
havin av.b. huti V.+ havistha V c. -hvayitavya k.
havya v. + -havitu RV. -hva c. hvatr E. +
havya rv. -hutavya c'. -hva Av.c. jihvav V. +
-hava B. + hotr V. + -hvaya b. + johutra uv.
-hvayaka c. -hvayayitavya c.

y hurch, 'fall away'.

Fres. [1.] hurchati etc. b.u.

[Perf. etc. juhurcha; ahurehit; hurchisyati, hurchita; hurchita
hurna.]
Sec. Conj. : Caus. hurchayati b.

Probatly related with (/ hvr.

y 1 hr, 'take'.

Pres. [1.] harati etc. v.+, -te etc. v. + — [2.] harmi rvI. — [3.J jiharti s".

Per/",jahara jahrus etc. av.+ (jahartha b. + jaharus? av.), jahre etc. u.+ :

Aor. 1. ahrthas jb. ahari c. [hriyat.; ajlharat.j 4. aharslt elc. — .i. —

v.B.u.s.E. (ahar av.b.; harisit s'.), ahrsata rv. [hrsista.]

Fut. 1. harisyati -te etc. b.+ [aharisyat etc. b.u.j — 2. harta h.e.
Verb, hrta v. + hartum b.+, -tave c'.. -tavai b.s., -tos k s.. haritum r'.
; :

hrtva B.s. -hrtya av. + -harara ii.+

; ;

Sec. Conj.: Pass, hriyate etc. \v.+. -ti etc. e. + — Int. jariharti c. |jarhr-,
jehriya-.] — Desid. jihirsati etc. av.+ (-syate c.) — Caus. harayati
etc. B.+, -te etc. b.s. (haryate etc. e.+); harayanta rv'.

Deriv. : -hara u.s. + harana av. + -hrt V. + jihirsa e.+

hara v. + -haraniya e. hrti K.+ jihirsu e. +
-haraka e. -harana c. -hrtya u. -harayitavya c.

harin e. + haras v. + hartavy a e. +

harya av. + haruka b. hartr b.+
Apparently a variant to y bhr; making a very small figure in the oMcBt
language, it gains rapidly in use, and becomes extremely common.

y 2 hr, be angry'.

Pres. [9.] hrnite etc. v. (ahrnat kb. ?)

Deriv. : hrnay- hrniy- v.

Compare the y bhur beside y bhr.

hrs] Roots, VEKB-roRMS, 208

y hrs, "be excited'.

Pres. [4.J [1.] harsate etc. v.c'., harsant ev'.

hrsyati etc. v'.b. +, -te etc. e. + —
Perf. jaharsa jahrsus e. +, jahrse -sire e.+ (jahraana rv.)
Aor. 2. ahrsat e. [ —
3. ajihrsat, ajaharsat.]

[Fut. harsisyati, harsita.]

Verb, hrsita v. +, hrsta
-hrsya e. + e. + ;

Sec. Conj.: Int. jarhrsanta rv.. jarhrsana v.b. [jarihrs-. — Desid. jihars-
isa-.] — Cans, harsayati etc. v. +, -te v.e.
Z)€nv..- harsa B.+ harsana av. + harsii- rv.e.+ ghrsu rv.
harsakaE. + hrsi- rv.e.+ hrsti c. ghf svi rv.
harsin v. + harsi rv.

I heth.
The apparent vi-hethaka
derivative (or -taka) m>. is probably oi ly a

misreading for -daka; and vi-hetha c-i. a like case or artificial.

y bed, hel, see y hid.

y hes, 'whinney'.
Pres. [1.] hesati etc. v.+, -te etc. e.+
Perf. jihesire c.

[Aor. etc. ahesista hesisyate, hesita.]

;

Verb, hesita e. +
Deriv.; hesa-? EV. hesa t. hesas?Rv.

y hnu, 'hide'.

Pres. [2.] hnute etc. v.+, hnauti (hnoti?) e., hnutas rv.. hnuyat c. —
[1.] hnave b.s., hnavanti e'.

[Perf. etc. juhnuve ahnosta; hnosyate, hnota.]

;

Verb, hnuta av. + hnotum c. ;-hnutya c. :

[Sec. Conj.: johnu-; juhnusa-; hnavaya-.]

Deriv.: -hnava B.+ -hnavana s.+ -hnuti c. -hnavayya rv.
-hnuvana s. -hnotr c.

y hras, 'shorten'.

Pres. [1.] hrasati -te etc. s.+

[Perf. etc. jahrasa; ajihrasat, ahrasit; hrasisyati, hrasita.]

Verb,hrasta s., hrasita c.

Sec. Conj.: [Int. jahras-. Desid. jihrasisa-. —
] Caus. hrasayati etc. s.+ —
Deriv. hrasa s. +
: hrasana c. hrasistha b. hrasva b. +
hrasaniya c. hrasiyas b. +
 .

209 AND Primary Derivatives. hval

y hrad, 'make a noise'.

Pres. [1.] hradate etc. s.+
[Perf. etc. jahrade; ahradista hradisyate, hradita.J ;

Verb, hradita c.

Sec. Conj.: Caus. hradayati etc. B.+

Derio. hrada B. + liradmE.+ -hradanaB.+

;
-hradi i.n.

I hri, 'be ashamed'.

Pres. [3.] jihreti etc. b.+ (jihriyat ms.)
Perf. jihraya [jihrayam asa.J
c.

Aor. 1. -hrayana? rv. [hriyat. — 4. ahraisit.j

[Fut. hresyati, hreta.]
Verb, hrita e. +, hrina e.

Sec. Conj.: Int. jehriyate c. — [Desid. jihrisa-. — ] Cans, hrepayati etc. c.

[ajihripat.]
Deriv.: hvin.-i- -hraya Rv. hriti e. hrepana c.
-hi'i RV.

}/ hru, see y hvr.

y hres, 'neigh'.
Pres. [1.] hresati -te etc. e.+
[Perf. etc. jihrese; ahresista; hresisyate, hresita.J
Verb, hresita e. +
Sec. Conj. : Caus. hresayati etc. e.

Deriv.: hresin e. hresuka e.

y Mad, 'refresh'.
Pres. [1.] hladate etc. c.
[Perf. eic. jahlade; ajihladat, ahladista; hladisyate, hladita hlanua.J ;

Sec. Conj.: Caus. hladayati -te etc. ta1.e.+ (ahladayisata v.)

J^eriv. : hradkv.+ hladaka v.c. hladiika ta. -hladayitr c.

hlada U.+ hladinE. + hladiini c.

hladanaE. + hraduni v.b.u.

Only one or two late sporadic forms outside tlic causative conjugation ;
and
the proper form of the root seems to be hlad (or hrad).

y hval, 'go wrong'.

Pres. [J.] hvalati etc. cb.e.+, -te e.

[Perf. etc.jahvala: ajihvalat, ahvalit; hvalisyati, hvalita.J

Verb. hvalitaE. + hvalitos ob. -hvalam cb.s.
;
:

Sec. Conj. Caus. hvalayati cb. [hvalayati.

:
J

T)erh\: -hvala e.+ hvala cb. -hvalin c. hvala s.

Is only a specialized form of the fojlowing root

Whitney, Supplement II. 14
 I
hvrj Roots, Vekb-forms, and Primary Derivatives. 210

y hvr, hru, hur, 'be or make crooked'.

Pres. [l.J -hvarant hvarate rv. — [!).] hrvinati rv. [hvrnati.J — [3v]
juhuras rv., jiihurthas juhuranta -rana ev.
\VtTf. jahvara jahvartha jahvarus.]
AoT. [1. hvaryat; ahvari. — ] 3. jihvaras v.. -ratam vs. (jihv- ts.ta.J —
4. hvarsit etc. b. (hvar b.. hvarisus k.")

Fut. 1. hvadisyati ta. [— 2. hvarta.]

