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gmZmoV: YZyV: nyd JVm: XrKm OmJV:
gdmZ Mma: ^: dm gw: dmr
bw: {>H$m:
JhrV: ^mZ Y{ZH$: nMmV AmJVm: X[a:
6. nmR>mV gmZmWH$ eX {Mdm aoIm{M nyaV&
1) 2)
YZmT>: VoZ: nmQ>a:
YZdmZ B:
VH$a: mofH$:
YZgn:
4) godH$:
aH$:
MoQ>H
gw{: dnm
m
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a: >H$
eZ dmn: Xmgo:
6
agH$V& qH$ H$dm?
~mbH$: nwVH$ nR>{V nmR>embm JN>{V M&
{dm{ZHo$VZ
~mbH$: nwVH$ n{R>dm nmR>embm JN>{V&

mVm nmH$ H$amo{V ^moOZ n[adof{V M&
mVm nmH$ H$dm ^moOZ n[adof{V&

EVm n {bIV: nno{Q>H$mm n {Z{jnV: M&
EVm n {b{Idm nno{Q>H$mm {Z{jnV:&

ZV: {e{jH$m AZZ AZZ M&
ZV: { e{jH$m Zdm AZZ&

n{R>dm, H$dm, {b{Idm, Zdm BoVm{Z nydH$mbdmMH$-dmV-Am{Z&
7
AV: dj Amamoh{V Cn{de{V M&
AV: dj Am Cn{de{V&
dm Xod mWVo {Zm H$amo{V M&
dm Xod m {Zm H$amo{V&

nwfm hVm jmbV: ^moOZ Hw$V: M&

nwfm h Vm jm ^moOZ Hw$V:&
Am, m, jm BoVm{Z nydH$mbdmMH$-~V-Am{Z&
ew^Xm AmnU JN>{V YZ XXm{V nwVH$ AmZ{V nR>{V M&
ew^Xm AmnU Jdm YZ Xdm nwVH$ AmZr nR>{V&

dmm{Z {Zar ôX AdJN>V -
1. gmYd: $bm{Z Xdm {ZJN>pV& 1. gmYd: $bm{Z Xm {ZJN>pV&
2. dm Xod Zdm H$m Ama^Vo& 2. dm Xod U H$m Ama^Vo&
3. AmajH$m: Mma VmS>{dm H$mamJh ZpV& 3. AmajH$m: Mma gVmS> H$mamJh ZpV&
4. YZ dm Mma: nbm{V:& 4. YZ An Mma: nbm{V:&
8
g^mfmn
1. obZ Hw$V& 2. JUo {bIV&
ImX{V gp Cdm, nyO{dm, gnm, g, Ydm, Ym{ddm,
{n~{V dm {d, Zmdm, C>r, {Z, AdVr, CWm,
gpb{V Im{Xdm Am, Cn, {gdm, pWdm, M{bdm, {ZnrS>,
a{V m CXKmQ>, {ZH$m
mZmo{V nrdm
3. nydH$mbdmMH$mo: CnmoJ H$dm XrK dm Hw$V&
H$Q>: djmV -----no{Q>H$m-----Q>mo{nH$m ----- VHo$ ------ dj Amamoh{V&

4. {^ A {MZwV&
1. a{jdm, C{fdm, Cn{X, Cdm 2. {Z, dpXdm, nam{O, g^y
3. Vrdm, AZwkm, gwdm, dm, 4. JU{dm, w, Jm, A{^{f
H$sS>m - nydH$mbdmMH$mo: CnmoJ H$dm A{VXrK dm dXV&
agH$V& qH$ H$Vw?
wdH$: {MnQ>Jh JN>{V {MnQ> n{V M&

wdH$: {H$W {MnQ>Jh JN>{V? wdH$: {MnQ> w> {MnQ>Jh JN>{V&
9
~mbH$m: Jh AmJN>Z Ob M A{n~Z&
~mbH$m: {H$W Jh AmJN>Z? ~mbH$m: Ob nmVw Jh AmJN>Z&
N>mm nwVH$mb AJN>Vm& {H$W? N>mm n{R>Vw nwVH$mb AJN>Vm&
oKm o$ZH$ drH$amo{V& {H$W? oKm dm{U jmb{Vw o$ZH$ drH$amo{V&
w>, nmVw, n{R>Vw, jmb{Vw BoVm{Z hodWH$-VwV-Am{Z&
nR>V AdJN>V M -
1. ewZH$m: Im{XVw BN>pV & 2. Ah dVw EoN>&
3. ^madmhH$: ^ma dmoTw> eZmo{V& 4. Vm: Zm: {Ma nVw$ eZwdpV&
5. OZm: ^moOZ H$Vw Ama^V&
g^mfmn
1. hodWH$ moO{dm gdmX nyaV&
qgh: - ao yfH$, XS>m{ dm&
yfH$: - ^mo:, Ah (J) BN>m{& w#mVw m&
qgh: - {H$W w#mm{? Ah {Zm: Amg& dm {Zm^: H$V:&
yfH$: - hmamO, EH$dma w#mVw& gL>H$Q>H$mbo Ah{n Vd gmhm (H$) AmJN>m{&
naVw BXmZt ~mYdmZ (e) JN>m{& H$nm w#mVw&
2. MVwW nX {bIV&
1. -mVw :: J - 2. {b-o{bVw :: {bI -
3. nyO - nyO{Vw :: H$W - 4. hZ - hVw :: Z -
5. b^-bYw :: a^ - 6. ~wY - ~mo :: wY -
7. -Vw :: H$ - 8. e-w> :: ne -
3. $YmVmo: hodWH$ A w dm nwZ{bIV&
1. eJmb: mjm$b (ImX) CnV{V& 2. H$mH$: Ob (nm-{n~) KQ>o Cn{de{V&
3. eJmb: mgIS> (b^) H$mH$ VwqV H$amo{V& 4. ^r (hZ) Xm}YZ: H$nQ> AH$amoV&
5. eeH$: {Zm (H$) AJN>V& 6. g: n ({bI) boIZr drH$amo{V&
10
{Vr: nmR>:& Ambm& (H$R>WrH$aUmW)
^mfmgw wm Ywam {Xm JrdmU^maVr&
Vm {h H$m Ywa VmX{n gw^m{fV&&
gw^m{fV Zm emo^Z ^m{fV& gH$Vgm{ho {dnwbm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z gpV& Anmjad gw^m{fVmZm
d{e& Ywam{U Jom{Z AWnyUm{Z EVm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z& gw^m{fVmZm nR>ZoZ dmUr gwgH$Vm {ZXm}fm M
^d{V& dVdH$bmm {ZnwUVmgnmXZmW CH$>>-{Z~YboIZmW M Vm{Z AVrd CnwVm{Z& AV: B
gw^m{fVmZm mbm N>m: Ad H$Ro> YmaUrm&
lmoVw H$Um, dVwm gwhm

KmVw KmU nmXw {dhVw&
w> Zoo hVw M XmVw
mVw {Mm oZ g> g nmVw&&1&&
[oZ lmoVw H$Um, dVw gwhm Am, KmVw KmU, {dhVw nmXw, w> Zoo, XmVw hVw mVw M {Mm g>
g: (Ba:) nmVw&]
JwUm: Hw$dpV XVd Xao@{n dgVm gVm&
Ho$VH$sJYmKm dmmpV fQnXm:&&2&&
[Xao dgVm A{n gVm, JwUm: XVd Hw$dpV& (Wm) fQ>nXm: Ho$VH$sJY AmKm (YwnmZm) d AmmpV&]
^wdm VUm{Z ewH$m{U nrdm Vmo ObmemV&
XY N>pV bmoHo$mo YoZdmo bmoH$mVa:&&3&&
[YoZd: ewH$m{U VUm{Z ^wdm ObmemV Vmo nrdm bmoHo$: XY N>pV& (Vm:) bmoH$mVa: (Ibw)&]
AH$dm nagVmn AJdm IbpXa&
AZwg gVm d dn{n VX ~h&&4&&
[nagVmn Z H$dm, IbpXa Z Jdm, gVm d Z Cg V dn A{n (bVo) VX ~h (dVVo)&]
f>r MVwWu M {dh M {dhm M&
Ah H$W {Vrm mV, {Vrm mh H$W&&5&&
[ (H$Vo) {dh (B{V) f>r, {dhm (B{V) MVwWu, Ah H$W M (B{V) {Vrm mV (V) Ah {Vrm
(nZr) H$W m?]
maVo Z Ibw {dZôZ ZrM:
ma {dZ{dhVm {dapV m:&
{dZ: nwZ: nwZa{n {VhmZm:
maYwmOZm Z n[aOpV&&6&&
[{dZôZ Ibw ZrM: (H$m) Z maVo& (H$m) ma {dZ{dhVm: (^ydm) m: {dapV& {dZ: nwZ: nwZ:
{VhmZm: A{n CmOZm: maY (H$m) Z n[aOpV&]
11
WmZ^>m Z emo^Vo XVm Ho$em ZIm Zam:&
B{V {dkm {VmZ dWmZ Z n[aOoV&&7&&
[WmZ^>m: XVm:, Ho$em:, ZIm: Zam: M Z emo^Vo B{V {dkm {VmZ (Za:) dWmZ Z n[aOoV&]
Xdodo{V g{#m Z dmomoJ ZaOoV&

AZwoZ H$Vb {Vbo: mwh{V&&8&&
[Xd Ed B{V g{#m Za: dmomoJ Z OoV& AZwoZ {Vbo: Vb H$: mw Ah{V?]
AdaMZm - gm{haMZm {Ym nm Jm M& Jom N>Xmodm~m naMZm& AmXm H$VnX nmV H$nX
AVo {H$mnX B{V gabm H$~m JaMZm& A nXH$: no Z Vo& AV: H$Xm{MV n X~moY
^d{V& n nX{d^mJ H$dm {dH$sUm{Z nXm{Z gmo nwZ: gabH$oU H$Vm aMZm Zm Ad:&
AW~moY gab gmYZ Zm Ad:& AZwdmXmW{n bm^XmH$: Admmg:& ${MV no o eXm:
Z dVVo VmZ H$n{dm AWnyUm dmaMZm ^d{V& nW {H$mnX Apd H$: H$Vm, qH$ H$ B{V
ZmZ H$dm Ad: H$aUr:& Wm- A {H$ {H$mnX? drjVo& H$: drjVo? Za:& H$se:
bmo^m{d>mo Zamo {dm drjVo Z Vw gQ>& Za:? bmo^m{d>:& bmo^m{d>: Za: {H$ drjVo? {dm& {H$
XY n{V mOmamo Z VWm bJwS>mh{V&& Z drjVo? gQ>& mOma: qH$ n{V? XY& qH$ Z
Ad: - n{V? bJwS>mh{V&
Wm bmo^m{d>: Za: {dm drjVo, gQ> Vw Z drjVo VWm mOma: XY n{V, bJwS>mh{V Vw Z n{V&

^mfmmg:
cmoH$: 1- cmoH$: 2 -
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& 1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A) BaoU lmoVw qH$ Xm? A) Ho$ XVd Hw$dpV?
Am) Am H$se? Am) Ho$ Ho$VH$s Am{OKpV?
B) BaoU {dhVw qH$ Xm?
2. g dm Ag {bIV&
2. Vm{bH$m nyaV&
A) gmZm: XVd Hw$dpV&
qH$ Xm qH$ H$Vw? {H$W? Am) fQ>nXm: d AmmpV&
H$Um Xmm lmoVw ldUmW/ldUm B) gmZm: Ho$VH$sJY Am{OKpV&
Am Xm dVw dMZmW/dMZm 3. gmZmWH$eX {MZwV {bIV M&
KmU Xm KmUmW/ gmZm:, âm:, AmJN>pV&
nmXw Xm /{dhmam 4. {dmWH$eX {bIV&
Zoo Xmo w> /XeZm JwUm:, Xao, AmmpV&
3. obZ Hw$V&
A H$U: Am KmU nmX: Zo hV: nmVw
Am H$a: ajVw bmoMZ lmo VwS> Zm{gH$m MaU:
12
cmoH$: 3 - 2. OyfmV: C{MV nm {Mdm V^nyaU
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& Hw$V&
A) YoZd: qH$ ^wdm XY N>pV? ZrMm: m: Cmm:
Am) YoZd: ObmemV qH$ {n~pV? H$m H$m
B) bmoH$mVa: H$m:?
2. cmoH$mV dmV-Ao {Mdm {bIV& (Z n[apV, H$mmV, Z ma^Vo, {dapV)
3. dmV: H$Vm, H$ {H$mnX M ApdV {bIV M& 3. cmoH$mV Wm{d^Vo: VWm VVrm{d^Vo:
XY N>pV YoZd:& $nm{U {MZwV {bIV M&
4. EH$dMZo n[adVV& 4. nXn[aM Hw$V&
bmoH$mVa: YoZd: ewH$m{U VUm{Z ImXpV& ybYmVw: bH$ma: nwf: dMZ
cmoH$: 4 - {dapV
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& n[aOpV
A) ZwOoZ qH$ Z H$V? 5.dU{dJh Hw$V&
Am) ZwOoZ Hw$ Z JV? ma, {dZ:&
B) ZwOoZ {H$ AZwgV?
cmoH$: 7 -
2. Vm{bH$m nyaV& 1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
YmVw: dmV/~V$n Zm$n A) WmZ^>m: Ho$ Ho$ Z emo^Vo?
H$ AH$dm Am) {H$ {dkm {VmZ dWmZ Z n[aOoV?
J-JN> Jdm 2. gmZmWH$eX: dm nwZ{bIV&
CV + gO AZwg WmZ^>m: XVm: Ho$em: ZIm: Zam: Z emo^Vo&
3. cmoH$mV AYmoXmeXmZm H$Vo gmZmWH$eX 3. cmoH$mV Wm{d^Vo: $nm{U {Mdm {bIV&
{Mdm {bIV& cmoH$: 8 -
Jh, X>:, mJ:, VmoH$, ^y[a& 1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
cmoH$: 5 - A) Za:$qH$ Z OoV?
1. cmoH$mV ~V-Am{Z {MZwV& Am) AZwoZ qH$ mw Z eVo?
2. mo $n {MZwV& 2. g Ag dm B{V {bIV&
A) f>r- {dh/Xod& A) Za: Xd g{#mVoV&
Am) MVwWu- {dhm/Johm& Am) Za: C g{#mVoV&
B) Wm- Ah/H$W& B) {Vbo: Vb mVo&
cmoH$: 6 - 3. AaH$mofnL>pV {bIV& Xd, Za:&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A) Ho$ H$m Z ma^Vo? 4. gmZmWH$eX {MZwV {bIV M&
Am) Ho$ o {dapV? bYw, Amb&
B) Ho$ maY H$m Z n[aOpV? 5.dU{dJh Hw$V&
g{#m, {Vbo:&
13
agH$V& dUmZm gmhM&
AmH$ {^m{Z CmaUWmZm{Z y
A B C F$ OmZrW& d gd} ghd {V>m& AmH$
nanagmhM amoMH$& Xm Amgw mo
b E Eo Amo Am AVrd g{H$f ^d{V VXm X d{Zn[adVZ
^d{V g Ed gpY&
Amdmo gmoJoZ AmH$ma

^d{V& Wm- Amdmo: g{H$f BH$mao n[aUVo&
Z + ApV = ZmpV& Wm- a{d + B: = adr:&
Amdmo A{n D$H$ma ^d{V& Amdmo gmoJoZ GH$ma: ^d{V&

Wm-^mZw+CX: = ^mZyX:& Wm- mV+F$U = mVU&
(A gmZmZm dUmZm XrK$n gpY& AV g gdUXrKgpY B{V CVo&)
A C
{X Amdmo: A{Ve{V: g{{Y: Amdmo: g{H$f n[aUm$noU
V{h Amdmo: WmZo EH$ma: moa{n WmZo "AmoH$ma' Amm{V&
Cn{V>{V
& Wm JU+Be: Wm-b~+CXa B{Vb~moXa&
B CmaU JUoe:&
Amdmo: gmoJoZ Eo B{V Amdmo: gmoJoZ Am B{V

gpY$n: AmXoe: ^d{V& gpY$n: AmXoe: ^d{V&
Wm- gXm + Ed B{V gXd& Wm- Jm+AmoK: B{V JmK:&
Xm gmoJ daoU ^d{V (B/B daoU gh (C/D$ dO{dm) gmoJoZ

dO{dm) VXm n[adVZ "' B{V WmZo "d' B{V dU: Amm{V&
dU} ^d{V& Wm- Ibw + EVV B{V IdoVV&
Wm- H$amo{ + Ah B{V H$amoh&
Ed AmH$ {W: ^md: Vo& Wm dagpY: VWd {dgJgpY: OZgpY: M A{n ^dV:& gpY$noU
X d{Zn[adVZ Amgw ^d{V V{fH$m: {Zm: dVVo& {X VX d{Zn[adVZ gww> Z AdJV, gpY{Zm: Z
n{R>Vm: V{h AWmd~moYZ Z ^d{V&
14
VVr: nmR>:& Ym Vm XmVmMH$m&
hmH${dH$m{bXmg{da{MV aKwde B{V hmH$m {god& V
JwX{jUm{dfo
n#mo gJ} hmamO aKmo: OrdZo K{Q>V g H${d: dU{V& aKw: {dd{OV-
Ho$fm H$Wm: lwVm:?
k AH$amoV& ApZ ko g: gd YZ XmZ$noU AN>V [aVH$mof: M
Ho$ XmZdram: mVm:?
A^dV& VXm Ed H$mg: Zm wdm N>m: V AmmV:& Jwado X{jUm XmVw
g: YZ EoN>V& g Ed g: A d{UV:&
H$ppMV VnmodZo daVVw: Zm F${f:
AmgrV& g: AmnZo {ZnwU: H$m Xmbw: M
AmgrV & V Amlo ~hd: oYm{dZ: ~Q>d:
AmgZ& Vofw H$pMV H$mg: Zm ~Qw>: AmgrV&
{dmZ gm JwX{jUm XmVwwgwH$: H$mg:
Jw CnmJN>V& g{dZ M d BN>m Jwado
AH$WV& V dM: lwdm Jw: CVdmZ, ""dg
H$mg, Vd AZoZ godm M ê rVmo@p&
Am H$m{n X{jUm ZoN>m{& JN>, dpV
Vw&'' JwUm daVVwZm {Zdm[aV: A{n H$mg:
dmadma X{jUm XmVw EoN>V&
VXm V nar{jVw daVVw: AH$WV - ""dm gH$memV MVwXe{dm: AYrVm:& AV:
MVwXeH$mo{Q>gwdUwm: AmZ&'' Jwamo: dMZ lwdm H$mg: {MVmHw$b: OmV:& "EVmdVr: gwdUwm: Hw$V:
AmZm{Z? hmamO aKw {dhm Z H$mo@{n EVmdVr: wm: XmVw gW:& AV: "aKw {V JN>m{' B{V
{dMm H$mg: aKmo: grn AJN>V&
{XpdOmZVa aKw: "{dd{OV'ZmpZ ko
Aeof YZ XmZ$noU AN>V& [aVhV aKw
XQ>m H$mg: {Zdm:& aKw: V Amh AmJZ
moOZ AnN>V& VXm H$mg: AdXV ""aKmo,
Ah JwX{jUmW MVwXeH$mo{Q>gwdUwm: Jwado
XmVw{N>m{& {H$Vw ^dmZ nydod gddXmZ
AH$amoV& AV: Ah A JN>m{&'' aKw:
AdXV, ""ho H$mg, {V>& kembmm {dlm
Hw$& Ah {ZMoZ Vd gmhm H$amo{&''
H$mg Jw^m ^m{dV: aKw: Hw$~oamH$mVw gn AH$amoV& Hw$~oa: aKmo: ^mV AmH$UmV
nydod ^yVm gwdUd{>H$amoV& VV XQ>m gVw>: aKw: H$mg Amh gd gwdU V XmVwN>V&
{H$Vw {Z:nh: H$mg: AdXV - ""^mo: amOZ, Ah Ho$db JwX{jUmW MVwXeH$mo{Q>gwdUwm: A{^bfm{&
Z dmN>m{ A{YH$&''
amOm gdd XmVw EoN>V {H$Vw mMH$: A{YH$mXmVw Z AbfV& AZoZ goZ XmZeya: aKw:
VWm {Z[aN>: H$mg: M md{n gmHo$VOZmZm (Amomdm{gZm) H$Vo nyOZrm A^dVm&
15
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A) daVVw: F${f: H$se: AmgrV? Am) H$mgoZ H${V {dm: AYrVm:?
B) H$mg: H$ {e: AmgrV? B) aKmo: k Zm {H$?
C) H$: dUd{> AH$amoV?
2. {ZmU Hw$V&
A) daVVw: AmnZo {ZnwU:& Am) aKw: H$mg ^m ^m{dV:&
3. A) gyhoVa nX {MZwV {bIV M&
$ H$) k:, H$Vw:, gVVw: daVVw:& I) nO:, dfm, {>:, d{>:&
J) {dk:, Ak:, A{^k:, nQw>:& K) m^V, mMH$:, dZrH$:, mJU:&
L>) Hw$~oa:, mJ:, YZm{Yn:, YZX:&
Am) {dmWH$eX {bIV& $^yV, grn&
4. dm ew Hw$V&
A) Ah wm: Jw XmVw EoN>& Am) daVVw: H$mg AH$WV&
5. nmR>mV CH$mamVZmm{Z {deofUm{Z M {Mdm {bIV&
6. OyfmV: C{MV: A: H$mo>H$ nyaV&
nydH$mbdmMH$ dmV nydH$mbdmMH$ ~V hodWH$ VwV
(CnJ, lwdm, Q>m, Amh, XmVw, AmXmVw, nar{jVw, {dhm, gm)

m{IH$H$m - $WmH$ dXV&
A) H$mg aKw {V JZ& Am) Jwamo: MVwXewmUm mMZm&
B) Hw$~oaoU H$Vm gwdUd{>:& B) aKmo: Hw$~oa-AmH$U gn:&
C) H$mg AZoZ Jw: rV:&
hg>V ZXV !
gpYa{n {dZmoXm...
nwam hmam>ofw Om{hVXj: H$mo@{n Zn: AmgrV& V {hfr gH$V^mfmdrUm {dXfr M& EH$Xm Vm
Ob{dhmamW {H${#mV a ObmeJN>Vm& ObH$sS>mm : Zn{V: {hm Ob{~XZ jow ma^V& amkt e
A~mYV& AV: gm bmm Zn gH$V^mfdmdXV, ""moXH$VmS> m&'' Vm: VX dMZ lwdm M{H$V: amOm
godH$ gwdUWmm moXH$mZmZoVwm{XeV& Xm g: VbKwYwaJmobH$: amkt VmS>{VwN>V VXm gm pVnydH$JXV,
""^mo amOZ, e m ~mYoV B{V {MV{dm "m CXH$: VmS> m', Ob{~X{^: (CXH$:) m mg, B{V
dVwH$mmg&'' ^yn{Va{n C: h{gdm AÛV, ""moXH$eXldUoZ AWm JhrV m& VoZ A n[ahmgg:
CV:&''
16
agH$V& qH$ H$adm{U?
gyMZm:
N>mm: - AmMm}, Zmo Z:&

{e{jH$m - Zmo Z:& gw^mV& Cn{deV&
gma^: VZ: M - AmMm}, A{n mOmd $bH$?
{e{jH$m: - Ad & mOV& gwdMZ{n {bIV& ZraOo, dmVmZ CmQ>& AVrd Cm ~mYVo&
A{ Xbo, OZm{Z Mmb&
YraO: - AmMm}, A{n {dem{Z dJ?
{e{jH$m - Am AmJN>& WmZo Cn{de& lmV: go& {H${#mV Ob {n~&
A{ N>mm:, AYwZm Ah mZ nN>m{ & gH$ {d{M CmaV y& H$mobmhb: mVw&
EH$: Ed Cma dXVw&
H${V:- 1. gdmX n{R>dm w$Q>eXmZm AW AdJN>V& V AW AZwg n#mXe dmm{Z nR>V&
n#mXe dmm{Z& (nanX AmZonX M)
1. g:/^dmZ ImXVw/b^Vm& 2. Vm/^dVm ImXVm/bôVm& 3. Vo/^dV: ImXVw/b^Vm&
1. gm/^dVr ImXVw/b^Vm& 2. Vo/^dm ImXVm/bôVm& 3. Vm:/^d: ImXVw/b^Vm&
1. VV ImXVw/b^Vm& 2. Vo ImXVm/bôVm& 3.Vm{Z ImXVw/b^Vm&
4. d ImX/b^d& 5. wdm ImXV/bôWm& 6. y ImXV/b^d&
7. Ah ImXm{Z/b^& 8. Amdm ImXmd/b^mdh& 9. d ImXm/b^mh&
EVofw dmofw {d{dY{H$mnXmZm CnmoJ H$dm nwZ: dXV aV M&
H${V:- 2. $H${Vn{H$mm m: {d{dYm: gyMZm: gpV, Vm: EH$ {bIV&

