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(EH$moZqde{V:) (EH$moZMËdm[aëV²) (EH$moZf{ï>:) (EH$moZmer{V:) (EH$moZeV‘²)
20. qde{V: 40. MËdm[aëV² 60. f{ï>: 80. Aer{V: 100. eV‘²
1000 - ghò‘², 10,000 - A¶wV‘², 1, 00,000 - bj‘², 10,00,000 {Z¶wV‘², 1,00,00,000 - H$mo{Q>:
EH§$ Xe eV§ M¡d ghò‘¶wV§ VWm & bj§ M {Z¶wV§ M¡d H$mo{Q>a~w©X‘od M &&
d¥ÝX§ Idm} {ZId©íM eL²>I: nX²‘íM gmJa: & AÝË¶§ ‘Ü¶§ namYª M Xed¥X²Ü¶m ¶WmH«$‘‘² &&
H«$sS>m - gL²>»¶mÝdofU‘² & 5 100 37 97 14 43 30 66 81 23
g‘rno {dÚ‘mZo MVwîH$moUo EH$V: eVn¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶m: 82 41 96 65 31 60 71 87 3 59
{b{IVm: gpÝV & EH$: JU: gL²>»¶m§ dX{V & 99 80 9 42 72 64 12 32 8 48
Ana: JU: MVwîH$moUo {dÚ‘mZm§ gL²>»¶m‘² ApÝdî¶{V & 38 74 16 35 51 15 98 36 63 58
6 24 67 1 73 25 46 20 33 10
¶Wm - EH$mXe
75 44 52 34 21 62 88 47 83 40
91 26 11 84 61 50 22 76 4 57
17 85 53 89 27 78 2 93 70 28
39 92 7 95 79 55 45 56 13 86
29 54 68 49 18 94 19 69 90 77
gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & {MÌnXH$mof: &
Ûma‘² a“d„r nmXH$Q>: àYmZH$j:
Od{ZH$m n¶©L²>H$: Vën: CnYmZ‘²
AmÀN>mXH$‘² g‘rH$a: jmbZ¶ÝÌ‘² nwînmYmZr
nmH$embm ^moOZnrR>‘² dm¶wMw{„: nmÌ‘²
Xdu {‘lH$: ñWm{bH$m H$Q>mh:

1
d¥Îm¶: &
XÝVd¡Ú: n[aMm[aH$m d¡‘m{ZH$: AÝVambdra:
d¡km{ZH$: AmajH$: VjH$: Hw$å^H$ma:
^madmh: Yrda: Amn{UH$: gm¡{MH$:
VÝVwdm¶: A{^¶ÝVm nÌdmhH$: ¶mZMm{bH$m
‘mbmH$ma: bonH$ma: {ejH$: nmMH$:

2
{H«$¶m: &
O¥å^Vo कासते जिघ्रति e¥Umo{V
H¥$f{V {ZîH$mg¶{V ‘W{V/‘ÏZm{V {^Z{Îm
àjmb¶{V {ZînrS>¶{V nwQ>rH$amo{V grì¶{V
A{^Z¶{V Am{bI{V Xe©¶{V IZ{V
Adgn©{V CËßbdVo b”Vo Q>L²>H$¶{V

3
nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² &
• n#mXe dm³¶m{Z &
bQ²> (dV©‘mZH$mb:) bL²> (^yVH$mb:)
nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘² nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²
g: nwéf:
àW‘:
gm H$Ý¶m
VX² AnË¶§
} JÀN>{V a‘Vo AJÀN>V² Aa‘V
Vm¡ nwéfm¡
nwéf: Vo H$Ý¶o
Vo AnË¶o
} JÀN>V: a‘oVo AJÀN>Vm‘² Aa‘oVm‘²
Vo nwéfm:
Vm: H$Ý¶m:
Vm{Z AnË¶m{Z
} JÀN>pÝV a‘ÝVo AJÀN>Z² Aa‘ÝV
‘Ü¶‘: Ëd§ JÀN>{g a‘go AJÀN>: Aa‘Wm:

nwéf: ¶wdm§ JÀN>W: a‘oWo AJÀN>V‘² Aa‘oWm‘²
¶y¶§ JÀN>W a‘Üdo AJÀN>V Aa‘Üd‘²
CÎm‘: Ah§ JÀN>m{‘ a‘o AJÀN>‘² Aa‘o
nwéf: Amdm§ JÀN>md: a‘mdho AJÀN>md Aa‘md{h
d¶§ JÀN>m‘: a‘m‘ho AJÀN>m‘ Aa‘m‘{h
• AdJÀN>V H$maH$m{U &
H$maH$m{U {d^³V¶: CXmhaUm{Z
1. H$Vm© àW‘m AmewVmof: Jm¶{V & (~mb) {bI{V &
a{gH$m ImX{V & (ar‘m) dX{V &
¶mZ§ Mb{V & (nU©) nV{V &
2. H$‘© {ÛVr¶m gwYm§ew: ‘oK§ ní¶{V & amOm (godH$) Amˆ¶{V &
3. H$aU‘² V¥Vr¶m Ah§ ‘wIoZ dXm{‘ & ajH$: (XÊS>) VmS>¶{V &
4. gåàXmZ‘² MVwWu ‘mVm nwÌm¶ ^moOZ§ n[adof¶{V &
Y{ZH$: (¶mMH$) YZ§ XXm{V &
5. AnmXmZ‘² n#m‘r ñ¶yVmV² dó§ nV{V & (d¥j) ’$b§ nV{V &
(AmH$me) Vmo¶§ nV{V &
6. A{YH$aU‘² gá‘r N>mÌm: dJ} Cn{depÝV & IJm: (d¥j) Hy$OpÝV &
‘Ëñ¶m: (ZXr) VapÝV &
* fð>r {d^p³V: Z {H«$¶mnXgå~pÝYZr & AV: gm Z H$maH${d^p³V: &
4
àW‘: nmR>: & gwðw> J¥hrV: Mm¡a: & àW‘: KQ>H$: &
XodXÎm: Zm‘ H$mo@{n Y{ZH$: AmgrV² & EH$Xm
Vñ¶ YZñ¶yV: bwá>: & Vñ¶ J¥ho fS>² ^¥Ë¶m: AmgZ² &
Vofw Ed EH$: Mm¡a: ñ¶mV², B{V Vñ¶ ‘V‘² & Mm¡a§
J«hrVw§ g: dra~b§ gmhmæ¶‘² A¶mMV& dra~b:
AdXV², ""{‘Ì! AÚ gm¶L²>H$mbo Vd gdm©Z² ^¥Ë¶mZ²
‘‘ J¥h§ àof¶'' B{V&
¶Wm{ZpíMV§ gd} godH$m: dra~bñ¶ J¥h‘²

AmJVm: & dra~boZ nyd©‘od gd}fm§ H¥$Vo
g‘mZmoÞV¶: ¶{ï>H$m: AmZrVm: & g: godH$mZ²
AdXV², ""^mo: ní¶ÝVw, EVm: ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m: &
Vmgw EH$m§ ¶{ï>H$m§ ñdrH¥$Ë¶ gdo£: XodXÎmñ¶
J¥h§ JÝVì¶§, œ: à^mVo nwZamJÝVì¶‘² & ¶oZ
Ho$Zm{n YZñ¶yV: Mmo[aV: ñ¶mV² Vñ¶ ¶{ï>H$m
A“x{b‘mÌ§ XrKm© ^{dî¶{V &''
amÌm¡ gd} ^¥Ë¶m: gwIoZ {ZÐm‘² AHw$d©Z²
F$Vo EH$ñ‘mV² & g: A{MÝV¶V², ""œ: àmV:
‘‘ Mm¡¶ª àH${Q>V§ ^doV² & AV: Ah‘² AYwZm
Ed ‘‘ ¶{ï>H$m‘² A“x{b‘mÌ§ H$V©¶m{‘ &''
B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm VWm H¥$Ëdm g: gwIoZ gwßV: &
AÝ¶oÚw: bKw¶{ï>H$m§ ÑîQ‰>¡d dra~boZ Mm¡a:

gå¶H²$ kmV: J¥hrV: M & AnamYr ^¥Ë¶:
dra~bñ¶ nmX¶mo: n{VËdm ñdñ¶ AnamY‘²
A“rH¥$VdmZ² YZñ¶yV§ M àË¶{n©VdmZ² &
5
^mfmä¶mg:
1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &
1. H$ñ¶ YZñ¶yV: bwá: ?
(A) XodXÎmñ¶ (Am) dra~bñ¶ (B) ^¥Ë¶ñ¶ > (B©) Z¥nñ¶
2. J¥ho H${V ^¥Ë¶m: AmgZ² ?
(A) n#m (Am) gá (B) fS²> (B©) EH$:
3. dra~b: H$ñ¶ {‘Ì‘² ?
(A) ^¥Ë¶ñ¶ (Am) Y{ZH$ñ¶ (B) ¶{ï>H$m¶m:> (B©) Mm¡añ¶
4. "œ: ‘‘ Mm¡¶ª àH${Q>V§ ^doV² &' B{V {MÝVm H$ñ¶ {MÎmo Om¶Vo?
(A) Xmgñ¶ (Am) dra~bñ¶ (B) Y{ZH$ñ¶> (B©) Z¥nñ¶
2. H$: H§ dX{V ?
1. ""ní¶ÝVw EVm: ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m: &'' 2. ""{‘Ì, AÚ gm¶L²>H$mbo Vd gdm©Z² ^¥Ë¶mZ² ‘‘ J¥h§ àof¶ &''
3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & 1. dra~boZ Mm¡a: H$W§ J¥hrV: ?
4. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 5. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZm§ ¶w½‘§ {MZwV {bIV M &

{deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²
g‘mZmoÞV¶: YZñ¶yV: nyd©‘² JVm: XrKm© OmJ¥V:
gdm©Z² Mm¡a: ^¥Ë¶: õñdm gwá: ñdm‘r
bwá: ¶{ï>H$m:
J¥hrV: ^¥Ë¶mZ² Y{ZH$: níMmV² AmJVm: X[aÐ:
6. nmR>mV² g‘mZmW©H§$ eãX§ {MËdm aoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
1) 2)
YZmT>ç: ñVoZ: nmQ>ƒa:
YZdmZ² Bä¶:
VñH$a: ‘mofH$:
YZgånÞ:
4) godH$:
aH$:
MoQ>H
gw{á: ñdnm
m
n[aM
$:
{H$L
:
Xmg
a: ²>H$
e¶Z‘² ñdmn: Xmgo¶:
6
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ H¥$Ëdm ?
~mbH$: nwñVH§$ nR>{V nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V M &
{dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²
~mbH$: nwñVH§$ n{R>Ëdm nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V &