'?

Ytrh. hvrta rv., [hvarita,] hruta v.+

-See. Con^.: \Paii. hvaryate. — /n^ jahvr-, jarihvr-. — Desid. juhvur-

sa-. —
] Caus. hvarayati etc. b.

Deriv . -hurya rv.

: hvara v. -hvrt rv. -hvrti v. +
-livara v.+ huras rv. hrut v.b. -hruti v.c.'?
hvaraka c. hvaras v.b.
 ;

INDEXES
OF
TENSE- AND CONJUGATION-STEMS.
The foUo-wing give the stems of the various tense- and conjuga-
lists

tion-systems, each mode of formation by itself. Mode-stems are not added,

except in the case of the aorist-optatives, among which the so-called prcc-
atives are included. For the sake of illustrating more clearly the ,histor}-
of the language, the stems of each formation are presented in three
divisions.
A. Stems found only in the earlier language (of Veda , Brahmana,
Upanishad, Sutra)
B. Stems found in both the earlier
and the later language ;

C. Stems found and classical) language only.

in the later (epic
In these divisions the stems follow one another not alphabetically,
but in the order of the roots as presented above. The references to periods
are in an abbreviated form only the five principal periods are noted
:
—
namely Veda Brahmana Sutra epos classics (the Vedas are not separ-
, , , , ,

ated, and Upanishad is included in Brahmana); and, in each division, all

references are omitted if the stem is found through the whole division
(that is, in A. is omitted the specification of V.B.S. in B., that of v.+ in ; :

C, that of E. +1. Also, all accents, question-marks, variety of stem-forms,

and the like, are left out; for such details, when desired, the body of the
work may be consulted.
Further particulars as to some of the lists are given under the diffe-
rent heads below.

I. PRESENT- STEMS, [use.]

Root-class ad-class, second class' . [143.]

am v.B. kr v. chand v.n. taks v.b.

id v.B. 1 ksi v.B. 2 jaks v.b. tad v.
ir v.B. 2 ksi v. jan v.b. tu v.
u V. ksnu ji V. tur v.
uh V. gam v. jus v. tvaks v.

r B. ei V. tak v. tvis v.

14*
212

dan V.
dah V.
1 da V.
2 da
di B.

da9 V.
dr V.
drbh B.

1 dra V.

dha V.
dhu B.
dhrs V.
nins V.
ni v.s.

ad
 I. Present-Stems. 213

VIVIS V. sisae V. sisr V. jihr s.

vavrt v.B. SUSU V. juhu V. juhur V.

vivyac v.

B. Earlier aiul Later Language. [16.

jighra 1 pipr v.c. bibhr

titr v.c. 2 pipr
dada babhas v.b.c.
dadlia bibhi
 214 Indexes.

5. u-class (tan-class, eighth class). [%.]

The stems of this olass are too few to he worth dividing hy periods.
kuru V.+ tanu V. + manu v. + sanu v.B.s.
ksanu e. + taru V. vanu v.B.s. hanu s.

6. na-class (kri-class, ninth class). [53.]

A. Earlier Language. [31.]

ini V. jina ramna v.b. 2 (jrina v.b.

isna• •
drni e
• •
rina•
sina v.b.

iibhna v. driina •
v.b. 1 vrni v.
• •
subhna b.
usna V. prna vlina b. skabhna v.b.
ksina v.b. prusna b. ^amnl b. sprna b.
2 grna v.s. bhrina v. (jcamni v. hrna v.b.
grbhna v.b. mma v.b. qrathna v. hruna v.

juna V. mrna v. 1 orina v.b.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [I7.j

2 acjna jana mathna 2 vrna

krina puna musna 9V^^
1 grna prina mrdna s. + stabhna
grathna b. + badhna lunaK.+ strna
grhna
C. Later Language. [5.]

1 aQni E.
 :

I. Present-Stems. 21

dasa
216
 I. Presknt-Stkms. 21

kunca c.
218
II. Perfect-Stems. •21'.>
220
 II. Perfect-Stems. 221

tatr, ter
222 Indexes.

cachrd c. nanrt raraj, rej vavrnh c.

jajap, jep e. papath c. raras c. vivyath

jajalp E. pupuj E. rurud e. (ji^iks desid. c.

jajrmbh pupur c. lalajj c. a qeva. c.

dudhauk c paphal E. lalap, lep QaQas e.
tatad c. phel c. lalam c. 9U9ubli
tutus babhan c. lalamb 9a9lagli c.

tatyaj babha lalas, les c. qaQvas

tatras, tres babhas lalas c. sasa s.
tutrut c. babhram, bhrem lulunc sisev
tatvar babhraj luluth c. caskhal
didih E. mamajj lulu c. sasna c.

didip c. mamanth lulok c. pusphut c.

2 dadra c. mimil c. luloc c. sasmr e.
dadhma e. mimis c. vavap E. sasyand c.
dadhav c. mimil c. vaval c. sasvad c.
dadhvan c. miumus c. vavalg E. sasvaii
nanad, ned m^umurch vavah jahas
nanand mamrd 1 vivid c. jihes c.

nanard e. mamla vivyaj e. jihri c.

nunu c. raras, res

III. AORIST-STEMS. [737.]

From stems with p. added, only optative or «precative» forms occur.

1. Root-aorist. [140.]

Simply the root is given. The passive-aorist third persons will be found
further on, under VII.

A. Earlier Language. [112.]

ad p. B.
 III. AORIST-SXKMS. 22H
yam v.
224 Indexes.

B. Pearlier and Later Language. [IS.]

astha dyutaB.+ ruha 9uca

apa druha v.e. voca sada
krudha mrsa vrta sica
gama yuja v.c. 9aka srasa
chida rudha
C. Later Language. [7.]

na9a rica c. lipa c. hrsa E.

yasa c. ruea c. qlisa

3. Reduplicated Aorist. [154.]

A. Earlier Language. 'lOl.]

amama v.b. dudusa V. mumuha v.b. 9U9ubha v.b.
apipa B. didyuta v.b. mimrna v. cu9cuta s.
cikama b. dudrii V. mimrja b. 9i9nath v.
cikrta B. dadhav v. mimrsa v. 9i9ratha v.b.
cikrsa v. didhara yiyaja b. 9191-1 V.
cikrada v.b. didlir V. yuyu V. 9U9rviva v.b.
eukrudha v. neq v.b. yuyupa b. 9a9vaca v.

ciksipa v. nuim V. 1 i-iradha v. 9i9vita v.

jigama v.b. pipata V. rirama v. sisada e.

jugupa B.s. papta ririca b.s. sisapa v.

1 jigr V. pipada v.b. ruruca v.b. sisadha v.b.
- jigr V. pupura V.B. rurupa v.b. SllSU B.

jigrabha b. 1 pipara v. lilikha b. susu B.

jighasa B. 2 pipara v.b. lulvibha E. susuda B.

cicata b. papratha v. vavaksa v. sisrpa B.

cucyava v.b. piplava b. vivata V. tustava V.B.
eueyu v. bubudha v. vivas a B. pispr9a v.

jijabha v. babhaksa b. viva^a V. sisyada v.

jijasa B. bibhaj b. vivija V. sisrasa v.b.

jajas V. bibhaya v. vivipa V. susru V.B.

tatansa v. bibhisa v.e. vivara v. sasvaja v.
titara v. bubhuva v. vavr V. sisvada v.b.
titrsa V.B. mimada v.b. vivrta v. sisvap V.
titrasa v. mimi v. vivyatha b. jihida v.

dadaksa b. mimisa b. 9u.(juca V.B. jihvara v.b.

didiksa b.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [17.]

ciklpa didipa v.c. ninama v.c. ririsa
cicara didipa b.e. ninaQa vivrdha
jijana didrQa b. + mimara b.c. 9i9ama
titapa v.E. dudruva k.+ 2 riradha b.c. 9i9riya
titrpa
 in. Aorisx-Stems. 225

C. Later Language. ^:\0.]

cikasa c. titvara e. mumuca c. lulupa K.

cikara c. didaha c. mimrda e. vivicja c".

jigraha c. duduha c. yuyuja vivysa R.

cucuda E. didara yujrudha e. vividha e.
cucura c. pipisa E. riraca c. 9i9aya k.
cachada c. bibhara e. ruruva c. jighana
cichida e. bibhrama e. ruruja c. jijaha c.

jijaya e. mimila c.
Here appended are the reduplicated aorists from causative stems in p.
arpipa v. jijnapa, jijnipa 9i9rapa b. jihipa v.

jijapa, jijipa e. B.C. tisthipa v.b.