Wm- Jme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& EH$dmoZ CmaV&
3. Jho dm nmR>embmm dm gyMZm: bmoQbH$mao XrVo, Vmgm gL>Jh Hw$V&
Wm- Cn{deV, nR>V, {bIV BmX:&
17
g^mfmn
1. dmm{Z nyaV&
(dYVm, Jmm, N>, Amamohmd, nR>Vw, VaV, IZV, ad, bôVm)
1. A~, ^moOZ & 4. y Obo & 7. wmH$ gwI &
2. g: nmR> & 5. Amdm Amdj & 8. N>mm e: &
3. d JrV & 6. wdm ^yq & 9. d dmmo &
2. ^dmZ/^dVr-WmZo d moO{dm dmm{Z {bIV&
1. ^dmZ A Cn{deVw& 2. ^dVr ~YZ w#mVm& 3. ^dVr mWVm&
4. ^dmZ erK nN>Vw& 5. ^dV: ^m{U nVw& 6. ^d: nmH$ nMVw&
nR>V-~moYV VV d A{g& JmV-ZXV
CmbH$: doVHo$Vmo: {nVm& doVHo$Vw: CmbH$ nw:& {dmZmZ aMm&
EH$Xm {nVm CmbH$: nw doVHo$Vw AnN>V- ""gm, A{n amKd ! mYd ! grVo ! b{bVo !
VV OmZm{g kmZoZ gd kmV ^d{V?'' {dmZmZ aMm&
nw: - Z OmZm{, {nV:& H$nm H$WVw& Zrbo JJZo {dnwbo {dbo
{nVm - ObnyU nm w{>{V bdU M AmZ& (nw: VWm dmw{dhma H$adm&&1&&
H$amo{V&)
CVdj Vw ^dZ&
{nVm - Ob bdU M {l&
H$mdmH$me Ibw m&
nw: - {{lV {nV:&
{nVm - AYwZm ObmV bdU nWHw$& H$dm {hdV gmonmZ
nw: - VV H$Vw Z eZmo{ {nV:& MpXabmoH$ {dem&&2&&
{nVm - AVw& Cn[a^mJW Ob Z{bH$m AmdmX& VV ewH$M: gym} Jw[a{V
H$W ApV? JhmZ {h gdmZ JUm&
nw: - bdU ApV, VmV& {d{dYm: gwXaVmampMdm
{nVm - ^mJW Ob Z{bH$m AmdmX& VV H$W mpVH$hma aMm&&3&&
ApV?
A~wXmbm A~a^yfm
nw: - VX A{n bdU ApV&
AmXmd {h {Vm&
{nVm - Ob ~{h: {jdm AmJN>&
nw: - {jnm{ VmV&(Ob {jdm AmJN>{V) X:{IV-nr{S>V-H${fH$OZmZm
{nVm - Obo bdU gd m Ibw? JUofw hf OZm&&4&&
nw: - Am, VmV& -S>m. {ddmg:, ~|Jbw$&
{nVm - VWd ~ OJV: H$maU AV: gd m& Wm d
Obo m bdU w> Z eZmo{f VWd d gd m
~ w> Z nma{g& {H$Vw VV gd ApV& VXod
kmV&
H${V: - JmeV: bmoQ>$nm{U {MZwV&
(doVmdVa-Cn{ZfX: A gdmX:&)
18
boIZH$meb-1
{Z~Y nyaV&
1) H$m{bXmg: - "H$m{bXmg:' {eamo{U: Bd & V gm{ho gVmaH$m
Bd H$meVo& VoZ Hw$mag^d, aKwde B{V hmH$mo a{MVo& mb{dH$m{{
{dH$moder VWm A{^kmZemHw$Vb{{V ZmQ>H$m{Z {b{IVdmZ& V oKXV Zm H$m
^mfmgw AZy{XV& gh V ZH$m: {gm:&
(Oyfm - gH$VH${dfw, H$Wm:, g:, gH$V:, {d{dYmgw, o, amOVo, ^moOamOoZ)
2) JUoemogd: - ^mnXmg MVwW} JUoemogd:
& VXm ZHo$fw Jhofw WmnZm ^d{V&
Ef: Cgd: Hw${MV gmYH${XZmH$:, Hw${MV n#m dm
g dm Xe {XZmH$:& AZVa yV}: {dgOZ
{H$Vo
& bmoH$m-{VbH$-hmoXoZ gmdO{ZH$-
JUoemogd: AmaY:& ^Vm: XdmL>Hw$a:, nwn:, {>:
M JUoe &
(Oyfm - Obmeo, {XZo, moXH$:, Ama^Vo, JUoeyV}:,
nyOpV)
gdmX nyaV&
1) mVm - A{ H$bmg, erK &
H$bmg: - A~ ! A {dam{XZ: Ibw ! {{XZ:& dam mVw&
mVm - gda XVYmdZ ZmZm{XH$ gmn& A ~{hJV Ibw&
H$bmg: - , {H$W ~{h:? mVw ^mo:&
mVm - H$bmg, A{n {dV? A O{XZ& Vd JV& AV: A{db~
Zmdm, ZdwVH$ Ydm gm: ^d&
H$bmg: - ^mo: ! god ! {dV m& gda H$amo{& mV:, Cnhma$noUqH$ ?
mVm - AZVa {MVmd:& dad BXmZr&
(Oyfm - Zmd, mV:, C{m>, {nV, H$dm, , {gVm)
2) ew^ - ZVo lrZ !> Ah ZmJnyaZJa JVw BN>m{& {M{Q>H$m Xo{h&
{M{Q>H$m{dHo$Vm - Ho$Z JVw BN>{g?
ew^ - "nwUo-ZmJnya-Jar~aW' aobmZoZ BN>m{&
{M{Q>H$m{dHo$Vm - Efm & qeV Xo{h&
ew^ - JVm& lrZ, EV aobmZ H$: ApV?
{M{Q>H$m{dHo$Vm - EVV aobmZ fS> dmXZo ZmJnyaZJa &
ew^ - &
(Oyfm - nwUoZJamV, YdmX:, $H$m{U, g:, JN>{V, JVw, aobmZoZ, H$nm, {M{Q>H$m,
mV:)
19
OyfmV: moeXmZ moO{dm {MdUZ nyaV&
1) ajm~YZ- {M{X& ^mVm AmgZo
Cn{d>:& V grno dVVo& ^{JZr
ajmgy hVo Jhrdm {V>{V& gm VV g
hVo {gm& mVm n{V &
XrnWm{bH$m Wm{nVm & n>V:
{^{mH$m{M gwImgX A{n oVo&
n[aV: Am{b{IVm ApV&
(Cnhma:, ajm~YZ, ~w, adr, AmZXoZ,
AmgZ, ^mVw:, nrR>o)
~gWmZH$
2) ~gWmZH$ - EVV {M& ~gWmZHo$
ZmJnya-
m{H$m: ~gmZ VrjVo& V o {hbo, EH$m
~m{bH$m, EH$: nwf: M & {dHo$Vm
{dH$sUrVo& ~m{bH$m n{V&
nm} gpV& mJ} {M{H$H$m {M{H$H$m
M & EH$m: grno EH$
An {dVo& mVm Anm {dmZ &
(djm:, {V>pV, Xe{V, {dHo$Vma, H$H$Q>r:,
{hbmm:, YmdV:, ~gWmZH$ )
nR>V AdJN>V ! damUm g{>:&

npV nR>V&
1. ZmpV {dmgmo ~Yw:& ZmpV = Z + ApV& (A + A = Am)
2. ZamâU $n& ZamâU = Za + AmâU (A+Am=Am)
mo: Ajamo: EH$rH$aU Zm gpY:&
1. gdUXrKgpY:&
A) A/Am + A/Am = Am Am) B/B + B/ B = B
1. Zd + A{n = Zdm{n& 1. nR>{V + B{V = nR>Vr{V&
2. + A = VWm& 2. + Bd = ZXrd&
3. boIZ + = boIZme:& 3. n[a + = narjm&
B) C/D$ + C/D$ = D$ B) F$/G + F$/G = G
1. Jw + CnXoe: = Jw$nXoe:& 1. mV +F$U = mVU&
2. + Cgmh: = dYygmh:& 2. {nV + = {nVV&
3. + D$Om = ^mZyOm& 3. ^mV + = ^mVf^:&
20
^mfmgy - 1
(A) Zmm{Z&
damVeXmZm ôXm: -
nw{b r{b ZnwgH${b
AH$mamV: Xod - dZ
AmH$mamV: - mbm -
BH$mamV: H${d {V dm[a
BH$mamV: - ZXr -
CH$mamV: ^mZw YoZw Yw
D$H$mamV: - dYy -
F$H$mamV: A) {nV Am) H$V A) mV Am) dg -
{M
AH$mamV: eX: Xod: gy: dmV: dj:

gmZmWH$: CH$mamV: eX: ^w: ^mZw:, ghmew: dmw: V:
{M
AH$mamV:/BH$mamV: eX: {ejH$: gd: M: der

gmZmWH$: CH$mamV: eX: Jw: new: BX:, {hmew: doU:
nR>V ôX AdJN>V M&

gy: Zm VoOmoJmob:& gy ^mZw: Zm VoOmoJmob:& ^mZmo:
dUZ F$doXo dVVo
& gymV gd} dUZ F$doXo dVVo& ^mZmo: gd}
H$me b^Vo& gy n[aV: gd} H$me b^Vo& ^mZw n[aV: gd}
Jhm: ^pV& gy}U JhS>b Jhm: ^pV& ^mZwZm JhS>b
emo^Vo& gy} AVrd D$Om dVVo& emo^Vo& ^mZm AVrd D$Om dVVo&
gy: AmH$ XodVm& gym Z:& ^mZw: AmH$ XodVm& ^mZdo Z:&
ho gy, aj m& ho ^mZmo, aj m&
21
^mZw (gy:)- "C'H$mamV nw{b Zm CH$mamVZmm{Z& YoZw (Jm:) "C'H$mamV r{b Zm
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
^mZw: ^mZy ^mZd: Wm YoZw: YoZy YoZd:
^mZw ^mZy ^mZyZ {Vrm YoZw YoZy YoZy:
^mZwZm ^mZwm ^mZw{^: VVrm Yodm YoZwm YoZw{^:
^mZdo ^mZwm ^mZw: MVwWu YoZdo/Yod YoZwm YoZw:
^mZmo: ^mZwm ^mZw: n#mr YoZmo:/Yodm: YoZwm YoZw:
^mZmo: ^mdmo: ^mZyZm f>r YoZmo:/Yodm: Yodmo: YoZyZm
^mZm ^mdmo: ^mZwfw gr YoZm/Yodm Yodmo: YoZwfw
ho ^mZmo ho ^mZy ho ^mZd: g~moYZ ho YoZmo ho YoZy ho YoZd:
^mZwdV Ao eXm: - Zw, AUw, {dUw, YoZwdV Ao eXm: - VZw, M#mw, amw, hZw
gmYw, BX, new, dm, ^w, Jw BmX:& BmX:&
Yw "C'H$mamV ZnwgH${b Zm
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V: BN>mWH$-CH$mamV-{deofUm{Z&
Yw YwZr Yy{Z Wm Wm-kmVw BN>m {Okmgm&
Yw YwZr Yy{Z {Vrm {Okmgm ApV g: {Okmgw:&
YwZm Ywm Yw{^: VVrm Ed - nmVw BN>m ({nnmgm) ApV
YwZo Ywm Y: MVwWu g:/gm {nnmgw:, ^moVw BN>m (~w^wjm)
YwZ: Ywm Yw: n#mr ApV g:/gm ~w^wjw:, {dOoVw
YwZ: YwZmo: YyZm f>r BN>m ({d{OJrfm) ApV g:/gm
Yw{Z YwZmo: Ywfw gr {d{OJrfw:& H$Vw BN>m ({MH$sfm)
ho Ymo, Yw ho YwZr ho Yy{Z g~moYZ ApV g:/gm {MH$sfw:&
YwdV Ao eXm:- dVw, A~w, OmZw, Xm BmX:&
CH$mamV-{deofUm{Z& Xmbw, H$nmbw, Zohmbw, ombw&
{Okmgmn
1. mo$n moOV&
1. hmXod: n{V:& (new) 2. ho , aj m& (^w)
3. gd} kmZ nyOpV& ({Okmgw) 4. V Z:& (Jw)
5. ZmaX: eaU JN>{V& ({dUw) 6. H$frdb grno n#m gpV& (YoZw)
7. ya XrKm& (M#mw) 9. ag: Ywa:& (Bjw)
8. {hmb {hmN>m{XVm{Z& (gmZw)10. nyU} Zoo& (Alw)
2. MVwW nX {bIV&
1) e^w - e^wZm :: {eew - & 2) YoZw - Yodm :: amw - &
3) A~w - A~y{Z :: dVw - & 4) hZw - hZy: :: VZw - &
22
3 Vm{bH$m nyaV&
Zm$n m{Vn{XH$ AV: {b {d^{V: dMZ
1. ndmo:
2. gmYm
3. {Okmgw{^:
4. V$Um
5. Xm${U
F$H$mamVZmm{Z&
A) g~YdmMH$m{Z Am) YmVwV: {Z{Vm{Z
nw{b r{b H$V XmV
{nV (OZH$:) mV (OZZr) ZoV dV
^mV (ghmoXa:) X{hV (H$m) hV {dYmV
Xod (nw: ^mVm) mV (Xodw: nZr) lmoV A{^ZoV
OmmV (H$mm: n{V:) ZZm (nw: ^{JZr) mo ~mo
>Z (Zw:) g{dV (nw)(gy:), dg (r.)(^{JZr),
Z (nw.) (nm:/Xm{h:)
"A' H$ma: - {nV "F$'H$mamV nw{b Zm mV "F$'H$mamV r{b Zm
{nVm {nVam {nVa: Wm mVm mVam mVa:
{nVa {nVam {nVZ {Vrm mVa mVam mV:
{nm {nVm {nV{^: VVrm mm mVm mV{^:
{no {nVm {nV: MVwWu mo mVm mV:
{nVw: {nVm {nV: n#mr mVw: mVm mV:
{nVw: {nmo: {nVUm f>r mVw: mmo: mVUm
{nV[a {nmo: {nVfw gr mV[a mmo: mVfw
ho {nVa,{nV: ho {nVam ho {nVa: g~moYZ ho mVa,mV: ho mVam ho mVa:
"Am' H$ma: (YmVwV: {Z{Vm{Z)
YmVw: Zm AW: nw. Wm E. d. r. Wm E. d.
1. H$ H$V : H$amo{V& H$Vm H$u
2. hV : ha{V& hVm hu
3.Zr-Z ZoV : Z{V& ZoVm Zor
4. aj a{jV : aj{V& a{jVm a{jr
5. lw lmoV : eUmo{V& lmoVm lmor
23
H$V "F$'H$mamV nw{b Zm
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V:
H$Vm H$Vmam H$Vma: Wm
H$Vma H$Vmam H$VZ {Vrm
ho H$V:, ho H$Va ho H$Vmam ho H$Vma: g~moYZ
VVrmV: grnV eX$nm{U {nVdV ^dpV& Ed Ed "Am'H$maH$mUm eXmZm $nm{U ^dpV&
"Am' H$maH$mUm r{beXmZm $nm{U ZXrdV ^dpV& Wm -
H$u "B'H$mamV r{b Zm
H$u H$m H$: Wm
H$u H$m H$u: {Vrm
ho H${ ho H$m ho H$: g~moYZ
1. {Z~Y nyaV& - JUoe Hw$Qw>~&
1) eL>H$a: JUoe ------& ({nV)
2) nmdVr JUoe -------& (mV)
3) H$m{VHo$: JUoe ------& (^mV)
4) -----(mV) nmdm: AmXoe EVm -----nmbV:& (^mV)
5) mVmh {hmb EVm AmXem ------& (ZV)
(Am) gdZmm{Z&
WnwfdmMH$m{Z VX, X, EVX, BX, ^dV
nwfdmMH$ wX
CmnwfdmMH$ AX
mWH$ {H$
"BX' gdZm nw{b "BX' gdZm r{b
A Bm Bo Wm B Bo Bm:
B/EZ Bm/EZm BmZ/EZmZ {Vrm Bm/EZm Bo/EZo Bm:/EZm:
AZoZ/EZoZ Amm E{^: VVrm AZm/EZm Amm Am{^:
A Amm E: MVwWu A Amm Am:
AmV Amm E: n#mr Am: Amm Am:
A AZmo:/EZmo: Efm f>r Am: AZmo:/EZmo: Amgm
ApZ AZmo:/EZmo: Efw gr Am AZmo:/EZmo: Amgw
24
"BX' gdZm ZnwgH${b -
BX Bo Bm{Z Wm
BX/EZV Bo/EZo Bm{Z/EZm{Z {Vrm
(VVrmV: grnVm{Z $nm{U nw{bgem{Z& )
^dV AmXamWH$ gdZm&
^dV - nw{b ^dV - r{b(^dVr)
^dmZ ^dVm ^dV: Wm ^dVr ^dm ^d:
^dV ^dVm ^dV: {Vrm ^dVr ^dm ^dVr:
^dVm ^dXm ^d{: VVrm ^dm ^dVrm ^dVr{^:
^dVo ^dXm ^dX: MVwWu ^d ^dVrm ^dVr:
^dV: ^dXm ^dX: n#mr ^dm: ^dVrm ^dVr:
^dV: ^dVmo: ^dVm f>r ^dm: ^dmo: ^dVrZm
^d{V ^dVmo: ^dgw gr ^dm ^dmo: ^dVrfw
ho ^dZ ho ^dVm ho ^dV: g~moYZ ho ^d{V ho ^dm ho ^d:
* Ho$db Wnwf {H$mnXoZ gh CnwVo {H$Vw nwf XeH$& Wm -
H$VnX bQ>bH$ma: bL>bH$ma: bmoQ>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL>bH$ma:
^dmZ/^dVr JN>{V AJN>V JN>Vw JN>oV
d JN>{g AJN>: JN> JN>o:
CnnX{d^V: (Am{Z)&
H$m{ZMZ Am{Z {d{e>-{d^pV$n AnojVo& Vm{Z AY: {Z{X>m{Z&
1. A{^V: = ({Vrm) ^mZw A{^V: Jhm: ^pV&
2. n[aV: = ({Vrm) mVa n[aV: JUoe: X{jUm H$amo{V&
3. C^V: = ({Vrm) ZXr C^V: jom{U {dVo&
4. {V = ({Vrm) gmL>H$mbo dg: YoZw {V doJoZ JN>{V&
5. {dZm = ({Vrm/VVrm/n#mr) Mg/Mgm/MXg: {dZm {Zem Z emo^Vo&
6. gh = (VVrm) {nm gh A{ZHo$V: AmnU JN>{V&
7. Ab = (VVrm) Ab {Zm& Ab ^rm& Ab dmVmbmnoZ&
8. Z: = (MVwWu) JUnVo Z:& Jwado Z:& Vo Z:& hmb Z:&
9. ~{h: = (n#mr) JhmV ~{h: mVm AmJVm&
10. H$Vo = (f>r) dgw: H$Vo ~Yw: Cnhma AmZ{V&
11. grno = (f>r) ZJa grno CmZ dVVo&
25
(B) YmVwgm{YVm{Z Am{Z&
YmVwgm{YVm: Zm YmVwybH$m: eXm:&
{H$mnX Zm {deofU A
nR - nR>{V nR>Z, nmR>: n{R>V n{R>dm
nyO - nyO{V nyOZ, nyOm ny{OV gny
a - aVo am , aU aV adm
dV - dVVo dVZ, d{m: dm d{VVw
A&
: Zm n[adVZ& pZ eXo n[adVZ Z ^d{V, Zm : eX: {fw {bofw, {fw dMZofw A{n M
gdmgw {d^{Vfw gmZ: Ed ^d{V, g: eX: "A' B{V CVo& Wm-
1. ~m{bH$m Xod Zdm nR>{V& 2. JUoe Zdm d JN>{g& 3. AmMm Zdm N>mm: dJ {depV&
A H$VnXmZwgma {H$mnX n[adVVo& na "Zdm' BpZ $no n[adVZ Z ^d{V& AV: VX A&
YmVwgm{YVm{Z Am{Z
nydH$mbdmMH$ hodWH$
dmV ~V VwV
(dm + AV) (n+AV) (Vw+AV)
ybYmVw: + dm (dm) CngJ: + ybYmVw: + n () ybYmVw: + VwwZ (Vw)

nydH$mbdmMH$-A-&
dmVaMZm -
1) am: embm JN>{V& am: dJ {de{V&
A EH$: Ed H$Vm& (am:), {H$m (JZ{H$m, doe{H$m)
nyd H$Vm {H$m JZ& AV: JN>{V B{V {H$mnX nydH$mbdmMH$ ApV& J YmVmo: AJo
dm- Cnw A$n ^d{V - Jdm&
am: embm Jdm dJ {de{V&
2) {Wbr nwpVH$mm {bI{V& VnmV nN>{V&
{Wbr nwpVH$mm {bpIdm nN>{V& AdYo -
~VaMZm - dmV/~VaMZmgo "A{n' "VXZVa',
1) ZraO: dJ {de{V& VXZVa AmgZo Cn{de{V& "VV:', "M', "AW', "AZVa', "VnmV'
ZraO: dJ {d AmgZo Cn{de{V& BmX: eXm: {ZH$mg{Vm:
&
2) ^maVr AmgZo Cn{de{V nwpVH$mm {bI{V M& {VrdmW H$VnX (Zm gdZm dm) A{n
^maVr AmgZo Cn{d nwpVH$mm {bI{V& {ZH$mg{V&
26
hodWH$ A&
hoVw + AWH$ = hodWH$& hoVw: Zm C{>& hodWH$ A {H$mm: C{> H$W{V&
1) am: n{R>Vw embm JN>{V& am: {H$W embm JN>{V? n{R>Vw&
2) Xod nyO{Vw mVm Xodmb JN>{V& mVm {H$W Xodmb JN>{V? Xod nyO{Vw&
3) N>mm: Io{bVw H$sS>mU JN>pV& N>mm: {H$W H$sS>mU JNpV? Io{bVw&
nR>V aV&
YmVd: dm n VwwZ YmVd: dm n VwwZ
Xm Xdm Xm XmVw dh D$T>dm {Zd dmoTw>
nm nrdm {Znr nmVw dg C{fdm {Zd d{gVw
Wm pWdm CWm WmVw dX C{Xdm mo/AZy d{XVw
km kmdm {dkm kmVw H$W H$W{dm [dH$ H$W{Vw
J Jrdm Jm JmVw Mwa Mmoa{dm A{^Mmo Mmoa{Vw
mdm AZwm mVw jb jmb{dm jm jmb{Vw
{O {Odm {d{O OoVw aM aM{dm {daM aM{Vw
Zr Zrdm AmZr ZoVw JU JU{dm {dJU JU{Vw
lw lwdm Cnlw lmoVw nyO nyO{dm gny nyO{Vw
^y ^ydm AZw^y ^{dVw Kwf Kmof{dm gmo Kmof{V
H$ H$dm CnH$ H$Vw ZV Z{Vdm A{^Z Z{VVw
dm {d Vw H$X H$pXdm AmH$ H$pXVw
g gdm AZwg gVw nR> n{R>dm AZwnR> n{R>Vw
{Xe {XQdm Am{X Xow> {bI {b{Idm {dbo {b{IVw
e Q> m g w> hg h{gdm {dh h{gVw
N> nQ>m AmnN w> dX dpXdm AZwdX dpXVw
ne nQ>m gn w> Jh Jhrdm gL>J JhrVw
{gM {gdm A{^{f goVw J Jdm AmJ JVw
wM wdm {dw moVw Z Zdm U ZVw
dM Cdm dm dVw a adm Ama aVw
npV nR>V AdJN>V ! damUm g{>:&
1. mVod aj{V {nVod {hVo {ZwL>Vo$& mVod = mVm + Bd& {nVod = {nVm + Bd&
2. {H$m{g{: gdo dg{V hVm ZmonH$aUo& ZmonH$aUo = Z + CnH$aUo&
2. JwUgpY:&
A) A/Am + B/B = E Am) A/Am + C/D$ = Amo B) A/Am + F$/G = Aa
1. Xod + B: = Xodo:& 1. JUoe + Cgd: = JUoemogd:& 1. Xod + F${f: = Xod{f:&
2. + Bd = MpHo$d& 2. dj + = djmod& 2. hm + = h{f:&
27
EVX{n aUr - dmV/~V A {ZH$mgV&
1. BemZ: embm Jdm nR>{V& 2. ho: Io{bdm Jh AmJN>V&
J (1n.n.)+ bQ>bH$ma: Iob(1n.n.)+ bL>>bH$ma:
dm .nw.E.d. dm .nw.E.d.
BemZ: embm JN>{V nR>{V M& ho: AIobV Jh AmJN>V M&

bQ>bH$ma: bQ>bH$ma: bL>>bH$ma: bL>>bH$ma:
.nw.E.d. .nw.E.d. .nw.E.d. .nw.E.d.
3. Amf: Jh AmJ ^moOZ H$amo{V& 4. Ah Xod U Zm{&

Am+J (1n.n.) bQ> bH$ma: Iob(1n.n.)+ bQ> bH$ma:
+n .nw.E.d. dm C.nw.E.d.
Amf: Jh AmJN>{V ^moOZ H$amo{V M& Ah Xod Um{ Zm{ M&

bQ> bH$ma: bQ> bH$ma: bQ> bH$ma: bQ> bH$ma:
.nw.E.d. .nw.E.d. C.nw.E.d. C.nw.E.d.
{Okmgmn
1. nydH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-Am{Z Cnw dmm{Z {bIV&
1. g: JN>{V& (ImX)
2. Am{X: Jw (AZw + g) XoemVa AdOV&
3. ~Xod: dmr{H$ (Cn + {Xe) AdXV&
4. ^V: {dUw () VnMaU H$amo{V&
5. ~mbH$: Bda () Amg ma^Vo&
6. qgh (e) wHw$b: ^rV:&
7. ZmH$m (Am + Zr) AO: dmg Ama^V&
2. hodWH$-Am{Z w dm nwZ{bIV&
1. ^mJd: (Zm) JmZXt JN>{V&
2. JX^: (J) Ama^V amm&
3. YZ (b^) gmoXm: hmZJa AgaV&
4. (N) g: Y}U AJo AmJN>V&
3. dmV/~V A {ZH$mgV&
1. Xrnoe: JrV dm Jm{V&
2. gwdUm mV: CWm Jm AJN>V&
3. N>mm: Cma {b{Idm apV&
4. amYm XY nrdm $b ImXVw&
5. H${d: H$m {daM JmoV&
28
(B) bmoQ>bH$ma:&
1) am: nmR> nR>{V& (bQbH$ma:) (dVmZH$mb:) 2) am: nmR> AnR>V& (bL>bH$ma:) (W^yVH$mb:)
dmo H$mb ~moY: ^d{V& AYwZm EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V&
1. VrH$, d C{m>& (AmXoe:) 2. H$mbo dfVw nO:& (Anojm) 3. gd} gwpIZ: ^dVw& (ew^megm)
4. A{n Ah dJ {dem{Z? (AZw{V:)
EVm{Z gdm{U dmm{Z H$mb Z ~moYpV& na AmXoe:, BN>m, ew^megZ, AZw{V: BmXrZ
^mdmZ H$WpV& AV: Vm{Z "AW' B{V H$maofw JVo& AW - AmkmW: (bmoQbH$ma:), {dW:
({bL>bH$ma:)&
nanX bmoQ>m:& (AmkmWm:) AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
Vw Vm AVw W: Vm BVm AVm
- V V : d BWm d>
Am{Z Amd Am Cm: Eo Amdh Amh
nwf-EH$dMZ : "{h' ApV& {H$Vw JUmZm W{d^mJo (1,4,6,10) V bmon: ^d{V&
nR> (1 n. n.) a (1 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
nR>Vw nR>Vm nR>Vw W: aVm aoVm aVm
nR> nR>V nR>V : ad aoWm ad
nR>m{Z nR>md nR>m Cm: a amdh amh
ZV (4 n. n.) Z (4 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
ZVw ZVm ZVw W: Vm oVm Vm
Z ZV ZV : d oWm d
Zm{Z Zmd Zm Cm: mdh mh
{bI (6 n. n.) {Xe (6 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
{bIVw {bIVm {bIVw W: {XeVm {XeoVm {XeVm
{bI {bIV {bIV : {Xed {XeoWm {Xed
{bIm{Z {bImd {bIm Cm: {Xe {Xemdh {Xemh
nyO (10 n.n.) (10 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
nyOVw nyOVm nyOVw W: Vm oVm Vm
nyO nyOV nyOV : d oWm d
nyOm{Z nyOmd nyOm Cm: mdh mh
29
{Okmgmn
1. Vm{bH$m nyaV&
{H$mnX ybYmVw: JU:, nX bH$ma: nwf: dMZ
1. jd -- -- bmoQ> -- --
2. b^Vm -- 1 Am.n. -- -- --
3. ZVw -- -- -- -- ~hdMZ
4. aM aM -- -- -- --
5. CmaV CV + V-Va -- -- -- --
6. {bIV -- 6 n.n. -- -- --
7. Jmm -- -- bmoQ> -- --
8. ^dVw -- -- -- Wnwf: --
2. AmkmW-$nm{U {MZwV {bIV M&
1) ho am{YHo$, $bm{Z JU& 2) A~, A{n AmnUmV emH$m{Z AmZm{Z?
3) AmMm}, A{n d H$sS>mUo H$sS>m? 4) y am>dO gdXm dXd&
5) N>mm mWZm aVm&
npV nR>V&
1. godm Z {H${#mXVr{V {^jm Zd M Zd M& Zd = Z + Ed
2. aWH$ MH$ ^wOJ{Vm: g VwaJm:& aWH$ - aW + EH$&
3) d{gpY:&
A) A/Am + E/Eo = Eo Am) A/Am + Amo/Am = Am
1. Z + EVX = ZVX& 1. + AmoO: = mO:&
2. + = d& 2. Vd + = VdmXm&
npV nR>V&
1. moJjo dhmh& dhmh = dhm{ + Ah&
2. Awmam {X{e XodVmm {hmbmo Zm ZJm{YamO:& Awmam = ApV + Cmam&
4. UgpY:&
A) B/B + {dOmVr: da: = & Am) C/D$ + {dOmVr: da: = d&
1. B{V + A{n = B{n& 1. Ibw + EVV = IdoVV&
2. H$amo{ + = H$amoh& 2. Zw + = dVa&
B) F$/G + {dOmVr: da: = a&
1. {nV + Amkm = {nmkm&
2. mV + = m{N>m&
30
gwJgH$V
& g:& {Vr: KQ>H$:&

n#mmoZ-{dmXZ XemoZ-{dmXZ nMm{YH$-nMdmXZ Xem{YH$-fS>dmXZ
qde{V-A{YH$- n#m qde{V-A{YH$- n#m{eV-A{YH$- Mdm[aeV-A{YH$-

A>dmXZ ZddmXZ XedmXZ EH$mXedmXZ

CXmhaUmZwgma K{Q>H$mo g{ZX}eZ Hw$V&

1) N>m: mV:H$mbo n#mm{YH$fS>dmXZo C{m>{V& 2) N>m: XemoZXedmXZo nmR>embm JN>{V&
3) qde{YH$-n#mdmXZo N>m: H$sS>mUo Iob{V& 4) XemoZgdmXZo N>m: gmmWZm H$amo{V&
g Aja: {bIV nR>V M&
1) AMH$: Xodmb (4.50) dmXZo JN>{V& 2) AmnH$: H$jm (11.05) dmXZo {de{V&
3) gmL>H$mbo (6.20) dmXZo gymV: ^d{V& 4) d gd} amm (8.40) dmXZo ^moOZ Hw$:&
5) XaXeZo e{Zdmgao gmL>H$mbo (7.00) dmXZo gH$VdmVmdbr-H$mH$ gmaU ^d{V&
6) d AmH$medmm {V{XZ mV: (6.55) dmXZo gH$VdmVm: lmoVw eZw:&
&&lr:&&
AmH$ {dmb dm{fH$mogd H$mH$n{H$m&
7.30 - N>mmUm AmJZ& 8.45 - gmH${VH$H$mH$m:&
7.45 - g^mJho obZ& 9.45 - A{VWrZm ^mfU&
8.10 - A{VWrZm AmJZ& 10.10 -YmZmMm CnXoe:&
8.15-XrndmbZ emaXmnyOZ M& 10.30 - nm[aVmo{fH${dVaU&
8.30 - A{VWrZm dmJV& 12.05 - H$mH$gm{:&
31
agH$V& qH$ Hw$mV? qH$ ^doV?
OZm Am ewH$ M d Ûd{ZZm A Ama d