‘mVm nmH§$ H$amo{V ^moOZ§ n[adof¶{V M &
‘mVm nmH§$ H¥$Ëdm ^moOZ§ n[adof¶{V &

n{R>Ëdm, H¥$Ëdm BË¶oVm{Z nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ËdmÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z &
AÛ¡V: d¥j‘² Amamoh{V Cn{de{V M &
AÛ¡V: d¥j‘² Améø Cn{de{V &

d¥Õm Xod§ àmW©¶Vo {ZÐm§ H$amo{V M &
d¥Õm Xod§ àmÏ¶© {ZÐm§ H$amo{V &

Améø, àmÏ¶© BË¶oVm{Z nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z &
7
ew^Xm AmnU§ JÀN>{V YZ§ XXm{V nwñVH$‘² AmZ¶{V nR>{V M &
ew^Xm AmnU§ JËdm YZ§ XÎdm nwñVH$‘² AmZr¶ nR>{V &

dmŠ¶m{Z {Zarú¶ ôX‘² AdJÀN>V -
1. gmYd: ’$bm{Z XÎdm {ZJ©ÀN>pÝV & 1. gmYd: ’$bm{Z àXm¶ {ZJ©ÀN>pÝV &
2. d¥Õm Xod§ ZËdm H$m¶©‘² Ama^Vo & 2. d¥Õm Xod§ àUå¶ H$m¶©‘² Ama^Vo &
3. AmajH$m: Mm¡a§ VmS>{¶Ëdm H$mamJ¥h§ Z¶pÝV & 3. AmajH$m: Mm¡a§ gÝVmS>ç H$mamJ¥h§ Z¶pÝV &
4. YZ§ öËdm Mm¡a: nbm{¶V: & 4. YZ‘² AnöË¶ Mm¡a: nbm{¶V: &
gå^mfmnÌ‘²
1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 2. JUÛ¶o {bIV &
ImX{V gpå‘ë¶ CŠËdm, nyO{¶Ëdm, gånÚ, g§öË¶, Y¥Ëdm, Ym{dËdm,
{n~{V ñ‘¥Ëdm à{dí¶, ñZmËdm, CÈ>r¶, {Z‘Á¶, AdVr¶©, CËWm¶,
gpå‘b{V Im{XËdm Améø, CËnË¶, {gŠËdm, pñWËdm, M{bËdm, {ZînrS>ç,
ñ‘a{V àmß¶ CX²KmQ>ç, {ZîH$mñ¶
àmßZmo{V nrËdm
3. nyd©H$mbdmMH$¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm XrKª dmŠ¶§ Hw$éV &
‘H©$Q>: d¥jmV² -----no{Q>H$m§-----Q>mo{nH$m§ ----- ‘ñVHo$ ------ d¥j‘² Amamoh{V &

H«$sS>m - nyd©H$mbdmMH$¶mo: Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm A{VXrKª dmŠ¶§ dXV &
nR>V ~moYV ! ¶moJoZ {MÎmñ¶ nXoZ dmMm§
‘b§ earañ¶ M d¡ÚHo$Z &
¶mo@nmH$amoV² V§ àda§ ‘wZrZm§
nVÄOqb àmÄO{bamZVmo@pñ‘ &&
nmXm¡ hñVm¡ OmZwZr Ûo CaümW bbmQ>H$‘² &

Aï>m“oZ ñn¥eoX² ^yq‘ gmï>m“àU{Vü gm &&
Am{XË¶ñ¶ Z‘ñH$mamZ² ¶o Hw$d©pÝV {XZo {XZo &
OÝ‘mÝVaghòofw Xm[aÐç§ ZmonOm¶Vo &&
8
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ H$Vw©‘² ?
¶wdH$: {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V {MÌnQ>§ ní¶{V M &

¶wdH$: {H$‘Wª {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V? ¶wdH$: {MÌnQ>§ Ðï§w> {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V &
~mbH$m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² Ob§ M A{n~Z² &

~mbH$m: {H$‘Wª J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² ? ~mbH$m: Ob§ nmVw§ J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² &
• N>mÌm¡ nwñVH$mb¶§ JÀN>Vm‘² & {H$‘W©‘²? N>mÌm¡ n{R>Vw§ nwñVH$mb¶§ JÀN>Vm‘² &
• ‘oKm ’o$ZH§$ ñdrH$amo{V & {H$‘W©‘² ? ‘oKm dóm{U àjmb{¶Vw§ ’o$ZH§$ ñdrH$amo{V &
Ðïw>§, nmVw§, n{R>Vw§, àjmb{¶Vw‘² BË¶oVm{Z hoËdW©H$-Vw‘ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z &
nR>V AdJÀN>V M -
1. ewZH$m: Im{XVw‘² BÀN>pÝV & 2. Ah§ d³Vw‘² EoÀN>‘² & 3. ^madmhH$: ^ma§ dmoTw>§ e³Zmo{V &
4. Vm: Zm¶©: é{Ma§ n³Vw§$ e³ZwdpÝV & 5. OZm: ^moOZ§ H$Vw©‘² Ama^ÝV &
gå^mfmnÌ‘²
1. MVwWª nX§ {bIV &
1. Ì¡-ÌmVw‘² :: J¡ - 2. {‘b²² -‘o{bVw‘² :: {bI² -
3. nyO² - nyO{¶Vw‘² :: H$W² - 4. hZ² - hÝVw‘² :: ‘Z² -
5. b^²-bãYw‘² :: a^² - 6. Ñe²-Ðïw>‘² :: ñn¥e² -
2. $YmVmo: hoËdW©H$‘² Aì¶¶§ à¶wÁ¶ dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
1. e¥Jmb: Ðmjm’$b‘² (ImX²) CËnV{V & 2. H$mH$: Ob§ (nm-{n~²) KQ>o Cn{de{V &
3. e¥Jmb: ‘m§gIÊS>§ (b^²) H$mH$ñ¶ ñVwqV H$amo{V & 4. ^r‘§ (hZ²) Xþ¶m}YZ: H$nQ>‘² AH$amo>V² &
5. eeH$: {ZÐm§ (H¥$) AJÀN>V² & 6. g: nÌ§ ({bI²) boIZr§ ñdrH$amo{V &
9
{ÛVr¶: nmR>: & Aì¶¶‘mbm & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)
^mfmgw ‘w»¶m ‘Ywam {Xì¶m Jrdm©U^maVr &
Vñ¶m§ {h H$mì¶§ ‘Ywa§ Vñ‘mX{n gw^m{fV‘² &&
gw^m{fV§ Zm‘ emo^Z§ ^m{fV‘² & g§ñH¥$Vgm{hË¶o {dnwbm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z gpÝV & AënmjaËd§ gw^m{fVmZm§
d¡{eïç‘² & ‘Ywam{U Jo¶m{Z AW©nyUm©{Z EVm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z & gw^m{fVmZm§ nR>ZoZ dmUr gwg§ñH¥$Vm {ZXm}fm M
^d{V & d³V¥ËdH$bm¶m§ {ZnwUVmgånmXZmW©‘² CËH¥$ï>>-{Z~ÝYboIZmWª M Vm{Z AVrd Cn¶w³Vm{Z & AV: B¶§
gw^m{fVmZm§ ‘mbm N>mÌ¡: Adí¶§ H$ÊRo> YmaUr¶m &
lmoVw§ H$Um£, d³Vw‘mñ¶§ gwhmñ¶§

K«mVw§ K«mU§ nmX¶w½‘§ {dhVw©‘² &
Ðïw>§ ZoÌo hñV¶w½‘§ M XmVw§
Ü¶mVw§ {MÎm§ ¶oZ g¥ï>§ g nmVw &&1&&
[¶oZ lmoVw§ H$Um£, d³Vw§ gwhmñ¶‘² Amñ¶§, K«mVw§ K«mU§, {dhVwª nmX¶w½‘§, Ðïw>§ ZoÌo, XmVw§ hñV¶w½‘§ Ü¶mVw§ M {MÎm§ g¥ï>§
g: (B©ída:) nmVw &]
JwUm: Hw$d©pÝV XÿVËd§ Xÿao@{n dgVm§ gVm‘² &
Ho$VH$sJÝY‘mK«m¶ ñd¶‘m¶mpÝV fQ²nXm: &&2&&
[Xÿao dgVm‘² A{n gVm§, JwUm: XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV & (¶Wm) fQ²>nXm: Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² AmK«m¶ (‘YwnmZm¶) ñd¶‘² Am¶mpÝV &]
^wŠËdm V¥Um{Z ewîH$m{U nrËdm Vmo¶§ Obme¶mV² &
Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV bmoHo$ä¶mo YoZdmo bmoH$‘mVa: &&3&&
[YoZd: ewîH$m{U V¥Um{Z ^w³Ëdm Obme¶mV² Vmo¶§ nrËdm bmoHo$ä¶: Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV & (Vm:) bmoH$‘mVa: (Ibw) &]
¶ñ¶ fð>r MVwWu M {dhñ¶ M {dhm¶ M &
Ah§ H$W§ {ÛVr¶m ñ¶mV², {ÛVr¶m ñ¶m‘h§ H$W‘² &&4&&
[¶ñ¶ (H¥$Vo) {dhñ¶ (B{V) fð>r, {dhm¶ (B{V) MVwWu, Ah§ H$W§ M (B{V) {ÛVr¶m ñ¶mV² (Vñ¶) Ah§ {ÛVr¶m
(nËZr) H$W§ ñ¶m‘² ?]
ñWmZ^«ï>m Z emo^ÝVo XÝVm Ho$em ZIm Zam: &
B{V {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[aË¶OoV² &&5&&
[ñWmZ^«ï>m: XÝVm:, Ho$em:, ZIm: Zam: M Z emo^ÝVo B{V {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² (Za:) ñdñWmZ§ Z n[aË¶OoV² &]
^mfmä¶mg:
ûcmoH$: 1-
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
A) B©œaoU lmoVw§ qH$ XÎm‘² ?
Am) Amñ¶§ H$sÑe‘² ?
B) B©œaoU {dhVwª qH$ XÎm‘² ?
10
2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V & 3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV {bIV M &
g‚mZm:, ^«‘am:, AmJÀN>pÝV &
qH$ XÎm‘² qH$ H$Vw©‘²? {H$‘W©‘² ?
4. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & JwUm:, Xÿao, Am¶mpÝV &
H$Um©¡ XÎmm¡ lmoVw‘² ldUmW©‘²/ldUm¶
Amñ¶§ XÎm‘² d³Vw‘² dMZmW©‘²/dMZm¶ ûcmoH$: 3 -
K«mU§ XÎm‘² K«mUmW©‘²/
A) YoZd: qH$ ^w³Ëdm Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV ?
nmX¶w½‘§ XÎm‘² /{dhmam¶ Am) YoZd: Obme¶mV² qH$ {n~pÝV ?
ZoÌo XÎmo Ðïw>‘² /Xe©Zm¶ B) bmoH$‘mVa: H$m: ?
3. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 2. ûcmoH$mV² ËdmÝV-Aì¶¶o {MËdm {bIV &
3. dm³¶§ n{R>Ëdm H$Vm©, H$‘© {H«$¶mnX§ M ApÝdî¶V
A Am
{bIV M & Xþ½Y§ ¶ÀN>pÝV YoZd: &
H$U©: H$a:
Amñ¶‘² ajVw 4. EH$dMZo n[adV©¶V &
K«mU‘² bmoMZ‘² bmoH$‘mVa: YoZd: ewîH$m{U V¥Um{Z ImXpÝV &
nmX: lmoÌ‘² ûcmoH$: 4 -
ZoÌ‘² VwÊS>‘² 1. ûcmoH$mV² ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MZwV &
hñV: Zm{gH$m 2. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {MZwV &
nmVw MaU: A) fð>r- {dhñ¶/Xodñ¶ &
Am) MVwWu- {dhm¶/Johm¶ &
ûcmoH$: 2 - B) àW‘m- Ah‘²/H$W‘² &
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & ûcmoH$: 5 -
A) Ho$ XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV ? 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
Am) Ho$ Ho$VH$s‘² Am{OK«pÝV ? A) ñWmZ^«ï>m: Ho$ Ho$ Z emo^ÝVo ?
2. gË¶§ dm AgË¶§ {bIV & Am) {H$§ {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[aË¶OoV² ?
A) g‚mZm: XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV & 2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¡: dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
Am) fQ²>nXm: ñd¶‘² Am¶mpÝV & ñWmZ^«ï>m: XÝVm: Ho$em: ZIm: Zam: Z emo^ÝVo &
B) g‚mZm: Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² Am{OK«pÝV &
3. ûcmoH$mV² àW‘m{d^³Vo: ê$nm{U {MËdm {bIV &
11
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & dUm©Zm§ gmhM¶©‘²&
Añ‘mH$§ {^Þm{Z CƒmaUñWmZm{Z ¶y¶§
A B C F$ OmZrW & d¶§ gd} gh¡d {Vð>m‘…& Añ‘mH§$
nañnagmhM¶ª amoMH$‘² & ¶Xm Añ‘mgw Û¶mo…
b¥ E Eo Amo Am¡ AVrd g{ÞH$f©… ^d{V VXm ¶X² Üd{Zn[adV©Z§
^d{V g… Ed gpÝY…&
Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ AmH$ma…