226
 III. Aorist-Stems. 227

B. Earlier and Later Language. [21.

a(jis
22S Indexes.

IV. FUTURE STEMS. [347.]

La. Sibilant Future without i. [131.]

If from any root

 IV. Future Stems. 229

lb. Sibilant Future with i. [isft.]

The prefixed sign + shows that from the same root is also made a futurc-ct/^ra
without i.

A. Earlier Language. [^4.]

anisya b. kasisya b. + darpisya b. + vedisya b.

avisya v.b. + karsisya ». dyotisya b. varisya «.
a9nuvisya b. + khy ayisya n. dhavisya h.s. vyayisya s.
indhisya s. 1 garisya s. prosisya b. (jansisya b.h.

esisya b. gardhisya b. manthisyaB.s. 9a8i8ya h.

i9isya b. granthisya b. + manisya v.b. (jarisya h.

uksisya b.s. japisya b. mohisya b. sanisya v.b.

arisya b. jinvisya b. mardisya b. + 1 savisya n.

artisya v. daksisya b. mradisya b. + stavisya v.

ardhisya b. daghisya b. vanisya s. + hvayisya b.

kamisya b. dadisya b. vayisya v. hvadisya b.

B. Earlier and Later Language 43.]

aqisya b. + grahisya b. + patisya vrajisya ». +

asisya carisya n.+ bhavisya 9a8i8ya h. +
asisya b.+ j anisya bharisya + (jayisya b.+
+ ayisya b.+ + jayisya b.e. mathisya b. qrayisya b. +
iksisya b. + jivisya b. + milisya b. + sarisya
1 karisya jvalisya b. + marisya starisya h.c.
+ kramisya b. + tarisya s.+ yatisya b.+ + svapisya v.b.
+ ksamisya b. + diksisya b. + yacisya b.+ + hanisya
khanisya b.+ dharisya lapisya b. + hinsisya b.+
gamisya + na9isya vadisya harisya b. +
2 garisya b.c. + nayisya b. + varsisya b.e

C. Later Language. [71.]

atisya e. jvarisya e. + bandhisya rodisya c.

+ arcisya c. + tapisya e. badhisya + rohisya e.

2 karisya e. + tyajisya + bhajisya e. + lagisya c.

+ kartisya c. trasisya e. bhasisya o. + labhisya c.

+ kalpisya c. dadisya e. bhiksisya e. lambisya

kridisya c. dalisya c. bhramisya c. lasisya c.

+ ksayisya e. + dahisya bhrajisya e. likhisya c.

khadisya e. devisya + majjisya e. lunthisya c.

gadisya e. dhamisya margisya e. vadhisya

gahisya dhavisya c. modisya e. + vapisya

grasisya nandisya e. + yamisya c. + vasisya k.

glahisya e. + namisya c. + raksisya b. + vahisya

ghatisya c. nartisya c. racisya c. vijisya, vej-

calisya phalisya rocisya e. + varti^ya

 . +

230 Indexes.

9apisya b. + sidisya c. sevisya e. avajisya e.

(jocisya + sahisya sphutisya e. hasisya

gobhisya b. + sedhisya c. smarisya e. jahisya
9vasisya b. + 2 savisya sravisya e.

2. Periphrastic Future, [ss.]

A. Earlier Language. [18.]

apta B. dhyata b. yuvita b. vartita b.

ardhita b. pakta B. yokta b. vrasta b.

kamita b. bharta b. vodha b. sota B.
jnata b. mrasta v. vedita b. srasta b.
dhata b. yasta i

B. Earlier and Later Language. [10.

eta B.+ janitaB. + bhavita b.e. Qayita b.c.

karta s. + jeta k.e. vaktaB. harta b.e.

gamta b.+ data b.e.

C. Later Language. [30.]

avita c. na9ita e. yoddha e. 9ramita e.

grahita e. nindita e. raksita 9rota E.

ghattita e. neta, nayita e. rata c. sodha

ceta e. patita E. labdha b. sthata
tayita c. bhankta e. vetta E. smarta e.
tapta E. bhokta E. vesta E. svapta E.
drasta e.
• «
mathita e. veddha e. hanta e.
dharta c. yata

V. SECONDA.RY CONJUGATION-STEMS. [115.3.I

1. Passive Stems. [259.]

For causative passives etc., see under VI.

A. Earlier Language. [37.]

1 ajya v.
V. Secokdary Conjugation-Stems. 231
232 Indexes.

1 bhujya c. rajya c. vanchya c 9ramya

bhrjjya rabhya vaqya c. 9laghya
manya c. ramya 1 vidya c. 9liBya c.

1 miya radhya c. vi9ya c. sahya c.

2 miya c. rujya e. 1 vriya e. siya

milya c. rudya c. vidhya e. sidhya
musya ruhya e. vrajya c. srpya
inr9ya lapya c. 9akya sevya
mrsya e. lambya 9ankya c. stabhya c.

xtinaya c. lihya e. 9apya c. spr9ya

ijya vantya c. (jamya syandya c.

yatya c. vadhya 9asya supya

yaya e. vandya 1 9isya c. hasya c.
yacya usya 1 9iya e. 2 hiya c.

yudhya
2, Intensive Stems. [i67.]

A + prefixed shows that there is another stem from the same root in another
division.

A. Earlier Language [105.]

lyay b. totudya s. babadh , bad- 2 roru v.
alar v. tartr , tartur, badli V.B. roruc V.
caka9, -9ya taritr v. barbrh v. + lalap V.B.

karikr, carikr tatrasya b. jarbhiu' v. leli B.s.

V.B. danda9 v. + jarbhr, bhari- vavae v.
carkr v. dedi9, -9ya v.b. bhr V. vavad, -dya v.b.
carkrs v.b. dedi B. 1 memi v. v£inivan v.
kanikrand, dardr, dadr v.b. memih b. + vanivahya b.s.
-kradya v.b. davidyut v.b. 2 memi v. + vava9 v.
canikhud s. dandramya b. +momiih s. vevic s.

kanikhun b. dodru B. marmrj, -jya, vevij, -jya v.

+ ganigam v.b. dedhi B. marimrjya vevid v.

+ jagam v. + davidhu v. marmrd v. vevis, -sya v.b.

+ galgal B. dardlir, dadhr marmr9, mari- vevi, -iya v.b.

jangah v, V.B. mr9ya v.b. varivr v.b.

jOgU V.B. nannam, -mya mamrs • •

s. varivrj v,
1 jargur v. navinu, nonu v. malimlue s. varvrt, varivrt,
2 jargur, jal- nonudya b. yanyam. v. -tya V.B.

gul V. papat V. 1 yoyu v. vevliya b.

+ earcar v.b. panipan v.b. 2 yoyu v.b. 9O9UC V.B.

ealcal, cacalv.B. pepi9 V.B. yaviyTidh v. 9U9UJ V.

janjapya b. popruth V. yoyupya b.s. cani9cad v.
+ janjabh v.s. paniphan, para- raraj v. 9a9vas v.
tantas v. phan v.s. rarandh v. sanisan v.
tetij V.B. parphar v. rarap v. sesidh v.
tavitu V. balbal b. rerih, -hya v.b. SOSU V.
 ,

V. Secondary CoNjrGATiox-STEMS. •2;n

sarsr v. coskuya v. sanisras v. ghanighan v.