AdH$a nWH$ {jnow& A{YH$g Z H$sS>o& Am{XZ nR>o&
d Ah nwVH$ AmZo& EV Vmb wdm nwZnwZ dmXoV& Amdm $bHo$ gw^m{fV {bIod&
n#mXedmm{Z nR>V&
1. g:/^dmZ nR>oV/aoV& 2. Vm/^dVm nR>oVm/aomVm& 3. Vo/^dV: nR>ow:/aoaZ&
4. gm/^dVr nR>oV/aoV& 5. Vo/^dm nR>oVm/aomVm& 6. Vm:/^d: nR>ow:/aoaZ&
7. VV nR>oV/aoV& 8. Vo nR>oVm/aomVm& 9.Vm{Z nR>ow:/aoaZ&
10. d nR>o/aoWm& 11. wdm nR>oV/aomWm& 12. y nR>oV/aod&
13. Ah nR>o/ao& 14. Amdm nR>od/aod{h& 15. d nR>o/ao{h&

npV nR>V&
1. m{dm nwfm bmoHo$ jamja Ed M& m{dm = m + Bm&
2. mVm{nVam{dh Z V:, EH$mH$s Ibw {Imo@h& mVm{nVam{dh - mVm{nVam + Bh&
5. Am{XgpY:&
A) E/Eo + H$mo@{n da: = A/Am Am) Amo/Am + H$mo@{n da: = Ad/Amd
1. grno + Ed = grnod/ grn Ed& 1. m + Ed = mdod&
2. H$Vo + = H$Vmm{h/ H$V Amm{h& 2. Vm + = Vmd{n&
3. + A{n = m{n/ m A{n& 3. + A{n = C^md{n&
4. V + = Vm{n/ Vm A{n& 4. + AmVm = gwXmdmVm&
32

MVw
W: nmR>:& {dWmbm& (H$R>WrH$aUmW)
gw^m{fVm{Z gH$V^mfmm: d{eQ>nyUm{Z naZm{Z& gw^m{fVm{Z AmH$ Z: aOpV, AmH$ kmZ dYpV,
H$W dhma: H$aUr:, qH$ H$V, qH$ M Z H$aUr B{V gH$ ~moYpV&
gwImWu MoV Oo{m {dmWu MoV OogwI&

gwIm{WZ: Hw$Vmo {dm Hw$Vmo {dm{WZ: gwI&&1&&
[ gwImWu MoV {dm OoV& {dmWu MoV gwI OoV& gwIm{WZ: {dm Hw$V:? {dm{WZ: gwI Hw$V:?]
{>nyV goV nmX dnyV {n~oV Ob&
gnyVm dXoV dmUt Z:nyV gmMaoV&&2&&
[ {>nyV nmX goV& dnyV Ob {n~oV& gnyVm dmUt dXoV& Z:nyV gmMaoV&]
YZbY H$moV, bY ajoV ZV:&
a{jV dYoV gH$, d VrW}fw {Z{jnoV&&3&&
[AbY YZ H$mL>joV& bY (YZ) ZV: ajoV& a{jV (YZ) gH$ dYoV& d (YZ) VrW}fw {Z{jnoV&]
AH$moYoZ OoV H$moY AgmYw gmYwZm OoV&
OoV H$X XmZoZ OoV goZ MmZV&&4&&
[AH$moYoZ H$moY OoV& gmYwZm AgmYw OoV& XmZoZ H$X OoV& goZ M AZV OoV&]
X:Io X:Im{YH$mZ noV gwIo noV gwIm{YH$mZ&
AmmZ emoH$hfmm ewm{d ZmnoV&&5&&
[X:Io X:Im{YH$mZ noV& gwIo gwIm{YH$mZ noV& (mZd:) ewm Bd emoH$hfmm AmmZ ZAnoV&]
h dojoV Za[aVmZ:&
{H$w o new{^Vw {H$w gnwf[a{V&&6&&
[Za: AmZ: M[aV h dojoV qH$ Zw o (M[aV) new{^: Vw? qH$ Zw (o M[aV) gnwf: (Vw) B{V&]
~H$d{VoXWmZ qghd namH$oV&
dH$dmdbwnoV eed {d{ZnVoV&& 7&&
[(Zn:) ~H$dV AWmZ {MVoV qghdV M namH$oV& dH$dV AdbwnoV eedV M {d{ZnVoV&]
^mfmmg:
cmoH$: 1-
1) EH$dmoZ CmaV&
3. gmZmWH$eX {bIV&
(A) {dmWu qH$ OoV?
1) {dm 2) {dmWu
(Am) gwImWu qH$ OoV?
4. Z{ZmU Hw$V&
2. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
(A) gwImWu {dm Z b^Vo&
1) Oo{m 2) OogwI
(Am) {dmWu gwI Z b^Vo&
3) Hw$Vmo {dm 4) Hw$Vmo {d{WZ:
33
cmoH$: 2. cmoH$: 5 -
1) EH$dmoZ CmaV& 1) EH$dmoZ CmaV&
(A) H$se Ob {n~oV? A) X:Io H$mZ noV?
(Am) H$set dmUr dXoV? Am) gwIm{YH$mZ H$Xm noV?
2. gmZmWH$eX {Mdm {bIV& 2. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
dmH$, n{d, F$V, CXH$& ewm{d, ZmnoV&
3. VôbZ Hw$V& 3 {dmWH$eX {bIV&
{deofU {deo gwI, A{YH$, emoH$:, ew:&
{>nyV: dmUr 4) OmbaoIm{M nyaV&
dnyV AmMaU
Z:nyV nmX: {d{Y{bL>-
gnyVm Ob {H$mnXm{Z
cmoH$: 3- cmoH$: 6 -
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& 1) EH$dmoZ CmaV&
(A) ZwO: H$se YZ H$moV? A) h qH$ dojoV?
(Am) d YZ Hw$ {Z{jnoV? Am) M[aV Ho$Z Vw m@Vw?
B) M[aV Ho$Z Vw AVw?
2. H$mZwgma aMV&
2. gpY Hw$V&
1) YZ ajU& (2) VrW}fw XmZ&
A) new{^: + Vw Am) {H$ + Zw
(3) YZ BN>m& (4) YZ dYZ&
B) gnwf: + B{V B) Za: + M[aV
3. nXn[aM {bIV&
3 gmZmWH$eXmZm w {MZwV&
ybYmVw: bH$ma: nwf: dMZ
A h , Za:, M[aV, new:, Vw:, gnwfm:
H$mL>joV
ajoV Am dVZ, J:, {V{XZ, ZwO:, gmZm:, g:
{Z{jnoV cmoH$: 7 -
cmoH$: 4 - 1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& A) Zn: AWmZ H$W {MVoV?
A) H$moY Ho$Z OoV? Am) Zn: H$W namH$oV?
Am) XmZoZ qH$ OoV? B) Zn: H$W AdbwnoV?
B) goZ qH$ OoV? B) Zn: H$W {d{ZnVoV?
2. {dmWH$eX {bIV& 2. {bL>bH$ma {H$mnXm{Z {MZwV&
H$moY:, AgmYw:, g, XmZ& 3. cmoH$mV new {MZwV {bIV M&
4. gpY Hw$V&
3. cmoH$mV VVrmVnXm{Z {Mdm {bIV& A) eedV + M Am) M + AdbwnoV
4. gpY{dJh Hw$V& MmZV& B) {MVoV + AWmZ&
34
"
agH$V& {H$mnX qH$ H$W{V?-1
"{H$mnX' B{V dm hdnyU A& AYwZm EVm{Z dmm{Z nR>V&
~mbH$: JW nR>{V& B{V dmo "nR>{V' B{V {H$mnX& (1) ~mbH$: JW nR>{V&
VoZ H$ ~moY: ^d{V? (2) ~mbH$m JW nR>V:&
(1) nR>Z {H$m P (3) ~mbH$m: JW nR>pV&
(2) nanX P (4) Ah JW nR>m{&
(5) d JW nR>{g&
(3) W: nwf: P
(4) EH$dMZ P EVofw dmofw {H$mnX H$VnX nwf
dMZ M AZwga{V& {X H$VnX n[adVVo
(5) bQ>bH$ma: P
V{h {H$mnX A{n n[adVVo AV:
(6) YmVmo: JU{dH$aU P H$VYmZm{Z dmm{Z Bm{Z&
(7) H$Vw: nwf: dMZ M ?
"nR>{V' B{V {H$mnX ldUoZd H$Vm Wnwf EH$dMZo B{V kmVo& VWd "nR>m{' B{V nXoZ H$Vm
Cmnwf EH$dMZo B{V n> ^d{V& Ed {H$mnXoZ H$VnX nwf dMZ A{n ~moY: ^d{V&
H$Vdm: moJ:& (H$V[a moJ:)
H$Vm H$ {H$mnX
Wm {d^pV: {Vrm {d^pV: H$VnX nwfdMZmZwgma
(1) Yam gwYmIS>mZ AmZ{V& 2) d JW nR>m:&

Ywam gwYmIS>mZ AmZ{V& d JW nR>m:&
H$Vm H$ {H$mnX H$Vm H$ {H$mnX
Wm {Vrm Wm {Vrm
.nw. .nw. C.nw. C.nw.

E.d. ~.d. ~.d. ~.d.
{H$mnX H$VnX AZwga{V& {H$mnX H$VnX AZwga{V&

AV: H$Vdm {H$mnX BX& AV: H$Vdm {H$mnX BX&
35
n#m: nmR>:& qH$ {m? qH$ dmVd?
AmYw{ZH$ VkmZ mZd H$Vo ^m{VH${dH$mg {dVrU jo CXKmQ>{V B{V Vw
god& VWm{n VkmZgmYZmZm A{YH$mo@nmoJ: ZyVZmZ ZmZ, {dZmZ gmm{OH$gm: Mb^mf: {dZ:
M {Zm{V& {m VWm M dmVd EVmo: o ôX: kmV:Am{^:& AmYw{ZH$H$mb CV daXmZ?
{X Mb^mf: Z
BodmdH$Vm& - bo{IH$m - lrVr wYm [ag~yS>& ^doV?
(moXedfum VZm gwImgXo Cn{d EHo$Z hVoZ Hw$Hw$[aH$m ImX{V& AnaoU hVoZ
Mb^mf Mmb{V& VXmZt maKpQ>H$m AmH$ mVm ma CmQ>{V& VZmm:
gm mao Ed pWdm Vm AmV:&)
lw{V: - VZo, gda H$sS>Zm AmJN>, ~{h:
Iobm:&
VZm - Ah Jho Ed Iobm{&
amOgr - qH$ Iob{g?
VZm - (Mb^mf Xe{dm) EVpZ Mb^mfo
{>H$XH$H$sS>m, nmXH$XH$H$sS>m,
dmhZH$sS>m, nH$sS>m, MVwaH$sS>m,
BmX: gdm: H$sS>m: gpV& $$H$sS>mU
Jdm IobZ AmdH$Vm Ed ZmpV&
Ah Z AmJN>m{ & (gm H$sS>mW
{ZJN>V:& mVm nmH$Jh JN>{V& VZm
Mb^mfo wH$sS>mm m&)
VZm - (dJV) EVm H$sS>mm Ef: g{ZH$: V: Ana: M maUr:& ..... gd} g{ZH$m: Vm:& ho@@
.....{OV m& Iob: gm:& (VZm nmH$Jh JN>{V&) A~, ~w^w{jVm Ap&
mVm - VZo, Mb^mfo EVm{Z N>mm{Mm{U n& (VZm ImnXmWmZm N>mm{Mm{U n{V&)
VZm - mV:, {nPm, nmd^mOr, {gObg BmXr{Z Imm{Z Q>m bmbm{V o wI& H$nm {H${n
N>Vw&
mVm - Mb^mfo >dVr Ibw? AYwZm ImnXmWmZm AmdH$Vm Ed ZmpV& Ah Z N>m{&
VZm - Mb^mfo ^moOZ Q>m ~w^wjm emVm H$W ^doV?
mVm - {X EVV g, V{h H$W Z OmZm{g V Mb^mfoU H$s{S>dm mm: Z ^d{V? dmajU Z
^d{V?
VZm - na mV:, amoMVo VV Mb^mfoU H$sS>Z&
mVm - VZo, X X amoMVo VV VV gd dmH$a, {hVH$a, AmamonyU Z ^d{V& gH$ H$sS>m,
nm{>H$ A, amm {Zm Amamom ^d{V& Mb^mfo Am^mgmH$ {d Z dmVd&
VZm - V{h qH$ Mb^mf CnmoJ: Ed Z H$aUr:&
mVm - VWm Z& AmdH$VmZwgma mo: CnmoJ: H$aUr: Ed& {H$Vw A{V gd dOoV&
VZm - AmmV:& BV: na Mb^mf mo CnmoJ H$amo{&
36
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A. Mb^mfo H$m: H$sS>m: gpV? Am. Mb^mfo H$se {d?
B. qH$ qH$ Q>m VZmm: wI bmbm{V? B. dmajUm qH$ {H$ AmdH$?
2. m^mfm CmaV& A) mVm VZmm: {dMman[adVZ H$W H$amo{V?
Am) qH$ {m? qH$ dmVd? B{V nmR> Vmn {bIV&
3. Z{ZmU Hw$V& H$) Ah Jho Ed Iobm{& I) mm H$dm Amamo dYVo&
4. A) gpY{dJh Hw$V& $H$) VXod = + Ed& I) ZmpV = Z + &
Am) H$mbdMZn[adVZ Hw$V&
1) Ah Z AmJN>m{& (bL>bH$mao n[adVV&)
2) ~w^w{jVm Ap& (~hdMZo n[adVV&)
3) gm H$sS>mW {VJN>V:& (EH$dMZo {bIV&)
4) EVm{Z N>mm{Mm{U n& (Cmnwfo n[adVV&)
B) eX dU{dJh Hw$V& 1) ma 2) dm 3) ~w^wjm 4) nm{>H$
B) obZ Hw$V&
{deo {deofU
1. ~w^wjm 1. nm{>H$
2. g{ZH$m: 2. emVm
3. Iob: 3. Am^mgmH$
4. A 4. gm:
5. {d 5. Vm:
C) nmR>mV dmV-~V-VwV-Am{Z {MZwV {bIV M&
5. dmVnX {ZH$m dm nwZ{bIV&
A) amm erK {Zm H$dm mV:H$mbo erK C{m>m{&
Am) maKpQ>H$m AmH$ mVm ma CmQ>{V&
6. A) gmZmWH$eX {MZwV& ^Q>:, H$sS>m, OZZr, jwYm, dmn:&
Am) {dmWH$eX {bIV& gm:, dm, Am^mgmH$, V:&
7. Mb^mfmam mo: {mo: gdmX {bIV&
37
agH$V& H$: H$VdmZ? H$m H$VdVr?
~mb: Ob {n~{V& ~mb: Ob nrVdmZ& AZre: JN>{V& AZre: JVdmZ&
N>mm: IobpV& N>mm: Io{bVdV:& d nR>m:& d n{R>VdV:&
{hbm {jn{V& {hbm {jdVr& Xrnm Z{V& Xrnm Z{VVdVr&
Vm: jmbpV& Vm: jm{bVd:& N>mm: {bIpV& N>mm: {b{IVd:&

nrVdmZ, JVdmZ, Io{bVdV:, n{R>VdV: BmXr{Z ^yVH$mbdmMH$m{Z VdVw-mV-{deofUm{Z&
g^mfmn
1. obZ Hw$V& 2. ew dm Aew?

1. {ejH$m: gwdVr& 1. qgh: V hVdmZ&
2. ~m{bH$m: {d>dV:& 2. Vo ~mbH$m: A Z VdV:&
3. ajH$: ny{OVd:& 3. Amn{UH$: Xod ZVdVr&
4. {~S>mbr Vm{S>VdmZ& 4. EVm: A H$s{S>VdV:&
5. Ah emH$m{Z H${VVdmZ&
38
3. Vm{bH$m nyaV&
g: Vo gm Vm:
ImX{V Im{XVdmZ Im{XVdV: Im{XVdVr Im{XVd:
H$amo{V H$VdmZ H$VdV: H$VdVr H$Vd:
dX{V CVdVr
n{V >dV:
Jm{V JrVd:
{b{V {{bVdmZ
Cn{de{V Cn{d>dV:
C{m>{V CpWVd:
a{V VdVr
Z{V ZrVdmZ
N>{V Xmd:
nyO{V ny{OVdV:
Zm{V ZmVdVr
mZmo{V mdmZ
b^Vo bYd:
4. n[aN>oXo VdVw-$nm{U AYmoaopIVm{Z Hw$V&

Xrnmd{b-Cgdg: AmgrV& OZm: Jhm{U dN>rH$VdV:& mVm {>mm{Z H$VdVr& OZH$:
ZyVZdm{U H$sVdmZ {H$Vw $moQ>H$m{Z Z AmZrVdmZ& ^{JZr gwXat adr Am{bpIVdVr& {hbm:
rnmZ dm Wm{nVd:& Ah {: gh ÛmW ~{h: JVdmZ& gd hf: H$me: M&
5. bL>bH$ma WmZo VdVw-$nm{U moO{dm n[aN>oX {bIV&

JVo a{ddmgao d gd} ÛmW AJN>m& mVwb: {d{dY$bm{Z AmZV& ^mVa: H$sS>mgm{h
g{MdZ& {nVm Hy$: AnyaV& Ao mZoZ AJN>Z& Ah {nm gh {M{H$H$m AJN>&
V d {d{dYm: H$sS>m: AH$sS>m& mVwbmZr Ywa JrV AJmV& ^{J: A{n ~h{Z JrVm{Z AJmZ&
mo mVm H$Q> AWmnV ^moOZgm{h M AaMV&
gpY{dJh H$dm n[aN>oX {bIV&
Ah H$fH$:& ZmpV AmH$ OrdZo pWaVm& VWm{n Am{XZ d joo lmm:& AYwZm Vw
{d{dYm{Z m{n ghmH$m{Z ^dpV& VkmZm H${f{dfH$ mJXeZ AwnwV& AmH$medmd
d H${f{dfH$mZ H$mH$mZ AmH$Um:& EVoZd d {dH${gVm: ^dm:& BV: A{YH$ gmhm
AmdH$ Ed& VkmZoZmh n[anyU:& Ah{n Xoe {dH$mgmd lmm{& V: H${f{dH$mgoZd am>
d^d {dXVr{V {Z{V&
39
f>: nmR>:& drad{ZVm {dnbm&
F$doXmV CXYVm AVrd AVm amom#mH$m[aUr M Efm H$Wm rUm
gm Xe{V(F$.1.116.15)& e{H$m{demaXm A{ZrHw$mam
H$m Am w{ZnwUm amkr {gm?
JVdH$VkmZ ybmYmam V:& {dnbmm: M[a oaUmXmH$
Ibw gd}fm H$Vo& - g^mfUgXoe-m{gH$mV& H$: wg: wm{^: g{dVa
lwV: dm n{R>V:?
A{n lwVm: Amwd}X
mhm{dfH$m: H$Wm:?
Ho$ {gm: Amwd}XmMmm:?
IobamO: Zm H$pMV Zn:& {dnbm

V nZr& gm Wm hm{dXfr AmgrV,
VWd aUHw$ebm A{n AmgrV& IobamO:
A{n eya: namH$r M AmgrV& g: {dnbm
gh gwIoZ Ord{V &
AW H$Xm{MV ed: IobamO
amo AmH$U H$VdV: & hV w
AmaY& goZmm: ZmH$: IobamO: aUa
{d>dmZ& {dnbm A{n aUa {d>dVr& ^wd AdVrUm MmwS>oar Bd gm eyUm ghma H$VdVr&
Vm: em namH$ M Q>m ed: A{n M{H$Vm: A^dZ&
"Efm aUamV mdV Z {ZdmVo VmdV O: gdWm Z mVo' B{V {MV{dm ewg{ZH$m: wJnV AmH$
Vm AddV:& ewg{ZH$m: Vo AgL>m:
AmgZ, {dnbm Vw EH$m{H$Zr ! VWm{n Vm:
Z{g Z ^r{Vboe: A{n AmgrV& wV {Jw{UVoZ
CgmhoZ w H$VdVr& wgo ewg{ZH$m:
Vm: EH$ nmX H${VVdV:& AZVa "BV:
na EVm: H$maUmV nrS>m Z ^{d{V' B{V
{ZU H$dm Vo {e{~a {VJVdV:&
{n {dnbmm: nmX: ^: VWm{n gm
hVmogmhm Z OmVm& MVy{V: gm dramZm Ed
AmgrV& ": m w H$aUr Ed' B{V {Z{
gm nmX nwZ: mw EoN>V& AV: gm {ZbVm
Cn{d A{ZrHw$mamo: mZ H$VdVr& Vm:
40
^Vo$: H$maUmV A{ZrHw$mam bmohwV nmX
moO{dm Vm Wmnyd H$VdVm& EVmV
{dnbm Wmnyd M{bVw w H$Vw M gWm
OmVm&
AZVa{XZo mV: gm hVm CgmhoZ
aUa AmJVdVr& aUao Vm Q>m Ed
ewg{ZH$m: M{H$Vm: ^rVm: M & Vm:
XeZmoU Ed Vofm Y Z> OmV& gm
Xm AmwYhma AmaYdVr VXm Vo
gdWm hVmogmhm: OmVm:& {dnbm eyZ
H$XbrdjmZ Bd brbm H${VVdVr&
ghm{YH$m: g{ZH$m: Vm gVm:&
Ed {dnbmm: em H$maUV: VpZ wo IobamO Ed O: A^dV&
drad{ZVm {dnbm ^m gh aUa {d em}U w H$VdVr& nmXH$VZmZVa{n A{ZrHw$mamo:
AZwJhoU nmX nwZ: mVdVr eyZ gVdVr M& EVoZ gmhgoZ gm doXdmL>o ~hYm e{gVm&
{dnbmm em VWm M ApdZrHw$mamo: e{H$mH$meb aVw B{V AmZ Cn{Xe{V B{Vhmg:&
^mfmmg:
1. C{MV nm {Mdm [aVWmZm{Z nyaV&

A) ed: & (H$VdmZ/H$VdV:) Am) IobamO: & ({d>dV:/{d>dmZ)
B) {dnbm & ({d>dmZ/{d>dVr) B) gm w & (H$VdmZ/H$VdVr)
C) ewg{ZH$m: & (AddVm/AddV:) D$) g{ZH$m: {e{~a & (JVdV:/JVdVm)
E) ewg{ZH$m: nmX & (H${VVdV:/H${VVdVm) Eo) gm aUmU & (AmJVdm/AmJVdVr)
Amo) {dnbm mZ & (AmaYdmZ/AmaYdVr)
Am) A{ZrHw$mam Vm Wmnyd & (H$VdVm/H$Vdm)
2. VôbZ Hw$V&
A 1. bmohwV 2. dramZm 3. ^rVm: 4. hV 5. eya:
Am 1. w 2. ewg{ZH$m: 3. IobamO: 4. nmX 5. {dnbm
3. AYmoXmofw {deofUofw m{Z {deofUm{Z {dnbm Z dUpV Vm{Z nWwH$ Hw$V&
M{H$Vm:, e{gVm, ^rVm, gWm, {Zbm, EH$m{H$Zr, MVy{V:, Adm, MmwS>oar, hm{dXfr,
aUHw$ebm, eya:, Zm{H$m, X:{IVm&
4. m^mfm Cma {bIV & 1. {dnbmm: em dUZ Hw$V &
2. {dnbm A{ZrHw$mamo: mZ {H$W H$VdVr ?
41
5. nmR>mV YmVwgm{YV-Am{Z {MZwV nWHw$V M&
6. gmZmWH$eX nmR>mV {bIV& A[a:, MaU:, dr, ga:, aUmU, ajH$m:, npS>Vm, dr,
doXZm, AJ{UVm:&
7. {dmWH$eX nmR>mV {bIV& {, H$mVaVm, AgWm, H$mVa:, namO:&
8. [aVWmZ nyaV&
nw{b r{b nw{b r{b nw{b r{b
n{V: ^rV: Zm{H$m
aUHw$eb: EH$mH$s gWm
eyam hVmogmhm amOm
m{IH$H$m-AYmoXm H$m $Ho$Z H$V B{V {bIV&
(A) goZmm: ZmH$d drH$aU& (Am) amo AmH$U&
(B) IobamO nMmV aUa doe:& (B) O mw wJnV AmH$U&
(C) {Jw{UV-CgmhoZ w& (D$) EH$nmXH$VZ&
(E) {e{~a mJZ& (Eo) {dnbmm: XeZmoU YZmeZ&
(Amo) ghm{YH$g{ZH$mZm ghaU& (Am) AmwYhmaoU CgmhZmeZ&
JmV ZXV ! IobV ZXV ! damUm g{>:&

YrdaJmZ
~w{Omb nyaV&
ZmH$: - Amm{h ao@@ ! Amm{h ao@@ ! Amm{h ao@@ !
1. A + B =
{dhm{g gamJ-ap-Mm:
VZmo{V gm-amo{M-Ow-MpH$m: 2. Am + A =
{gYwamdKmo{fVm: amoXgrH$Xam: 3. A + B =
mVw mZnmMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Amm{h&& 4. B + A =
AZwm{Z: - m{h ao ! m{h ao ! m{h ao ! m{h ao ! m@@{h&& 5. B + A =
ZmH$: - Mhmg{mVm Vmgr {m 6. A + D$ =
gd-Xoh-H$mpV-nwO-Ow-dJZm 7. A + A =
{Zbm {d^mgVo VmabmoMZm 8. D$ + A =
mVw mZnmMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Amm{h&& 9. A + Eo =
AZwm{Z: - m{h ao ! m{h ao ! m{h ao ! m{h ao ! m@@{h&& 10. A + C =
ZmH$: - gmJaoU Mwp~Vm MpH$m wXm 11. A + F$ =
amOVo {dbmg-hmg-bm-{M{Vm 12. A + Am =
am{JUrd ^mgVo amJa{OVm 13. C + A =
mVw mZnmMmbH$m: gYrdam: &&Amm{h&& 14. A + Amo =
AZwm{Z: - m{h ao ! m{h ao ! m{h ao ! m{h ao ! m@@{h&&
15. F$ + A =
-lr. n[a{jV em 16. A + E =
42
agH$V& CnnX{d^V: (YmVd:)&

1. J = ({Vrm) nmS>dm: hpVZmnwa AJN>Z&

2. Hw$n = (MVwWu) mVm {eedo H$Xm{n Z Hw$oV&
3. Hw$Y = (MVwWu) dm{Zr ^m Hw${V&
4. Xm-N> = (MVwWu) {em: Jwado X{jUm N>Vw&
5. H$W = (MVwWu) Agagm Xodom dmmV AH$WVm&
6. aj = (n#mr) H$U: gQ>mV/AmnX: JmonmbmZ aj{V&
7. {d + a = (n#mr) d dWmH$bhmV {da&
8. pZh = (gr) d ^mVfw pZo&
9. M = (MVwWu) Zaom mm: amoMVo&
10.nh = (MVwWu) Jmar Hw$S>bm nh{V&
JUoem moXH$m: amoMVo& {edm {~dnm{U amoMVo& hmb H$b amoMVo&

JUoe: moXHo$: nh{V& {ed: {~dno: nh{V& hmbr: H$bm nh{V&
Ef: {Z{Ib:& {Z{Ibm qH$ qH$ amoMVo?