^d{V& ¶Wm- Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©… B©H$mao n[aU‘Vo &
Z + ApñV = ZmpñV& ¶Wm- a{d + BÝÐ: = adrÝÐ: &
Amd¶mo… A{n D$H$ma… ^d{V & Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ G H$ma: ^d{V &

¶Wm-^mZw+CX¶: = ^mZyX¶: & ¶Wm- ‘mV¥+F$U‘² = ‘mV¦U‘² &
(A¶§ g‘mZmZm§ dUm©Zm§ XrK©ê$n… gpÝY… & AV… g… gdU©XrK©gpÝY… B{V CÀ¶Vo &)
A C
¶{X Amd¶mo: A{Ve{¶V: g{Þ{Y: Amd¶mo: g{ÞH$f©ñ¶ n[aUm‘ê$noU
V{h© Amd¶mo: ñWmZo EH$ma: Û¶moa{n ñWmZo "AmoH$ma…' Am¶m{V &
Cn{Vð>{V
& ¶Wm JU+B©e: ¶Wm- bå~+CXa… B{V bå~moXa…&
BË¶ñ¶ CƒmaU§ JUoe: &
Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Eo B{V Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Am¡ B{V

gpÝYê$n: AmXoe: ^d{V & gpÝYê$n: AmXoe: ^d{V &
¶Wm- gXm + Ed B{V gX¡d & ¶Wm- J“m+AmoK: B{V J“m¡K: &
¶Xm ‘‘ g§¶moJ… ñdaoU ^d{V (B/B© ñdaoU gh (C/D$ dO©{¶Ëdm) g§¶moJoZ

dO©{¶Ëdm) VXm ‘‘ n[adV©Z§ "¶²' B{V ‘‘ ñWmZo "d²' B{V dU©: Am¶m{V &
dU} ^d{V & ¶Wm- Ibw + EVV² B{V IëdoVV² &
¶Wm- H$amo{‘ + Ah‘² B{V H$amoå¶h‘² &
Ed‘² Añ‘mH§$ {‘W: à^md: Ñí¶Vo & ¶Wm ñdagpÝY: VW¡d {dgJ©gpÝY: ì¶ÄOZgpÝY: M A{n ^dV: & gpÝYê$noU
¶X² Üd{Zn[adV©Z‘² Añ‘mgw ^d{V V{Ûf¶H$m: {Z¶‘m: dV©ÝVo & ¶{X VX² Üd{Zn[adV©Z§ gwðw> Z AdJV§, gpÝY{Z¶‘m:
Z n{R>Vm: V{h© AWm©d~moYZ§ Z ^d{V &
12
V¥Vr¶: nmR>: & qH$ {‘Ï¶m ? qH$ dmñVd‘²?
AmYw{ZH§$ VÝÌkmZ§ ‘mZdñ¶ H¥$Vo ^m¡{VH${dH$mgñ¶ {dñVrUª joÌ‘² CX²KmQ>¶{V B{V Vw
gË¶‘od & VWm{n VÝÌkmZgmYZmZm‘² AË¶{YH$mo@n¶moJ: ZyVZmZ² àíZmZ², {d¿ZmZ² gm‘m{OH$g‘ñ¶m: • Mb^mf: {d¿Z:
M {Z‘m©{V & {‘Ï¶m VWm M dmñVd‘² EV¶mo: ‘Ü¶o ôX: kmVì¶: Añ‘m{^:& AmYw{ZH$H$mbñ¶ CV daXmZ‘² ?
• ¶{X Mb^mf: Z
B¶‘odmdí¶H$Vm & - bo{IH$m :- lr‘Vr ‘w½Ym [ag~yS> & ^doV²?
(Ì¶moXedfu¶m VZ¶m gwImgÝXo Cn{dí¶ EHo$Z hñVoZ Hw$Hw©$[aH$m§ ImX{V & AnaoU
hñVoZ Mb^mf§ Mmb¶{V & VXmZt ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m‘² AmH$Ê¶© ‘mVm Ûma‘² CÓmQ>¶{V &
VZ¶m¶m: g»¶m¡ Ûmao Ed pñWËdm Vm‘² Amˆ¶V: &)
lw{V: - VZ¶o, gËda§ H«$sS>Zm¶ AmJÀN>, ~{h:
Iobm‘: &
VZ¶m - Ah§ J¥ho Ed Iobm{‘ &
amOgr - qH$ Iob{g ?
VZ¶m - (Mb^mf§ Xe©{¶Ëdm) EVpñ‘Z² Mb^mfo
¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m, nmXH$ÝXþH$H«$sS>m,
dmhZH«$sS>m, nÌH«$sS>m, MVwa“H«$sS>m,
BË¶mX¶: gdm©: H«$sS>m: gpÝV & $$H«$sS>m“U§
JËdm IobZñ¶ Amdí¶H$Vm Ed ZmpñV &
Ah§ Z AmJÀN>m{‘ & (g»¶m¡ H«$sS>mWª
{ZJ©ÀN>V: & ‘mVm nmH$J¥h§ JÀN>{V & VZ¶m
Mb^mfo ¶wÕH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾m &)
VZ¶m - (ñdJV‘²) EVñ¶m§ H«$sS>m¶m§ Ef: g¡{ZH$: ‘¥V: Ana: M ‘maUr¶: & ..... gd} g¡{ZH$m: ‘¥Vm: & ho@@
.....{OV§ ‘¶m & Iob: g‘má: & (VZ¶m nmH$J¥h§ JÀN>{V &) Aå~, ~w^w{jVm Apñ‘ &
‘mVm - VZ¶o, ‘‘ Mb^mfo EVm{Z N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶ & (VZ¶m ImÚnXmWm©Zm§ N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶{V &)
VZ¶m - ‘mV:, {nÂPm, nmd^mOr, {gObg© BË¶mXr{Z ImÚm{Z ÑîQ‰>m bmbm{¶V§ ‘o ‘wI‘²& H¥$n¶m {H$‘{n
¶ÀN>Vw &
‘mVm - Mb^mfo Ñï>dVr Ibw ? AYwZm ImÚnXmWm©Zm‘² Amdí¶H$Vm Ed ZmpñV & Ah§ Z ¶ÀN>m{‘ &
VZ¶m - Mb^mfo ^moOZ§ ÑîQ‰>m ~w^wjm emÝVm H$W§ ^doV² ?
‘mVm - ¶{X EVV² gË¶§, V{h© H$W§ Z OmZm{g ¶V² Mb^mfoU H«$s{S>Ëdm ì¶m¶m‘: Z ^d{V? ñdmñÏ¶ajU§ Z
^d{V ?
VZ¶m - na§ ‘mV:, ‘ø§ amoMVo VV² Mb^mfoU H«$sS>Z‘² &
‘mVm - VZ¶o, ¶X² ¶X² amoMVo VV² VV² gdª ñdmñÏ¶H$a§, {hVH$a‘², Amamo½¶nyUª Z ^d{V & gå¶H²$ H«$sS>m,
nm¡{ï>H$‘² AÞ§, amÌm¡ {ZÐm Amamo½¶m¶ ^d{V & Mb^mfo Am^mgmË‘H§$ {dœ§ Z dmñVd‘² &
VZ¶m - V{h© qH$ Mb^mfñ¶ Cn¶moJ: Ed Z H$aUr¶: &
‘mVm - VWm Z & Amdí¶H$VmZwgma§ ¶mo½¶: Cn¶moJ: H$aUr¶: Ed & {H$ÝVw A{V gd©Ì dO©¶oV² &
VZ¶m - Am‘² ‘mV:& BV: na§ nwZ: Mb^mfñ¶ ¶mo½¶‘² Cn¶moJ§ H$amo{‘ &
13
^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &
A. Mb^mfo H$m: H«$sS>m: gpÝV ? Am. Mb^mfo H$sÑe§ {dœ‘² ?
B. qH$ qH$ ÑîQ‰>m VZ¶m¶m: ‘wI§ bmbm{¶V‘² ? B©. ñdmñÏ¶ajUm¶ qH$ {H$‘² Amdí¶H$‘² ?
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A. ‘mVm VZ¶m¶m: {dMman[adV©Z§ H$W§ H$amo{V?
Am. "qH$ {‘Ï¶m ? qH$ dmñVd‘² ?' B{V nmR>ñ¶ VmËn¶ª ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV ?
3. A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & $H$) VXod = + Ed & I) ZmpñV = Z + &
Am) H$mbdMZn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &
1) Ah§ Z AmJÀN>m{‘ & (bL²>bH$mao n[adV©¶V &)
2) ~w^w{jVm Apñ‘ & (~hþdMZo n[adV©¶V &)
3) g»¶m¡ H«$sS>mWª à{VJÀN>V: & (EH$dMZo {bIV &)
4) EVm{Z N>m¶m{MÌm{U ní¶ & (CÎm‘nwéfo n[adV©¶V &)
B) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Ûma‘² 2) ñdmñÏ¶‘² 3) ~w^wjm 4) nm¡{ï>H$‘²
B©) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
{deoî¶‘² 1. ~w^wjm 2. g¡{ZH$m: 3. Iob: 4. AÞ‘² 5. {dœ‘²
{deofU‘² 1. nm¡{ï>H$‘² 2. emÝVm 3. Am^mgmË‘H$‘² 4. g‘má: 5. ‘¥Vm:
C) nmR>mV² ËdmÝV-ë¶~ÝV-Vw‘ÝV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MZwV {bIV M &
4. A) g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV & ^Q>:, H«$sS>m, OZZr, jwYm, ñdmn:
Am) {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & g‘má:, ñdmñÏ¶‘², Am^mgmË‘H$‘², ‘¥V:
hg>V ZÝXV !
gpÝYa{n {dZmoXm¶...
nwam ‘hmamï´>ofw àOm{hVXj: H$mo@{n Z¥n: AmgrV² & Vñ¶ ‘{hfr g§ñH¥$V^mfmàdrUm {dXþfr M & EH$Xm Vm¡
Ob{dhmamWª {H${#mV² aå¶§ Obme¶‘JÀN>Vm‘² & ObH«$sS>m¶m§ ‘¾: Z¥n{V: ‘{hî¶m§ Ob{~ÝXÿZ² joáw§ àma^V & amkt
e¡Ë¶‘² A~mYV & AV: gm b‚m¶m Z¥n§ g§ñH¥$V^mf¶¡dmdXV², ""‘moXH¡$ñVmS>¶ ‘m‘²&'' Vñ¶m: VX² dMZ§ lwËdm
M{H$V: amOm godH§$ gwdU©ñWmë¶m§ ‘moXH$mZmZoVw‘m{XeV² & ¶Xm g: V¡b©Kw‘YwaJmobH¡$: amkt VmS>{¶Vw‘¡ÀN>V² VXm
gm pñ‘Vnyd©H$‘JXV², ""^mo amOZ², e¡Ë¶§ ‘m§ ~mYoV B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm "‘m CXH¡$: VmS>¶ ‘m‘²', Ob{~ÝXþ{^:
(CXH¡$:) ‘m Ìmg¶, B{V d³VwH$m‘mg‘² &'' ^yn{Va{n Cƒ¡: h{gËdm AÛV², ""‘moXH$eãXldUoZ AÝ¶Wm
J¥hrV§ ‘¶m & VoZ A¶§ n[ahmgàg“: CØÿV: &''
14
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ H$adm{U?
N>mÌm: - AmMm¶}, Z‘mo Z‘:&