+ sarisrpya b. tanstan v. sanisvan v. jarhya v.n.
kaniskand, ea- panispad v. janghan •nya
niskad v. sanisyad v.u. v.u.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [21.]

cankram, -mya daridra n.c. pepiya m.c. y&yS H.+

+ jaugam b. + + dodhu v.E. popluya b. + + 1 roru
jagr nanad, -dya bobudh u.c. + lelih II. +
+ carcurya nenij bobhu lolup, -pya B. +
cekit v.c. neniya yayaj b.+ johu
+ janjabhya b.+
C. Later Language. [41.]

jagadya c. dadhmaya c. bambhram, loluth c.

+ galgalya c + dodhuya -mya c. lolubhya c.

jegiya dandhvan e. + momuhya b. + vavah c.

jaghat c. nanardya c. marlmr •
c. + vavaqya k.

jajam e. narinrt, -tya c. rarat 90(jubhya e.

jarijrmbh c. papacya c. rarasya e. + sarisrp c.

jajval, -lya papath, -thya c. + roruya jahasya e.

tatapya panipadya c. rorud, -dya johu c.

dandah, -hya c. bobhuj, -jya c. rorudh e. jarihr c.

dedipya + baribhr c. + lalapya jehriya c.

daridr9ya c. + lelihya

3. Desiderative Stems. [i62.]

A prefixed + in either class indicates that from the same root is made also a

stem of the other class.

a. Stems without i. [122.]

A. Pearlier Language. [4S.]

irtsa V.B. titrpsa V. mimiksa (juquksa v.

cuksusa B. dip-,dhipsa v.b. iyaksa v.b. (ju9ut8a s.

jigasa B. dhlksa b. yiyapsa s. (ji9lik8a v.

juguksa V. didasa yiyamsa h. sisafiksa b.

+ clear sa b. didhisa v. yuyiisa v, sisasa v.b.

•

2 cikisa dhisa V. ririkaa v. siksa V.B.

ciksisa B. didhyasa b. 1 ruruksa v. sisirsa b.

cichitsa b. dudhiirsa v.b. vivasa v. tistirsa b.

+jujyusa,jijy-B. inaksa v. vivatsa b. tustur^a U.S.

jijyasa v.b. ninitsa v.s. vivrksa b, jihisa V.

tutursa v. pipisa V. vivrtsa v.h. 1 jvihiiBa s.

titrtsa V.B. piprisa V. vivyatsa b. 2 juhusa H.

 ,

234 Indexes.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [4 4.]

Ipsa titirsa B.+ bibhitsa v.e. lipsa

cikirsa ditsa bubhiisa vivaksa +
b.

+ jigamsa duduksa , du- bubhursa b. + 2 vivitsa B. +

1 jigisa v.c. dhu- v.c. mimansa (jiksa
+ jugupsa B.+ didrksa • •
mumuksa •
9U9inisa
+ jighrksa b.+ dudruksa du- moksa b. + sisrksa b. +
jighatsa dh.ru- B.C. mumxirsa s.+ sisrpsa
1 cikisa b. + dhitsa yuyutsa tisthasa b. +
cikitsa ninisa ripsa b.c. susupsa B.+
2 jigisa 2 pitsa B.C. rurutsa b. + jighansa
jijnasa pipasa 2 ruruksa jihirsa
titiksa + bibhatsa

C. Later Language. [30.]

cikrisa c. didrasa c. bubhuksa + 1 vivitsa c.

ciksipsa c. didhirsa c. mimanksa c. 1 viviksa

cikhyasa c. ninamsa c. mitsa c. 2 viviksa e.

cieisa c. nunutsa c. yiyaksa e. tustusa c.

titansa c. + 1 pitsa c. yiyasa sisnasa e.
tityaksa c. pupiisa c. yuyuksa pisprksa
didhaksa + piprksa c. riramsa jihasa c.
didiksa c. bubhutsa c.

b. Stems with i. [40.]

A. Earlier Language. [12.]

edidhisa b. + cicarisa b. + pipatisa v.b. 9i9asisa s.

eikramisa e. jijanisa b. rurucisa b. tistighisa b.

+ jigrahisa b. didiksisa b. vivadisa b.s. jihinsisa b.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [5.]

a9i9isa b.+ + jijivisa b.+ + bibadhisa b.c. + vividisa b.

+ jigaraisa b.+

C. Later Language. [23.

esisisa c. + jugupisa e. bibhanisa c. vivrajisa c.

iciksisa c. cicalisa c. mimardisa e. 9i9ayisa c.

cikartisa c. eucurabisa c. riraksisa b. 9U9obh.isa c.

cikridisa c. ninartisa c. rurudisa c. 9i9arisa c.

cikhadisa + piprchisa c. vivandisa c. 9i9raniisa c.

jigadisa b. bibhaksisa e. vivarsisa e.

For desideratives from causatives, see telow, under VI.
 V. Secondary CoyjvGh/rvj^r&^uk. •23:)
ry
X-. -7^

4. Causative Stems. ^Ifs^^-

A. Earlier Laugaage. fioo.]

amaya v.b. tujaya v. banhaya n. valgaya s.

avaya v.b. to9aya v. barhaya v. 1 vasaya v.u.

2 asaya b. tusaya v. bhra9aya v. va9aya v.s.

ilaya v.b.s. turaya v. manhaya v. vipaya v.
isaya rv. tardaya s. mantaya b. vidaya
krntaya s. dans ay a v. mandaya v. barhaya v.
krpaya v.b. daksaya b. meksaya b.s. 9injaya b.h.

krathaya b. dambhaya v.b. mai'caya 9ucaya v.

krudaya b. dasaya v.b. mradaya b. 9iindhaya v.u.

1 ksayaya v. da9aya b. y&vaya v.b. 9ubhaya v.u.

gadaya s. drnhaya yopaya 9C0taya n.s.

gayaya b. dyutaya v. ranhaya v. 9nathaya v.

gulphaya s. dhanaya v. raj ay a v. 9yayaya u.
gurdhaya v. dhvasaya v. 1 ranaya v. 9rathaya v.u.
grbhaya v. dhvanaya v.b. risaya v. 9vancaya v.
grasaya b.s. nabhaya b. rucaya v. sapaya b.
eaksaya v.b. nambhaya b.s. 1 ropaya b. savaya s.
2 cataya v.b. nardaya b. rejaya v. sphavaya u.
citaya v. navaya b. limp ay a s. srevaya v.
chadaya v.b. pathaya b.s. uksaya v. 9rivaya v.

chayaya b. panaya v. vaksaya v. 2 hasaya v.

jambhaya v.b. spaqaya vajaya hedaya v.

jyotaya v. pinvaya b. vataya v. hiirchaya n.

tansaya v.b. prothaya s. vanaya v. hvalaya n.

tamaya b.s. phanaya 2 vapaya s. hvaraya n.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [231.

anjaya s.+ ejaya b.c. kridaya s. + car ay a b. +

adaya b. + edhaya s.+ krodhaya cetaya
anaya kamaya kledaya s. + cintaya n. +
arc ay a kampaya b.+ kvathaya s.+ codaya
arhaya s. + kalaya b.+ ksaraya b. + cestaya h. +
a9aya e.+ ka9aya ksalaya )i.+ cyavaya
1 apaya b. + kopaya ksodaya v.c. chadaya
ingaya kudaya khanaya s. + chandaya
iksaya kiilaya s. + gamaya chedaya s. +
inkhaya karaya b.+ garhaya b. + chardaya + >;.