{dm{ZHo$VZ
{Z{Ibm bx>H$m: amoMVo& embm amoMVo& nwVH$m{Z amoMVo& J{UVgH$Vo amoMoVo&
Efm H$mram& H$mram H$/H$ nh{V?
H$mram H$R>hmam nh{V& eeH$mm nh{V& ObH$sS>m nh{V& doUdo nh{V&

43
g: nmR>:& moJmbm&
moJmMaUoZ mZdOrdZ {Zam, gwXa, XrK dW M ^d{V& emar[aH$-mZ{gH$-
AmpH$-~bgnmXZmW moJ: AVrd bm^X: Ed& "gwVam>hmg^m'(UNO) mmoZ Ho$ bm^m:
OyZmg EH$qde{V{XZmL>H$: (21 OyZ) {dmoJ{Xdg: Kmo{fV:& ^dpV?
VwV: nme: "hR>moJXr{nH$m'ZmZ: JWmV CV: ApV& n#mXeo eVHo$ y H$m{Z moJmgZm{Z
dmmam-moJr-hmoXoZ Ef: JW: a{MV:& JW ^mfm AVrd gabm gw~moYm OmZrW?
M ApV&
gmYmZm gmm ZramoJdm OrdZo&
moJodmgoV mkmo Wme{V {ZaVa&&&&1&&
hR> WmdmX AmgZ nydwVo&
Hw$mmXmgZ Wmamo MmbmKd&&1&&
[hR> W-A VmdV AmgZ VV W CVo& AmgZ W Amamo AbmKd M Hw$mV&]
dmmo$n[a X{jU M MaU gWm dm VWm
Xjmo$n[a n{oZ {d{YZm Ydm H$amm T>
Ax>m Xo {ZYm [M~wH$ ZmgmJmbmoH$oX
EVX m{Y{dZmeH$m[a {Zm nmgZ moVo&&2&&
[dm-D$-Cn[a X{jU MaU gWm, Xj-D$-Cn[a dm MaU gWm npMoZ {d{YZm H$amm T>
Ax>m Ydm, Xo {M~wH$ {ZYm, ZmgmJ AmbmoH$oV& EVX {Zm m{Y{dZmeH$m[a nmgZ moVo]
nmXmx>m Vw nm{Um Jhrdm ldUmd{Y&
YZwamH$fU Hw$mX YZwamgZwVo&&3&&
[nm{Um nmXmw>m Jhrdm ldUmd{Y YZwamH$fU Hw$mV (VV) YZwamgZ CVo&]
gm nmXm ^w{d XS>$nm
Xmm nXmJ{V Jhrdm&
OmZyn[aVbbmQ>Xoemo
dgo{XX n{VmZmh:&&4&&
[^w{d nmXm XS>$nm gm, Xmm (hVmm) nXmJ{V Jhrdm OmZyn[a VbbmQ>Xoe: dgoV& BX n{VmZ
Amh:&]
dmmoybm{nVXjnmX
OmZmo~{hd}{>VdmnmX&
J {V>oV n[ad{VVm:
lrZmWmo{XVmgZ mV&&5&&
[dmmo-ybm{nV-XjnmX, OmZmo: ~{h: do{>V-dmnmX-J n[ad{VVm: {V>oV (VV) lrZmWmo{XVmgZ
mV&]
44
CmmZ eddX ^ym eZ VN>dmgZ&
edmgZ lha {Mm{dlmpVH$maH$&&6&&
[^ym CmmZ eddV eZ VV edmgZ& edmgZ, lha, {Mm{dlmpVH$maH$ (ApV)&]
Amhma: mg Onmo {ZmJh:&
OZg bm M fS>{^m}Jmo {dZ{V&&
[Amhma:, mg:, On:, {ZmJh: OZg: bm M fpS>^: moJ: {dZ{V&]
^mfmmg:
1. m^mfm CmaV&
A) edmgZ H$W {hVH$a ^d{V? Am) omgZ H$qV dUV&
B) nmgZ dUZ H$W H$V? B) moJmgZ: Ho$ bm^m: ^dpV?
2. Omb{M nyaV&
Amhma:
AmgZH$mam: YZwamgZ moJ-{dZme-

H$maUm{Z
3. {Mm{U Q>m AmgZZmm{Z ApdV {bIV M&
nR>V ~moYV !
moJoZ {Mm nXoZ dmMm
b eara M dHo$Z&
mo@nmH$amoV V da wZrZm
nVOqb mO{bamZVmo@p&&

nmXm hVm OmZwZr o CamW bbmQ>H$&
A>moZ neoX ^yq gm>mU{V gm&&
Am{X ZH$mamZ o Hw$dpV {XZo {XZo&
OmVaghofw Xm[a ZmonOmVo&&
45
A>: nmR>:& {nZH$moS>-dVH$:, hmZ gH$Vk:!
Jmad: - Aao Ao, Hw$ JN>{g?
Ao: - grno Ed nno{Q>H$m dVVo& mVwb {V n of{Vw V JN>m{&
Jmad: - Xe n& A{n ~obwZJao {Zdg{V Vd mVwb:? VV Vw AVrd Xao {H$b? H$Xm n
{dXoV g:?
Ao: - gmmV: r{U {XZm{Z Ano{jVm{Z VXW&
Jmad: - r{U {XZm{Z Ed? EVmdV erK?
Ao: - g&
Jmad: - {H$Vw gL>Ho$V: Vw XodZmJar{bm {bpIV:& H$UmQ>Ho$ Vw H$S>{b{n: wVoZw? V{h H$W
ndmhH$: VV n{R>Vw eZwmV?
Ao: - n EVV& gL>Ho$V AVo AmL>b^mfm H$Z H$mL>H$: {bpIV: ApV& OmZm{g Ibw
V{fo?
Jmad: - Am, g: Vw {nZH$moS>H$mL>H$:& Ah n Z {bIm{ {H$Vw gH$-H$Ugo (Online
Shopping) {nZH$moS>H$mL>H$: A{Zdm: Ed& BVmo@{n M AmH$ {d^mJo ATM emIm:,
Umbm:, {d{e>godm: dm Hw$ gpV B{V kmVw {nZH$moS>H$mL>H$: AmdH$: Ed&
A{ {m{U, ^maVgeo {dembo Xoeo gwXamVo: AmV {V o{fVm{Z nm{U {dZm
{db~ {dZm mX H$W bVo? d AmH$ {Zdmg{d^mJo nno{Q>H$mm n {jnm:& VV: VV
nmb {V JN>{V& VV: M {Z{X> WmZ {V mZmo{V& H$W em ^d{V Efm {dVaUdWm?
"{nZH$moS>Um{b:' Bod EV Cma& {nZH$moS>H$mL>H$: Zm ngoV AVo {b{IVm:
fQ> gL>m:& {nZH$moS> Zm WmZgoVm:& (PIN - Postal Index Number). AmJQ> 1972-Vo
{VmXo dmV{XZgmamoho YmZp-BpXam-JmYr-hmoXm CnhmarH$Vm Efm hdnyUm Um{b:&
Ho$Z Ibw d{VVm B goVmUm{b:? g: nmb-A{YH$mar AmgrV gH$VnpS>V: J{UVk:
lram-{^H$mOr-dobUH$ahmoX:&
g: H$mobH$VmZJao S>mH$Vma{d^mJ {ZX}eH$$noU
H$maV: AmgrV & V H$mH$mbo EH$pZ {XZo
H$mo@{n X:{IV: Ho$ab-Xoer: g{ZH$: hmoX o{bVw
AmJV: & g: V {nmo: dm{dfo {H${#mX{n
kmVw AgW:& V: VXm n dmgH$mb: Ho$abV:
AUmMbXoenV ${MV mgm{YH$mo@{n AmgrV&
VoZ n. dobUH$ahmoX {MVZ AmaY, "H$W
n m{H$mb yZ H$Vw eZmo{?' X~m}Y hVmja,
{^m: mVrm: ^mfm:, AnyU: ngoV: B{V ZHo$ yhm:& AV: J{UVkoZ VoZ AmZm CnmoJ: H$V:&
VoZ Xoe A> {d^mJm: H$Vm:& Vofm M Cn{d^mJ-OZnXmYmaoU H$mZ H$V& VoZ AYwZm{n d {dZmmg
erK n b^mho&
AZwemgZ{ dobUH$ahmoX grV{n {: {df:& g: hmmo{bZdmXZo VWm V~bmdmXZo@{n
46
AVrd {ZnwU:& AV: Ed g: "JrVJrdmU' B{V grV{dfH$ emrJW gH$VoZ a{MVdmZ& H$Wm:,
JrVm{Z, ~mbJrVm{Z, ZZmQ> B{V ~h{dYm: aMZm: VoZ H$Vm: VWm{n Z>mQ>boIZ V A{^V:
gm{hH$ma:& boIZ, {XXeZ, ZmQ>{Z{{V:, dWmnZ, grVgmoOZ B{V gdod H$Vw g: gW:
AV: ""g~Hw$N> lr{^:'' B{V V ZmQ>H$mZm m{V: AmgrV&
Y: g: {dao: oZ d {nZH$moS>Umm CnH$Vm:&
^mfmmg:
1. C{MV nm {MZwV&
A) ndmhH$: qH$ n{R>dm n {dVa{V?
(1) XodZmJar{bnr (2) H$S>{bnr (3) AmL>b^mfm (4) goVH$m
Am) {nZH$moS>H$m: A Z AmdH$:&
(1) Umbo (2) gH$-H$Uo (3) ATM emIm-AdofUo (4) nwVH$nR>Zo
B) {nZH$moS>-Um{b: Ho$Z gmaYm?
(1) BpXamhmoXm (2) JmYrhmoXoZ (3) YmZpUm (4) dobUH$ahmoXoZ
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47
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48
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(A) {d{Y{bL>bH$ma:& ({dW:)
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5. bôV {gH$Vmgw Vb{n ZV: nrS>Z& (eVm) 6. {VmZ dWmZ Z n[aOoV& (CnXoe:)
7. Ah A{^ZoVm/A{^Zor ^do& (^{dH$mb:) 8. N>m: yfo C{m>oV& (CnXoe:)
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49
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50
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51
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52
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53
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54
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55
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Z Mmoahm Z M amOhm Z ^mV^m Z M ^maH$m[a&
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Vo eV {h d n#m dH$so {dJho g{V&
naVw {dJho mo d n#mm{YH$ eV&&7&&
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nR>H$: nmR>H$d o Mmo emdmMH$m:&
gd} g{ZZmo kom : {H$mdmg npS>V:&&8&&
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(Ed) npS>V: (ApV)&]
56
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Am) Ho$fw YZ Z {d^Vo? cmoH$: 4
B) gdYZYmZ {H$? 1. [aVWmZ nyaV&
2. m^mfm CmaV& A) gg{V: {Y: OmS> &
{dmYZ o H$Vo H$W dYVo? Am) gg{V: dm{M {g#m{V&
3. gpY{dJh Hw$V& dYV Ed& B) gg{V: {Xe{V&
4. gmZmWH$eX {bIV& B) gg{V: nmn &
Mmoa:, ^ma:, {Z, {dm, YZ, YmZ& C) gg{V: {Mm &
5. {dmWH$eX {bIV& D$) gg{V: {Xjw VZmo{V&
:, {Z, YmZ& 2. m^mfm CmaV&
cmoH$: 2 gg{V: OrdZo qH$ qH$ H$amo{V?
1. gpY Hw$V& cmoH$: 5
(A) na: + dm + B{V (Am) dgwYm + Ed 1. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
2. EH$dmoZ CmaV& ZmVw, Vm:, EVmVw, Vm$bm:, gdmV&
A) "A {ZO:, A na:' B{V Ho$fm JUZm? 2. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
Am) Ho$fm H$Vo dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>~H$ ^d{V? A) XodVm: Hw$ aVo?
3. m^mfm CmaV& Am) {H$m: Hw$ A$bm: ^dpV?
bKwMoVg: CXmaMoVg: OZm: H$W A{^kmVm:? 3. m^mfm CmaV&
4. VôbZ Hw$V " Zm: nyVo '& B{V gypV cmoH$
A dr {MVZ A: n{Wdr AmYmaoU n>rHw$V&
Am JUZm dgwYm {ZO: na: 4. EH$dMZo n[adVV&
cmoH$: 3 A) Zm: nyVo& Am) XodVm: aVo&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& B) EVm: Z nyVo& B) gdm: {H$m: A$bm:&
A) namonH$mam djm: qH$ Hw$dpV? 5. "Zmar' BW AaH$mofnpL>V {bIV&
Am) namonH$mam Z: qH$ Hw$dpV? cmoH$: 6
B) H$m: namonH$mam XhpV? 1. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
B) eara {H$W? A) MmVH$: + = MmVH${MVwamZ&
2. m^mfm CmaV& Am) gmo@{n = + A{n&
namonH$ma: Zm {H$? Ho$ namonH$mam:? B) {d + A^gm = &
3. EH$dMZo n[adVV& B) hVm + = hVmwXmaVm&
A) djm: $bpV& Am) Z: dhpV&

57
2. EH$dmoZ CmaV& 3. cmoH$mV gL>mdmMH$m{Z {MZwV {bIV M&
A) MmVH$: n:H$UmZ H$ mMVo? cmoH$: 8
Am) ObYa: Ho$db MmVH$ VUm em{V CV 1. gpY{dJh Hw$V&
gnyU{d? A) nmR>H$d = + M + &
B) hVm CXmaVm H$ >mVoZ kmVo? Am) Mmo = + Ao&
3. m^mfm CmaV& B) g{ZZmo kom: = + kom:&
hVm CXmaVm cmoHo$ H$W d{UVm? B) {H$mdmg npS>V: = {H$mdmZ +
4. $nn[aM Hw$V& + npS>V:&
A^gm, hVm, {nnmgm, n: 2. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
5. gmZmWH$eX moO{dm dm nwZ{bIV& A) Ho$ g{ZZ: CVm:?
MmVH$: ng: H$UmZ ObYa mMVo& Am) H$: npS>V: CVo?
6. AaH$mofnpL>V {bIV& ObYa:, A^: 3. m^mfm CmaV&
cmoH$: 7 nmpS> H$pZ dVVo? WmW: npS>V: H$:?
1. $m^mfm CmaV& 4. gw^m{fVmV gmZmWH$eX {bIV&
"d n#mm{YH$ eV' B{V gypV n>rHw$V& dmMH$:, AmnH$:, em{dX:, H$mH$Vm,
2. cmoH$mV gVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M& {dmZ, ~mom:&
nR>V AdJN>V ! {dgJgpY:
{dd {dgJ&
AdJhg{hV: AmoH$ma$n:
(gmo@h)
A{dH$mar ( H$, I n, $)
{dgJm}@h (H$: na:)
AmoH$ma$n: bmonr
(gy Bd)
(ammo JN>{V>) a $n:
(Va{n)(XodZ)
g $n:
(XodVWm>) f $n: e $n:
(~mbf:>) (h[aeoVo)
58
agH$V& gL>m{deofUm{Z - 2&
gdmX B nR>V&
mVmhr - EH$V: MVw:nV gL>m$nm{U AYrVm{Z Ibw?
n#mV: Vw gL>m$nofw Z {bôX:& Vm: WmdV moVm:&
doUw: - kmV& V{h n#m AmgXm:, n#m A: n#m ^dZm{Z dm&
gwYoX: - VWm M g ~Q>d:, g amd:, gd M {XZm{Z&
nWm - BVmo@{n A> VmaH$m:, A> wZ:, A> dgy{Z&
mVmhr - Cm& H$mMZ gL>m: {gm:& Wm Zd am: ...
doUw: M nWm M - g F$f:, Xe AmZZm{Z, A> b:... r{U ^wdZm{Z, Zd aZm{Z dm&
mVmhr - nm& Ah AYwZm Hy$Q>Z dXm{& {^: - : - : - AmZm - gw& {H$ EVX?
gwYoX:- (C: h{gdm) Z Ef: Hy$Q>Z:& EVo Vw {d^pVm:& JVdf} Ah n{R>VdmZ gH$
am{ AYwZm A{n&
doUw: - Amohmo gwYoXmo ! god VrUm OmVm Vd ~w{:& V{h EVo gL>mm: VVrmV: grnV&
nWm- Wm n#m, n#m, n#m{^:, n#m:, n#m:, n#mmZm, n#mgw& n#mV: ZdXenV
$nm{U n#m gL>m Bd ^dpV& g Ibw?
mVmhr - Am, AVrd w{XVm@p& y gd} gH$VnQ>d:& BV:na gH$V^mfm Io{bVw gWm:&
gwYoX:- Vmw dm gh g^mfUoZ {H${#mX mH$aUmmgoZ M&
doUw: - gL>m$nm{U gJYr g^mfUo gL>mZm A{YH$ moJ Hw$:&
nWm - A{Jo AdH$meo AmZ gL>m{deofmZ kmVw AmJN>m:&
{Okmgmn
gL>m$nm{U {b{Idm dmm{Z nyaV& gL>m$nm{U
1. V (5) ~mbHo$fw H$bh: CX^yV:& ({Z ~hdMZ)
2. (6) {~S>mb: EH$: Ed yfH$: >:& ff A>Z ZdZ {d^pV:
3. (7) XrnmZm EH$m Amd{b: Jho Vo& fQ>/fS> A> / A>m Zd Wm
4. (9) amrUm gyh: Zm Zdam& fQ>/fS> A> / A>m Zd {Vrm
5. A{n OmZm{g (7) F$frUm Zmm{Z? fS>{^:> A>{^:/ Zd{^: VVrm
6. H$m{VHo$: (6) wI: dX{V {H$? A>m{^:
7. amdU (10)VHo$: {H$arQ>m: n{VVm:& fS>: A>:/ Zd: MVwWu
8. (8) brfw H${V Zmm{Z OmZm{g? A>m:
9. amOm (9) F${f: XmZ XmdmZ&
fS>: A>:/ Zd: n#mr
10. (6) dVw: (3) dVy{Z
AmdH$m{Z& A>m:
11. Am{^: (8) ^ynVrZm M[am{U fUm A>mZm ZdmZm f>r
n{R>Vm{Z& fQ>gw/ A>gw/ Zdgw gr
fQ>gw A>mgw
59
Xe>: nmR>:& {nV^V: Z{MHo$Vm:&
doXm:, ~mUm:, AmaH$m: Cn{ZfX: B{V doXdmL>nanam dVVo& EVm XmZ Zm {H$?
nanamm wIm: Xe Cn{ZfX: mVm:& Cn{Zfgw VdkmZMMm-{Z$nU {H$ CnmoJey
dVVo& Cn{Zfgw AVm "H$R>mon{ZfX'& H$R>mon{ZfX: CVm -Z{MHo$Vgmo: dVwZ: mJ:"XmZ'
H$Wm& B{V H$W{Vw eVo?
dmOldm: Zm XmZna: ~mU: AmgrV& EH$Xm g: {dd{OV-k AH$amoV& gmo ko g:

~mUo: X{jUm AN>V& X{jUmm gdXm { dVw N>oV B{V {Z:& {H$Vw {nVm dmOldm: Vw
X{jUm$noU XYXmZo AgWm: X~bm: dm: M YoZy: AN>V& V nw: Z{MHo$Vm: VX AnV&
AgrMrZXmZoZ {nVm o ZaH$ J{{V B{V ^rm g: {nVa AnNV, ""{nV:, qH$ Vd AVrd {?''
P{Q>{V {nVm AdXV, ""dg, dod {V:&'' Z{MHo$Vm: nwZ: AnN>V, ""V{h m H$ Xm{V
^dmZ?'' dmOldgm {H${n Cma Z Xm& {dma {dma$ Z{MHo$Vgm VXod n>& VXm Hw$: ^ydm {nVm
Z{MHo$Vg ""Ah dm do XXm{'' B{V AdXV&
{nVm H$moYmdoeo Ed CVdmZ B{V Z{MHo$Vm: AOmZV& VWm{n {nVw: AmXoenmbZmW g: nwa
AJN>V& nwao : AZwnpWV:& ~mb: Z{MHo$Vm: Vd r{U {XZm{Z mdV, {H${n A^wdm
Anrdm Vrjm AH$amoV&
MVwW} {Xdgo : nwa m:& jwYmV {nnmgmV ~mbm{VqW XQ>m V X H$Um AdV& :
Z{MHo$Vgo "rZ damZ mMd' B{V AdXV& VV: ~mbH$: W da AmMV, "" OZH$ dmOldg:
m {V H$moY: emV: ^dVw&'' ""dJgm{YH$m A{{dm Xdm m AZwJmVw'' B{V {Vr da g:
60
AmMV& : AmZXoZ dam mN>V& VV: VVrda$noU Z{MHo$Vm: AmkmZ AmMV& V mWZm
lwdm : M{H$V:& Z H$mo@{n : AnV VX kmVwH$m:& Andg: ~mb H$W{d J^m
kmZVUm? : {d{dYbmo^Z: Z{MHo$Vg VVrdamV {Zdma{Vw mVV& {H$Vw {ZMb: Z{MHo$Vg:
{ZU:& AVo da XmVw dMZ~: : V km{ZZm{n Xb^ AmkmZ Cnm{XeV&
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmooZ CmaV&
A) dmOldm: H$:? Am) X{jUmm qH$ N>oV B{V {Z:?
B) dmOldg: nw: H$:? B) VVrda$noU Z{MHo$Vm: {H$ AmMV?
C) ~mb: Z{MHo$Vm: H${V {XZm{Z mdV Vrjm AH$amoV?
2. m^mfm CmaV&
A) Z{MHo$Vm: nwa {H$W AJN>V? Am) Ho$ : dam: Z{MHo$Vgm m{MVm:?
m{IH$H$m
1) WmH$ dXV&
A) MVwW} {Xdgo nwa-AmJZ&
Am) ~mbZ{MHo$Vg: A^wdm Anrdm Vrjm&
B) jwYmV ~mbm{VWo: XeZ&
B) Z{MHo$Vg: r{U {XZm{Z mdV {VVrjm&
C) oZ da Xm&
nR>V AdJN>V ! {dd {dgJ&

A^mo{YOb{Ynmo{YX{Ydmam{{Ydm[a{Y:& m Zmo Ywnmo oKmo nmo H$Q>mo V&
A^mo{Y: + Ob{Y:
+ nmo{Y: + CX{Y:
+ dmam{Z{Y: + dm[a{Y:& } a$n: {dgJ:
namonH$ma: H$V: mUa{n YZa{n&

{jH$m Hw$Umo mo H$mam Xe M#mbm:&&
Z:+Yn:+oK:+n:+H$Q>:+V&
Hw$U:+:+H$mam:& AmoH$ma$n: {dgJ:
H$mam:+Xe& bmonr {dgJ:
mUa{n = mU: + A{n& g {h ^d{V X[amo VUm {dembm&
YZa{n = YZ: + A{n& } a$n: {dgJ:
Z{g M n[aVw>o H$mo@WdmZ H$mo X[a:&&
X[a:+
Cmm m ZrMmpVmo d m{UZm {dYm:&
namWdmW{ddgm bjUm{Z WmH$&&
H$:+X[a: } AmoH$ma$n: {dgJ:
Cmm: + m: ({dgJ n[adVZ {Zarjd&)

namWdmW{ddgm:+bjUm{Z } bmonr {dgJ:
61
agH$V& {H$mnX qH$ H$W{V? - 2
JU{V gyMVo H$W{V {H$mnXm{Z dmo ApdV&
A {^
1. gwdU gdlo> JVo& 2. gmO
nX {H$? Yma{V nyVo VmS>Vo lo> CVo& 3. {Mo ZXr Vo&
EVofm gmZVm H$m?
KmofVo Mmoa{V jmb{V 1. : - 2. ybYmVw: +
Cma -
EVm{Z dmm{Z nR>V&

1. amoU JW: nR>Vo& EVofw dmofw {H$mnX H$nX nwf dMZ M AZwga{V& {X H$nX
2. amoU JWm nR>oVo& n[adVVo V{h {H$mnX A{n n[adVVo AV: H$YmZm{Z dmm{Z Bm{Z&
3. amoU JWm: nR>Vo&
4. amoU Ah o& H$dm: moJ:& (H${U moJ:)
5. amoU Amdm mdho& H$Vm H$ {H$mnX
6. amoU d mho& VVrm {d^{V: Wm {d^{V: H$nX nwfdMZmZwgma
1) Ywam gwYmIS>m: AmZrVo& 2) Am{^: JW: nR>Vo&
H$Vm H$ {H$mnX H$Vm H$ {H$mnX
VVrm Wm VVrm Wm
.nw. .nw. .nw. .nw.

~.d. ~.d. E. d. E.d.

{H$mnX H$nX AZwga{V& {H$mnX H$nX AZwga{V&

AV: H$dm {H$mnX BX& AV: H$dm {H$mnX BX&
nR>V ~moYV !! mgJUoeH$Wm&
^JdVm mgw{ZZm hm^maV Zm hmH$m {daVo& EVmV gVw>: ~Xod: V nwaV:
Am{d^d{V& VXm mgoZ ZoU UVo& ~XodoZ H$Vo, ""ho wZo, dm V H$m {da{MV V boIZ
H$V'' B{V& mgw{ZZm CVo, ""Xod, H$m boIZmW ZmpV mo: boIH$:&'' ~XodoZ
H$Vo, ""lrJUoe: Vd H$m {bIoV& dm g: mWZr:&'' VV: ~XodoZ {ZJVo&
mgw{ZZm lrJUoe: AmhyVo& lrJUoeoZ U H$Vo, ""w{Zda, m qH$ H$aUr VV Am{XeVw&''
mgw{ZZm H$Vo, ""JUoe, dm H$m bo{IV&'' JUoeoZ CVo, ""Ad {bIm{& {H$Vw ^dVm
gd} bmoH$m: A{daV H$W{Vm:&'' mgw{ZZm CVo, "VWmVw& {H$Vw dm A{n EH$ A{n Aja
AW Akmdm Z bo{IV&'' lrJUoeoZ H$Vo, ""Am, VWm H$amo{'' B{V& VXZVa mgw{ZZm bmoH$m:
H$Vo JUoeoZ Vo {bVo& mgw{ZZm H${R>Zm: bmoH$m: H$Vo VXm JUoeoZ {MVZ {H$Vo AW: kmVo
{bVo M&
62
EH$mXe>: nmR>:& Zg: dN>Vm&

"mMr AmB' B{V nmSw>aJ gXm{ed gmZo (gmZo JwOr) hmoXoZ
amR>r^mfm {da{MV nwVH$& ApZ nwVHo$ V AmH$WZnam: dN>Vm gdXm eara AWdm
n[aga Ed ^d{V {H$?
H$Wm: gpV& EVm: aUH$Wm: ~mbH$mZm H$Vo ~moYnam: gH$majm:
A{n Z: dN> {bZ dm ^{dVw
mVZohdYH$m: M& m: {Vam d{o: dOrdZmYm[aVm: {VH$Wm: Ah{V?
H$W{V& gH$VmZwdmXmam A AmXe^yV nwVH$ n[aM: H$m[aV: Xm y hR> Hw$V VXm wmH$
S>m. Oyfm Hw$bH$Uu hm^mJm& VmV nwVH$mV A g:& mVm qH$ H$amo{V? hR> nya{V
CV {ZamH$amo{V? g
""~mmXod {dma ZmZ H$amo{ Ah&'' moZ H$Wm dUV&
AmaYm& ""{dma ZmZ Amg: Cm: Ed& amm {Zmm: nyd
ZmZ Hw$: MoV eara dN>, gVoO:, bKw^ma{d M ^mgVo& {Zmm: nyd d mWZm Hw$:, EVV ^d{V
Zg: ZmZ& eara Z: M dN>o V{h {Zm Cmm ^d{V&
EH$Xm {V{XZ{d Io{bdm Ah Jh
AmJ ZmZmW JVdmZ& gmL>H$mb
ZmZmW A{YH$ Ob AmdH$Vm
Z ^d{V & ZmZ gm m CV,
""A~, ewH$ o A& Ob gm,
gda ewH$ o A'' B{V C: AdX
Ah& gmL>H$mbo o mVm dem{Q>H$m
Ed eara mO{V &
mVm AmJVm, A m{OVdVr
Amkm M XmdVr ""XodnyOmW nwnm{U
AmZ, m'' B{V& "" nmXVbm Amm
V:& {mH$m {bZm ^{dV:& AV: nmXVbm A{n dN>rHw$&'' B{V ""nmXVbm Amm V: V{h
{H$ OmV ao m? AYwZm Ho$Z doU mOm{?'' ""A~, Vd em{Q>H$m#mb nmfmUo {dVma&'' ""m,
AVrd hR>d^md: A{g&'' B{V Cdm mm em{Q>H$m#mb {dVm[aV& Ah MaUm VXn[a> Wmn{dm ewH$m
H$ma{dm {ZJVdmZ& mVw: d Am A^dV&
VpZ go Vm em{Q>H$mn[adVZ H$Vw Z eVo B{n m Z {MpVV& naVw nwMaUm {bZm Z
^doVm, nwoN>m nyUm ^doV EVXW Vm dem{Q>H$m Amm H$Vm& mVm nwmW qH$ qH$ Z H$amo{V, qH$ qH$ Z
ghVo, qH$ qH$ Z gn{V? Ah Jh AV^mJ JVdmZ, nyOmW nwnm{U Wm{nVdmZ& mVm Xrn Jhrdm
AmJVdVr CVdVr M, ""m, MaUm {bZm Z ^dV: AV: Wm Vgo VWd Z: {bZ Z ^dVw EVXW
A{n Vd& mW Xod ew~wXW&''
^mo {m{U, {H$V: Ywam: eXm:! nm{dmW dN>Vm d {V{XZ Vmho& ddN>VmW
jmbZMyU ApV, earamW MXZo$ZH$m{Z gpV& eara dm{U M {bZm{Z Z ^dVw AV: gd} Z
Hw$dpV& A{n d Zg: dN>Vm Vmho?''
63
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
1) {Zm H$Xm Cmm ^d{V? 2) ZmZoZ qH$ ^d{V? 3) H$Xm mWZm dXm:?
4) mVm m MaUm Ho$Z mO{V? 5) d {V{XZ {H$W Vmho?
2. m^mfm {bIV& Zg: dN>Vm{dfo mVm m H$W ~mo{YVdVr?
3. A) gpY{dJh Hw$V & 1. bKw^ma{d 2. B{n 3. BVmo@{n 4. VWd 5. H$Xm{n
Am) dU{dJh Hw$V& 1. nmXVbm 2. ZmZ
B) {deofU-{deo-g~Y:&
{deo nmXVbm Amg: Z: eara