{e{jH$m - Z‘mo Z‘: & gwà^mV‘² & Cn{deV &
gm¡a^: VZ¶: M - AmMm¶}, A{n ‘mO©¶md ’$bH$‘²?
{e{jH$m: - Adí¶‘² & ‘mO©¶V‘² & gwdMZ‘{n {bIV‘² & ZraOo, dmVm¶Z‘² CÓmQ>¶ & AVrd Cî‘m ~mYVo &
A{¶ ‘¥Xþbo, ì¶OZm{Z Mmb¶ &
YraO: - AmMm¶}, A{n à{dem{Z dJ©‘²?
{e{jH$m - Am‘² AmJÀN> & ñWmZo Cn{de & lmÝV: Ñí¶go & {H${#mV² Ob§ {n~ &
A{¶ N>mÌm:, AYwZm Ah§ àýmZ² n¥ÀN>m{‘ & gå¶H²$ {d{MÝË¶ CÎmaV ¶y¶‘² & H$mobmhb: ‘mñVw &
EH$: Ed CÎma§ dXVw &
• H¥${V:- 1. g§dmX§ n{R>Ëdm ñ’w$Q>eãXmZm‘² AW©‘² AdJÀN>V & V‘² AW©‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ n#mXe dmŠ¶m{Z nR>V &
n#mXe dmŠ¶m{Z & (nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX§ M)
1. g:/^dmZ² ImXVw/b^Vm‘² & 2. Vm¡/^dÝVm¡ ImXVm‘²/bôVm‘²& 3. Vo/^dÝV: ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²&
1. gm/^dVr ImXVw/b^Vm‘²& 2. Vo/^dË¶m¡ ImXVm‘²/bôVm‘²& 3. Vm:/^dË¶: ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²&
1. VV² ImXVw/b^Vm‘²& 2. Vo ImXVm‘²/bôVm‘²& 3. Vm{Z ImXÝVw/b^ÝVm‘²&
4. Ëd§ ImX/b^ñd & 5. ¶wdm§ ImXV‘²/bôWm‘²& 6. ¶y¶§ ImXV/b^Üd‘²&
7. Ah§ ImXm{Z/b^¡ & 8. Amdm§ ImXmd/b^mdh¡ & 9. d¶§ ImXm‘/b^m‘h¡ &
EVofw dmŠ¶ofw {d{dY{H«$¶mnXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm nwZ: dXV ñ‘aV M &
• H¥${V:- 2. $H¥${Vn{ÌH$m¶m§ ¶m: {d{dYm: gyMZm: gpÝV, Vm: EH$Ì {bIV &

¶Wm- JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
3. J¥ho dm nmR>embm¶m§ dm gyMZm: bmoQ²bH$mao Xr¶ÝVo, Vmgm§ gL²>J«h§ Hw$éV &
¶Wm- Cn{deV, nR>V, {bIV BË¶mX¶: &
15
gå^mfmnÌ‘²
1. dmŠ¶m{Z nya¶V &
(dY©Vm‘², Jm¶m‘, ¶ÀN>, Amamohmd, nR>Vw, VaV, IZV‘², a‘ñd, bôVm‘²)
1. Aå~, ^moOZ§ & 4. ¶y¶§ Obo & 7. ¶wî‘mH§$ gwI§ &
2. g: nmR>§ & 5. Amdm‘² Am‘«d¥j§ & 8. N>mÌm¡ ¶e: &
3. d¶§ JrV§ & 6. ¶wdm§ ^yq‘ & 9. Ëd§ ñdmÜ¶m¶o &
2. ^dmZ²/^dVr-ñWmZo Ëd§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &
1. ^dmZ² AÌ Cn{deVw & 2. ^dVr ~ÝYZ§ ‘w#mVm‘² & 3. ^dVr àmW©¶Vm‘² &
4. ^dmZ² erK«§ n¥ÀN>Vw & 5. ^dÝV: ^Ðm{U ní¶ÝVw & 6. ^dË¶: nmH§$ nMÝVw &
nR>V-~moYV VV² Ëd‘² A{g & Jm¶V-ZÝXV
CÔmbH$: ídoVHo$Vmo: {nVm & ídoVHo$Vw: CÔmbH$ñ¶ nwÌ: & {d‘mZ¶mZ§ aM¶m‘ &
EH$Xm {nVm CÔmbH$: nwÌ§ ídoVHo$Vw‘² An¥ÀN>V²- ""gm¡å¶, A{n amKd ! ‘mYd ! grVo ! b{bVo !
VV² OmZm{g ¶ñ¶ kmZoZ gdª kmV§ ^d{V ?'' {d‘mZ¶mZ§ aM¶m‘ &
nwÌ: - Z OmZm{‘, {nV: & H¥$n¶m H$W¶Vw & Zrbo JJZo {dnwbo {d‘bo
{nVm - ObnyUª nmÌ§ ‘w{ï>{‘V§ bdU§ M AmZ¶ & (nwÌ: VWm dm¶w{dhma§ H$adm‘ &&1&&
H$amo{V &)
CÞVd¥j§ Vw“§ ^dZ‘² &
{nVm - Ob§ bdU§ M {‘l¶ &
H«$mÝËdmH$me§ Ibw ¶m‘ &
nwÌ: - {‘{lV§ {nV: &
{nVm - AYwZm ObmV² bdU§ n¥W³Hw$é & H¥$Ëdm {h‘dÝV§ gmonmZ§
nwÌ: - VV² H$Vwª Z eŠZmo{‘ {nV: & MpÝXabmoH§$ à{dem‘ &&2&&
{nVm - AñVw & Cn[a^mJñW§ Ob§ Z{bH$¶m AmñdmX¶ & VV² ewH«$íMÝÐ: gy¶m} Jwé[a{V
H$W‘² ApñV ? J«hmZ² {h gdm©Z² JU¶m‘ &
nwÌ: - bdU‘¶‘² ApñV, VmV & {d{dYm: gwÝXaVmampíMËdm
{nVm - ‘Ü¶^mJñW§ Ob§ Z{bH$¶m AmñdmX¶ & VV² H$W‘² ‘m¡p³VH$hma§ aM¶m‘ &&3&&
ApñV ?
Aå~wX‘mbm‘² Aå~a^yfm‘²
nwÌ: - VX² A{n bdU‘² ApñV &
AmXm¶¡d {h à{V¶m‘ &
{nVm - Ob§ ~{h: {jßËdm AmJÀN> &
nwÌ: - {jnm{‘ VmV &(Ob§ {jßËdm AmJÀN>{V) Xþ:{IV-nr{S>V-H¥${fH$OZmZm§
{nVm - Obo bdU§ gd©Ì ì¶má§ Ibw ? JUofw hfª OZ¶m‘ &&4&&
nwÌ: - Am‘², VmV &
S>m°. {dídmg, ~|Jbyê$ &
{nVm - VW¡d ~«÷ OJV: H$maU‘² AV: gd©Ì ì¶má‘² & ¶Wm Ëd§
Obo ì¶má§ bdU§ Ðïw>§ Z eŠZmo{f VW¡d Ëd§ gd©Ì ì¶má§
~«÷ Ðïw>§ Z nma¶{g & {H$ÝVw VV² gd©Ì ApñV & VXod
kmVì¶‘² &
H¥${V: - JÚm§eV: bmoQ²>ê$nm{U {MZwV &
(ídoVmídVa-Cn{ZfX: A¶§ g§dmX: &)
16
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 1
(A) Zm‘m{Z &
ñdamÝVeãXmZm§ ôXm: -
nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘²
AH$mamÝV: Xod - dZ
AmH$mamÝV: - ‘mbm -
BH$mamÝV: H${d ‘{V dm[a
B©H$mamÝV: - ZXr -
CH$mamÝV: ^mZw YoZw ‘Yw
D$H$mamÝV: - dYy -
F$H$mamÝV: A) {nV¥ Am) H$V©¥ A) ‘mV¥ Am) ñdg¥ -
{MÌ‘²
AH$mamÝV: eãX: Xod: gy¶©: dmV: d¥j:

g‘mZmW©H$: CH$mamÝV: eãX: à^w: ^mZw:, ghòm§ew: dm¶w: Vé:
{MÌ‘²
AH$mamÝV:/B©H$mamÝV: {ejH$: gÎd: MÝÐ: d§er