guhaya 3.+ j anaya

iraya 1 kartaya s. +

grahaya b.+ jasaya b. +

uksaya s.+ kar9aya
arjaya s.+ kalpaya ghosaya jivaya
ardaya krandaya gharaya josaya
kramay a + camaya n. + jaraya
ardhaya b.
 + a

236 Indexes.

jvalaya b.+ puraya rajaya 908aya

tanaya v.c. 1 par ay radhaya 9ardhaya v.c.
tapaya pyayaya reeaya b. + 9ranaya s. +
tosaya b. + prathaya resaya 9ramaya s. +
taraya prinaya s.+ ravaya s. + 9rambhaya s. +
tarpaya plSvaya b. + rocaya 9ravaya
tarsaya b.+ bandhaya b.+ rodaya 9lesaya b. +
trasaya badhaya rohaya 9vasaya
tvSraya bodhaya 2 ropaya b. + sadaya
dan9aya s.+ bhaksaya 1 lapaya sayaya b.+
damaya bhajaya lambhaya b. + sadhaya v. +
diksaya b. + bhalaya b.c. lekhaya s.+ secaya s.+
dip ay a bhasaya b.+ lehaya b. + sedhaya s. +
dusaya bhasaya b. + lopaya b. + sudaya
dohaya b.+ bhayaya b.c. lobhaya saraya
daraya bhisaya b.+ vacaya b.+ sarjaya
dar9aya bhojaya vaneaya b. + sarpaya s. +
dyotaya bhavaya vadaya b. + skandaya b. +
dravaya bhramaya s.+ 1 vapaya b. + stanaya
1 dhavaya mahaya 2 vasaya stavaya b. +
2 dhavaya b.+ majjaya b. + 3 vasaya stobhaya v.c.
dharaya manthaya s. + 1 vahaya b.+ snehaya v.c.
dharsaya b.+ madaya vejaya b.+ spandaya b. +
dhvansaya b. + manaya 1vedaya spar9aya
dhvanaya v.c. mehaya v.c. vepaya sprhaya
nadaya v.e. milaya b.+ ve9aya sphalaya b.c
nandaya e.+ modaya b.+ vestaya sphurjaya
namaya mohaya v.+ 1 varaya syandaya
na9aya murchaya b.+ varjaya aransaya
nahaya s. + maraya vartaya sravaya
nejaya b.+ marjaya vardhaya svadaya
nodaya b.+ mrdaya varsaya svanaya v.c.
nartaya inar9aya b. vyathaya s vapaya
pacaya b. + medaya vyadhaya b.c. svaraya
pataya b.+ yajaya b. vrajaya b.+ s vedaya b. +
pataya yataya 9ansaya ghataya b. +
padaya yamaya 9ataya havaya s. +
payaya yacaya 9apaya haraya
pesaya s. + yodhaya 1 9amaya harsaya
pidaya raksaya b.c. 9ayaya s.+ hrasaya s. +
posaya randhaya v. + 90caya hradaya b. +
pavaya b.+ ramaya 9odhaya b. + hladaya b. +
pujaya s. rahaya s.+ 9obhaya
 V. Secondary Conjugation-Stems. 237

C. Later Language. fl'jO.]

ancaya c. ghattaya e. + darbhaya c. laksaya

1 asaya e. + ghurnaya c. dvesaya c. l&gaya c.
ay ay a c. gharsaya e. dhuksaya langhaya
indhaya c. cakasaya c. dhunaya lajjaya c
1 esaya c. cataya c. nataya c. lambaya
ichaya e. carcaya e. + nadaya l&laya
2 esaya e. + carvaya c. nayaya lasaya
idaya c. calaya e. + pathaya c. lepaya
1 uhaya c. cay ay a c. panaya c. layaya c.
2 uhaya e. cumbaya c. pothaya 1 lothaya c.

katthaya e. coraya e. + 2par ay a c. 2 lothaya c.

kalaya e. + cusaya c. phalaya e. lunthaya c.

kasaya c. cyotaya c. bolaya c. lodaya

kanksaya e. chodaya c. brnhaya lolaya
kuncaya e.+ churaya e.+ bhartsaya lokaya
kocaya e.+ choraya c. bhiksaya c. locaya
kuttaya c. javaya c. bhedaya vadhaya e.

kothaya c. jrmbhaya c. bhusaya vandaya e.

kunaya c. jvaraya c. bharaya e. vamaya c.

kiraya e. taflkaya c. bhai'jjaya c. valaya c.

2 kartaya c. dambaya c. bhran9aya va9aya c.

karsaya e. + dayaya c. bhrajaya vanchaya e.
kro9aya dvalaya c. mandaya 2 vahaya c.

klamaya c. dhaukaya c. mathaya vecaya c

kle9aya e.+ tadaya e. + margaya 2 vedaya e.

kvanaya c. tarkaya e. + melaya c. vesaya

ksamaya e. + tarjaya e.+ mocaya vijaya
2ksayaya e. + tejaya e.+ motaya c. 2 varaya
ksepaya e.+ todaya e. + musaya c. vedhaya e.
ksobhaya e. + tolaya e.+ mraksaya c. vridaya c.
ksvedaya e. tulaya e. + mrksaya e. 9ankaya c.
khadaya e. + tyajaya e.+ mardaya 2 9 am ay a

khedaya e. + trapaya c. marsaya 9esaya

khelaya c. trotaya c. mredaya 9lathaya c.

galaya c. dayaya c. yasaya 9laghaya

gahaya c. dalaya yojaya sanjaya
gunthaya c. dahaya racaya sajjaya
gopaya e.+ de9aya ranjaya sahaya
gumphaya c. dehaya 2 ranaya c. sincaya e.
guraya c. 1 devaya c. ringaya c. sivaya c.
giraya c. 2 devaya rodhaya sevaya c
granthaya e. davaya c. rundhaya e. skambhaya c.

grathaya c. dolaya c. 1 rosaya skhalaya c

ghataya e. + darpaya 2 rosaya c. stambhaya
238 Indexes.

staraya spharaya 1 hasaya c. helaya

sthagaya c. sphuraya c. hinsaya e. hvayaya c.

sphataya c. smayaya c. hikkaya c. hresaya e.

sphotaya smaraya
The causative stems showing a p added to a final vowel may be given by
themselves, as follows (with headings of divisions omitted): [33.]

ksapaya J apaya b.s. drapaya b. qrapaya b.

ksepaya v. 2 dapaya s. 2 dhapaya v.b. 2 hapaya v.b.

gapaya b. +
2 apaya b.+ ghrapaya b.+ 1 mapaya b.+ vapaya
arpaya jnapaya mlapaya qrapaya
khyapaya b. + 1 dapaya yapaya b,+ sthapaya
glapaya 1 dhapaya 2 lapaya b. + snapaya
knopaya c. ksmapaya c. 2 mapaya 1 hapaya

ksapaya dhmapaya smapaya hrepaya c.

Finally, the bastard stems with ap added (as in Prakrit) to a final

consonant: [11.]

a9apaya s. ksalapaya s.

kridapaya e. diksapaya e. bhunj apaya c. likhapaya c.

ksamapaya c bhidapaya c. melapaya c. vardhapaya c.

jivapaya

VI. TERTIARY (derivative from secondary) CONJU-

GATION-STEMS. [202.]

la. Passives from Desideratives. [ii.]

cikitsyaE.+ dhitsya c. lipsya b. <ju9rusya e.+

jijnasyaE. + mimansya v. + vivaksya c. jiliirsya c.

jnipsya c. rurutsya b.s. 9ik8ya c.

lb. Passives from Causatives. [u?.]

A. Earlier Language. [9.]

iiigya b.
VI. Tkrtiaky Conjugation-Stkms. 239
240 Indexes.

3a. Causatives from Intensives.

jagaraya b. + danda(jaya c. dadharaya b. varivarjaya v.