{deofU gVoO: {bZ Amm Cm:
4. gyMZmZwgma n[adVZ Hw$V&
1. Ah {dma ZmZ H$amo{ & ("' {ZH$mgV)
2. d {V{XZ Vmho& (EH$dMZ Hw$V)
5. gmZmWH$eXw {MZwV& eara, {mH$m, MaUm, {, Z:, X, gwX, {Mm, nmXm, Xoh:
6. {dmWH eX {bIV& n{d, ewH$, ZrM:, dN>, A{YH$, gda&
7. CnnX{d^pV moOV&
1. -------nyd d mWZm dXm:& ({Zmm:/{Zm)
2. EH$Xm {Z{d Io{bdm Ah ------ AmJV:& (Jho/Jh)
8. C{MV H$maU {Mdm dm nwZ{bIV&
1. mm dem{Q>H$m Amm H$Vm V: .....&
A) gm dfmm pbm&
Am) VoZ nwoN>m nyUm ^doV&
hgdoV: ~H$doV: H$mo ôXmo ~H$hgmo:& d ~m d {dUwd d Bd A{d
Zrajra{ddoHo$ Vw hgmo hgmo ~H$mo ~H$:&& dmwd gyd Mmd ~^y^wddamo&&
hg: hge {dUw: {dUwg
~H$:
H$:
ôX: ôXmo
hg:
~H$:
H$mo
hgmo
~H$mo
}
~H$e e$n: {dgJ:
} AmoH$ma$n: {dgJ:
:
A{:
dmw:
gy:
Mm:
g
A{g
}
dmwg
gyg
Mmg
g$n: {dgJ:
64
mXe>: nmR>:& AaH$mof:&
gH$V^mfm AVrd gm ^mfm& EH$ eX ^dpV ZHo$
eXgL>Jh H$Vo gmZmWH$eXm:& ${MV EH$ eX {d{dYm: AWm: A{n ^dpV&
{^^mfmgw Ho$$ eXm: AoVUm gwI~moYm gmZmWH$eXmZm nt aMZm H$dm n{S>V-
wVm:? AaqghoZ AaH$mof: J{WV:& AaH$mofnR>ZoZ H$R>WrH$aUoZ M
wmH$ Jho/{dmbo Ho$ eXkmZ ^d{V& {d{dYeXmZm dmo moJoU eX^wd {g{V&
eXH$mofm: gpV?
Wo> JVw eXaZm{Z AmV eXaZmH$amV& AaH$mofegm -
Ho$ eXgL>Jhm: wm{^:
H$doaaqgh H${Vaofm gw{Zbm&
n{R>Vm:?
AmMVmaH$ WomV Zm{bmZwemgZ&&
(N>mm: JWmbo {d{dYm{Z nwVH$m{Z npV

Am{nH$m ZmZ M nN>pV&)
ZZ: - AmMm}, H$m Efm {^m {dembm
H$nm{Q>H$m? Ahmo ! {H$V: {d{dYm:
H$mofm: EVm dVVo!
Am{nH$m - Am, gd}fm emmUm AZmW
EVo H$mofm: AmdH$m:&
gwoYm - H$mof: Zm {H$?
Am{nH$m - H$mof: Zm gL>Jh:& Wm d {dmH$mofo YZ gL>JhU Hw$: VWd ^mfmH$mofo eXmZm
gL>Jh: ^d{V&
lom - H$: V CnmoJ:?
Am{nH$m - gwmo: Z:& g^mfUo boIZo M ^mfm^wd-nmW VWd ZHo$fm {dfmUm kmZmW
eXgnmo: gL>JhU AVrd AmdH$& AmH$ JWmbo gH${VH$mofm:, M[aH$mofm:,
{ddH$mofm: gw^m{fVH$mofm: M BmX: ~hd: H$mofm: dVVo& Vofw "AaH$mof:' Zm H$Z
{deof: H$mof:&
dZrb: - AaH$mof:? "AaH$mof:' B{V Zm {H$W? qH$ {dVo ApZ H$mofo?
Am{nH$m- Ef: gH$VeXmZm gL>JhJW:& Aaqgh: Zm npS>V: EV aM{Vm& AV: H$mof Zm
"AaH$mof:' B{V& nwamVZH$mbo Xm N>mm: AZmW JwHw$b {depV VXm AZmaô
Vo AaH$mof H$R>W Hw$dpV & AYwZm A{n VWd dVVo&
Amm - (gm) qH$ H$mof: H$R>WrH$Vw e:? VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V?
Am{nH$m - AW {H$! n: Ef: JW: Jo:& AV: cmoH$mZm, gw^m{fVmZm nR>Z Bd V
H$R>WrH$aU AVrd gwb^& V EH$ eX H$Vo ZHo$ gmZmWH$eXm: dVVo& ${MV
EH$ eX ZHo$ {^m: AWm: A{n dVVo& AV: V nR>ZoZ AmH$ eXgn{m: dq
JN>{V& AmH$ aUepV: YmaUm>epV: M dY}Vo, CmaU{n ew ^d{V&
ZZ: - d{n AaH$mof H$R>W Hw$m& VpZ H${V cmoH$m: gpV?
65
Am{nH$m - CngmYgh (1500) cmoH$m: gpV& V r{U H$mS>m{Z gpV& AV: "{H$mS>H$mof:' B{V
EV Ana Zm& VWm "Zm{bmZwemgZ' B{V ZmZm A{n {dmV: Ef: H$mof:&
gwoYm - "Zm{bmZwemgZ' B{V eX H$: AW:?
Am{nH$m- VX{n A JW Ana d{eQ>& A Z Ho$db gmZmWH$eXm: A{n Vw Vofm {b{ZX}e:
H$V:& VoZ ^mfmm: AmH$bZ moJ: M gwH$a: ^d{V&
dZrb: - AmMm}, VoZ d gH$VH$mm{Z ZmQ>H$m{Z M {dZmmg n{R>Vw eZw: Ibw&
Am{nH$m - {ZoZ ! V{h BV:na gd: AaH$mof nR>Z Ad H$Vod&
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
A) H$mofm: {H$W AmdH$m:? Am) H$mof: Zm {H$?
B) H$: AaH$mof aM{Vm? B) AaH$mof H$R>WrH$aU H$mV gwb^?
C) AaH$mofo H${V cmoH$m: gpV? D$) AaH$mof {H$ AV Zm?
2. m^mfm {bIV&
1. "AaH$mof'- H$R>WrH$aUoZ Ho$ bm^m: ^dpV?
3. {ZmU Hw$V&
1. d {dmH$mofo YZ gL>Jh Hw$:& 2. AaH$mof: gH$VeXmZm gL>JhJW:&
4. A) eX dU{dJh Hw$V& (1) gL>Jh (2) moJ: (3) dVVo (4) ${MV
Am) obZ Hw$V&
{deo {deofU
1. H$nm{Q>H$m 1. gwb^
2. H$mofJW: 2. {dembm
3. H$R>WrH$aU 3. {^m:
4. AWm: 4. n:
5. gyMZmZwgma dmn[adVZ Hw$V&
1. N>mm: AaH$mof H$R>W Hw$dpV & ("' {ZH$mgV)
2. VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V? (~hdMZo {bIV&)
3. d{n AaH$mof H$R>W Hw$m& (EH$dMZ Hw$V&)
6. gmZmWH$eX {bIV& H$mof:, AaH$mof:, {dmV:, gwb^&
7. dm ew Hw$V&
1. JWmbo H$mofm H$Vo EH$m {dembm H$nm{Q>H$m {dVo&
2. N>mm: JWmbo {d{dY nwVH$m{Z npV&
3. AaH$mofo {V: H$mS>m{Z gpV&
66
moXe>: nmR>:& gamm: erb&
doXdmL>o AmJVm H$Wm Efm& nwam nU: Zm
Agwam: XodmZm gdm: YoZy: dXoenmhaZ& YoZyZm
AdofUmW gwnU: B{V XodmZm godH$: JS>: nUrZm Xoe
JV:& V nUrZm Cnhma: de: JS>: YoZyZm {dfo
Z {H${n AH$WV& VoZ dm{moh: H$V:& AV: Xod:
nwZ: gam Zm ewZr o{fVm& {Z^Vm gwXa mJ
A{VH$, agmZXr Cmr gm nUrZm Xoe mm& n{U{^:
H$V Am{V Vm Z drH$V& {V{Zd Xodo:
gd dmmV AH$WV& Vm: dm{^m goZ
BoU, V da: Xm: JS>m M emn:& dm{ô$:
H$VnmbZ JmadH$Wm Zm BX nmodmS>mJrV&
nmodmS>m B{V {g: hmam>r: bmoH$H$bmH$ma:&
draagYmZ BX nmodmS>mJrV a{MV ApV
npS>>V-^mH$a-^mVIS>o B{V AmYw{ZH$-
gH$VboIH$d}U&
m{UZm MmVwH$Wm: H$m:?
H$pZ {MnQ>o H$m H$Wmm dm m{UZm H$V gmhm
d{UV ApV?
em{ha: - g^mm XodamO B:

{MV{V H$: o{fV:&
{H$L>H$amo ZH$mo@{n >:
mo ^doV gXm dm{{Z>:&&
JmH$dX: - VXm?
em{ha: - godmm Vnam, XodJU{m,
{ZwVm JmoYZmW&
KdVm Amkm gam,
pWVm XodewZr gam ho Or Or Or Or &&
JmH$dX: - pWVm XodewZr gam ho Or Or Or Or Or
em{ha: - VXm mJ} >m, VQ>hV$nm{Q>Zr agm
ObmKgXm nWwba^gm m{V gagm&&
agm Q>m gam {MpVV -
""Ad JN>o ZXr {X ^doV A gwghm&
AVVm mMo@h {dZdMgm Z{eagm&&
ago, Hw$ H$nm&
Ob VdoX& hmJ^ra&
Hw$d JmY& oZ Vao&
na M Vra& Ah dOo&''
67
dm{Z: emo^ZH$mmW,
AmJUbH$mmW&
JmH$dX: - AmJUbH$mmW& ho Or Or Or Or&&
agm CdmM - ""Ah M lo>m, d Vw jwm
Z {h dXW, Obdmh&
H$amo{ An, Anga Anga&&''
lwdm VX dm gam J{OV&''
""n o gm, H$m{Z>mgm
B{V Cdm gm Obo AnVV -
em{ha: - gm JVm na Vra& agm gm AYmowIr ^yVm& bmm
bmZwIr OmVm& jwm H$W nam^yVm& n{V jwewZt gam&
JmH$dX:- n{V jwewZt gam& ho Or Or Or Or Or&&
J - Ed gam naVra mm&
BV: n{V, VV: n{V
db nN>{V, nUrZ nN>{V&&
dZ JN>{V, Jwhm {de{V&
Jwhmm n{U{^X ^mo: JmoYZgdd&
gmdofUH$m, gmdofUH$m&&
JmH$dX: - w{XVm BewZr gam ho Or Or Or Or Or&&
J - gam YoZd: Apd>m:& EVm dmVm B dVw pWVm gm& na db: gm Adamo{YVm&
JmH$dX:- ho gao, ho gao, XY {n~Vw, X{Y ImXVw&
KV {n~Vw, A {V>Vw
JmoYZ ^mJ Vw X:&&
gam - go{dH$m Zmh bmo^, go{dH$m Zmh moh&
JmH$dX: - go{dH$m dm{Z: B& ho Or Or Or Or Or&
go{dH$m dm{Z: B& ho Or Or Or Or Or&
J - AVo n{U{^: gam {ZpXVm&
""Efm gam Om ImX{V&
Efm gam Om ImX{V&'' gam {H${#mV V lwV&
A{n{hV XrK H$U& ""dmmV dVw$ JZmaô&''
pWVm g{m gam&
JmH$dX: - pWVm XodewZr gam& ho Or Or Or Or Or&&
(eXmWm: - JmY = AJ^ra, nWwba^gm = AVrd doJoZ, db = nUrZm Ana Zm, Om = jwm, KdmZ = B:)
^mfmmg:
m^mfm CmaV&
(1) gamm: H$VnmbZo Ho$ {dZm: A^dZ? (2) gam H$VnmbZo {dZmZ H$W Va{V?
(3) nU: gamm: {ZXm H$Xm AHw$dZ? (4) nU: gam {H$W {ZXpV?
68
boIZH$meb-3
OyfmV: eXmZ moO{dm gdmX nyaV&

gdm{XZr - , A{n A bmZ: A{g?
Vmbdm - A{, A gH$V{XZ
H$mH$: A^dV & V
JrVJmZgo ~h Vm{S>V: dm{XV: M
Ap&
gdm{XZr - Am& Ah{n V & ~mb:
gh daVmbwVm Ah{n AJm& gdm{XZr-VmbdmgdmX:&
Vmbdm - naVw d Z bmZm A{g& Vd dXZ Cg{V&
gdm{XZr - {, dm VmS>pV AV: d bmZ: ^d{g m Vw AVrd dmXpV AV: Ah
Ywa Jmm{& BX ah&
Oyfm - (hmwV, hm, gwX, dmXH$m:, A^d , H$mobVm, ~mbmZm, embmm)
OyfmV: eXmZ moO{dm {Z~Y nyaV&
gUH$: - BXmZtVZo H$mbo gUH$: ^moOZ Bd & gUH$ gmhmoZ ~h{Z
gwH$am{U OmVm{Z& JUZH$m ^dVw dm AdofU, g: VyUod H$m H$amo{V& AYwZm
V Û^mf:, Q>~, AgUH$: $nm{U M{bVm{Z& {X AmVOmbgw{dYm
{dwXwnbpY: dm Z V: V{h H$m Z ^d{V& VXm Aghm: ^d{V&
V A{YH$monmoJoZ Amamo{dfH$m: mX^dpV& {H$Vw V gmhmoZ
AmH$ J{V: Ed& (AmVOmbo, Zw:, AmdH$:, H$mm{U, EVm{Z, gwmooZ, gm:,
gUH$ )

{edmo@h {edmo@h {edd$nmo@h& EaS>mo@{n VVmdV eH$mo@{n {dhJ:&
H$mo@h H$mo@h H$mo@h gmo@h gmo@h gmo@h& ImoVmo@{n {H$b mo{V: d Z H$d: H$W&&
{ed: Ah EaS>: A{n&
{edd$n: Ah&
H$: Ah g: Ah
} AdJhg{hV: AmoH$ma$n:
{dgJ:
eH$: A{n&
ImoV: A{n&
} AdJhg{hV: AmoH$ma$n:
{dgJ:&
H$d: H$W& } A{dH$mar {dgJ:

V: + VmdV& } g$n: {dgJ:
69
^mfmgy - 3
(A) OZmVZmm{Z
Am{^: damVZmm{Z n{R>Vm{Z& AYwZm OZmVZmm{Z >m{Z& A ApV OZ {H$?
1. gwZg - g 2. Agag - g 3. {dg - g 4. {Xe - e 5. mdf - f 6. d{UO - O
7. dmM - M 8. ^y^V - V 9. amOZ - Z 10. {Ja - a 11. drY - Y 12. gwX - X
OZmV nw. r. Znw. OZmV nw. r. Znw.
VH$mamV V g[aV OJV gH$mamV Mg Agag ng
V "V'H$mamV nw{b Zm& g[aV "V'H$mamV r{b Zm&
V Vm V: Wm g[aV g[aVm g[aV:
V Vm V: {Vrm g[aV g[aVm g[aV:
Vm Xm {: VVrm g[aVm g[aXm g[a{:
Vo Xm X: MVwWu g[aVo g[aXm g[aX:
V: Xm X: n#mr g[aV: g[aXm g[aX:
V: Vmo: Vm f>r g[aV: g[aVmo: g[aVm
{V Vmo: gw gr g[a{V g[aVmo: g[agw
ho V/X ho Vm ho V: g~moYZ ho g[aV-X ho g[aVm ho g[aV:
V Bd Ao eXm: - ^y^V, hr^V, g[aV Bd Ao eXm: - V{S>V, mo{fV,
m^V, {XZH$V, {dd{OV, B{OV B.& {dwV BmX:&
gwX (nw) gnX (r) drY (r) BmXr{Z X/Y H$mamVeX$nm{U A{n V/g[aV Bd&
OJV "V'H$mamV ZnwgH${b Zm& Mg "g'H$mamV nw{b Zm&
OJV OJVr OJpV Wm Mm: Mgm Mg:
OJV OJVr OJpV {Vrm Mg Mgm Mg:
OJVm OJXm OJ{: VVrm Mgm Mmom Mmo{^:
OJVo OJXm OJX: MVwWu Mgo Mmom Mmo:
OJV: OJXm OJX: n#mr Mg: Mmom Mmo:
OJV: OJVmo: OJVm f>r Mg: Mgmo: Mgm
OJ{V OJVmo: OJgw gr M{g Mgmo: M:gw,
Mgw
ho OJV ho OJVr ho OJpV g~moYZ ho M: ho Mgm ho Mg:
OJV Bd A: eX: - {dV Mg Bd Ao eXm: - Xwdmgg, doYg,
dZmH$g, {XdmH$g, Z{MHo$Vg, dmOldg,
aOg BmX:&
70
Agag "g'H$mamV r{b Zm& ng "g'H$mamV ZnwgH${b Zm&
Agam: Agagm Agag: Wm n: ngr nm{g
Agag Agagm Agag: {Vrm n: ngr nm{g
Agagm Agamom Agamo{^: VVrm ngm nmom nmo{^:
Agago Agamom Agamo: MVwWu ngo nmom nmo:
Agag: Agamom Agamo: n#mr ng: nmom nmo:
Agag: Agagmo: Agagm f>r ng: ngmo: ngm
Aga{g Agagmo: Agagw gr n{g ngmo: n:gw,ngw
ho Aga: ho Agagm ho Agag: g~moYZ ho n: ho ngr ho nm{g
Agag Bd A: eX: - Cfg& ng Bd Ao eXm: - Vng, A^g,
VoOg, AmoOg, Z^g, eg, moVg, Vg,
Zg, dg, dmgg, gag, Zg, MoVg&
{Okmgmn
1. C{MV{bmZwgma nWw$V& 2. Vm{bH$m nyaV&

nw. r. Znw. EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^{V:
--- --- --- -- -- OJpV Wm
(mo{fV, ^y^V, {XZH$V, {dwV, {dV, m^V, V{S>V) Agagm -- -- VVrm
3. mo $n {bIV& -- -- gw gr
1. amOm Zm ----- (m^V)& -- ^y^Vmo: -- f>r
2. ----- (g[aV) Ob erVb& g[aV: -- -- n#mr
3. Amwd}X: ----- (OJV) {dmV:& -- VoOgr -- {Vrm
4. dfmH$mbo ------ ({dV) V{S>V H$meVo& -- -- Cfgw gr
5.--- (V) gmhmoZ --- ({dwV) {ZuVo&
4. hV B{V VH$mamV {deofU n{R>dm Vm{bH$m nyaV&
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
hmZ Zn: hmVm Znm hmV: Znm: hmZ Jw: hmVm --- hmV: ---
hmZ H${d: hmVm H$dr hmV: H$d: hmZ --- hmVm F$fr hmV: ---
hVr {ebm hm {ebo h: {ebm: hVr --- hm --- h: Zm:
hVr ZXr hm Zm h: Z: hVr YoZw: hm --- h: ---
hV ZJa hVr ZJao hmpV ZJam{U hV --- hVr {ddo hmpV ---
hV dVw hVr dVwZr hmpV dVy{Z hV ga: hVr --- hmpV ---
71
5. C{MV{bmZwgma nWw$V&
nw. r. Znw. Xdmgg, Cfg, Vng, A^g, VoOg,
AmoOg, Z^g, eg, moVg, doYg,
dg, dmgg, ng, MoVg, Zg&
6. mo $n {bIV&
F$frUm ----- (VoOg) {X& ----- (Vng) Vo gm mZwdpV& ----- (Z^g) Bd
Am{XVm Vofm {>:& Ho$MZ F$f: ----- (dg) dm:, A{n M Ho$MZ ----- (Vng) dm:& Vofm
----- (MoVg) Hw$gwmV A{n X{Z& Vofm gm ----- (moVg) ApV Vofm Vnm& Vo {dbm{Z
----- (dmgg) n[aYmapV& ----- (wfg) gda CWm Vo ----- (Vng) AmMapV&
YmVo F$f:&
(Am) gdZmm{Z&
"gd' nw{b gdZm& "gd' r{b gdZm&
gd: gdm gdo Wm gdm gd} gdm:
gd gdm gdmZ {Vrm gdm gd} gdm:
gd}U gdmm gd: VVrm gdm gdmm gdm{^:
gd gdmm gd}: MVwWu gd gdmm gdm:
gdmV gdmm gd}: n#mr gdm: gdmm gdm:
gd gdmo: gd}fm f>r gdm: gdmo: gdmgm
gdpZ gdmo: gd}fw gr gdm gdmo: gdmgw
ho gd ho gdm ho gd} g~moYZ ho gd} ho gd} ho gdm:
"gd' ZnwgH${b gdZm&

gd gd} gdm{U Wm
gd gd} gdm{U {Vrm "AV' "na' M B{V
gd}U gdmm gd: VVrm gdZm "gd'eX: Bd ^d{V&
gd gdmm gd}: MVwWu "AV' gdZmnX ZnwgH${bo
Vw Wmm {Vrmm g~moYZo M
gdmV gdmm gd}: n#mr
AV/AX Ao Am{Z
gd gdmo: gd}fm f>r
Ed $nm{U ^dpV&
gdpZ gdmo: gd}fw gr
ho gd ho gd} ho gdm{U g~moYZ
72
(B) YmVyZm {Vr: gyh: &
EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V&
~mbH$: gH$V nR>{V / AYrVo& gma^: Am ImX{V / AZm{V& gadVr m ajVw/nmVw&
mVm Ob N>{V / XXm{V& m: d dX{V / ~yVo& d: JrV AmH$U{V/eUmo{V&
A dmofw {H$mnX nV& Vmo: AW: gmZ: {H$Vw JUm {^m& VmV {dH$aUo A{n {ô&
ImX{V = ImX + A + {V (ImX 1 n. n.)
AZm{V = Ae + Zm + {V (Ae 9 n. n.)
nR>{V nR> (1 n. n.) AYrVo A{Y + B (2 Am. n. )

ajVw aj (1 n. n.) nmVw nm (2 n. n.)
N>{V Xm-N> (1 n. n.) XXm{V Xm (3 C. n.)
dX{V dX (1 n. n.) ~yVo ~y (2 C. n.)
AmH$U{V Am + H$U (10 C. n.) eUmo{V lw-e (5 n. n.)
A>rH$jmm Am{^: 1, 4, 6, 10 Bofm JUmZm $nn[aM: >:& Vofm {dH$aUm{Z A, , A,

A B{V EVm{Z AH$mamVm{Z& YmVyZm {Vrgyho 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 JUm: gpV& Vofw Ho$fm{#mV {Z-
wVmZm YmVw$nmUm AZ A H$aUr ApV&
YmVyZm W: gyh: YmVyZm {Vr: gyh:
YmVw: JU: {dH$aU CXmhaU YmVw: JU: {dH$aU CXmhaU
nR> 1 A nR>{V Ag 2 - ApV
ZV 4 Z{V Xm 3 {d$n XXm{V
{bI 6 A {bI{V eH$ 5 Zw eZmo{V
H$W 10 A H$W{V ^wO 7 Z ^wZpV
H$ 8 C H$amo{V
km 9 Zm OmZm{V
73
m:
bQ>bH$ma:
nanX AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
{V V: ApV W: Vo AmVo AVo
{g W: W : go AmWo do
{ d: : Cm: E dho ho

bL>bH$ma:
nanX AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
V Vm AZ W: V AmVm AV
: V V : Wm: AmWm d
A d Cm: B d{h {h
nanX bmoQ>bH$ma: AmZonX

E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
Vw Vm AVw W: Vm AmVm AVm
{h V V : d AmWm d
Am{Z Amd Am Cm: Eo Amdh Amh
{d{Y{bL>bH$ma:
nanX AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
mV mVm w: W: BV BmVm BaZ
m: mV mV : BWm: BmWm Bd
m md m Cm: B Bd{h Bd{h
Ag (2 n.n.)
bQ>bH$ma: bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
ApV V: gpV W: AmgrV AmVm AmgZ
A{g W: W : Amgr: AmV AmV
Ap d: : Cm: Amg Amd Am
bmoQ>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
AVw Vm gVw W: mV mVm w:
E{Y V V : m: mV mV
Agm{Z Agmd Agm Cm: m md m
74
$H$ (8 C.n.)
nanX bQ>bH$ma: AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
H$amo{V Hw$V: Hw$dpV W: Hw$Vo $$Hw$dmVo $$Hw$dVo
H$amo{f Hw$W: Hw$W : Hw$fo $$Hw$dmWo Hw$do
H$amo{ Hw$d: Hw$: Cm: Hw$d} Hw$dho Hw$ho

nanX bL>bH$ma: AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
AH$amoV AHw$Vm AHw$dZ W: AHw$V AHw$dmVm AHw$dV
AH$amo: AHw$V AHw$V : AHw$Wm: AHw$dmWm AHw$d
AH$ad AHw$d AHw$ Cm: AHw${d AHw$d{h AHw${h
nanX bmoQ>bH$ma: AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
H$amoVw Hw$Vm Hw$dVw W: Hw$Vm Hw$dmVm Hw$dVm
Hw$ Hw$V Hw$V : Hw$d Hw$dmWm Hw$d
H$adm{U H$admd H$adm Cm: H$ad H$admdh H$admh
nanX {d{Y{bL>bH$ma: AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
Hw$mV Hw$mVm Hw$w: W: Hw$duV Hw$dumVm Hw$duaZ
Hw$m: Hw$mV Hw$mV : Hw$duWm: Hw$dumWm Hw$dud
Hw$m Hw$md Hw$m Cm: Hw$du Hw$dud{h Hw$du{h
eH$ (5 n.n.)
bQ>bH$ma: bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
eZmo{V eZwV: eZwdpV W: AeZmoV AeZwVm AeZwdZ
eZmo{f eZwW: eZwW : AeZmo: AeZwV AeZwV
eZmo{ eZwd: eZw: Cm: AeZd AeZwd AeZw
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
eZmoVw eZwVm eZwdVw W: eZwmV eZwmVm eZww:
eZw{h eZwV eZwV : eZwm: eZwmV eZwmV
eZdm{Z eZdmd eZdm Cm: eZwm eZwmd eZwm
75
bQ>bH$ma: lw (e) (5 n.n.) bL>bH$ma:
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
eUmo{V eUwV: edpV W: AeUmoV AeUwVm AedZ
eUmo{f eUwW: eUwW : AeUmo: AeUwV AeUwV
eUmo{ eUwd:/ed: eUw:/e: Cm: AeUd AeUwd/Aed AeUw/Ae
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
eUmoVw eUwVm eUwdVw W: eUwmV eUwmVm eUww:
eUw eUwV eUwV : eUwm: eUwmV eUwmV
eUdm{Z eUdmd eUdm Cm: eUwm eUwmd eUwm
{Okmgmn
mo nm {Mdm {bIV&
1. N>mm: e: & (mZmoVw, mZwdVw) 2. Ah ~mb: & (Ap, :)
3. gm nmH$ & (Hw$Vo, Hw$dVo) 4. g: JmVw & (eZmo{, eZmo{V)
5. AmMm: nmR>embm &(AmV, Aw:) 6. d gH$VoZ g^mfU & (Hw$, H$amoVw)
7. A{n Ah doe ? (H$admdh, H$ad) 8. mbmH$ma: nwnm{U & ({MZmo{V, {MdpV)
9. eya: namH$oU {dO mw & (eZmo{V, eZwdpV)
$(B) H$Vdm H$dm M&
{H$mnX
H$Vdm (H$V[a) H$dm (H${U)
(H$Vm YmZ:) (H$ YmZ)
YmZdmV H$VnX Wm YmZdmV H$nX Wm
Wm - ~mbH$: JW nR>{V& ~mbHo$Z JW: nR>Vo&
H$: nR>{V? ~mbH$:& H$: nR>Vo? JW:&

moJ: H$Vm H$ {H$mnX
H$Vdm: Wm {d^pV: {Vrm {d^pV: H$VnX nwfdMZmZwgma
H$dm: VVrm {d^{V: Wm {d^{V: H$nX nwfdMZmZwgma
H$dmm{Z {H$mnXm{Z - 2) nm - nrVo& (1 n.n.) Zr - ZrVo& 5) H$ - {H$Vo&
1) nm - nmVo& (2 n.n.) m - rVo& r - rVo& - {Vo&
km - kmVo& Xm - XrVo& J - JrVo& 6) V - VrVo&
- mVo& 3) {O - OrVo& 4) lw - lyVo& - Vo&
- mVo& {M - MrVo& Vw - VyVo& 7) Z - ZVo&
76
- Vo& 9) nyO - nyVo& Y - YmVo& dh - CVo&
J - JVo& JU - JVo& Kwf - KmoVo& dn - CVo&
8) {bI - {bVo& H$W - H$Vo& jmb - jmVo& dM - CVo&
e - Vo& aM - aVo& - Vo& o - hVo&
ImX - ImVo& VS> - VmS>Vo& 10) Xe - XVo& 12) N> - nN>Vo&
nR> - nR>Vo& Mwa - MmoVo& JW - JVo& Jh - JVo&
wM - wVo& d - dmVo& 11) dX - CVo& ~y - CVo&
H$dm{H$mnXgy = ybYmVw: + + AmZonXrH$mbmW:&
e - n (1 n.n.) H$dm: bQ>bH$ma: (dVmZH$mb:)