eãX:
g‘mZmW©H$: CH$mamÝV: eãX: Jwé: new: BÝXþ:, {h‘m§ew: doUþ:
nR>V ôX‘² AdJÀN>V M &
gy¶©: Zm‘ VoOmoJmob: & gy¶©ñ¶ ^mZw: Zm‘ VoOmoJmob: & ^mZmo:
dU©Z§ F$½doXo dV©Vo
& gy¶m©V² gd} dU©Z§ F$½doXo dV©Vo & ^mZmo: gd}
àH$me§ b^ÝVo & gy¶ª n[aV: gd} àH$me§ b^ÝVo & ^mZw§ n[aV: gd}
J«hm: ^«‘pÝV & gy¶}U J«h‘ÊS>b§ J«hm: ^«‘pÝV & ^mZwZm J«h‘ÊS>b§
emo^Vo & gy¶} AVrd D$Om© dV©Vo & emo^Vo & ^mZm¡ AVrd D$Om© dV©Vo &
gy¶©: Añ‘mH§$ XodVm & gy¶m©¶ Z‘:& ^mZw: Añ‘mH§$ XodVm & ^mZdo Z‘:&
ho gy¶©, aj ‘m‘² & ho ^mZmo, aj ‘m‘² &
17
CH$mamÝVZm‘m{Z & YoZw (Jm¡:) "C'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘
^mZw (gy¶©:)- "C'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
^mZw: ^mZy ^mZd: àW‘m YoZw: YoZy YoZd:
^mZw‘² ^mZy ^mZyZ² {ÛVr¶m YoZw‘² YoZy YoZy:
^mZwZm ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZw{^: V¥Vr¶m YoÝdm YoZwä¶m‘² YoZw{^:
^mZdo ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZwä¶: MVwWu YoZdo/YoÝd¡ YoZwä¶m‘² YoZwä¶:
^mZmo: ^mZwä¶m‘² ^mZwä¶: n#m‘r YoZmo:/YoÝdm: YoZwä¶m‘² YoZwä¶:
^mZmo: ^mÝdmo: ^mZyZm‘² fð>r YoZmo:/YoÝdm: YoÝdmo: YoZyZm‘²
^mZm¡ ^mÝdmo: ^mZwfw gá‘r YoZm¡/YoÝdm‘² YoÝdmo: YoZwfw
ho ^mZmo ho ^mZy ho ^mZd: gå~moYZ‘² ho YoZmo ho YoZy ho YoZd:
^mZwdV² AÝ¶o eãXm: - ‘Zw, AUw, {dîUw, YoZwdV² AÝ¶o eãXm: - VZw, M#mw, a‚mw, hZw
gmYw, BÝXþ, new, dmé, à^w, Jwé BË¶mX¶: & BË¶mX¶: &
‘Yw "C'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V: BÀN>mW©H$-CH$mamÝV-{deofUm{Z &
‘Yw ‘YwZr ‘Yy{Z àW‘m ¶Wm-kmVw‘² BÀN>m {Okmgm &
‘Yw ‘YwZr ‘Yy{Z {ÛVr¶m {Okmgm ¶ñ¶ ApñV g: {Okmgw: &
‘YwZm ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Yw{^: V¥Vr¶m Ed§ - nmVw‘² BÀN>m ({nnmgm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV
‘YwZo ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Yþä¶: MVwWu g:/gm {nnmgw:, ^mo³Vw‘² BÀN>m (~w^wjm)
‘YwZ: ‘Ywä¶m‘² ‘Ywä¶: n#m‘r ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm ~w^wjw:, {dOoVw‘²
‘YwZ: ‘YwZmo: ‘YyZm‘² fð>r BÀN>m ({d{OJrfm) ¶ñ¶ ApñV g:/gm
‘Yw{Z ‘YwZmo: ‘Ywfw gá‘r {d{OJrfw: & H$Vw©‘² BÀN>m ({MH$sfm©) ¶ñ¶
ho ‘Ymo, ‘Yw ho ‘YwZr ho ‘Yy{Z gå~moYZ‘² ApñV g:/gm {MH$sfw©: &
‘YwdV² AÝ¶o eãXm:- dñVw, Aå~w, OmZw, Xmé BË¶mX¶: &
CH$mamÝV-{deofUm{Z & X¶mbw, H¥$nmbw, ñZohmbw, ào‘mbw &
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
1. ¶mo½¶ê$n§ ¶moO¶V &
1. ‘hmXod: n{V: & (new) 2. ho , aj ‘m‘² & (à^w)
3. gd} kmZ§ nyO¶pÝV & ({Okmgw) 4. Vñ‘¡ Z‘: & (Jwé)
5. ZmaX: eaU§ JÀN>{V & ({dîUw) 6. H¥$frdbñ¶ g‘rno n#m gpÝV & (YoZw)
7. ‘¶yañ¶ XrKm© & (M#mw) 9. ag>: ‘Ywa: & (Bjw)
8. {h‘mb¶ñ¶ {h‘mÀN>m{XVm{Z & (gmZw)10. nyU} ZoÌo & (Alw)
2. MVwWª nX§ {bIV &
1) eå^w - eå^wZm :: {eew - & 2) YoZw - YoÝdm :: a‚mw - &
3) Aå~w - Aå~y{Z :: dñVw - & 4) hZw - hZy: :: VZw - &
18
F$H$mamÝVZm‘m{Z &
A) gå~ÝYdmMH$m{Z Am) YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z
nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² H$V¥© XmV¥
{nV¥ (OZH$:) ‘mV¥ (OZZr) ZoV¥ d³V¥
^«mV¥ (ghmoXa:) Xþ{hV¥ (H$Ý¶m) hV¥© {dYmV¥
Xod¥ (nË¶w: ^«mVm) ¶mV¥ (Xodw: nËZr) lmoV¥ A{^ZoV¥
Om‘mV¥ (H$Ý¶m¶m: n{V:) ZZmÝÑ (nË¶w: ^{JZr) ¶moÕ¥ ~moÕ¥
• >Z¥ (‘Zwî¶:) • g{dV¥(nw§)(gy¶©:), ñdg¥ (ór.)(^{JZr),
Zá¥ (nw§.) (nm¡Ì:/Xm¡{hÌ:)
"A' àH$ma: - {nV¥ "F$'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ ‘mV¥ "F$'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘
{nVm {nVam¡ {nVa: àW‘m ‘mVm ‘mVam¡ ‘mVa:
{nVa‘² {nVam¡ {nV¦Z² {ÛVr¶m ‘mVa‘² ‘mVam¡ ‘mV¦:
{nÌm {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥{^: V¥Vr¶m ‘mÌm ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥{^:
{nÌo {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥ä¶: MVwWu ‘mÌo ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥ä¶:
{nVw: {nV¥ä¶m‘² {nV¥ä¶: n#m‘r ‘mVw: ‘mV¥ä¶m‘² ‘mV¥ä¶:
{nVw: {nÌmo: {nV¦Um‘² fð>r ‘mVw: ‘mÌmo: ‘mV¦Um‘²
{nV[a {nÌmo: {nV¥fw gá‘r ‘mV[a ‘mÌmo: ‘mV¥fw
ho {nVa²,{nV: ho {nVam¡ ho {nVa: gå~moYZ‘² ho ‘mVa²,‘mV: ho ‘mVam¡ ho ‘mVa:
"Am' àH$ma: (YmVwV: {Z{‘©Vm{Z)
YmVw: Zm‘ AW©: nw§. àW‘m E. d. ór. àW‘m E. d.
1. H¥$ H$V¥© ¶: H$amo{V & H$Vm© H$Ìu
2. ö hV¥© ¶: ha{V & hVm© hÌu
3.Zr-Z¶² ZoV¥ ¶: Z¶{V & ZoVm ZoÌr
4. aj² a{jV¥ ¶: aj{V & a{jVm a{jÌr
5. lw lmoV¥ ¶: e¥Umo{V & lmoVm lmoÌr
H$V¥© "F$'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:
H$Vm© H$Vm©am¡ H$Vm©a: àW‘m
H$Vm©a‘² H$Vm©am¡ H$V©¦Z² {ÛVr¶m
ho H$V©:, ho H$V©a² ho H$Vm©am¡ ho H$Vm©a: gå~moYZ‘²
V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV§ eãXê$nm{U {nV¥dV² ^dpÝV & Ed‘² Ed "Am'àH$maH$mUm§ eãXmZm§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
19
"Am' àH$maH$mUm§ ór{b“eãXmZm§ ê$nm{U ZXrdV² ^dpÝV & ¶Wm -
H$Ìu "B©'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘
H$Ìu H$Í¶m£ H$Í¶©: àW‘m
H$Ìu‘² H$Í¶m¡© H$Ìu: {ÛVr¶m
ho H${Ì© ho H$Í¶m£ ho H$Í¶©: gå~moYZ‘²
1. [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V & - JUoeñ¶ Hw$Qw>å~‘² &
1) eL²>H$a: JUoeñ¶ ------& ({nV¥)
2) nmd©Vr JUoeñ¶ -------& (‘mV¥)
3) H$m{V©Ho$¶: JUoeñ¶ ------& (^«mV¥)
4) ----- (‘mV¥) nmd©Ë¶m: AmXoe‘² EVm¡ -----nmb¶V: & (^«mV¥)
5) ‘mVm‘hñ¶ {h‘mb¶ñ¶ EVm¡ AmXem¡© ------ & (ZßV¥)
(Am) gd©Zm‘m{Z &
àW‘nwéfdmMH$m{Z VX², ¶X², EVX², BX‘², ^dV²
‘Ü¶‘nwéfdmMH$‘² ¶wî‘X²
CÎm‘nwéfdmMH$‘² Añ‘X²
àýmW©H$‘² {H$‘²
"BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ nw§{b“‘² "BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ ór{b“‘²

A¶‘² B‘m¡ B‘o àW‘m B¶‘² B‘o B‘m:
B‘‘²/EZ‘² B‘m¡/EZm¡ B‘mZ²/EZmZ² {ÛVr¶m B‘m‘²/EZm‘² B‘o/EZo B‘m:/EZm:
AZoZ/EZoZ Amä¶m‘² E{^: V¥Vr¶m AZ¶m/EZ¶m Amä¶m‘² Am{^:
Añ‘¡ Amä¶m‘² Eä¶: MVwWu Añ¶¡ Amä¶m‘² Amä¶:
Añ‘mV² Amä¶m‘² Eä¶: n#m‘r Añ¶m: Amä¶m‘² Amä¶:
Añ¶ AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Efm‘² fð>r Añ¶m: AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Amgm‘²
Apñ‘Z² AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Efw gá‘r Añ¶m‘² AZ¶mo:/EZ¶mo: Amgw
"BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ Znw§gH${b“‘² -

BX‘² B‘o B‘m{Z àW‘m
BX‘²/EZV² B‘o/EZo B‘m{Z/EZm{Z {ÛVr¶m
(V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝVm{Z ê$nm{U nw§{b“gÑem{Z & )
20
^dV² AmXamW©H§$ gd©Zm‘ &
^dV² - nw§{b“‘² ^dV² - ór{b“‘²(^dVr)
^dmZ² ^dÝVm¡ ^dÝV: àW‘m ^dVr ^dË¶m¡ ^dË¶:
^dÝV‘² ^dÝVm¡ ^dV: {ÛVr¶m ^dVr‘² ^dË¶m¡ ^dVr:
^dVm ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^d{Ø: V¥Vr¶m ^dË¶m ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dVr{^:
^dVo ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^dX²ä¶: MVwWu ^dË¶¡ ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dVrä¶:
^dV: ^dX²ä¶m‘² ^dX²ä¶: n#m‘r ^dË¶m: ^dVrä¶m‘² ^dVrä¶:
^dV: ^dVmo: ^dVm‘² fð>r ^dË¶m: ^dË¶mo: ^dVrZm‘²
^d{V ^dVmo: ^dËgw gá‘r ^dË¶m‘² ^dË¶mo: ^dVrfw
ho ^dZ² ho ^dÝVm¡ ho ^dÝV: gå~moYZ‘² ho ^d{V ho ^dË¶m¡ ho ^dË¶:
* Ho$db§ àW‘nwéfñ¶ {H«$¶mnXoZ gh Cn¶wÁ¶Vo {H$ÝVw ‘Ü¶‘nwéfñ¶ Xe©H$‘² &