3b. Causatives from Desideratives.

cikirsaya c. qiksaya e.+

VII. SUNDRIES.
1 . Passive Aorists (third persons singular) . [92.]

The unaugmented form is given, if the augmented does not occur.

A. Earlier L
ardhi b.

ksayi b.s.

ghosi V.

aceti V.

achedi
ajani v.b.

atayi b.

atapi V.B.

atari v.b.

dayi v.b.
adarQl v.
apati B.

api B.+
akari
agami v.c.

asi c.

aiksi c.

ohi c.

akiiji c.

agadi c,

ataiiki c.

adhari c.
apuri c,
abhaksi c.
 VTT. SirNDRTES. 211

2. Aorist Optatives (includius Precatives) . [iis."|

Those stems from wliich acitual pre(;ativ(: forms (with sihilaiit between mode-
sign and ending) are made arc to be recognized by their lliial sibilant. The
optatives of the a-aorist (2d form) are not included (excepting videsta).
The
aorist-stems here instanced have all been given above in the aorist-lists, whether
other than optative-forms are made from them or not.

a. Active Stems, [i,.!.]

A. Earlier Language. [ls.|

adyas b.
 .

242 Indexes.

vanisis v. vides v. saksi v. sasahis v.

vansisi•
v. vuri v.b. saksi •
v.b. strsi
• •
v.

vandisi V. vardhisi b.s. sahisi v.

B. Earlier and Later Language. [1.]

ririsis v.c.
Here may be added the problematical optatives in es from roots in a:

namely, khyes b.s., ges v.n.s., jnes v.b., des b.s., yes v., ses n., sthes v.b.;

and jes v.B.s. (}/ji).

3. Periphrastic Perfects (primary conjugation)

The periphrastic perfects of secondary conjugation (very numerous for the cau-
sative, quite rare for the desiderative, unknown for the intensive, except y jagr)
are not given. With vidam are made also a periphrastic aorist (b.) and
present (c.). The headings of the divisions are omitted.

cayam kr b. vasam kr b. vyayam kr b.

vidam kr b.s. juhavam kr b.
edham kr, bhu b.c.
nayam as, kr e. smayam as e.
bibharam bhu c. hvay am as, kr e.

grnise stuse
punise hise
yajase
 +++ ) )

INDEX OF ROOTS.
Arranged in reversed iilphiil)eUcHl order.
The designation of periods is according to the verb-forms only. Uoots liavinp
no such forms are left undesignated. It seemed better not to classify by ]ieriods;
but it may be added that of the more than 80(( roots here recorded as niakinir
forms of conjugation, nearly 2(10 occur only in the earlier language, nearly 5lMi
in both earlier and later, and less tliau 150 only in tiic later language.

ka v.D.s. jya v.n.s. psa v.B. sti (stya) si

kha (khan sty a H.c. 1 ha V.+ 1 di v.B. 1 u V.
1ga V. + dhya «. + 2 ha V. + 2 di V.B.s. 2 u 2 va
( I

2ga V.+ pya V. + 1 1 V.+ didi (2 di) ku (ku)

cha V. + vya V. + 2 i v.L. dhi V. + sku V li.

ja V.+ 9ya V.+ 1 ci V. + didhi (dhi) gu v.B.

jna V.+ 1 ra V. + 2 ci V.+ ni V.+ iirnu ( 1 vr)
ta ( I tan) 2 ra v.B. 1 ji V.+ 1 pi (pi) ksnu v.B.s.

sta ghra V. + 2 ji v.B. 2 pi (piy) tu V.

stha V. + tra V. + ti c. bhi V. + 1 stu V. +

1 da V. + 1 dra V. + di (;5 da) mi V. + 2 stu

2 da V.+ 2 dra v. + dhi B.+ ri (ri) du V.+

i da V.+ daridra pi V.+ kri V.+ dhu (dhu)
4 da B.+ (1 dra) mi V. +
1 pri V. + 1 nu V. +
1 dha V. + pra v.B. 2 mi (mi) bhri V. 2 nu v.B.s.
2 dha V. + 9ra V.+ smi V. + 1 9ri v.B. snu u. +
mna s. + la c. ri v.B.s. 2 9ri (9ra) hnu v.+
sna V.+ gla V. + jri V. hri V. + 1 yu v. +
1 pa V. + mla V. + 9ri V. + 1 li V. + 2 yu v.B.s.

2 pa V. 9la B. vi (2 va) 2 li B.s. cyu v. +

spha B . 1 va V.+ 9vi 9U) (

pli B. dyu c.

bha V. + 2 va V. + 9i (9a) bli (vli) 1 ru v. +

1 ma V. 3 va (van) 1 ksi v.B. vli v.B.s. 2 ru v. 11.

2 ma V. + 9va (9u) 2 ksi V.+ 1 vi v.B. kmi

.5 ma v.ii. hva (hu) si (1 sa) 2 vi (vya) dru V. +
dhma(dham) 9a V.+ hi V. + 1 91 V.li.S. dhru (dhvr
ksma c. ksa v.B.s. 2 91 V.+ pru v.B.s.
ya V.+ sa V.+ 1 ji (jya) 3 9i (9ya) 1 9ru V. +
khya v. + 2 sa (san) di E.+ ksi (2 kai) 2 9ru (aru)
16'
244 Index of Roots.

sru V.+
 ) ++ + +

Inpex of Roots, 245

put c. bhan b.c. puth K. + khud V.I1..S. radii V.+

sphut ii.+ man c. pruth v.ii.s. cud V.+ vrudh V.
mut c. kvan c. katth E. + tud V. + sadh V. +
trut c. kun c. manth nud V. + idli V.+
ghatt E. + prn (1 pr) (math) mud V. + sridh V.

kutt E. + mrn (2 mr) granth rud V. 1 vidh V. +

mant u. ghiirn e. + (grath) ksud V. + 2 vidh
vant u. at V.+ ad V.+ sud V.+ (vyadh)
vist V. + cat v.B. kad E. rd V. 1 sidh V. +
cest
• •
V. + 1 pat + V. khad n. chrd B. + 2 sidh V.+
vest (vist) 2 pat v.B. gad s. + trd V. +dudh V.
path B. + yat V. + 1 chad V.+ mrd V.+ budh V.+
ruth E. vat V. 2 chad ned B. yudh V. +
1 luth c. (jat V. + (chandl med V. + rudh V. 1

2 luth E. + cit V. + dad ( 1 da) skand +v. 2 rudh V. +,

heth mrit B.s. nad V. + cand(9candl krudh V. +
anth c. mlit (mritl pad V.+ 9cand v. 9udh V.+
kunth c. 9vit V. mad V. + chand v. + ksudh V. +
gunth S.+ 9 cut V. + syad (sy and 1
tand V. rdh V.+
lunth (luth cyut s.c. rad V B. nand v. + grdh V. +
tad V.+ jyut B. + mrad (mrd i spand V.+ sprdh V. +
lad c. dyut V.+ vrad V. bhand v. mrdh v.n.s.

drad c. rt v.B. vad V. + mand v.ji. vrdh V. +

id 1 krt V. + svad V. + syand v. + 9rdh V. +
ksvid
• •
E. + 2 krt V. + 1 qad V. krand v. + edh V.+
id V. + ert v.B.s. 2 q&d v.B.s. kland v. bandh v. +
nid nrt V. + ksad v.B. vand V.+ randh radii ( I

pid V. + prt sad V. + nind v. + indh idh)

(

krid V. + vrt V.+ had c. vmd (ud) vindh V.

vrid E. + cint B. + khad v,+ pibd v.B. 9undh 9udh
vid v.B.s. art (rt) yad v. ard (rd) gurdh v.
hid V. + qnath v. hrad b. + gard B. spurdh
chud c. path B.s. hlad B.+ nard b.+ (sprdh)
vrud c. math V. + svad (svad) pard c. an V.+
lud s. + vyath V. + khid V. + kurd E. + kan V.
kud V. + krath b. chid V.+ gurd B. khan v.
krud B. grath V. + nid (nind) gadh V. can V.
mrd V.+ prath V. + bhid V. + dadh (1 dha) jan V.
red B.s. 9rath v.+ mid (med) badh (vadh) 1 tan V.+
mred b. + klath b. klid s.+ vyadh v. + 2 tan V.
mand e. + qlath c. 1 vid V. + radh v. + Stan V. +
hind c. kvath B.+ 2 vid V. + vadh V.+ dan V.
jhan c. nath v. + ksvid B.C. sadh (sadh) dhan v.
pan B.+ mith V.+ svid V.+ nadh (nath) pan v.B.
phan V. + kuth c. ud V.+ badh V. + bhan v.
 + + + ! +

246 Index of Roots.

man v.+ vep (vip) umbh (ubh) ghar (ghr) 9al c.