E. d. {d. ~. d nwf: E. d. {d. ~. d.
g:/gm/VX Vm/Vo/Vo Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z W: Vo oVo Vo
d wdm y : go oWo do
Ah Amdm d Cm: o Xmdho mho
n#mXe dmm{Z&
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ
1. amoU g: Vo& 2. amoU Vm oVo& 3. amoU Vo XVo&
4. amoU gm XVo& 5. amoU Vo XoVo& 6. amoU Vm: XVo&
7. amoU VV XVo& 8. amoU Vo XoVo& 9. amoU Vm{Z XVo&
10. amoU d >go& 11. amoU wdm oWo& 12. amoU y do&
13. amoU Ah o& 14. amoU Amdm mdho& 15. amoU d mho&
"g: Vo' B{V dm AW: "g: n{V' B{V Z& A{n Vw A: H$mo@{n V n{V& (amoU) g: Vo
B{V AW:& A g: B{V H$nX, Z Vw H$VnX&
H$dm-$nm{U AbH$maofw A{n ^dpV&
{Okmgmn
[aVWmZ nyaV& moJn[aM M {bIV& 6. dXo mVa& (AX)

1. Z {H$Vo& (Agag) 7. am{YH$m d & (AmhVo/Amhgo)
2. gwdUm JU{V& (nwn) 8. ammU aVo& (dmr{H$)
3. ^Vm: Bda & (nyO{V/nyOpV) 9. Ob {n~{g& (wX)
4. {MnQ>: Vo& (AX) 10. {ejHo$U d & (Cn{XVo/
5. ~mbH$m: $bm{Z & (bô/b^Vo) Cn{Xmho)
77
(C) Vnwf:
1. {d^{VVnwf:&
1) IJm: dZ JVm:&
2) VU: a{MVm{Z Vofm ZrS>m{Z&
3) djofw IJmZm {Zdmgm ZrS>m{Z gpV&
4) nO`mV a{jVm: IJm: AmZXpV&
5) IJmZm OrdZ l_: n[anyU_&
6) dH$m`} {ZaVm: IJm: òèrbm:&
1. dZ JVm: = dZJVm:& ({Vr`m {d^{V:) 2. VU: a{MVm{Z = VUa{MVm{Z& (VVr`m {d^{V:)
3. {Zdmgm` ZrS>m{Z = {ZdmgZrS>m{Z& (MVwWu {d^{V:) 4. nO`mV a{jVm: = nOà{jVm:& (n#m_r
{d^{V:) 5. IJmZm OrdZ_ = IJOrdZ& (f>r {d^{V:)6. dH$m`} {ZaVm: = dH$m`{ZaVm:& (g_r
{d^{V:)
A W_nX {Vr`nXoZ H$`m{MV {d^`m g`w`Vo& AV: Ef: gmg: "{d^pVVnwf:' B{V C`Vo&
g_mg- gVnX CmanXmZm_ CXmhaUm{Z gmg{dJh:
H$ma: Amd{b:
{Vr`m djm{lV:& {lV, Am{lV, embmJ_Z, H$_m:, embm JZ, H$ m:,
Vnwwf: JV, Amn, ^yJV:, ^y{_JV:, ^wd JV:, ^yq JV:,
AVrV, m H$Um{lV:, JwUmVrV:, H$U Am{lV:, JwUmZ
gwImn:& AVrV:, gwI Amn:&
dj Am{lV: (H$Q>:)&
VVr`m Ho$e{dhrZ: gn, a{hV, YZgn:, ~w{hrZ:, YZoZ gn:, ~wXm
Vnwf: hrZ, {dH$b, MaU{dH$b:, hrZ:, MaUoZ {dH$b:,
d{OV, `wV, eH$am{{lV:, eH$am {{lV:, {MVm
ge, AmT> {MVmg_m, ~Xage:, gm, ~XaoU ge:, dU:
dU{_{lV:, YZmT>:& {{lV:, YZoZ AmT>:&
Ho$e: {dhrZ:/a{hV:&
MVwWu XmZno{Q>H$m AW_ XoemW_, H$`mW_, Xoem B{V, H$m B{V,
Vnwf: {dhmamW_, ajUmW_, {dhmam B{V, ajUm
{enmb`:, VnmodZ_, B{V, {eno: Amb:,
JWmb`:, H$mè{V: Vngo dZ, JWo:
Hw$S>b{ha, Amb:, H$mm e{$:,
KQ>{mH$m& Hw$S>bmm {ha,
XmZm no{Q>H$m& KQ>m {mH$m&
78
n#m_r hVn{VV& _wV, ^rV, XfU_wV:, XmZdmV:, XfUmV wV:, XmZdmV
Vnwf: mV, n{VV, Agwa^rVm, djn{VV_, mV:, AgwamV ^rVm,
a{jV gna{jV:& djmV n{VV, gnmV
a{jV:&
hVmV n{VV&
(H$ad)
f>r djemIm& {`, H$Vo N>m{`: _H$Vo, N>mmUm {:, H$Vo,
Vnwf: g_we{V:, am_mÙ_, gw epV:, am
{dwdmh:, AZ, {dwV: dmh:,
gy`m}X`:, XeaWnw:, gy CX:, XeaW
{nmkm& nw:, {nVw: Amkm&
dj emIm&
g_r Z{ZnwUm& Hw$eb, aV, H$bmHw$eb:, H$sS>mnQw>:, H$bmm Hw$eb:, H$sS>mm
Vnwf: drU, _, H$maV:, Omdgb:, nQw>:, H$m} aV:, Omgw
`J, `mV, J{UVVk:, dgb:, J{UVo Vk:,
{d{XV, emS> ^wdZ{d{XV:, ^wdZo {d{XV:, OJ{V
OJ{g:& {g:&
Zo {ZnwUm&
{Okmgmn
1. gVnX {bIV& 1. H$nZm AVrV:& 2. Jm JV:& 3. hVoZ {b{IV& 4. g^mfUo MVwa:&

5. Ob {~Xw:& 6. kmZ` bmbgm& 7. H$mH$m ~{b:& 8. MmoamV ^& 9. ^mfmm: Amg:&
2. AYmoXmmZ eXmZ nR>V& EVo eXm: gmgo H$m {d^pV_ AnojVo B{V {bIV&
1. AmT>, 2. JV, 3. mV, 4. emS>, 5. AW_, 6. _wV, 7. ge, 8. {dH$b, 9. {`, 10. {d{XV
3. [aVWmZm{Z nyaV&
gVnX gmg{dJh: gmgH$ma:
VnmodZ ----- MVwWu Vnwf:
----- {MVmm: wV: n#mr Vnwf:
ZohrZ: Zomm hrZ: -----
ZnH$m Zn H$m -----
79
agH$V& Ho$Z H$V? MVwW: KQ>H$:&
mVm ^mVo H$mmb JN>{V& JZmV nyd gm Xmam H$aUrm{Z H$mm{U H$W{V& H$mmUm Amd{b:
Vw XrKm AmgrV& AYwZm gmL>H$mb g:& mVw: mJZg:& Xma: {H$pMV ^rV: V: gdm{U
H$mm{U Z gmm{Z& (mVm {de{V)
mVm - ""ao Xma, H$mmUm Amdqb Xe gda&''
Amd{b: H$V/Z H$V
eZJh dN>Vm P eZJh dN>rH$V& EVV gd Ho$Z H$V /Z H$V?
Jho ObnyaU P Ob ny[aV& XmaoU&
AdH$ajonU P AdH$a: {j:&
mVame^jU P mVame: ^{jV:& XmaoU H$m H$V&
JhmOZ O Jh Z m{OV& mm H$m Xm&
djofw Ob{g#mZ O djofw Ob Z {gV& ~mboZ Ob nrV&
XYmbmV XYH$U P XYmbmV XY H$sV& Am{^: nwVH$m{Z n{R>Vm{Z&
dmwMwo: dN>Vm O dmwMw{: Z dN>rH$Vm& {hbm AdH$a: {j:&
O Vm{^: dm{U jm{bVm{Z&
{dmH$mofmV YZ-AmhaU {dmH$mofmV YZ Z AmV&
N>mm{^: nwpVH$m: {b{IVm:&
dmm: P dmm: H$V:&
g^mfmn
[aVWmZ nyaV&
1. mYdoZ n & (AmZrV:/AmZrV) 2. H$Q>oZ Q>mo{nH$m: & (JhrV/JhrVm:)
3. dm Xodm: & (m{WVm:/m{WV:) 4. wm{^: ZmQH$ & (>:/>)
5. Cm: H$m & (AmaYm/AmaY 6. YoZw{^: VUm{Z & (^wV/^wVm{Z)
7. JwUm X{jUm & (m{MVm/m{MVm)
nR>V ~moYV&
am{J{{V ^{d{V gw^mV
^mdmZwXo{V h{g{V nL>H$Olr:&
BW {d{MV{V H$mofJVo {aoo$
hm hV hV Z{bZt JO Cmhma&&
H$MZ â: YwnmZo : gmL>H$mb mdV H$bH$mofo Ed {V>{V& Xm am{: OmVm VXm H$bXbm{Z
{Zr{bVm{Z& H$mof~oZ âoU {MpVV, am{: Vw J{{V& A{MamXod gw^mV ^{d{V& gyXod:
CXo{V& nwZM H${bZr w${Vm ^{d{V& Ah M H$bH$mofmV wV: ^{dm{& nwZ: dmV
bo& {H$Vw hm hV ! H$mofJV: â: mdV BW {MV{V VmdXod H$MZ JOyW: V AmmV:& Vofw
EHo$Z JOoZ Z{bZr Cnm{Q>Vm& â: Vw H$bH$mofo Ed {Z~:&
Ahmo Xdr {d{Mm J{V:&
80
MVwXe>: nmR>:& H$mem{dZmoX:& (H$R>WrH$aUmW)
gH$V^mfmm gw^m{fVmZm hm^mS>ma {dVo& H$m{ZMZ gw^m{fVm{Z MH${VnyUm{Z&
Vofm AWmd~moY: Z gab:& ho{bH$m:, Hy$Q>Zm: gmny{V: M EVo H$mam: AmH$ ho{bH$m Zm {H$?
H$Vo pVH$Im Ed& gw^m{fVmZm aMZm hmagnyUm m M& AV: Ed EVo A^mfmgw H$m:
H$mH$mam: dmMH$mZm Z: {dZmoXpV& ho{bH$m: y OmZrW?
gmjam {dnarVmoX amjgm Ed Ho$db&

gagmo {dnarVmo@{n gagd Z w#m{V&&1&&
djmJdmgr Z M n{jamO:
{ZoYmar Z M eybnm{U:&
ddYmar Z M {gmoJr
Ob M {~^ KQ>mo Z oK:&&2&&
VmVoZ H${WV nw n {bI mkm&
Z VoZ {bpIV n {nVwamkm Z b{Vm&&3&&
Z Vm{XZ VmV: mo o V {V>{V&
VdmpV mpV mo OmZm{V g npS>V:&&4&&
JrZgmZmZm VUObgVmof{d{hVdmrZm&
bwYH$Yrda{newZm {ZH$maUd[aUmo OJ{V&&5&&
Jmm#mbVao dm[a{U {V{~p~V&
emo^Vo VmaH$mwV$ eVM Z^Vb&&6&&
Xd wharjgo Z Y{ZZm ~yfo Z MmQy>Z fm
Zfm JddM: eUmo{f Z M VmZ mem Ymd{g&
H$mbo ~mbVUm{Z ImX{g na {Zm{g {ZmJo
Vo ~y{h Hw$a Hw$ ^dVm qH$ Zm V Vn:&&7&&
n>rH$aU
cmoH$: 1 - gmjam: B{V nX {dnarVH$oU n{R>V MoV "amjgm:' B{V ^d{V& na "gag:' B{V nX WmZwH$ dm
{dnarVH$oU n{R>V MoV "gag:' Bod ^d{V& A H${dH$nZm Ed H${dH$meb {d^m{V&
cmoH$: 2 - g: dj AJo dg{V {H$Vw n{jamO: JS>: Z& V r{U Zom{U gpV {H$Vw g: eybnm{U: eL>H$a: Z&
g: dH$bge d Yma{V {H$Vw g: {gmoJr Z& g: Ob Yma{V {H$Vw g: Z KQ>: Z M oK:& A Cma dVVo
Zm[aHo$b$b&
cmoH$: 3 - VmVoZ H${WV, ""ho nw, Amkm n {bI&'' VoZ nwoU n Z {b{IV& VWm{n {nVw: Amkm Z b{Vm&
AWg{V: Z Vo& {X "Z VoZ'B{V EH$nX {H$Vo MoV " ZVoZ' B{V nXoZ AW~moY: ^d{V& ZVoZ Zm Zd^mdoZ nwoU
n {b{IV& A{n M {nVw: Amkm Z b{Vm&
81
cmoH$: 4 - Hy$Q>Z: A& A Cma - V Am{X: Z, V AV: Z, V o : {V>{V ( VV ) Vd A{n
ApV, A{n ApV&
cmoH$: 5 - Jm: VUm{Z ImXpV& m: Obo {dhapV& gmYd: gVmof N>pV& na ApZ OJ{V bwYH$m:
JmZ, Yrdam: mZ VWm X>m: gmYyZ {ZH$maUod nrS>pV& A WmgL>-AbL>H$ma: {dVo&
cmoH$: 6 - eVM Z^Vb& B{V H$mMZ gm dVVo& AmH$meo MmUm eV H$W eVo? Bofm gm&
gmny{V: - JmZm: Ob H$mobw$ {dVo& Xm JJZo VmaH$m: Mm: M {dbgpV VXm Mg: eV {V{~~m{Z
JmZm: Obo Vo& VXm H${d: H$nZm H$amo{V, "Z^: eVM' Bd Vo&
cmoH$: 7 - ho Hw$a, V d Y{ZH$mZm d wh: Z Bjgo, fm MmQy>Z Z ~yfo, Efm JddM: Z eUmo{f, mem
M VmZ {V Z Ymd{g& H$mbo ~mbVUm{Z ImX{g na {ZmJo {Zm{g& VV o ~y{h, ^dVm qH$ Zm Vn: VV? Efm
Hw$ammopV: dVVo& gmZmZ C{ Efm AmopV:&
^mfmmg:
cmoH$: 1
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& 3. mo nm {MZwV -
A) {dn: H$pZ eXo XVo? A) n{jamO: djmJo (dg{V/Z dg{V)&
Am) {dn: H$pZ eXo Z XVo? Am) KQ>: r{U Zom{U (Yma{V/Z Yma{V)&
B) mZdm: H$sem: ^dow:? B) eybnm{U: Ob ({~^{V / Z {~^{V)&
B) mZdm: H$sem: Z ^dow:? B) Zm[aHo$b dd (Yma{V/Z Yma{V)&
4. gmZmWH$eXw {MZwV {bIV M&
2. H$mo>H$ nyaV&
n{jamO:, eybnm{U:, Ob, oK:, eL>H$a:, dj:,
gmja: ZwO: $gag: ZwO:
{gmoJr, JS>:, V:, Vmo, ObX:, Vndr&
--- ---
(gagd, amjgd, {dnarVd) cmoH$: 3.
1. H$: H$ dX{V? "n {bI&'
3. gmZmWH$eX {bIV& amjg:, gag: 2. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
4. gpY{dJh Hw$V& A) Ho$Z Amkm Xmm? Am) Ho$Z Amkm Z b{Vm&
A) {dnarVmo@{n = Am) {dnarVmoV = B) n Ho$Z {b{IV?
cmoH$: 2. 3. {deofU-{deo-ApdqV nyaV&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
{deofU {deo
A) djmJdmgr H$:? Am) H$: n{jamO:?
nw:
B) H$: {ZoYmar? B) H$: eybnm{U:?
C) H$: Ob {~^{V? D$) H$: dd Yma{V? {b{IV
2. eXgyh H$Vo EH$ gjoneX {bIV& 4. gpY{dJh Hw$V& mkm, {nVwamkm
A) : dj AJ^mJo {Zdg{V - 5. cmoH$mV "V' mV$nm{U (H$.^y.Ym.{d.)
Am) n{jUm amOm - {MZwV {bIV M&
B) r{U Zom{U - cmoH$: 4.
B) eyb nmUm g: - 1. H$mZwgma aMV&
C) : dd Yma{V - A) {-AjawVo eXo "' o {V>{V&
82
Am) eX Amaô "Z' {dVo& 2. {deofU: OmbaoIm{M nyaV&
B) eX AVo A{n "Z' {dVo&
2. m Cma -
3. gpY Hw$V&
Z^Vb
A) V + Am{X: (A + Am)
Am) V + AV: (A + A)
B) Vd + A{n (A + A)
B) A{n + ApV (B + A)
3. {deofU {bIV&
4. cmoH$mV fR>VnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M& 1) dm[a{U&
cmoH$: 5. 2) Z^Vb&
1. Vm{bH$mny{V Hw$V& 4. JL>Jm B{V eX AanL>pV {bIV&
VUdmo: dar ^d{V cmoH$: 7.
Obdmo: dar ^d{V 1. [aVWmZ nyaV&
gVmofdmo: dar ^d{V A) d Y{ZZm wh: Z Bjgo&
Oyfm-(gmZ,Yrda:,bwYH$:,J,rZ, Am) d fm MmQy>Z Z &
{newZ:) B) d Efm Z eUmo{f&
2. AYmoXmdmm{Z cmoH$W-gmZmWH$-eX: B) d VmZ {V Z Ymd{g&
nwZ: {bIV& C) d H$mbo ~mbVUm{Z &
A) h[aU: enm{U ^j{V VWm{n mY: V ew: D$) d {Zm{g&
^d{V& F$) ho Hw$a, VX ~y{h&
Am) : Ob {n~{V VWm{n Yrda: V [anw: G ) ^dVm qH$ Zm Vn: &
^d{V& 2. Z{ZmU Hw$V&
B) gnwf: {Z:nh: dVVo VWm{n XOZ: V A[a: A) d Y{ZZm d wh: Z Bjgo&
^d{V&
Am) d {ZmJo {Zm{g&
cmoH$: 6.
3. gmZmWH$eX {MZwV {bIV M&
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
dXZ, Ag, en, dmn:, J:, n{g
A) H$m: Zm: dUZ gw^m{fVo dVVo?
Am) eVM Z^Vb Hw$ emo^Vo? 4. cmoH$mV fR>VnXo {MZwV {bIV M&
{X -- V{h H$sS>m - (JUH$m H$aUr& )

EHo$Z JUoZ "{X' Cnw EH$H$ dm boIZr & AoZ JUoZ "V{h' B{V nX
moO{dm EH$H$ dm boIZr & "{X' {M{Q>H$m: nWH$ Wmn{Vm:& "V{h' {M{Q>H$m:
nWH$ Wmn{Vm:& {ejHo$U H$m@{n EH$m "{X' {M{Q>H$m n{R>Vm& AZVa "V{h' {M{Q>H$m
n{R>Vm& X dm VmV mVo VX AWnyU ^doV dm Z B{V Z Q> Ho$db h{gV&
Wm - {X Ah {^fdam ^{dm{ V{h ned: Z{VpV& J J J
83
n#mXe>: nmR>:& Zmoam $b&
nwam Aae{V: Zm amOm AmgrV& V nwm: {ddoH$a{hVm: em{dwIm&
ZmoaOH$-H$WmmoZ {dUwem Zm npS>V: VmZ Zr{VemnmaVmZ AH$amoV& VXW {XdmdZ: Zm {H$?
a{MVmZm H$WmZm gL>Jh: Ed "n#mV' B{V ZmZm {dmV:& (1) {ôX: "Wm {MpVV VWd
(2) {gm{: (3) H$mH$mobwH$s (4) bYUme: (5) Anar{jVH$maH$ B{V A^dV' B{V H$Xm{MV
Vm{Z n#m Vm{U& Anar{jVH$maH$mV drH$Vm VwVH$Wm&
AZw^yV dm?
AYrVo BX {Z Zr{Vem eUmo{V M&
Z nam^dmZmo{V eH$mX{n H$XmMZ&&
H$p{V ZJao H${V

d^mdH$nUmo Zm H$mo@{n {^jwH$:
{Vdg{V & VoZ {^jm moZ
gVw{n>oZ H$be: gny[aV: & V
M KQ> ZmJXVo adm ~Xdm
VmYVmV H$Q> gm gVV
V{fo {MVZ g: gw: & g:
A{MVV- ""n[anyUm}@
KQ>VmdV gVw{n>oZ dVVo& {X
X{^j ^d{V V{h A {dH$UoZ
$H$mUm eV mm{&
VVVoZ Ah AOm Ho$m{&
VV: fmm{gH$-gddemV Vmm yW: ^{d{V & VVmo@Om{^: ^yVm: YoZy: Jhrm{, YoZw{^:
{hfr:, {hfr{^: dS>dm:, dS>dmgdV: ^yVm: Adm: ^{dpV& Vofm {dH$Um^yV
gwdU mm{ & gwdU}Z MVw:emb Jh gnVo& VV: H${V Y{ZH$: mdH$m
$nmT>m H$m Xm{V & Amdmo: nw: ^{d{V & Vmh gmoe}{V Zm H$[am{&
VV: g: OmZwMbZmo: ^{d{V & EH$Xm gmoem m >>m grn AmJ{{V&
VVmo@h H$monm{d>: A{^Ymm{^mm, ""JhmU ~mbH$'' B{V& gm@{n dMZ Z lmo{V&
VmdH$mbo H$Z Hw$w$a: V AmJ{{V& gmoem VmV ^rV: ^{d{V& VVmo@h gwWm bJwS>oZ
V Hw$w$a VmS>{m{&'' Ed dZ: mZpWV: g: VWd bJwS>hma AH$amoV& VoZ bJwS>hmaoU
gVw{n>oZ nyU: g: KQ>: ^: A^dV& d^mdH$nU: g: nmSw>aVm AJN>V& AV: ~dr{ -
AZmJVdVt {MVmg^mm H$amo{V :&
g Ed nmSw>a: eoVo gmoe{nVm Wm&&
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV&
1. {^jwH$ Zm {H$? 2. d^mdH$nUoZ KQ>: Hw$ ~:?
3. gmoem H$mV ^rV: ^{d{V? 4. gVw{n>oZ nyU: KQ>: H$mV H$maUmV ^:?
5. gmoe{nVw: Zm {H$? 6. d^mdH$nUoZ H$Q>: Hw$ gm[aV:?
84
2. m^mfm CmaV&
1. d^mdH$nU: {H$W nmSw>aVm AJN>V?
2. "A{n {XdmdZXeZ mo?' B{V H$Wmm: AmYmaoU {bIV&
3. {ZmU Hw$V&
1. d^mdH$nU: AOm Ho${V& 2. A KQ>: gVw{n>oZ nyU:&
4. (A) gpY{dJh Hw$V& 1) VmYVmV (2) gmoe}{V (3) VVmo@h&
(Am) dU{dJh Hw$V& (1) X{^j (2) $nmT>m (3) mZpWV: (4) d^mdH$nU:
(B$) gyMZmZwgma dmn[adVZ Hw$V&
1. H${V Y{ZH$: dH$m Xm{V& (bQ>bH$mao n[adVV&)
2. ~mbH$ gmoem B{V Zm H$[am{& (H$VnXWmZo "g:' moOV&)
3. gmoem grn AmJ{{V& ("' WmZo "{nV'eX mo $n {bIV&)
4. EH$: Zw: {Vdg{V & ( {ZH$mgV)
5. Ah bJwS>oZ Hw$w$a VmS>{m{& (bQ>WmZo {bL>moJ Hw$V)
5. gmZmWH$eX {bIV& H$nU:, X{^j, A:, YoZw:, gwdU, Hw$w$a:&
6. gVnX Hw$V& d^mdoZ H$nU:, H$monoZ Am{d>:, bJwS> hma:&
nR>V AdJN>V ! OZmZm {dVma:&
1) ^mV + wV: - ^mwV:& 4) VpZ + Ed = Vpod&
V + ya: - ya:& BZ + AV = BV&
dJrOZ + AZwZm{gH$ = dJu-AZwZm{gH$ d: da: Z H$mo@{n da: =

fQ> + mg: = fmg:& (nyd) (nMmV)
dmH$ + - dmL>& VpZ + Cgdo = Vpwgdo&
2) VmV + M = Vm& Hw$dZ + AmgrV = Hw$dmgrV&
{dV + OZ: ={dmZ:&
5) gV + AmMma: = gXmMma:&

Vw + Mw = Mw eamV + A{n = eamX{n&
(Mw = M dJ:) (Vw = V dJ:) dJuOZ + da:/XOZ=VVrOZ
AdH$mamV + M = AdH$am&
EVV + O: = EVm:& fQ> + {dH$mam: = fS>{dH$mam:&
3) V + ea: = N>a:& VmV + Ed = VmXod&
lrV + ea: = lrN>a:& 6) VX + H$Vo = VH$Vo& jwY + nrS>m = jwnrS>m
V + e =
dJuOZ + H$R>moaOZ = WOZ
M N>
fS> + H$ma: = fQ>H$ma:&
VV + lmoVw = VN>moVw&
JN>oV + {ed: = JN>opN>d:& X + gm{YV = gm{YV&
85
agH$V& {deofU-{dVma:&
Ydb: M: AmH$meo dVVo& Ah {V{XZ Ydb M nm{, Vwm{ M& YdboZ MoU Z^:
{d^m{V& MH$moam: Ydbm Mm nhpV& YdbmV MmV {H$aUm: dpV& ny{Umm Ydb
M gmX Anyd Ibw& ho Ydb M, erVbVm N> gd}:&
{ XdMZ m M {d^pV{deo&
V{ VXdMZ gd {d^pV{deofUm{n&&
gH$V^mfmm Wm {deo {b, dMZ {d^V: M n[adVVo VWd {deofUo A{n n[adVZ ^d{V&
nw{b r{b ZnwgH${b {d^pV:

{ZnwU: ~mbH$: {ZnwUm ~m{bH$m {Z{~S> Aa Wm
{ZnwU ~mbH$ {ZnwUm ~m{bH$m {Z{~S> Aa {Vrm
{ZnwUoZ ~mbHo$Z {ZnwUm ~m{bH$m {Z{~S>oZ AaoZ VVrm
{ZnwUm ~mbH$m {ZnwUm ~m{bH$m {Z{~S>m Aam MVwWu
{ZnwUmV ~mbH$mV {ZnwUmm: ~m{bH$mm: {Z{~S>mV AamV n#mr
{ZnwU ~mbH$ {ZnwUmm: ~m{bH$mm: {Z{~S> Aa f>r
{ZnwUo ~mbHo$ {ZnwUmm ~m{bH$mm {Z{~S>o Aao gr
ho {ZnwU ~mbH$ ho {ZnwUo ~m{bHo$ ho {Z{~S> Aa g~moYZ
Edod {dMZ VWm ~hdMZ $nm{U ^dpV&
Hw$eb: dm{ZH$:&
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^pV:
Hw$eb: dm{ZH$: Hw$ebm dm{ZH$m: Wm
dm{ZH$ dm{ZH$m Hw$ebmZ {Vrm
Hw$eboZ Hw$ebmm dm{ZH$: VVrm
dm{ZH$m dm{ZH$mm Hw$ebo: MVwWu
Hw$ebmV Hw$ebmm dm{ZHo$: n#mr
dm{ZH$ dm{ZH$mo: Hw$ebmZm f>r
Hw$ebo dm{ZH$mo: dm{ZHo$fw gr
Hw$eb dm{ZH$m Hw$ebm: g~moYZ
Edod "MVwa: ~mbH$:', "Cm: H${d:', "{Z{~S> dZ', "XrKm ZXr', "oYm{dZr ~m{bH$m', "nwamVZr
H$Wm', "{: gwX', "Zohmbw: {nVm', "am Cfm:' Bofm {deofU-{deo-wmZm $nm{U dXVw&
86
{Okmgmn
{deofU-{deomo: w nyaV&
nw{b r{b ZnwgH${b {d^pV:
n{d: Obme: (n{d) ZXr (n{d) JmOb Wm
(ZyVZ) S>n ZyVZm ^mfm (ZyVZ) pXa {Vrm
goZ (H$mof) (g) nanam goZ (ZJa) VVrm
(H$mob) d^mdm H$mobm (bVm) (H$mob) nwnm MVwWu
namYrZmV (Cnm) (namYrZm) ~wXm: (namYrZ) OrdZmV n#mr
(Cm) nwf Cmmm: (n{H$m) Cm (dmn) f>r
(Wyb>) nwo Wybmm (H$m) (Wyb>) nmo gr
ho (lo>) F$fo ho loo> (VnpdZr) ho (lo>) AmfY g~moYZ
dmm{Z nyaV&
1. ({demb) dj AY: n$m{Z ($b) AnVZ& 2. (d) {nVm (gagm) H$Wm: amoMVo&
3. {ZnwUm (Jm{H$m) gh Ah (ldUr) JrV Jmm{& 4. o (nm) (erVb) Ob {dVo&
nR>V ~moYV&
[MV, MZ wVm{Z {deofUm{Z =
[MV, MZ EVX A{Z{VVm Xe{V& "{H$' BZoZ gh Vmo: CnmoJ: ^d{V&
(H$: + {MV) H${V Zn:, ({H$ + MZ) {H$#mZ ZJa&
(Ho$Z + {MV) Ho$Z{MV w{ZZm& (H$ + {MV) H${MV ZwO&
ApV H${V Zn:& g: H$p{V ZJao AQ>{V & Ho$Z{MV w{ZZm g: AmhV:& w{Z: AnN>V,
""{H$ Apd{g hmamO?'' Zn: H${#mV H$mb {d{M AdXV, ""Z {H${n& H$U hVmV
n[a^>& VX Ed Apdm{&'' F${f: CVdmZ, ""ho amOZ, ^dmZ Vw Zn:& AV {H${n H$U Yma{Vw
eZmo{f& VWm{n H$U{dfo {H$W EVmdV {MVZ? wV ^dV: amo {H$V: OZm: ~w^w{jVm:,
Ho$MZ X[am: Ho${MV amoJnr{S>Vm: M& H$mZ {hbm: CmoJoZ {dZm {ZamYmam:& H${X ~mbH$: {ejU
V& Ho$fm#mZ {eeyZm Am{X{dfo hVr XadWm& Ho$fwMZ {d^mJofw ObdWm Z grMrZm&
EVofm H$Vo {H${n Hw$& H$U{dfo {MVm m Hw$& am dWm Zn na H$V&''

7) {ZgJmV + bVo = {ZgJmVo& 8) ApZ + bmoHo$ = Ap>>moHo$&
EVX + bdU = EVdU& JWmZ + {bI{V = JWm{I{V&

V/X + b b
Z + b b
CV + bg{V = Cg{V&
VmZ + bmoH$mZ = VmmoH$mZ&
H$Xm{MV + bY = H$Xm{MY&
XodmZ + bg{V = Xodmg{V&
87
fmoS>e>: nmR>:& dmJV VnmoYZmm:&
Ho$ AZyhm?
amm{^foH$mXZVa lramMM[aV pZ ZmQ>Ho$ dVVo VX ZmQ>
CmaamM[aV& ^d^y{V Zm hmH${d A ZmQ>H$ aM{Vm& A wmH$ AZo {X
{dZm
ZmQ>H$ {Vro AL>Ho$ dVVo A dZXodVm-Amor gdmX& AmnVpV V{h y H$W VmZ
{ZamHw$W?