H$V¥©nX‘² bQ²>bH$ma: bL²>bH$ma: bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:
^dmZ²/^dVr JÀN>{V AJÀN>V² JÀN>Vw JÀN>oV²
Ëd‘² JÀN>{g AJÀN>: JÀN> JÀN>o:
nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V &
1. ZmpñV {dÚmg‘mo ~ÝYw: & ZmpñV = Z + ApñV & (A + A = Am)
2. Zañ¶mâU§ ê$n‘² & Zañ¶mâU§ = Zañ¶ + AmâU‘² (A + Am = Am)
Û¶mo: Aja¶mo: EH$ÌrH$aU‘² Zm‘ gpÝY: &
1. gdU©XrK©gpÝY: &
A) A/Am + A/Am = Am Am) B/B© + B/ B© = B©
1. Zd + A{n = Zdm{n & 1. nR>{V + B{V = nR>Vr{V &
2. + AÌ = VWmÌ & 2. + Bd = ZXrd &
3. boIZñ¶ + = boIZñ¶me¶: & 3. n[a + = narjm &
B) C/D$ + C/D$ = D$ B©) F$/G + F$/G = G
1. Jwé + CnXoe: = Jwê$nXoe: & 1. ‘mV¥ +F$U‘² = ‘mV¦U‘² &
2. + CËgmh: = dYyËgmh: & 2. {nV¥ + = {nV¦V‘² &
3. + D$Om© = ^mZyOm© & 3. ^«mV¥ + = ^«mV¦f^: &
21
(B) YmVwgm{YVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z &
YmVwgm{YVm: Zm‘ YmVw‘ybH$m: eãXm: &
{H«$¶mnX‘² Zm‘ {deofU‘² Aì¶¶‘²
nR² - nR>{V nR>Z‘², nmR>: n{R>V n{R>Ëdm
nyO² - nyO¶{V nyOZ‘², nyOm ny{OV gånyÁ¶
a‘² - a‘Vo a‘m , a‘U‘² aV aËdm
d¥V² - dV©Vo dV©Z‘², d¥{Îm: d¥Îm d{V©Vw‘²
Aì¶¶‘² &
ì¶¶: Zm‘ n[adV©Z‘² & ¶pñ‘Z² eãXo n[adV©Z§ Z ^d{V, Zm‘ ¶: eãX: {Ìfw {b“ofw, {Ìfw dMZofw A{n M
gdm©gw {d^{³Vfw g‘mZ: Ed ^d{V, g: eãX: "Aì¶¶‘²' B{V CÀ¶Vo & ¶Wm-
1. ~m{bH$m Xod§ ZËdm nR>{V & 2. JUoe§ ZËdm Ëd§ JÀN>{g & 3. AmMm¶ª ZËdm N>mÌm: dJª à{depÝV &
AÌ H$V¥©nXmZwgma§ {H«$¶mnX§ n[adV©Vo & na§ "ZËdm' BË¶pñ‘Z² ê$no n[adV©Z§ Z ^d{V & AV: VX² Aì¶¶‘² &
YmVwgm{YVm{Z Aì¶¶m{Z
nyd©H$mbdmMH$Û¶‘² hoËdW©H$‘²
ËdmÝV‘² ë¶~ÝV‘² Vw‘ÝV‘²

( Ëdm + AÝV‘² ) ( ë¶n² + AÝV‘² ) ( Vw‘²+AÝV‘² )
‘ybYmVw: + ³Ëdm (Ëdm) CngJ©: + ‘ybYmVw: + ë¶n² (¶) ‘ybYmVw: + Vw‘wZ² (Vw‘²)

nyd©H$mbdmMH$-Aì¶¶-Û¶‘² &
• ËdmÝVaMZm -
1) am‘: embm§ JÀN>{V & am‘: dJª à{de{V &
AÌ EH$: Ed H$Vm© & (am‘:), {H«$¶mÛ¶‘² (J‘Z{H«$¶m, àdoe{H«$¶m)
nydª H¥$Vm {H«$¶m J‘Zñ¶ & AV: JÀN>{V B{V {H«$¶mnX§ nyd©H$mbdmMH$‘² ApñV & J‘² YmVmo: AJ«o
Ëdm-àË¶¶‘² Cn¶wÁ¶ Aì¶¶ê$n§ ^d{V - JËdm &
am‘: embm§ JËdm dJª à{de{V &
2) ‘¡{Wbr nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V & VËnümV² àý§ n¥ÀN>{V &
‘¡{Wbr nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bpIËdm àý§ n¥ÀN>{V &
AdYo¶‘² -
• ë¶~ÝVaMZm -
ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝVaMZmg‘¶o "A{n' "VXZÝVa§',
1) ZraO: dJª à{de{V & VXZÝVa‘² AmgZo Cn{de{V &
"VV:', "M', "AW', "AZÝVa§', "VËnümV²'
ZraO: dJª à{dí¶ AmgZo Cn{de{V &
BË¶mX¶: eãXm: {ZîH$mg{¶Vì¶m:
&
2) ^maVr AmgZo Cn{de{V nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V M &
{ÛVr¶dm³¶ñW§ H$V©¥nX§ (Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ dm) A{n
^maVr AmgZo Cn{dí¶ nwpñVH$m¶m§ {bI{V &
{ZîH$mg{¶Vì¶‘² &
22
hoËdW©H$‘² Aì¶¶‘² &
hoVw + AW©H$‘² = hoËdW©H$‘² & hoVw: Zm‘ C{Ôï>‘² & hoËdW©H$‘² Aì¶¶§ {H«$¶m¶m: C{Ôï>§ H$W¶{V &
1) am‘: n{R>Vw§ embm§ JÀN>{V & am‘: {H$‘Wª embm§ JÀN>{V? n{R>Vw‘² &
2) Xod§ nyO{¶Vw§ ‘mVm Xodmb¶§ JÀN>{V & ‘mVm {H$‘Wª Xodmb¶§ JÀN>{V ? Xod§ nyO{¶Vw‘² &
3) N>mÌm: Io{bVw§ H«$sS>m“U§ JÀN>pÝV & N>mÌm: {H$‘Wª H«$sS>m“U§ JÀNpÝV ? Io{bVw‘² &
nR>V ñ‘aV &
YmVd: ³Ëdm ë¶n² Vw‘wZ² YmVd: ³Ëdm ë¶n² Vw‘wZ²
Xm XÎdm àXm¶ XmVw‘² dh² D$T²>dm {Zdø dmoTw>‘²
nm nrËdm {Znr¶ nmVw‘² dg² C{fËdm {Zdñ¶ d{gVw‘²
ñWm pñWËdm CËWm¶ ñWmVw‘² dX² C{XËdm àmoÚ/AZyÚ d{XVw‘²
km kmËdm {dkm¶ kmVw‘² H$W² H$W{¶Ëdm [dH$Ï¶ H$W{¶Vw‘²
J¡ JrËdm àJm¶ JmVw‘² Mwa² Mmoa{¶Ëdm A{^Mmo¶© Mmoa{¶Vw‘²
Ü¶¡ Ü¶mËdm AZwÜ¶m¶ Ü¶mVw‘² jb² jmb{¶Ëdm àjmë¶ jmb{¶Vw‘²
{O {OËdm {d{OË¶ OoVw‘² aM² aM{¶Ëdm {daMæ¶ aM{¶Vw‘²
Zr ZrËdm AmZr¶ ZoVw‘² JU² JU{¶Ëdm {dJUæ¶ JU{¶Vw‘²
lw lwËdm CnlwË¶ lmoVw‘² nyO² nyO{¶Ëdm gånyÁ¶ nyO{¶Vw‘²
^y ^yËdm AZw^y¶ ^{dVw‘² Kwf² Kmof{¶Ëdm g”moî¶ Kmof{¶V‘²
H¥$ H¥$Ëdm CnH¥$Ë¶ H$Vw©‘² Z¥V² Z{V©Ëdm A{^Z¥Ë¶ Z{V©Vw‘²
ñ‘¥ ñ‘¥Ëdm {dñ‘¥Ë¶ ñ‘Vw©‘² H«$ÝX² H«$pÝXËdm AmH«$ÝÚ H«$pÝXVw‘²
g¥ g¥Ëdm AZwg¥Ë¶ gVw©‘² nR²> n{R>Ëdm AZwnR>ç n{R>Vw‘²
{Xe² {XîQ²dm Am{Xí¶ Xoïw>‘² {bI² {b{IËdm {dbo»¶ {b{IVw‘²
Ñe² ÑîQ‰> m gÝÑí¶ Ðïw>‘² hg² h{gËdm {dhñ¶ h{gVw‘²
àÀN>² n¥îQ‰>m Amn¥ÀNç àïw>‘² dÝX² dpÝXËdm AZwdÝÚ dpÝXVw‘²
ñn¥e² ñn¥îQ‰>m g§ñn¥í¶ ñàïw>‘² J«h² J¥hrËdm gL²>J¥ø J«hrVw‘²
{gM² {g³Ëdm A{^{fÀ¶ go³Vw‘² J‘² JËdm AmJå¶ JÝVw‘²
‘wM² ‘w³Ëdm {d‘wÀ¶ ‘mo³Vw‘² Z‘² ZËdm àUå¶ ZÝVw‘²
dM² C³Ëdm àdmÀ¶ d³Vw‘² a‘² aËdm AmaË¶ aÝVw‘²
np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &
1. ‘mVod aj{V {nVod {hVo {Z¶wL²>³Vo$& ‘mVod = ‘mVm + Bd & {nVod = {nVm + Bd &
2. {H«$¶m{g{Õ: gÎdo dg{V ‘hVm§ ZmonH$aUo & ZmonH$aUo = Z + CnH$aUo &
2. JwUgpÝY: &
A) A/Am + B/B© = E Am) A/Am + C/D$ = Amo B) A/Am + F$/G = Aa²
1. Xod + BÝÐ: = XodoÝÐ: & 1. JUoe + CËgd: = JUoemoËgd: & 1. Xod + F${f: = Xod{f©: &
2. + Bd = MpÝÐHo$d & 2. d¥jñ¶ + = d¥jñ¶moÜd©‘² & 2. ‘hm + = ‘h{f©: &
23
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
1. nyd©H$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-Aì¶¶m{Z Cn¶wÁ¶ dmŠ¶m{Z {bIV &
1. g: JÀN>{V & (ImX²)
2. Am{XË¶: Jwé‘² (AZw + g¥) XoemÝVa‘² Ad«OV² &
3. ~«÷Xod: dmë‘r{H$‘² (Cn + {Xe²) AdXV² &
4. ^³V: {dîUw§ (ñ‘¥) VnûMaU§ H$amo{V &
5. ~mbH$: B©ûda§ (Ü¶¡) Aä¶mg§ àma^Vo &
6. qgh§ (Ñe²) ‘wHw$b: ^rV: &
7. Zm¡H$m‘² (Am + Zr) AO¶: àdmg‘² Ama^V &
2. hoËdW©H$-Aì¶¶m{Z à¶wÁ¶ dmŠ¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
1. ^mJ©d: (ñZm) J“mZXt JÀN>{V &
2. JX©^: (J¡) Ama^V amÌm¡ &
3. YZ§ (b^²) gmo‘XÎm: ‘hmZJa‘² AgaV² &
4. àý§ (àÀN²) g: Y¡¶}U AJ«o AmJÀN>V² &
(B©) bmoQ²>bH$ma: &
1) am‘: nmR>§ nR>{V & (bQ²bH$ma:) (dV©‘mZH$mb:) 2) am‘: nmR>‘² AnR>V² & (bL²>bH$ma:) (àW‘^yVH$mb:)
dmŠ¶Û¶o H$mbñ¶ ~moY: ^d{V & AYwZm EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V &
1. àVrH$, Ëd‘² C{Îmð> & (AmXoe:) 2. H$mbo df©Vw nO©Ý¶: & (Anojm) 3. gd} gwpIZ: ^dÝVw & (ew^me§gm)
4. A{n Ah§ dJª à{dem{Z ? (AZw‘{V:)
EVm{Z gdm©{U dmŠ¶m{Z H$mb§ Z ~moY¶pÝV & na‘² AmXoe:, BÀN>m, ew^me§gZ‘², AZw‘{V: BË¶mXrZ²
^mdmZ² H$W¶pÝV & AV: Vm{Z "AW©' B{V àH$maofw JÊ¶ÝVo & AW©Û¶‘² - AmkmW©: (bmoQ²bH$ma:), {dÜ¶W©:
({bL²>bH$ma:) &
nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>àË¶¶m: & (AmkmW©àË¶¶m:) AmË‘ZonX‘²
E.d. {Ûd. ~.d. nwéf: E.d. {Ûd. ~.d.
Vw Vm‘² AÝVw àW‘: Vm‘² BVm‘² AÝVm‘²
- V‘² V ‘Ü¶‘: ñd BWm‘² Üd>‘²
Am{Z Amd Am‘ CÎm‘: Eo Amdh¡ Am‘h¡
‘Ü¶‘nwéf-EH$dMZñ¶ àË¶¶: "{h' ApñV & {H$ÝVw JUmZm§ àW‘{d^mJo (1, 4, 6, 10) Vñ¶ bmon: ^d{V &
nR²> (1 n. n.) a‘² (1 Am. n.)
nR>Vw nR>Vm‘² nR>ÝVw àW‘: a‘Vm‘² a‘oVm‘² a‘ÝVm‘²
nR> nR>V‘² nR>V ‘Ü¶‘: a‘ñd a‘oWm‘² a‘Üd‘²
nR>m{Z nR>md nR>m‘ CÎm‘: a‘¡ a‘mdh¡ a‘m‘h¡
24
Z¥V² (4 n. n.) ‘Z² (4 Am. n.)
Z¥Ë¶Vw Z¥Ë¶Vm‘² Z¥Ë¶ÝVw àW‘: ‘Ý¶Vm‘² ‘Ý¶oVm‘² ‘Ý¶ÝVm‘²
Z¥Ë¶ Z¥Ë¶V‘² Z¥Ë¶V ‘Ü¶‘: ‘Ý¶ñd ‘Ý¶oWm‘² ‘Ý¶Üd‘²
Z¥Ë¶m{Z Z¥Ë¶md Z¥Ë¶m‘ CÎm‘: ‘Ý¶¡ ‘Ý¶mdh¡ ‘Ý¶m‘h¡
{bI² (6 n. n.) {Xe² (6 Am. n.)
{bIVw {bIVm‘² {bIÝVw àW‘: {XeVm‘² {XeoVm‘² {XeÝVm‘²
{bI {bIV‘² {bIV ‘Ü¶‘: {Xeñd {XeoWm‘² {XeÜd‘²
{bIm{Z {bImd {bIm‘ CÎm‘: {Xe¡ {Xemdh¡ {Xem‘h¡
nyO² (10 n.n.) ‘ÝÌ² (10 Am. n.)
nyO¶Vw nyO¶Vm‘² nyO¶ÝVw àW‘: ‘ÝÌ¶Vm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶oVm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶ÝVm‘²
nyO¶ nyO¶V‘² nyO¶V ‘Ü¶‘: ‘ÝÌ¶ñd ‘ÝÌ¶oWm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶Üd‘²
nyO¶m{Z nyO¶md nyO¶m‘ CÎm‘: ‘ÝÌ¶¡ ‘ÝÌ¶mdh¡ ‘ÝÌ¶m‘h¡
àW‘m/{ÛVr¶m KQ>H$narjm - àmê$n‘² & AL²>H$m:- 10
à. 1. A) 1) {MÌ§ X¥îQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV & (3 V: 2) 1