1ran v.u. kamp B.+ 9umbh car V. + ksal B. +

2ran c. limp (lip) (9ubh) jhar c. il V.+
vran c. culump c. sumbh phar V. gil (2 gr)
qran s.+ jalp B. (subh) sphar (sphr) til B.

van V. + raph V. jrmbh v. + jvar B. + mil B.+

dhvan v.+ riph V. + galbh c. tvar V. + mil V.+
svan V.+ guph c. am v.B. dvar tul E. +
ksan V. + gumph kam V.+ svar V.+ dul c.
san v.B.s. (guph) gam V. + ksar V. + sphul (sphr)
han V.+ gulph s. cam B. + tsar v.B.s. bul c.
in(2i) dam.b c. 9cam V. 1 har v.B. lul E. +
ven v.B. ramb v. jam E. 2 har, hir SUl B.

jap ]i.+ lamb B. + dam c. ar V. kul S.+

tap V. + cumb E. + tam V.+ kir (2 kr khel E. +
rap v.B. skabh dam B.+ gir (2 gr) ksvel E. +
trap E. + (skambh) dham v. + tir (tr) hel (hid)
lap V.+ gabh (gah) nam v. + ir V. + khall c.

1 vap V.+ jabli(jambh) yam v. + gur V. + veil E. +

I
2vap v.u.s. stabh ram v. + cur E. + av V.

svap V.+ (stambh) kram v. + chur E.+ dhav V.

9ap V. + dabh v.B. dram it. jur (1 jr) klav c.

ksap V. + nabh v.b.s. bhram b.+ tvir ( tr) tav V.

sap v.B. yabh v. + 9ram v. + dhur (dhvr) 1 dhav V. +

ap V. rabh v. + lam c. sphur (sphr) 2 dhav V. +
rip V. grabh v.b.s. klam E.+ bhur V. div
lip V. + labh V. + vam V.+ hur (hvr) jiv V. +
vip V. + ribh V. + 1 9am v.B.s. pur (1 pr) sthiv V.+
9ip ubh V. + 2 9am V.+ miir(miirch) 1 div V. +
ksip V.+ stubh V. + 3 9am S.+ kal B.+ 2 div B.+
dip V. + lubh V. + ksam V. + skhal B. + miv v.B.s.
kup V. + 9ubh V. + bham v.b. gal B.+ 9riv (sriv)
gup V. + ksubh V.+ tim E.+ cal V. + sriv v.B.

cup E.+ subh B. stim E.+ tal c. siv V. +

tup drbh B. + 9im (1 9am) dal E. + dev (2 div)
yup v.B.s. rebh (ribh) ay (i) 1 phal E. + sev V. +
rup v.B. skambh v. + cay (2 ei) 2 phal E. + ranv v.b.

lup V.+ jambh v. day V. + sphal B.C. dhanv v.b.

mlup Cinluc) stambh v. + vyay c. bal B. inv (2 i)

ksup E. dambh cay V.B. bhal B.C. jinv v.B.s.
krp v.B. (dabh) tay B. lal E. + dhinv (dhi)
trp V. + 1 rambh pay B. val c. pinv v.B.s.
drp V. + (rabh) piy v.B. jval B. + carv s.+
srp V. + 2 rambh c. puy B.s. dval c. bharv v.
kip V.+ grambh s. + irsy B.+ hval B.+ jurv V.
 ++ ) + + ) ) ) ++ )

Index of Roots. 247

turv v.R. bhas K. + vrs V.+ tas tans
( dah V.
thurv B. las E. + hrs V. + das V. + nah V. +
dhurv v.ii. bhas B. + es (is) nas V. mah (manh)
1 a(j V. + 1 is V. + yes(ya8) bhas V. + yah
2 aq V. + 2 is V.+ bhres v.b. yas V.+ rail .S.+
datj (danQ) pis + V. hres E.+ bhyas v. grah grabh) (

1 na9 V. + mis V.+ hes V. + ras I!. + glah K.

2 nacj v.B. ris V.+ 1 aks v.E. gras V. + vah V.+
1 pa9 V.+ 9ris (
9lis) 2 aks v.B.s. tras V. + sah V. +
2 pa9 clis V. + caks V.+ sras (srans gah V. +
spa9 (pa9) vis V. + 1 jaks V. + hras ,s.+ vah (..

ra9 tvis v.c. 2 jaks V.B. las E. + dih V. +

bhra9 dvis V.+ taks V, + 1 vas V. + snih V. +
(bhran9) 1 9is V. + daks v.B. 2 vas V. + mih V. +
va9 V. + 2 9is (9as) naks v.B. 3 vas V. + rih V.B.8.
9a9 c. is v.B. bhaks v. + dhvas lih )t. +
kag V. + bhis (hhi) yaks v.E. (dhvans) ih B.+
da9 v.B. 1 us V. + my aks v. 9vas V. + guh V. +
va9 V. + 2 us (1 vas) raks V.+ 9as V. + duh V.
di9 V. kuS B.C. kraks v. sas V. + muh V. +
pi9 V. ghus V. + laks B. has B.+ ruh V.+
nii9 (miks) jus V. + vaks V. asiv.+ druh V. +
ri9 v.B. tus V. + tvaks V. kas c. 1 uh V.+
Ii9 B.s. dus V.+ saks (sah) eakas e. + 2 uh V.+
kli9 B. + pus V.+ niks V. das (das trh v.jt.

vi9 V. + mus V. + bhiks V. + bhas V.+ strh s.

19 V. rus V. + miks v.B.s. 1 ras E. + drh V.+

tu9 V. prus v.B. 9iks (9ak) 2 ras (ra) sprh V. +
ru9 (rus) 9rus V. iks V.+ 1 9as V. + 1 brh V. +
kru9 V.+ plus E. + diks V. + 2 9as (9as) 2 brh (vTh

F§ B. 1 9US V. + 1 uks V.+ has V. vrh V. +

kr9 V.+ 2 9US (9vas) 2 uks (vaks) pis B. jeh V.

dr9 V. + eiis c. dhuks E.+ tans v.B. anh

bhiis V. + mrks V.+ dans V. banh v.+
spr9 V.+ rus E.+ m.oks (muc) srahs v. + manh v. +
nir9 V.+ rs v.B.s. kanks );. + dhvans v.+ ranh v.n.s.

an9 (] a9) krs V.+ surks B.s. 9ans V. driili (drh)

dari9 v.+ ghrs + .s. 1 as V. + nins V. bmh (vrnh)
nan9 (2 na9) trs V.+ 2 as V. + hins V.+ vrnh E. +
bhran9 v. + dhrs V. + kas V.+ bharts v. + arh V.
rap9 V. Prs tpr9 ghas V. + ah V.+ garh V. +
kas V.+ mrs V. + jas V.+ jah (ha) valh + II.
 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Of the following emendanda, some are corrections of discovered oversights,

some are the results of continued collection , and a large part are gleanings
from the last-issued portion (to end of 1) of Bohtlingk's minor dictionary. A
few obvious misprints are passed unnoticed. The modifications and new mate-
rial here given are included in the Indexes.

p. 1, }/ ac, 1. 1 — read ancati etc. av.k.