(Zono) dmJV VnmoYZmm&
(VV {de{V AdJdofm Vmngr)
dZXodVm - Am}, H$m nwZ: A^dVr? qH$ moOZ XS>H$madoe?
Amor - ApZ Xoeo ~hd AJmX wZ {ZdgpV& Vo doXmV{dm A{YJVw A
AmJVm& dmr{H$hfo} AmlmV Bh AmJVmp&
dZXodVm - Ahmo Am! Ao wZ doXmVkmZmW dmr{H$ F${f CnJN>pV& H$W A^dVr
V AmlmV A AQ>{V?
Amor - V AZo hmZ AZyh Cn& ^Jd{V, Ho$Zm{n XodVm{deofoU XmaH$wnZrV&
Hw$ebdm B{V Vmo ZmZr& EH$mXedfm{U mdV ^JdVm dmr{H$Zm Ymr Bd nmo{fVm a{jVm
M& CnZZ H$dm r{dm{n Am{nVm& A{VXrkmoYo Vmo& Z Amem gmmm
N>mm Vmm gh AoVw eZwdpV& V,
88
{dVa{V Jw mko {dm Wd VWm OS>o
Z Ibw VmokmZo eqV H$amonhpV dm&
^d{V {h nwZ^ymZ ôX $b {V VWm
^d{V ew{M{~~Jmho {UZ Xm M&&
dZXodVm - AZyh?
Amor- A&
dZXodVm- AW Ana: H$?
Amor- AWH$Xm g h{f mpXZgdZm VgmZXrVra AJN>V& V djo EH$ H$m#mw
AmgrV& ghgm mYoZ Vmo EH$ ~mUoZ {d& ^ym n{VV {Zo> ghMa Q>m H$m#mr bnV&
Vm: H$U {dbmn lwdm AH$mV hf}: wImV AZww>nN>Xgm AlwVnydm Xdr dmUr w$[aVm
"m {ZfmX, {V>m dJ emVr gm......'
dZXodVm - {M& AmZmmV AZVa ZyVZ N>Xgm AdVma&
Amor- VoZ {h nwZ goZ ^JdmZ ~Xod: V Am{d^yV: "hf}, ~w A{g& aM amM[aV'&
B{V AmXoe~ g: dmr{H$: ammUaMZmm : ApV& VmV ~dr{, BXmZt V
AZg^d&
dZXodVm - wVo&
Amor - {dlmVmp ô& g{V AJml mJ H$W&
^mfmmg:
1. EH$dmoZ CmaV& (3) Ao wZ: doXmVkmZmW dmr{H$G{f

(1) Amor dmr{H$hf}: AmlmV XS>H$ma CnJN>pV&
{H$W AmJVm? 4. A) eX dU{dJh Hw$V&
(2) XmaH$ ZmZr Ho$? (1) AJ: (2) dmr{H$:
(3) dmr{H$: mpXZgdZm Hw$ AJN>V? (3) AZww^ (4) doXmV
(4) H$m#m: {dbmn lwd>m hf}: wImV H$ser Am) H$mbdMZn[adVZ Hw$V&
dmUr gVm? (1) wZ: dZXoeo {ZdgpV & (EH$dMZo
(5) ~Xod: dmr{H$ {H$ Am{XeV? n[adVV&)
2. m^mfm {bIV& (2) aM amM[aV& ({bL>bH$mao n[adVV&)
(1) Amom: W: AZyh: H$:? B) {deofU-{deo-obZ Hw$V&
(2) ~XodoZ ""aM amM[aV'' B{V
{deo {deofU
dmr{H$:$ {H$W Am{X>:?
1) ghMa: 1) nmo{fVm
3. Z{ZmU Hw$V&
2) {dbmn: 2) AlwVnydm
(1)Amor dmr{H$hf}: AmlmV XS>H$ma
3) Hw$ebdm 3) H$U:
AmJVm&
4) dmUr$ 4) {ZMo>:
(2) mYoZ H$m#m: ~mUoZ {d:&
89
^mfmgy - 4
(A) bQ>bH$ma: ({Vr: ^{dH$mb:)&
: -^yVH$mb: A - dVmZH$mb: : - ^{dH$mb:
Ah AnR>& Ah nR>m{& Ah n{R>m{&
~mbH$m: AIobZ& ~mbH$m: IobpV& ~mbH$m: Io{bpV&
mVm AN>V& mVm N>{V& mVm Xm{V&
d AZ:& d Z{g& d Z{g&
am: Aw#mV& am: w#m{V& am: mo{V&
obZ Hw$V&
$nm{U n{R>m{ Io{bpV Xm{V Z{V mo{V J{{V d{V m{ m{V
YmVd: +Amn wM J> dM Xm N> Z Iob nR>
bQ>m:& (^{dH$mbm:)
nanX AmZonX
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
{V V: pV Cm: Vo oVo Vo
{g W: W : go oWo do
m{ md: m: W: o mdho mho
J (1 n.n.) b^ (1 Am.n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
J{{V J{V: J{pV Cm: bVo boVo bVo
J{{g J{W: J{W : bgo bWo bdo
J{m{ J{md: J{m: W: bo bmdho bmho
ZV (4 n. n.) Z (4 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
Z{V{V Z{VV: Z{VpV Cm: Vo oVo Vo
Z{V{g Z{VW: Z{VW : go oWo do
Z{Vm{ Z{Vmd: Z{Vm: W: o mdho mho
N> (6 n. n.) wM (6 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
{V V: pV Cm: moVo mooVo moVo
{g W: W : mogo mooWo modo
m{ md: m: W: moo momdho momho
90
{MV (10 n. n.) JU (10 Am. n.)
E.d. {d. ~.d. nwf: E.d. {d. ~.d.
{MV{{V {MV{V: {MV{pV Cm: JU{{V JU{V: JU{pV
{MV{{g {MV{W: {MV{W : JU{{g JU{W: JU{W
{MV{m{ {MV{md: {MV{m: W: JU{m{ JU{md: JU{m:
dmm{Z nR>V&
1. d gmH$mbo CmZ J{m:& 7. na: mVwb: {M{H$H$m Xm{V&
2. nwVH$ H$Xm Xm{g? 8. AmJm{{Z df} AmH$ embmm gwdUhmogd:
3. ~mbH$m: o>mZ ZpV& gnVo&
4. N>mm: CmmZ AmZ mpV& 9. A{Jo mgo narjm ^{d{V&
5. "qgh, O^d ! XVmZ Vo JU{m{& 10. AmJm{{Z df} Ah MmZo Cndom{&
6. na: mVmhr Jh AmJ{{V& 11. A{J wJ VkmZoZ Ed nyU ^{d{V&
{Okmgmn
AmH$ { A{Jo mgo H$mHw$mat J{{V& g: V qH$ qH$ H$[a{V B{V {MV{dm dmm{Z nyaV&
1. AV: A{Jo e{Zdmgao mma^ & (H$)
2. {dmZmZoZ g V Aow: & ( + Amn)
3. W H$mHw$marpWV Xodmb g: & (e-n)
4. VmV gwVra & (m)
5. VW gymV & (Ad + bmoH$)

9) VmZ + MmoamZ = VmmoamZ & 10) n[a + N>oX: - n[aN>oX:&
{dZmZ + M = {dZm& V + N>mm = VN>mm&
Z+ M/N>/Q>/R>/V/W
(AZwdma:), : ({dgJ:) d: da: + N> = N>
~hZ + VH$amZ = ~hVH$amZ& mV + N>mm = mVN>mm&
EVmZ + N>mmZ = EVmN>mmZ& {d + N>oX: = {dN>oX:&
91
{H$mnX$nm{U&
YmVw:(JU:, nX) bQ> bL> bmoQ> {d{Y{bL> bQ> H${U
nR> (1 n.n.) nR>{V AnR>V nR>Vw nR>oV n{R>{V nR>Vo
Xm (1 n.n.) N>{V AN>V N>Vw N>oV Xm{V XrVo
nm (1 n.n.) {n~{V A{n~V {n~Vw {n~oV nm{V nrVo
J (1 n.n.) Jm{V AJmV JmVw JmoV Jm{V JrVo
(1 n.n.) m{V AmV mVw moV m{V mVo
Zr (1 C.n.) n.n. Z{V AZV ZVw ZoV Zo{V ZrVo
Zr (1 C.n.) Am.n. ZVo AZV ZVm ZoV ZoVo ZrVo
(1 n.n.) a{V AaV aVw aoV [a{V Vo
(1 C.n.) n.n. ha{V AhaV haVw haoV h[a{V rVo
(1 C.n.) Am. n. haVo AhaV haVm haoV h[aVo rVo
a^ (1 Am.n.) a^Vo Aa^V a^Vm aôV aVo aVo
ZV (4 n.n.) Z{V AZV ZVw ZoV Z{V{V ZVo
Hw$Y (4 n.n.) Hw${V$ AHw$V Hw$Vw Hw$oV H$mo{V Hw$Vo
Z (4 Am.n.) Vo AV Vm oV Vo Vo
{bI (6 n.n.) {bI{V A{bIV {bIVw {bIoV bo{I{V {bVo
N> (6 n.n.) nN>{V AnN>V nN>Vw nN>oV {V nN>Vo
{Xe (6 C.n.) n.n. {Xe{V A{XeV {XeVw {XeoV Xo{V {XVo
{Xe (6 C.n.) Am.n. {XeVo A{XeV {XeVm {XeoV XoVo {XVo
wM (6 C.n.) n.n. w#m{V Aw#mV w#mVw w#moV mo{V wVo
wM (6 C.n.)Am.n. w#mVo Aw#mV w#mVm w#moV moVo wVo
nyO (10 C.n.)n.n. nyO{V AnyOV nyOVw nyOoV nyO{{V nyVo
nyO (10C.n.)Am.n. nyOVo AnyOV nyOVm nyOoV nyO{Vo nyVo
nh(10 C.n.)n.n. nh{V AnhV nhVw nhoV nh{{V nVo
nh(10C.n.)Am.n. nhVo AnhV nhVm nhoV nh{Vo nVo
Mwa (10 C.n.) n.n. Mmoa{V AMmoaV MmoaVw MmoaoV Mmoa{{V MmoVo
Mwa (10C.n.)Am.n. MmoaVo AMmoaV MmoaVm MmoaoV Mmoa{Vo MmoVo
Ag (2 n.n.) ApV AmgrV AVw mV ^{d{V ^yVo

eH$ (5 n.n.) eZmo{V AeZmoV eZmoVw eZwmV e{V eVo
lw (5 n.n.) eUmo{V AeUmoV eUmoVw eUwmV lmo{V lyVo
H$ (8 C.n.) n.n. H$amo{V AH$amoV H$amoVw Hw$mV H$[a{V {H$Vo
H$ (8 C.n.) Am.n. Hw$Vo AHw$dV Hw$Vm Hw$duV H$[aVo {H$Vo
km (9 C.n.) n.n. OmZm{V AOmZmV OmZmVw OmZrmV km{V kmVo
km (9 C.n.) Am.n. OmZrVo AOmZrV OmZrVm OmZrV kmVo kmVo
92
B) ^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z&
A "H$' YmVmo: Obme:&

A H${V m: n[a{MVm: wmH$?
kmV n>dV
CV a{MVdV
kmVdV
a{jV H$V CVdV a{jVdV
bY n{R>V n> H$VdV n{R>VdV
a{MV bYdV
V-^mS> VdVw ^mS>
amoU nmR>: n{R>V:& am: nmR> n{R>VdmZ&
amoU H${dVm n{R>Vm& grVm nmR> n{R>VdVr&
amoU H$m n{R>V& N>mm: nmR> n{R>VdV:&
amoU nmR>m: n{R>Vm:& {hbm: nmR> n{R>Vd:&
grVm H${dVo n{R>Vo& Ah nmR> n{R>VdmZ&
Am{^: H$mm{Z n{R>Vm{Z& d nmR> n{R>VdVr&
Wm H$nX n[adVVo, Wm H$VnX n[adVVo,
VWm {H$mgyMH$ {deofU A{n n[adVVo& VWm {H$mgyMH$ {deofU A{n n[adVVo&
EVX {H$mnXmV {^&
"n{R>V' B{V "V' mV$n (H$dm ^yV. YmVw. {deofU = ybYmVw: + V) VWm M
"n{R>VdV' B{V "VdVw' mV$n (H$Vdm ^yV. YmVw. {deofU = ybYmVw: + VdV)&
YmVw: V VdVw YmVw: V VdVw YmVw: V VdVw
$n $n $n $n $n $n
{jn {j {jdV nm nrV nrVdV nyO ny{OV ny{OVdV
Amn Am AmdV nm nmV nmVdV ^j ^{jV ^{jVdV
{O {OV {OVdV Ym {hV {hVdV ^yf ^y{fV ^y{fVdV
Zr ZrV ZrVdV J JrV JrVdV AW A{WV A{WVdV
lw lwV lwVdV mV mVdV jb jm{bV jm{bVdV
H$ H$V H$VdV H$W H${WV H${WVdV VS> Vm{S>V Vm{S>VdV
V VdV XS> XpS>V XpS>VdV Kwf Kmo{fV Kmo{fVdV
V VdV JU J{UV J{UVdV Mwa Mmo[aV Mmo[aVdV
93

YmVw: V VdVw YmVw: V VdVw YmVw: V VdVw
$n $n $n $n $n $n
e > >dV nR> n{R>V n{R>VdV Z V VdV
{Xe {X> {X>dV {bI {b{IV {b{IVdV VZ VV VVdV
ne n> n>dV dX dpXV dpXVdV hZ hV hVdV
gO g> g>dV wM wV wVdV a aV aVdV
Xe X> X>dV O V VdV J JV JVdV
Bf B> B>dV ^wO ^wV ^wVdV dM CV CVdV
N> n> n>dV ~wY ~w ~wdV dX C{XV C{XVdV
Ze Z> Z>dV a^ aY aYdV dh D$T> D$T>dV
JW J{WV J{WVdV b^ bY bYdV Jh JhrV JhrVdV
W {WV {WVdV bw^ bwY bwYdV O B> B>dV
$nm{U AdbmoH$V&
H$dm ^yV. YmVw. {deofU H$Vdm ^yV. YmVw. {deofU
n{R>V: n{R>Vm n{R>Vm: (nw.) n{R>VdmZ n{R>VdVm n{R>VdV: (nw.)
n{R>Vm n{R>Vo n{R>Vm: (r.) n{R>VdVr n{R>Vdm n{R>Vd: (r)
n{R>V n{R>Vo n{R>Vm{Z (Znw.) n{R>VdV n{R>VdVr n{R>VdpV (Znw.)
EVm{Z $nm{U Xod, mbm, dZ Bd& EVm{Z $nm{U ^dV, ZXr, OJV Bd&
AYmoXmm{Z dmm{Z nR>V, ôX AdJN>V&
Ho$Z/H$m H$V& H$: H$VdmZ / H$m H$VdVr?
1. AMHo$U Xod: ny{OV:& 1. AMH : Xod ny{OVdmZ&
2. AMHo$U Xodr ny{OVm& 2. AMH$: Xodr ny{OVdmZ&
3. AMHo$U XdV ny{OV& 3. AMH$: XdV ny{OVdmZ&
4. {nVmm H$Wm H${WVm& 4. {nVmhr H$Wm H${WVdVr&
5. MmbHo$Z $H$m{U J{UVm{Z& 5. MmbH$: $H$m{U J{UVdmZ&
6. H$frdboZ gm{Z Cm{Z& 6. H$frdb: gm{Z CdmZ&
1. "V' mV$n: [aVWmZm{Z nyaV& {Okmgmn

1. OZ: nyOm & (H$) 2.{ejHo$U nmR>: C: & (nR>)
3. {eoU X{jUm & (Xm) 4. AZm H$Wm & (aM)
5. {~S>mboZ jra & (nm) 6. m {M & (e)
2. "VdVw' mV$n: [aVWmZm{Z nyaV&
1. nwf: H$m & (H$) 2.{hbm em{Q>H$m & (Y)
3. Xodm: ^VmZ & (aj) 4. Ah {Mm{U & (e)
5. H${d: H${dVm & ({bI)
94
&& AaH$mof:&&
H$R>WrH$aUmW& {dJh:&
amOm - amOm amQ> nm{Wd: m^n^ynhr{jV:& amOm, amQ>, nm{Wd:, m^V, Zn:, ^yn:, hr{jV&
Jw: - Cnmmmo@mnH$mo@W m{foH$m{XH$XJw :& Cnmm:, AmnH$:, {ZfoH$m{XH$V, Jw:&
Zm{gH$m - br~o KmU JYdhm KmoUm Zmgm M Zm{gH$m& KmU, JYdhm, KmoUm, Zmgm, Zm{gH$m&
Zo - bmoMZ ZZ ZorjU Mjwa{jUr& bmoMZ, ZZ, Zo, BjU, Mjw:, A{j:&
H$U: - H$UeXJhm lmo lw{V: r ldU ld:& H$U:, eXJh:, lmo, lw{V:, ldU, ld:&
fQ>nX:{ao$nwn{bS>^fQ>nXâmb:& {ao$:, nwn{bQ>, >^:, fQ>nX:, â:, A{b:&
mZdm: - Zwm mZwfm m ZwOm mZdm Zam:& Zwm:, mZwfm:, m:, ZwOm:, mZdm:, Zam:&
Xd Xd {X> ^mJYo ^m r [Z{V{d{Y:& Xd, {X>, ^mJYo, ^m, [Z{V:, {d{Y:&
{ZnwU: - drUmo {ZnwUm{^k{dk{ZUmV{e{jVm:& drU:, {ZnwU:, A{^k:, {dk:, {ZUmV:, {e{jV:&
k: - k: gdmo@damo mJ: gVVwI: H$Vw:& k:, gd:, Ada:, mJ:, gVVw:, I:, H$Vw:&
Hw$~oa: - Hw$~oa~H$gImo amOamOmo YZm{Yn:& Hw$~oa:, ~H$gI:, amOamO:, YZm{Yn:&
mMH$: - dZrH$mo mMZH$mo mJUmo mMH$m{WZm& dZrH$:, mMZH$:, mJU:, mMH$:, AWu&
mJ: - AZ d mJmdnWmZ: nXdr g{V:& AZ, d, mJ:, Adm, nWm:, nXdr g{V:&
g{ZH$: - ^Q>m moYm moma: goZmajmVw g{ZH$m:& ^Q>m:, moYm:, moma:, goZmajm:, g{ZH$m:&
{Zm - m{m eZ dmn: dZ: gdoe B{n& {Zm, eZ, dmn:, dZ:, gdoe:&
~w{: - ~w{Zrfm YrfUmYr: km eowfr {V:& ~w{:, Zrfm, YrfUm, Yr:, km, eowfr, {V:&
hf: - wX r{V: Xmo hf: moXmmoXgXm:& wX, r{V:, X:, hf:, moX:, AmmoX:, gX:&
dM>: - mhma CpVb{nV ^m{fV dMZ dM:& mhma:, CpV:, b{nV, ^m{fV, dMZ, dM:&
ew: - [anm d[agZm[a{fXofUXX:& [anw:, dar, gnZ:, A[a:, {fX, ofU:, XwX&
Hw$w$a: - H$mboH$: gmao: Hw$w$amo JXeH$:& H$mboH$:, gmao:, Hw$w$a:, JXeH$:&
H$nU: - H$X} H$nUjwqH$nMmZ{VnMm:& H$X:, H$nU:, jw:, qH$nMmZ:, {VnM:&
emo^Z gwXa ${Ma Mm gwf gmYw emo^Z& gwXa, ${Ma, Mm, gwf, gmYw, emo^Z&
{bZ brg Vw {bZ H$a bX{fV& brg, {bZ, H$a, bX{fV&
^yV - ^yV Mwa mX^ ~hb ~h& ^yV, Mwa, m, AX^, ~hb, ~h&
nyU - gJ gH$b nyUIS> mXZyZHo$& gJ, gH$b, nyU, AIS>, AZyZH$&
nw: - AmOVZ: gyZw: gwV: nw: {m dr& AmO:, VZ:, gyZw:, gwV:, nw:&
: - H$VmVmo wZm^mVm eZmo amS> :& H$VmV:, wZm^mVm, eZ:, amQ>,> :&
{XZ: - Kmo {XZmhZr dm Vw br~o {Xdgdmgam& K:, {XZ, Ah:, {Xdg:, dmga:&
amjg:-amjg: H$mUn: H$mV H$mXmo@n Amea:& amjg:, H$mUn:, H$mV, H$mX:, An:, Amea:&
eL>H$a: e^ware: newn{V: {ed: eybr hoa:& e^w:, Be:, newn{V:, {ed:, eybr, hoa:&
oK: A^ oKmo dm[admhV{S>dmZ dm[aXmo@~w^V& A^, oK:, dm[admh:, V{S>dmZ, dm[aX:, A~w^V&
rZ: - nWwamom Pfmo mo rZmo dgm[aUmo@S>O:& nWwamom, Pf:, :, rZ:, dgm[aU:, AS>O:&
Z^: - Z^mo@V[aj JJZZV gwad I& Z^:, AV[aj, JJZ, AZV, gwad, I&
{hbm - r mo{fXZm mofm Zmar grpVZr dYy:& r, mo{fV, AZm, mofm, Zmar, grpVZr, dYy:&
OJV - {dWmo OJVr bmoH$mo {d>n ^wdZ OJV& OJVr, bmoH$:, {d>n, ^wdZ, OJV&
df - gdgamo dgamo@Xmo hmZmo@r eagm:& gdga:, dga:, AX:, hmZ:, eaX, g:&
ew^ - :log {ed ^ H$mU b ew^& :log, {ed, ^, H$mU, b, ew^&
95
eXH$mof& (nmR>mZwgma) 4) maKpQ>H$m (r) - 3) bKw^ma (Znw.) -
1. gw> JhrV: Mma:& 5) {>H$XH$H$sS>m (nw.) - 4) Am (nw.) -
1) YZyV (nw.) - 6) bmbm{V ({deo.) - 5) em{Q>H$m#mb (Znw.) -
2) mm{>H$m (r) - 7) ~w^wjm (r) - 6) {H$V (A.) -
3) AL>Jw{bm (Znw) - 8) Am^mgmH$ (Znw.) - 7) aOH$ (nw.) -
2. Ambm& 6. drad{ZVm {dnbm& 8) MXZo$ZH$ (Znw.) -
1) Anmjad (Znw.) - 1) ^wd (r) - 9) mnV (A.) -
2) Am (Znw.) - 2) wJnX (A.) - 12. AaH$mof&
3) KmU (Znw.) $- 3) wV (A.) - 1) AoV (nw.) -
4) g> ({deo.Znw.) - 4) BVna (A.) - 2) Wo> (A.) -
5) fQ>nX (nw.) - 5) AmwYhma (nw.) - 3) AmMVmaH$ (Znw.) -
6) Ho$VH$sJY: (nw.) - 6) H$Xbrdj (nw.) - 4) AZwemgZ (Znw.) -
7) AmKmVw (A) - 7) gV ({deo.) - 5) {dZmmg (A.) -
8) nagVmn: (nw.) - 7. moJmbm& 13. gamm erb&
9) dZ (Znw.) - 1) CmmZ (Znw.) - 1) Cnhma (nw.) -
10) {Vrm (r) - 2) OmZw (Znw.) - 2) {H$L>H$a (nw.) -
11) WmZ^ (nw.) - 3) moW (nw.)- 3) KdmZ (nw.) -
12) AZw: (nw.) - 4) nm{U (nw.) - 4) VQ>hV: (nw.) -
13) Am (A.) - 5) On: (nw.) - 5) ObmK (nw.) -
3. Ym Vm XmVmMH$m& 6) AVam (nw.) - 6) nWwba^gm (r) -
1) H$m (r) - 8. {nZH$moS>-dVH$ hmZ 7) {dZdMgm (r) -
2) nQw> (nw.) - gH$Vk& 8) bmZwIr (r) -
3) ê (A.) - 1) AmL>b^mfm (r) - 9) naVra (Znw.) -
4) dpV (A.) - 2) X~m}Y (Znw.) - 10) db: (nw.) -
5) gH$memV (A.)- 3) yhm (nw.) - 11) Om (Znw.) -
6) namd{VVw (A.) - 4) {dao (nw.) - 14. H$mem{dZmoX:&
7) AmH$mVw (A.) - 9. gypVgwYm& 1) pVH$Im (Znw.) -
8) ^yVm (r) - 1) ^mV^m (Znw.) - 2) gag (Znw.) -
4. {dWmbm& 2) JUZm (r) - 3) n{jamO (nw.) -
1) MoV (A) - 3) XhpV (YmVw$n) - 4) eybnm{U: (nw.) -
2) Hw$V (A) - 4) OmS> ({deo.) - 5) {~^V ({deo.) -
3) AZV (A) - 5) hV - (A.) - 6) bwYH$: (nw.) -
4) H$mL>joV ({H$.) - 6) {dJho - (nw.) - 7) Yrda: (nw.) -
5) gH$ (A.) - 7) na: (nw.) - 8) {newZ (nw.) -
6) h (A.) - 8) g{ZZ (nw.) - 9) M#mbVa (nw.) -
7) dH$: (nw.) - 10. {nV^V Z{MHo$Vm:& 10) d (Znw.) -
8) AdbwnoV ({H$.) - 1) bm{bV (nw.) - 11) MmQy>Z (A.) -
5. qH$ {m? qH$ dmVd? 2) H$moYmdoe (nw.) - 12) fm (A.) -
1) WZ (Znw.) - 3) {Zdma{Vw (A.) - 13) mem (r.)
2) gwImgX (nw.)- 11. Zg dN>Vm& 14) ~mbVU (Znw.) -
3) Mb^mf (nw.) - 1) hR> (Znw.) - 15) wh: (A.) -
2) CV (A.)- 16) Hw$a: (nw.) -
96
15. Zmoam $b& 9) MVwemb (Znw.) - 3) A{YJVw (A.) -
1) AYrVo ({H$.) - 10) mdH$m (r.) - 4) A{VXrkmoYo (r) -
2) eH$ (nw.) - 11) OmZwMbZmo (nw.) - 5) Ame (nw.) -
3) gVw:$(nw.) - 12) lmo{V ({H$.) - 6) OS> (nw.) -
4) ZmJXV: (nw.) - 13) nmSw>aVm (r.) - 7) Xm (r.) -
5) dS>dm (r.) - 14) eoVo ({H$.) - 8) AmZm (nw.) -
6) yW (nw.) - 16. dmJV VnmoYZmm& 9) gdZ (Znw.) -
7) {hfr (r.) - 1) Zon (Znw.) - 10) {ZfmX: (nw.) -
8) {dH$U (Znw.) - 2) AdJdofm (r.) -
KQ>H$narjm 1 m$n Am: 20