2) gL²>»¶m: Aja¡:/AL²>H¡$: {bIV & (3 V: 2) 1
Am) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (1 JÚm§e:) 4
1) EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (1)
2) gË¶‘² AgË¶§ dm/C{MV§ H$maU§/ H$: H§$ dX{V ? (1)
3) JÚm§emV² g‘mZmW©H§$/{déÕmW©H§$ eãX§ {MZwV & (1)
4) Ûo ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV-Aì¶¶nXo {MZwV & (1)
à. 2. nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & (2 V: 1) 2
à. 3. A) n¥W¸w$éV & (4 V: 2) (Zm‘, gd©Zm‘, {H«$¶mnX‘², {deofU‘² &) 1
Am) gL²>»¶m{deofUmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm EH§$ dm³¶§ {bIV & (2 V: 1) 1
(Ho$db§ 1 V: 10 gL²>»¶m:&)
(1 V: 4 gL²>»¶m: AZwg¥Ë¶ EH$m gL²>»¶m Ano{jVm &)
(àW‘gÌ‘² - àW‘m{d^p³V:, {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²-àW‘m{d^p³V¨ {dhm¶)
***
25
gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘²
& g‘¶:& {ÛVr¶: KQ>H$: &

n#mmoZ-{ÛdmXZ‘² XemoZ-{ÌdmXZ‘² nÄMm{YH$-nÄMdmXZ‘² Xem{YH$-fS²>dmXZ‘²
qde{V-A{YH$- n#m qde{V-A{YH$- n#m{Ì§eV²-A{YH$- MËdm[aëV²-A{YH$-

Aï>dmXZ‘² ZddmXZ‘² XedmXZ‘² EH$mXedmXZ‘²

CXmhaUmZwgma§ K{Q>H$m¶ÝÌo g‘¶{ZX}eZ§ Hw$éV &

1) N>mÌ: àmV:H$mbo n#mm{YH$fS²>dmXZo C{Îmð>{V & 2) N>mÌ: XemoZXedmXZo nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V &
3) qdeË¶{YH$-n#mdmXZo N>mÌ: H«$sS>m“Uo Iob{V & 4) XemoZgádmXZo N>mÌ: gm¶§àmW©Zm§ H$amo{V &
g‘¶‘² Aja¡: {bIV nR>V M &
1) AM©H$: Xodmb¶§ (4.50) dmXZo JÀN>{V & 2) AÜ¶mnH$: H$jm§ (11.05) dmXZo à{de{V &
3) gm¶L²>H$mbo (6.20) dmXZo gy¶m©ñV: ^d{V& 4) d¶§ gd} amÌm¡ (8.40) dmXZo ^moOZ§ Hw$‘©:&
5) XÿaXe©Zo e{Zdmgao gm¶L²>H$mbo (7.00) dmXZo g§ñH¥$VdmVm©dbr-H$m¶©H«$‘ñ¶ àgmaU§ ^d{V &
6) d¶‘² AmH$medmÊ¶m§ à{V{XZ§ àmV: (6.55) dmXZo g§ñH¥$VdmVm©: lmoV§w e³Zw‘: &
&&lr:&&
Añ‘mH§$ {dÚmb¶ñ¶ dm{f©H$moËgdñ¶ H$m¶©H«$‘n{ÌH$m &
7.30 - N>mÌmUm‘² AmJ‘Z‘² & 8.45 - gm§ñH¥${VH$H$m¶©H«$‘m: &
7.45 - g^mJ¥ho ‘obZ‘² & 9.45 - A{VWrZm§ ^mfU‘² &
8.10 - A{VWrZm‘² AmJ‘Z‘² & 10.10 - àYmZmMm¶©ñ¶ CnXoe: &
8.15 - XrnàÁdmbZ§ emaXmnyOZ§ M & 10.30 - nm[aVmo{fH${dVaU‘² &
8.30 - A{VWrZm§ ñdmJV‘² & 12.05 - H$m¶©H«$‘g‘m{á: &
26
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & qH$ Hw$¶m©V²? qH$ ^doV²?
OZm… AmÐª ewîH§$ M Ëd§ ^«‘UÜd{ZZm AÚ Amaä¶ d¶‘²

AdH$a§ n¥WH²$ {jno¶w…& A{YH$g‘¶§ Z H«$sS>o…& Am{XZ§ nR>o‘ &
ûd… Ah§ nwñVH$‘² AmZ¶o¶‘² & EV§ Vmb§ ¶wdm§ nwZ…nwZ… dmX¶oV‘² & Amdm§ ’$bHo$ gw^m{fV§ {bIod &
n#mXedm³¶m{Z nR>V &
1. g:/^dmZ² nR>oV²/a‘oV & 2. Vm¡/^dÝVm¡ nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘² & 3. Vo/^dÝV: nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² &
4. gm/^dVr nR>oV²/a‘oV & 5. Vo/^dË¶m¡ nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘²& 6. Vm:/^dË¶: nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² &
7. VV² nR>oV²/a‘oV & 8. Vo nR>oVm‘²/a‘o¶mVm‘²& 9. Vm{Z nR>o¶w:/a‘oaZ² &
10. Ëd§ nR>o…/a‘oWm… & 11. ¶wdm§ nR>oV‘²/a‘o¶mWm‘² & 12. ¶y¶§ nR>oV/a‘oÜd‘² &
13. Ah§ nR>o¶‘²/a‘o¶ & 14. Amdm§ nR>od/a‘od{h & 15. d¶§ nR>o‘/a‘o‘{h &
nwZ:ñ‘maU‘² & CnnX{d^³V¶: (Aì¶¶m{Z) &
H$m{ZMZ Aì¶¶m{Z {d{eï>-{d^p³Vê$n‘² AnojÝVo & Vm{Z AY: {Z{X©ï>m{Z &
1. A{^V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ^mZw‘² A{^V: J«hm: ^«‘pÝV &
2. n[aV: = ({ÛVr¶m) ‘mVa§ n[aV: JUoe: àX{jUm§ H$amo{V &
3. C^¶V: = ({ÛVr¶m) ZXr‘² C^¶V: joÌm{U {dÚÝVo &
4. à{V = ({ÛVr¶m) gm¶L²>H$mbo dËg: YoZw§ à{V doJoZ JÀN>{V &
5. {dZm = ({ÛVr¶m/V¥Vr¶m/n#m‘r) MÝÐ‘g‘²/MÝÐ‘gm/MÝX‘g: {dZm {Zem Z emo^Vo &
6. gh = (V¥Vr¶m) {nÌm gh A{ZHo$V: AmnU§ JÀN>{V &
7. Ab‘² = (V¥Vr¶m) Ab§ {ZÐ¶m & Ab§ ^rË¶m & Ab§ dmVm©bmnoZ &
8. Z‘: = (MVwWu) JUnV¶o Z‘: & Jwado Z‘: & ‘éVo Z‘:& ‘hmbúå¶¡ Z‘: &
9. ~{h: = (n#m‘r) J¥hmV² ~{h: ‘mVm AmJVm &
10. H¥$Vo = (fð>r) ñdgw: H¥$Vo ~ÝYw: Cnhma‘² AmZ¶{V &
11. g‘rno = (fð>r) ZJañ¶ g‘rno CÚmZ§ dV©Vo&
27
MVwW©: nmR>:& {dÜ¶W©‘mbm & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)
gw^m{fVm{Z g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: d¡{eîQ>çnyUm©{Z nÚaËZm{Z & gw^m{fVm{Z Añ‘mH§$ ‘Z: aÄO¶pÝV, Añ‘mH§$ kmZ§ dY©¶pÝV,
H$W§ ì¶dhma: H$aUr¶:, qH$ H$V©ì¶§, qH$ M Z H$aUr¶‘² B{V gå¶H²$ ~moY¶pÝV &