- 2, 1. — read aeyate
1 etc. v.b.

- 2, }/ aj, — read 1. 1 etc. v.b.

- 2, y at — add atatya
to deriv. c.

- 2, bottom — add y anth, 'visit' : pres. anthati c. ; verb, anthita

c. (Bo.)
- 4, y are,7 — read (areyate
1. u.e.").

- 5, 1. — read aQita
1 etc. v.b.s.

- 6, y ap, 3 — read 1. apyasam 1. aa. , api; 1. 12. col. 3 — read

apayitr u.c.

- 7, }/ 1 6 — read iyat
i, 1. + add -apinetc. b. ; to deriv. c.

- 9, ]/ 1— is add -esisisu
to deriv. c.

- 9, 2 is —
}/ add -esitrto deriv. c.

- 14, y r,8 —1.read rtva av.b.u.

- 16, — perhaps arQat
]/ 1*9, 4) belongs here. vs. (xl.
- 20, y ku, — add
1. kauti
1 [2.] c.

- 26, y krudh, 8 — read krudhmi rv. 1.

- 29, y ksip, 2 — read ciksepa

1. + etc. u.e.

- 34, |/gam, 4 — add jagmyatam rv. —

1. add -jigamisa ;
to deriv. c.

- 38, y gr,
1 6 — read -glrya
1. and add grnadhyai aa. b.s..

- 40,
y grabh, 10 — agrabhista
1. read agrabhisata; —
for etc. to

deriv. add grahayitavya c.

- 45, 1. 1 — read -camya + b.

- 46, 1. 5 — read ealayati s.+

- 47, 1. 4 — read ceya
5, col. s.e.

- 47, y eit, 7 — add acite rv.

1.

- 50, y chand, 1 — dele ms. (Bo.) 1.

- 50, y chut — to deriv. add ehotana c.

- 54,
y jus, 2 add jujusan rv.
1. —
- 55, y I jr, 2 — read -te etc. b. + — to deriv. add -jarisnu c.
1. ;

- 56, y jna, 1 1 — add jnipsyate c.

1. 14, col. 3 — read jnapana av.b. ; 1.
 + +

Additions and Corrections. 249

p. 56, }/ jya, 1. 1 — read jiyate.

- 60, }/ tan, 1. 16 — read tanitr — add -titansu c. ; c.

- 61, ]/ tap, last — read tapaka

1. c.

- 63, y tuj, 1. 7 — read tuj v.c.

- 63, y tud, 1.8 — read -tud s.e.c.

- 65, 1. 19, col. 1 — tura read v.

- 70, y dabh, 1. 3— dambhisak

adil s.

- 72, 1. IT, col. 3 — read dada k.+

- 82, y dha, 1. 7 — read dhiraahe v.h. ;
1. 16 — add adhitsisam a a.
- 84, y dhu, 1. 7 — read dhutva b.u.
- 87, 1. — read dhurti ev. ms.
2
- 88, nam, 10 — read namayati
1. -te etc. v. +, c.

- 91, 1.8 — read -tavai -tos n.. u.s.

- 92, y ned, — read nedati.

1. 1

- 94. 1pat, 1. 4 — read patayalu av.c.

14, col. ; 1. 16, col. 3 — read
patuka B. +
- 94, y pad, — read Aor. apadi
1. 3 1 . cb. (3s. pass, ?), apadmahi etc.

- 95, 1. 3 — read paduka

6, col. b.c.

- 95, y pard — pardate now quotable c'. is (Bo.).

- 96, 1,2 — read -tavai k.s.

- 99, y pu, S — pupusati

1. now quotable c'. is (Bo.).
- 101, y pre, 4
1.— read praksa?
10, col. v.aa.
- 101, y pya, — dele apyasam aa.
1. 3 — 4.

- 102, y prach — add praq av. (see J.A.O.S.,

to deriv. vol. xiii., p. xlii.),

piprksu c.

- 103, 1. — add prinayitr

6 c.

- 103, y 5 — read -plutya u.s.+

plu, 1.

- 106, y badh, 8 — read bibadhisate

1. cb.c. -,
— to deriv. add badh-
ayitr c.

- 107, y bru, 1. 2 — add bravithas -ita u.

- 107, y bhaks, 1. 5 — read bibhaksayisati s.

- Ill, y bhiks, 1. 5 — read bhiksitva u.c.

- 112, y 2 bhuj, 1. 9 — read bhuktva k. +

- 118, y mad — to deriv. add mandayitr c.

- 119, 1.9 — add m.ananiya c.

- 125, y mrc, — read mrkta rv.aa.

1. 3

- 125, y mrj, 11 — read mrstva

1. av.s.
- 126, y mrd — add -mrdya to deriv. c.

- 129, y yaj, 6 — dele

1. — ayaksata 7. (Zs.) ags.

- 135, y rat. — read

1. ratati.
1

- 137, y ram, — read remus

1. 2 + etc. b.

- 140, y riph, — read

1.-ati 1 av.b.s.

- 140, y ribh — add rebhin to deriv. c.

- 141, 1. — read resa

3, col. 2 b.c.

- 141, y rih, — add rehana

1. 1 s.
250 Additions and Correctioxs.

p. 141, |/ 1 —ru add ravan to deriv. b.

- 142, 1. — read ruce

2 — add ruei v. ; 1. 5 ms.
- 142, }/rud — add rurudisa
to deriv. c.

- 143, y rudh —
2 add rurutsu to deriv. c.

- 143, y rus — add rosin

to deric. c.

- 144, }/rus, — add runsita

1. 2 c.

- 145, 1.2 — read linga CB.r.+

- 145, aftery — add y lad 'move
lajj ladati about' : pres. c'. (Bo.)
- 145, y lap, 4 — read lapana e.+
1. 10, col.
- 14G, y lal — add lalin
to deriv. c.

- 147, y likh — add likhitr

to deriv. c.

- 148, 1.2 — read lepaka c, and add lipti c.

- 148, y lih, — add leham

1. 5 s.

- 148, }/ 1 li, 6 — add letum c. and

1. -laya read b.s.

- 149, y lup, — read lopam

1. 7 s.c.

- 150, y lubh, — add lubhita

1. 5 s.

- 150, y lul, — read lolati -te

1. 1 etc.

- 150, y lu, 4 — add lutva

1. add lavitavya s. ; to deriv. c.

- 151, y loC; 1. 6, col. 1 — read locaka c.

- 151, y vac, 1. 8 — add -vace rv.

- 153, 1. — add -vivadisu
8 c.

- 156, y vas,
3 — read vasya +
1. 12, col. 2 b.

- 159, y —
vij, add vijitavya
to deriv. c.

- 163, y vrj, — add

1. end) v.+
1 (at
- 166, y vyath — add -vyathin to deriv. c.

- 168, y vli, — read

1. 1 cb.s.
- 169, y gans, 4 — read cjansitr b.+
1. 11, col.
- 173, y Qis, — read 9inasti.
1, 1

- 179, y 9ri, 4 — add 9ritva

1 1. s.

- 183, y sad; — read sedire

1. 3 rv.
- 185, 1. — read sodhr +
6, col. 3 e.

- 187, y su, — read sunute.

1. 1

- 189, y 4
srj, — read asarji
1. v. b.s.

- 190, 1, — read srjya b.+

7, col. 1
- 193, y stu, 4 — read stuse
1. and add in (Is.), 1. 12 stuse rv.
- 194, y stha, — dele —
1. 5 5.

- 200, y sru, 1.4 — read sravayitavya

12, col. ms.s.

- 207, 1. 4 —
9, col. read johiatra rv.aa.
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