(nmR> 1, 2, 3, ^mfmgy 1)
. 1. A) 1) {M XQ>m Zmm{Z {bIV (3 V: 2) 1
2) gL>m: Aja:/AL>H$: {bIV (3 V: 2) 1
. 1. Am) Jme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& (2 Jmem) & 8
1) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (1)
2) g Ag dm/C{MV H$maU/ H$: H$ dX{V? (1)
3) JmemV gmZmWH$/{dmWH$ eX {MZwV& (1)
4) o dmV/~V/VwV-AnXo/{d^VnXo {MZwV& (1)
. 2 A)nme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& 3
1. nme:-1 H$m{n EH$ cmoH$ AZwdmX m^mfm {bIV&(2 V: 1) (2)
2. nme:-2 EH$dmoZ CmaV& (1) AWdm 2 gmZmWH$m/{dmWH$m eXm {MZwV&(1)
Am) cmoH$ nyU ew M {bIV& (2 V: 1) 2
. 3. mH$aU& 5
A) Vm{bH$m nyaV& (3 V: 2) (Zm-gdZm-{H$mnXVm{bH$m) (2)
Am) AmZm/YmVyZm CnmoJ H$dm dmm{Z {bIV& (3 V: 2) (2)
B) dm ew Hw$V& (2 V: 1) (1)
***
Zdr H$jm-ymnZ&
W/{Vr g - (100 Am:) boIZnarjm (80 Am:)
mpIH$s narjm (10 Am:)
l ^mfU - 2 Am& Amew^mfU/
l ldU - 2 Am& (lwVboIZ 4 eXm:)
{M Xe{dm dUZ/g^mfU&
l dmMZ - 2 Am& (n{R>VJme:/nyaH$gm{h
l H$R>WrH$aU - 4 Am:& mWZm,
Wm- nR>V ~moYV...)
cmoH$nR>Z, Vm{bH$mnR>Z (Zm,
(dUm}mam:, g/f, Z/U ôXm: >m:)
gdZm, {H$mnX), gdbH$maofw
A-Am: (10 Am:) = KQ>H$narjm + boIZnwpVH$m& n#mXedmm{Z&
97
Zdr H$jm H${Vn{H$m-m$n AL>H$m: (80 )
gnyU-gH$V g: - 3 hmoam:
W: {d^mJ: - gwJgH$V& (5)
1) A) {M Q>m Zmm{Z {bIV& (5 V: 4) ({MnXH$mofV: 5 {Mm{U) 2

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Am) gL>m: Aja: A: dm {bIV& (3 V: 2)(Wg-1 V: 50, {Vrg-51 V: 100) 1

B) Aja: gboIZ Hw$V& (5 V: 4) 2
{Vr: {d^mJ: - J& (21)
2) A) Jme: 1 - Jme n{R>dm {Z{X>m: H$Vr: Hw$V& (Wg - 1, 3, 5, 6) 7
}
Am) Jme: 2 - Jme n{R>dm {Z{X>m: H$Vr: Hw$V& ({Vrg 10, 11, 12, 15) 7
(50-80 eX{Vm Jmem Ano{jVm&)
H$V: - H$) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (3 V: 2) ({fw EH$: Z: nmR> Zm{dfo w> eVo&) (2)
I) g Ag dm/ H$: H$ dX{V/C{MV H$maU {Mdm dm nwZ{bIV& (1)
J) gpY/gpY{dJh Hw$V& (nydnX/CmanX/MVwWnX/{dJh {bIV&) (1)
K) gyMZmZwgma H$Vr: Hw$V& (4 V: 3) (3)
(1$) eX dU{dJh $Hw$V& (Ho$db 1) (2) Z{ZmU Hw$V& (Ho$db 1)
(3) bH$ma {bIV&(Ho$db 1) (4>) dmV/~V/VwV/{d^V$nm{U& (Ho$db 1)
(5>) {deofU-{deo-g~Y:& (VôbZ Hw$V/JmeV: {MZwV/MVwWnX {bIV&)
(6) gmZmWH$/{dmWH$eX {MZwV& (Ho$db 1)
B) Jme: 3 - m^mfm AZwdmX Hw$V& (5/6 dmm{Z) (Wg-8 {Vrg - 16) 5
B) m^mfm Cma {bIV& (2 V: 1) (Wg - 1, 3, 5, 6) ({Vrg - 10, 11, 12, 15) 2
(VmdZm Ano{jVm&)
VVr: {d^mJ: - n& (16)
3) A) nme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& (Wg-2, 4 {Vrg-9, 14) (2/3 cmoH$m: >m:&) 4
H$) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (3 V: 2) (2)
I) gyMZmZwgma H$Vr Hw$V& (3 V: 2) (2)
(1$) {deofU-{deo-g~Y:& (2) dmV/~V/VwV/{d^V nX {MZwV&
(3) bH$ma {bIV& (4) gmZmWH$/{dmWH$ eX {MZwV& (5>) Z{ZmU Hw$V& (AYmoaoIZ AmdH$)
Am) nme n{R>dm OmbaoIm{M nyaV& (Wg-2, 4, 7 {Vrg-9, 14) 2
B) nme n{R>dm m^mfm AZwdmX Hw$V& (2 V: 1)(Wg-2, 4 {Vrg-9, 14) 2
B) [aVWmZm{Z nya{dm Ad nwZ{bIV& (cmoH$: Z XmV:&) (Wg-4 {Vrg-9) 2
C) cmoH$m ewm nyUm M {bIV& (3 V: 2) (Wg-2, 4 {Vrg-9, 14) 4
D$) m^mfm Cma {bIV& (2 V: 1) (Wg-7 {Vrg-13)(VmdZm Ano{jVm&) 2
98
MVwW: {d^mJ: - boIZH$meb& (16)
4) A) {Z~Y/gdmX nyaV& 5
(Ho$db 5 [aVWmZm{Z Q>m{Z& dm nwZb}IZ H$aUr& eXOyfm AmdH$s&)
Am) AmZm / YmVyZm CnmoJ H$dm dmm{Z {bIV& (5 V: 3) (CnnX{d^pV:&) 3
B) gL>m{deofUmZm CnmoJ H$dm dm {bIV& (3 V: 2) (Ho$db 1 V: 10 gL>m:&) 2
(1 V: 4 gL>m: AZwg EH$m gL>m Ano{jVm&) (Wg - Wm{d^pV:, {Vrg - Wm {dhm)
B) m^mfmV: gH$V^mfm AZwdXV& (6 V: 4) (gL>m/g AZwg EH$ dm)
AWdm
OyfmV: eXmZ w {MdUZ $$Hw$V& (4 dmm{Z) (eXOyfm AmdH$s&) 4
C) AaH$mofmV gmZmWH$eX moO{dm dm nwZ{bIV& (4 V: 2)
(EH$od nX AYmoao{IV H$V&) 2
n#m: {d^mJ: - mH$aU& (14)
5) A) Vm{bH$m nyaV& 6
(H$) Zm-Vm{bH$m nyaV& (6 V: 4) (2)
(I) gdZm-Vm{bH$m nyaV& (6 V: 4) (2)
(J) YmVw- Vm{bH$m nyaV& (bH$maVm{bH$m) (6 V: 4) (2)
Am) gyMZmZwgma H$Vr: Hw$V& (5 V: 3) 3
(H$) moJn[aM Hw$V& (I) nydH$mbdmMH$ A {ZH$mgV/moOV&
(J) H$maH$n[aM Hw$V (K) "' {ZH$mgV/moOV& (L>) bH$man[adVZ Hw$V&
(M) dMZn[adVZ Hw$V& (N>) "^dmZ' WmZo "d'/"d' WmZo "^dmZ' moOV&
B) gmgm:& (8 V: 6) 3
Wg- nWHw$V& (BVaoVa:, gmhma:-8 gVnXm{Z)
{Vrg- VôbZ Hw$V& (V^: A-4 gVnXm{Z, 4 {dJhm:& V^: ~-8 gmgZmm{Z&)
B) dm ew Hw$V& (3 V: 2) 2
(dm XmV& dmo EH$: Ed dmaMZmXmof: Ano{jV:&)
f>: {d^mJ: - An{R>V& (8)
6) A) Jme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& (Ad~moYZm 50-60 eX{V: gab: Jme: XmV:&) 4
H$) EH$dmoZ CmaV (2 V: 1)&
(1)
I) g Ag dm {bIV& (1)
J) m{Vn{XH$ (ybeX) {bIV& (eX AmdH$) (1)
K) {d^V/A/{H$mnX {MZwV {bIV M& (Ho$db 1) (1)
Am) nme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& (Ad~moYZm gabo nmeo XmVo&) 2
H ) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (2 V: 1) (1)
I) {deofU-{deo-g~Y:/gmZmWH$/{dmWH$ eX {MZwV& (Ho$db 1) (1)
B) nme n{R>dm OmbaoIm{M nyaV& (4 [aVWmZm{Z)& 2
***
99
Zdr H$jm H${Vn{H$m Am: (80 )
gnyU-gH$V g: - 3 hmoam:
W: {d^mJ: - gwJgH$V (5)
1) A) {M Q>m Zmm{Z {bIV& (5 V: 4) 2

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Am) gL>m: Aja: A: dm {bIV& (3 V: 2) 1

1) 64 2) ZdZd{V: 3) 23
B) Aja: gboIZ Hw$V& (5 V: 4) 2
1) 12.15 2) 7.25 3) 8.30 4) 2.00 5) 4.55
{Vr: {d^mJ: - J& (21)
2) A) Jme n{R>dm {Z{X>m: H$Vr: Hw$V& 7
H$p{V VnmodZo daVVw: Zm F${f: AmgrV & g: AmnZo {ZnwU: H$m Xmbw: M
AmgrV& V Amlo ~hd: oYm{dZ: ~Q>d: AmgZ& Vofw H${V H$mg: Zm ~Qw>: AmgrV&
{dmZ gm JwX{jUm XmVwwgwH$: H$mg: Jw CnmJN>V & g{dZ M d BN>m
Jwado AH$WV& V dM: lwdm Jw: CVdmZ, ""dg H$mg, Vd AZoZ godm M ê
rVmo@p& Am H$m{n X{jUm ZoN>m{& JN>, dpV Vw&'' JwUm daVVwZm {Zdm[aV: A{n
H$mg: dmadma X{jUm XmVw EoN>V&
VXm V nar{jVw daVVw: AH$WV - ""dm gH$memV MVwXe{dm: AYrVm:& AV:
MVwXeH$mo{Q>gwdUwm: AmZ&''
H$. EH$dmoZ CmaV& (3 V: 2) 2
1) H$: H$m Xmbw: AmgrV? 2) H$mg: H$ CnmJN>V?
3) A Jme: H$mV nmR>mV CV:?
I. C{MV H$maU {Mdm dm nwZ{bIV& 1
daVVw: gVw>: V: &
$1) $H$mg: VnmodZmV {ZJV:& 2) H$mgoZ gH$ AZ H$V&
J. gpY{dJh Hw$V& 1
1) XmVwwgwH$: = + CgwH$:& 2) rVmo@p = + Ap&
K. gyMZmZwgma H$Vr: Hw$V& (4 V: 3) 3
1) JmemV VVrm{d^VnX {Mdm {bIV& (Ho$db 1)
2) bH$ma {bIV& - AmZ
3) JmemV {deofU {Mdm {bIV& ~Q>d:&
4) JmemV {dmWH$eX {MZwV& Ama &
100
Am) Jme n{R>dm {Z{X>m: H$Vr: Hw$V& 7
"Efm aUamV mdV Z {ZdmVo VmdV O: gdWm Z mVo' B{V {MV{dm ewg{ZH$m: wJnV
AmH$ Vm AddV:& ewg{ZH$m: Vo AgL>m: AmgZ, {dnbm Vw EH$m{H$Zr! VWm{n Vm:
Z{g Z ^r{Vboe: A{n AmgrV& wV {Jw{UVoZ CgmhoZ w H$VdVr& wgo ewg{ZH$m: Vm:
EH$ nmX H${VVdV:& AZVa "BV: na EVm: H$maUmV nrS>m Z ^{d{V' B{V {ZU H$dm Vo
{e{~a {VJVdV:&
{n {dnbmm: nmX: ^: VWm{n gm hVmogmhm Z OmVm& MVy{V: gm dramZm Ed AmgrV&
": m w H$aUr Ed' B{V {Z{ gm nmX nwZ: mw EoN>V& AV: gm {ZbVm Cn{d
A{ZrHw$mamo: mZ H$VdVr& Vm: ^Vo$: H$maUmV A{ZrHw$mam bmohwV nmX moO{dm Vm
Wmnyd H$VdVm& EVmV {dnbm Wmnyd M{bVw w H$Vw M gWm OmVm&
H$) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (3 V: 2) 2
1. {dnbm H$mo: mZ H$VdVr? 2. wgo ewg{ZH$m: qH$ H$VdV:?
3. A{ZrHw$mam {dnbm Wmnyd H$W H$VdVm?
I) dm nwZ{b{Idm g Ag dm B{V {bIV& 1
ewg{ZH$m: wJnV AmH$ IobamO AddV:&
J) gpY{dJh Hw$V& {n = + 1
K) gyMZmZwgma H$Vr: Hw$V& (4 V: 3) 3
1. Z{ZmU Hw$V& - {dnbm w H$Vw gWm OmVm&
2. JmeV: gmZmWH$eX {Mdm {bIV& - AJ{UVm: = &
3. JmeV: nydH$mbdmMH$-~V-A {Mdm {bIV& (Ho$db 1)
4. eX dU{dJh Hw$V& - AmH$
B) Jme n{R>dm m^mfm AZwdmX Hw$V& 5
AZwemgZ{ dobUH$ahmoX grV{n {: {df: & g: hmmo{bZdmXZo VWm
V~bmdmXZo@{n AVrd {ZnwU:& AV: Ed g: "JrVJrdmU' B{V grV{dfH$ emrJW gH$VoZ
a{MVdmZ& H$Wm:, JrVm{Z, ~mbJrVm{Z, ZZmQ> B{V ~h{dYm: aMZm: VoZ H$Vm: VWm{n Z>mQ>boIZ
V A{^V: gm{hH$ma:& boIZ, {XXeZ, ZmQ>{Z{{V:, dWmnZ, grVgmoOZ B{V gdod
H$Vw g: gW: AV: ""g~Hw$N> lr{^:'' B{V V ZmQ>H$mZm m{V: AmgrV&
B) m^mfm Cma {bIV& (2 V: 1) 2
1. mVm VZmm: {dMman[adVZ H$W H$amo{V? 2. Z{MHo$Vm: nwa {H$W AJN>V?
VVr: {d^mJ: - n& (16)
3) A) nmem n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V&
X:Io X:Im{YH$mZ noV gwIo noV gwIm{YH$mZ&
AmmZ emoH$hfmm ewm{d ZmnoV&&1&&
maVo Z Ibw {dZôZ ZrM: ma {dZ{dhVm {dapV m:&
{dZ: nwZ: nwZa{n {VhmZm: nmaYwmOZm Z n[aOpV&&2&&
101
1. Ho$ maY H$m Z n[aOpV? 2. X:Io H$mZ noV?
3. AmmZ H$mm Z AnoV?
I) gyMZmZwgma H$Vr Hw$V& (3 V: 2) 2
1 {dmWH$eX {bIV& - emoH$: &

2. Z{ZmU Hw$V&
{dZôZ ZrM: H$m Z maVo&
2. OyfmV: C{MV nm {Mdm V^nyaU Hw$V&
ZrMm: m: Cmm:
(Z n[apV, H$mmV,
H$m H$m
Z ma^Vo, {dapV)
Am) nme n{R>dm OmbaoIm{M nyaV& 2

1. WmZ^>m Z emo^Vo XVm Ho$em ZIm Zam:&
B{V {dkm {VmZ dWmZ Z n[aOoV&& WmZ^>m: Z
emo^Vo&
B) nme n{R>dm m^mfm AZwdmX Hw$V& (2 V: 1) 2

1. lmoVw H$Um dVwm gwhm KmVw, KmU nmXw, {dhVw&
w> Zoo hVw M XmVw mVw {Mm oZ g> g nmVw&&
2. h dojoV Za[aVmZ:& {H$w o new{^Vw {H$w gnwf[a{V&&
B) [aVWmZm{Z nya{dm Ad nwZ{bIV& 2
{>nyV goV& Ob {n~oV& gnyVm dmUr & gmMaoV&
C) cmoH$m nyUm ewm M {bIV& (3 V: 2) 4
1. AH$dm .......&& 2. JwUm: Hw$dpV .....&& 3. gwImWu MoV .....&&
D$) m^mfm Cma {bIV& (2 V: 1) 2
1. edmgZ H$W dmH$a ^d{V? 2. $Ho$Z qH$ OoV?
MVwW: {d^mJ: - boIZH$meb& (16)
4) A) {Z~Y nyaV& (Oyfm - ^yfU, Ywam, mMrZm, XodmZm, gmdoX:) 5
"^mfmgw wm {Xm JrdmU^maVr&' B{V V H$Vo VV g Ed& gH$V^mfm AVrd
^mfm& ^mfm B{V Vm: m{V:& doXdmL> gH$V^mfmm:
Ed& F$doX:, Owd}X:, , AWddoX: M B{V Mdma: doXm:& gm AmH$ am> ^mfm&
Am) AmZm / YmVyZm CnmoJ H$dm dmm{Z {bIV& (5 V: 3) 3
1. M 2. Xm-N> 3. ~{h: 4. grno 5. J-JN>
102
B) gL>m{deofUmZm CnmoJ H$dm dm {bIV& (3 V: 2) 2
(H$) 2 (I) 6 (J) 8
B) m^mfmV: gH$V^mfm AZwdXV& (6 V: 4) 4
1. ~mB, r $im nwgy H$m? / Teacher, may I wipe the board?
2. r Cm nwVH$ AmUVmo. / Tomorrow I will bring the book.
3. ~mH$mZr H$nS>o YwVbo. / Women washed clothes.
4. Vwhr XmoKo ~mJoV Om. / Both of you go to the garden.
5. {dmWu Z {dMmaVmV. / Students ask questions.
6. mm dJmV 44 {dmWu AmhoV. / There are 44 students in my class.
AWdm
OyfmV: eXmZ w {MdUZ $$Hw$V& (4 dmm{Z)

(Oyfm - ya:, qgh:, ZpV,
JO{V, ZmH$m, ObnmV:,
n$dQ>mZ, OZm:,
dfmg, Sy>H$:)
C) AaH$mofmV gmZmWH$eX moO{dm dm nwZ{bIV& (4 V: 2) 2

1. w{Z: k H$amoVw& 2. Zn: godH$ Am{XeV& 3. amKd: JmZo {ZnwU:& 4. Xod: ZwmZ aj{V&
n#m: {d^mJ: - mH$aU& (14)
. 5 A) Vm{bH$m nyaV& 6
(H$) Zm-Vm{bH$m nyaV& (6 V: 4) (I) gdZm-Vm{bH$m nyaV& (6 V: 4)
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^pV: EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ {d^pV:
^mZwZm VVrm Am{^: VVrm
mV: n#mr ^dVo MVwWu
H$mo: gr Bm Wm
(J) YmVw- Vm{bH$m nyaV& (6 V: 4)
EH$dMZ {dMZ ~hdMZ nwf
nR>oV W:
ZV :
Ab^m{h Cm:
103
Am) gyMZmZwgma $H$Vr: Hw$V& (5 V: 3) 3
1. gwYm JrV JmoV& (moJn[aM Hw$V&) 2. d n& ("^dmZ' CnmoOV&)
3. dgma: BN>Vw& (EH$dMZo n[adVV&) 4. ned: Aao AMaZ& (bQ>bH$mao n[adVV&)
5. Ah Jh Jdm nwVH$ nR>m{& (dmV-A {ZH$mgV&)
B) nWHw$V& (8 V: 6) 3
BVaoVa: gmhma: (h[amHw$L>Hw$, Sy>H$m, nnwnm{U, {VbJwS>,
djbVm:, XYeH$a, H$XJUoem, yfH$mOma&)
B) dm ew Hw$V& (3 V: 2) 2
1. d gdo {{bdm Zmd& 2.gm eya: ~m{bH$m ApV& 3. nwnmZmV amogd: gnVo&
f>: {d^mJ: - An{R>V&(8)
6) A) Jme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& 4
AWH$Xm Zao: ~mb{: gh H$sS>{V Jh Membmm& Vo lrea nyOm AHw$dZ& AZVa
gd: {edmZ H$V B{V {Z{V& Zao: gw{Ma mZ: A^dV& BVao ~mbH$m: BVVV: AMaZ gmX
A^jZ M& AmVao nWwb: ^wO: Zao nwaV: AgnV& $Um C g XmobmVo & VXQ>m ^rV^rVm:
Vo ~mbH$m: ^wdZoarXodt Ym{ddm gH$b dmmV AH$WZ& ^H$mVm gm godH$: gh Membm m{deV&
mZW Zao XmobmmZ ^wO M AnV& VjU g ZmJ: {~bo AnmgnV& VXm ^wdZoarXodr Zao hVoZ
AneV& Zoo Cr Zao: OZZt mUV& ""Z ^rV: qH$ d ZmJXeZmV?' B{V gm V AnN>V& "Z m
>: ZmJ:& Ah Vw namZXo : Amg&' B{V CVdmZ Zao:&
1. ~mb{m{U H$ nyyOm Hw$dZ? 2. Zao nwaV: H$: AgnV?
I) g Ag dm {bIV& 1
^wO XQ>m Zao: ^^rV:&
J) m{Vn{XH$ (ybeX) {bIV& 1
1. Membm - ..... 2. gd: - ........
K) JmemV Ho$@{n 2 Ao {Mdm {bIV& 1
Am) nme n{R>dm H$Vr: Hw$V& (Ad~moYZm gabo nmeo XmVo&) 4
{XZmVo M {n~oV XY {ZemVo M {n~oV Ob&
^moOZmVo {n~oV VH$$qH$ d moOZ&&
H ) EH$dmoZ CmaV& (2 V: 1) 1
1. {ZemVo qH$ {n~oV? 2. VH$ H$Xm {n~oV?
I) gmZmWH$ eX {MZwV& 1
1. Vmo - ..... 2. jra - ......
B) nme n{R>dm OmbaoIm{M nyaV& gadm: {deofUm{Z& 2
dXo gadVt Xodt drUmnwVH$Ym[aUr&
nmgZm ew^dm H$bm{dmXm{Zr&&
Xodr
104
hmam>am-nmR>nwVH$-{Z{{V: VWm
AmgH$-gemoYZ-S>b, nwUo-4
gH V AmmoX BVm Zddr (gnyU) ` 58.00
Zdr H$jm
gnyU-gH$V
Wm:
doXH$
gH V AmmoX BVm Zddr (gnyU)

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n#m

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hmam>am-nmR>nwVH$-{Z{{V: VWm

gH V AmmoX BVm Zddr (gnyU)

{Vr g& ^mf mgy&

A^rpgVmW{gXW ny{OVmo : gwamgwa:&

{ejHo$U AdYmVm: Aem:&

ma adr nmXH$Q>: YmZH$j:

Od{ZH$m nL>H$: Vn: CnYmZ

AmN>mXH$ grH$a: jmbZ nwnmYmZr

nmH$embm ^moOZnrR> dmwMw{: nm

Xdu {lH$: Wm{bH$m H$Q>mh:

XVd: n[aMm[aH$m dm{ZH$: AVambdra:

dkm{ZH$: AmajH$: VjH$: Hw$^H$ma:

^madmh: Yrda: Amn{UH$: gm{MH$:

VVwdm: A{^Vm ndmhH$: mZMm{bH$m

mbmH$ma: bonH$ma: {ejH$: nmMH$:

H$f{V {ZH$mg{V W{V/Zm{V {^Z{m

jmb{V {ZnrS>{V nwQ>rH$amo{V gr{V

A{^Z{V Am{bI{V Xe{V IZ{V

Adgn{V CbdVo bVo Q>L>H${V

: d JN>{g ago AJN>: AaWm:

Wm{ZpMV gd} godH$m: dra~b Jh

Aow: bKw{>H$m Q>d dra~boZ Mma:

~mbH$: nwVH$ n{R>dm nmR>embm JN>{V&

mVm nmH$ H$dm ^moOZ n[adof{V&

EVm n {b{Idm nno{Q>H$mm {Z{jnV:&

ZV: { e{jH$m Zdm AZZ&

dm Xod m {Zm H$amo{V&

ew^Xm AmnU Jdm YZ Xdm nwVH$ AmZr nR>{V&

H$Q>: djmV -----no{Q>H$m-----Q>mo{nH$m ----- VHo$ ------ dj Amamoh{V&

agH$V& qH$ H$Vw?

wdH$: {MnQ>Jh JN>{V {MnQ> n{V M&

lmoVw H$Um, dVwm gwhm

Xdodo{V g{#m Z dmomoJ ZaOoV&

Amdmo gmoJoZ AmH$ma

Amdmo A{n D$H$ma ^d{V& Amdmo gmoJoZ GH$ma: ^d{V&

(A gmZmZm dUmZm XrK$n gpY& AV g gdUXrKgpY B{V CVo&)

Amdmo: gmoJoZ Eo B{V Amdmo: gmoJoZ Am B{V

Xm gmoJ daoU ^d{V (B/B daoU gh (C/D$ dO{dm) gmoJoZ

(CnJ, lwdm, Q>m, Amh, XmVw, AmXmVw, nar{jVw, {dhm, gm)

N>mm: - AmMm}, Zmo Z:&

EVofw dmofw {d{dY{H$mnXmZm CnmoJ H$dm nwZ: dXV aV M&

H${V:- 2. $H${Vn{H$mm m: {d{dYm: gyMZm: gpV, Vm: EH$ {bIV&

nR>V AdJN>V ! damUm g{>:&

AH$mamV: eX: Xod: gy: dmV: dj:

AH$mamV:/BH$mamV: eX: {ejH$: gd: M: der

nR>V ^oX AdJN>V M&

BemZ: embm JN>{V nR>{V M& ho: AIobV Jh AmJN>V M&

3. Amf: Jh AmJ ^moOZ H$amo{V& 4. Ah Xod U Zm{&

Amf: Jh AmJN>{V ^moOZ H$amo{V M& Ah Xod Um{ Zm{ M&

qde{V-A{YH$- n#m qde{V-A{YH$- n#m{eV-A{YH$- Mdm[aeV-A{YH$-

CXmhaUmZwgma K{Q>H$mo g{ZX}eZ Hw$V&

OZm Am ewH$ M d ^Ud{ZZm A Ama d

nR>V AdJN>V ! damUm g{>:&

gwImWu MoV Oo{m {dmWu MoV OogwI&

(1) Yam gwYmIS>mZ AmZ{V& 2) d JW nR>m:&

.nw. .nw. C.nw. C.nw.

{H$mnX H$VnX AZwga{V& {H$mnX H$VnX AZwga{V&

~mb: Ob {n~{V& ~mb: Ob nrVdmZ& AZre: JN>{V& AZre: JVdmZ&

N>mm: IobpV& N>mm: Io{bVdV:& d nR>m:& d n{R>VdV:&

{hbm {jn{V& {hbm {jdVr& Xrnm Z{V& Xrnm Z{VVdVr&

Vm: jmbpV& Vm: jm{bVd:& N>mm: {bIpV& N>mm: {b{IVd:&

1. obZ Hw$V& 2. ew dm Aew?

4. n[aN>oXo VdVw-$nm{U AYmoaopIVm{Z Hw$V&

5. bL>bH$ma WmZo VdVw-$nm{U moO{dm n[aN>oX {bIV&