gwImWu MoV² Ë¶Oo{ÛÚm§ {dÚmWu MoV² Ë¶OoËgwI‘² &
gwIm{W©Z: Hw$Vmo {dÚm Hw$Vmo {dÚm{W©Z: gwI‘² &&1&&
[ gwImWu MoV² {dÚm§ Ë¶OoV² & {dÚmWu MoV² gwI§ Ë¶OoV² & gwIm{W©Z: {dÚm Hw$V: ? {dÚm{W©Z: gwI§ Hw$V: ?]
Ñ{ï>nyV§ Ý¶goV² nmX§ dónyV§ {n~oV² Ob‘² &
gË¶nyVm§ dXoV² dmUt ‘Z:nyV§ g‘mMaoV² &&2&&
[ Ñ{ï>nyV§ nmX§ Ý¶goV² & dónyV§ Ob§ {n~oV² & gË¶nyVm§ dmUt dXoV² & ‘Z:nyV§ g‘mMaoV² &]
YZ‘bãY§ H$m¬oV, bãY§ ajoV² à¶ËZV: &
a{jV§ dY©¶oV² gå¶H²$, d¥Õ§ VrW}fw {Z{jnoV² &&3&&
[AbãY§ YZ§ H$mL²>joV & bãY§ (YZ§) à¶ËZV: ajoV² & a{jV§ (YZ§) gå¶H²$ dY©¶oV²& d¥Õ§ (YZ§) VrW}fw {Z{jnoV² &]
AH«$moYoZ O¶oV² H«$moY‘² AgmYw§ gmYwZm O¶oV² &
O¶oV² H$X¶ª XmZoZ O¶oV² gË¶oZ MmZ¥V‘² &&4&&
[AH«$moYoZ H«$moY§ O¶oV² & gmYwZm AgmYw§ O¶oV² & XmZoZ H$X¶ª O¶oV² & gË¶oZ M AZ¥V‘² O¶oV² &]
àË¶h§ àË¶dojoV Zaü[aV‘mË‘Z: &
{H$Þw ‘o new{^ñVwë¶§ {H$Þw gËnwéf¡[a{V &&5&&
[Za: AmË‘Z: M[aV§ àË¶h§ àË¶dojoV qH$ Zw ‘o (M[aV§) new{^: Vwë¶‘²? qH$ Zw (‘o M[aV§) gËnwéf¡: (Vwë¶‘²) B{V &]
^mfmä¶mg:
ûcmoH$: 1-
1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &
2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MËdm {bIV &
(A) {dÚmWu qH$ Ë¶OoV² ?
(Am) gwImWu qH$ Ë¶OoV²? 1) dmH²$ 2) n{dÌ‘² 3) F$V‘² 4) CXH$‘² &
2. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 3. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
1) Ë¶Oo{ÛÚm‘² 2) Ë¶OoËgwI‘² {deofU‘² Ñ{ï>nyV:, dónyV‘², ‘Z:nyV‘², gË¶nyVm
3) Hw$Vmo {dÚm 4) Hw$Vmo {dÚ{W©Z: {deoî¶‘² dmUr, AmMaU‘², nmX:, Ob‘²
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & ûcmoH$: 3-
1) {dÚm 2) {dÚmWu 1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &
ûcmoH$: 2.
1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (A) ‘ZwO: H$sÑe§ YZ§ H$m¬oV ?
(A) H$sÑe§ Ob§ {n~oV² ? (Am) d¥Õ§ YZ§ Hw$Ì {Z{jnoV²?
(Am) H$sÑer§ dmUr§ dXoV² ?
28
2. H«$‘mZwgma§ aM¶V & ûcmoH$: 5 -
1) YZñ¶ ajU‘² & (2) VrW}fw XmZ‘² & 1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV &
(3) YZñ¶ BÀN>m & (4) YZñ¶ dY©Z‘² & A) àË¶h§ qH$ àË¶dojoV ?
ûcmoH$: 4 - Am) M[aV§ Ho$Z Vwë¶§ ‘m@ñVw ?
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & B) M[aV§ Ho$Z Vwë¶‘² AñVw ?
A) H«$moY§ Ho$Z O¶oV²? Am) XmZoZ qH$ O¶oV²? 2. gpÝY§ Hw$éV &
B) gË¶oZ qH$ O¶oV²? A) new{^: + Vwë¶‘² Am) {H$‘² + Zw
2. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & B) gËnwéf¡: + B{V B©) Za: + M[aV‘²
H«$moY:, AgmYw:, gË¶‘², XmZ‘² & 3 g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ ¶w½‘§ {MZwV &
3. ûcmoH$mV² V¥Vr¶mÝVnXm{Z {MËdm {bIV & A àË¶h‘² , Za:, M[aV‘², new:, Vwë¶:, gËnwéfm:
4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & MmZ¥V‘² Am dV©Z‘², ‘¥J:, à{V{XZ‘², ‘ZwO:, g‚mZm:, g‘:
nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & 1. godm Z {H${#mXñVr{V {^jm Z¡d M Z¡d M & Z¡d = Z + Ed
2. aWñ¶¡H§$ MH«§$ ^wOJ¶{‘Vm: gá VwaJm: & aWñ¶¡H$‘² - aWñ¶ + EH$‘² &
3) d¥{ÕgpÝY: &
A) A/Am + E/Eo = Eo Am) A/Am + Amo/Am¡ = Am¡
1. Z + EVX² = Z¡VX² & 1. ‘‘ + AmoO: = ‘‘m¡O: &
2. ‘‘ + = ‘‘¡íd¶©‘² & 2. Vd + = Vdm¡Xm¶©‘² &
np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & 1. ¶moJjo‘§ dhmå¶h‘² & dhmå¶h‘² = dhm{‘ + Ah‘² &

2. AñË¶wÎmañ¶m§ {X{e XodVmË‘m {h‘mb¶mo Zm‘ ZJm{YamO: & AñË¶wÎmañ¶m§ = ApñV + CÎmañ¶m‘² &
4. ¶U²gpÝY: &
A) B/B© + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = ¶² & Am) C/D$ + {dOmVr¶: ñda: = d² &
1. B{V + A{n = BË¶{n & 1. Ibw + EVV² = IëdoVV² &
2. H$amo{‘ + = H$amoå¶h‘² & 2. ‘Zw + = ‘ÝdÝVa‘² &
np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & 1. Ûm{d‘m¡ nwéfm¡ bmoHo$ jaümja Ed M & Ûm{d‘m¡ = Ûm¡ + B‘m¡ &
2. ‘mVm{nVam{dh ‘‘ Z ñV:, EH$mH$s Ibw {IÞmo@h‘² & ‘mVm{nVam{dh - ‘mVm{nVam¡ + Bh &
5. A¶m{XgpÝY: &
A) E/Eo + H$mo@{n ñda: = A¶²/Am¶² Am) Amo/Am¡ + H$mo@{n ñda: = Ad²/Amd²
1. g‘rno + Ed = g‘rn¶od / g‘rn Ed & 1. Ûm¡ + Ed = Ûmdod &
2. H¥$Vo + = H¥$V¶m¶m{h / H¥$V Am¶m{h & 2. Vm¡ + = Vmd{n &
3. + A{n = ‘Ë¶m¶{n / ‘Ë¶m A{n & 3. + A{n = C^md{n &
4. Vñ‘¡ + = Vñ‘m¶{n / Vñ‘m A{n & 4. + AmñVm‘² = gwöXmdmñVm‘² &
29
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {H«$¶mnX§" qH$ H$W¶{V? - 1
"{H«$¶mnX‘²' B{V dm³¶ñ¶ ‘hÎdnyU©‘² A“‘² & AYwZm EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V &
~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & B{V dm³¶o "nR>{V' B{V {H«$¶mnX‘² & (1) ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V &
VoZ H$ñ¶ ~moY: ^d{V ? (2) ~mbH$m¡ J«ÝW§ nR>V: &
(1) nR>Zñ¶ {H«$¶m P (3) ~mbH$m: J«ÝW§ nR>pÝV &
(2) nañ‘¡¡nX‘² P (4) Ah§ J«ÝW§ nR>m{‘ &
(5) Ëd§ J«ÝW§ nR>{g &
(3) àW‘: nwéf: P
(4) EH$dMZ‘² P EVofw dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéf§
dMZ§ M AZwga{V & ¶{X H$V¥©nX§ n[adV©Vo
(5) bQ²>bH$ma: P
V{h© {H«$¶mnX‘² A{n n[adV©Vo AV:
(6) YmVmo: JU{dH$aU‘² P H$V¥©àYmZm{Z dm³¶m{Z B‘m{Z &
(7) H$Vw©: nwéf: dMZ§ M ?
"nR>{V' B{V {H«$¶mnXñ¶ ldUoZ¡d H$Vm© àW‘nwéfñ¶ EH$dMZo B{V km¶Vo & VW¡d "nR>m{‘' B{V nXoZ H$Vm©
CÎm‘nwéfñ¶ EH$dMZo B{V ñnï>§ ^d{V & Ed§ {H«$¶mnXoZ H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéfñ¶ dMZñ¶ A{n ~moY: ^d{V &
H$V¥©dmÀ¶: à¶moJ: & (H$V©[a à¶moJ:)
H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²
àW‘m {d^p³V: {ÛVr¶m {d^p³V: H$V©¥nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²
(1) ‘Yþam gwYmIÊS>mZ² AmZ¶{V & 2) d¶§ J«ÝW§ nR>m‘: &

‘Ywam gwYmIÊS>mZ² AmZ¶{V & d¶§ J«ÝW§ nR>m‘: &
H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²
àW‘m {ÛVr¶m àW‘m {ÛVr¶m
à.nw. à.nw. C.nw. C.nw.

E. d. E. d. ~. d. ~. d.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V & {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V &

AV: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² & AV: H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &
30
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & H$: H¥$VdmZ² ? H$m H¥$VdVr?
~mb: Ob§ {n~{V & ~mb: Ob§ nrVdmZ² & AZre: JÀN>{V & AZre: JVdmZ² &
N>mÌm: IobpÝV & N>mÌm: Io{bVdÝV: & d¶§ nR>m‘: & d¶§ n{R>VdÝV: &
‘{hbm {jn{V & ‘{hbm {jádVr & Xrnm Z¥Ë¶{V & Xrnm Z{V©VdVr &
Vm: àjmb¶pÝV & Vm: àjm{bVdË¶: & N>mÌm: {bIpÝV & N>mÌm: {b{IVdË¶: &

nrVdmZ², JVdmZ², Io{bVdÝV:, n{R>VdÝV: BË¶mXr{Z ^yVH$mbdmMH$m{Z ³VdVw-àË¶¶mÝV-{deofUm{Z &
gå^mfmnÌ‘²
1. ‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 2. ewÕ§ dm AewÕ‘²?

1. {ejH$m: gwádVr & 1. qgh: V§ hVdmZ² &
2. ~m{bH$m: à{dï>dÝV: & 2. Vo ~mbH$m: AÞ§ Z Ë¶³VdÝV: &
3. ajH$: ny{OVdË¶: & 3. Amn{UH$: Xod§ ZVdVr &
4. {~S>mbr Vm{S>VdmZ² & 4. EVm: AÚ H«$s{S>VdÝV: &
5. Ah§ emH$m{Z H${V©VdmZ² &
31
3. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
g: Vo gm Vm:
ImX{V Im{XVdmZ² Im{XVdÝV: Im{XVdVr Im{XVdË¶:
H$amo{V H¥$VdmZ² H¥$VdÝV: H¥$VdVr H¥$VdË¶:
dX{V C³VdVr
ní¶{V Ñï>dÝV:
Jm¶{V JrVdË¶:
C{Îmð>{V CpËWVdË¶:
Z¶{V ZrVdmZ²
¶ÀN>{V XÎmdË¶:
nyO¶{V ny{OVdÝV:
b^Vo bãYdË¶:
4. n[aÀN>oXo ³VdVw-ê$nm{U AYmoaopIVm{Z Hw$éV &
Xrnmd{b-CËgdg‘¶: AmgrV² & OZm: J¥hm{U ñdÀN>rH¥$VdÝV: & ‘mVm {‘ï>mÞm{Z H¥$VdVr & OZH$:
ZyVZdóm{U H«$sVdmZ² {H$ÝVw ñ’$moQ>H$m{Z Z AmZrVdmZ² & ^{JZr gwÝXat a“d„r‘² Am{bpIVdVr & ‘{hbm:
‘¥ÔrnmZ² à‚dmë¶ ñWm{nVdË¶: & Ah§ {‘Ì¡: gh ^«‘UmWª ~{h: JVdmZ² & gd©Ì hf©: àH$me: M &
nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {dgJ©gpÝY:
{díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶
AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n:
(gmo@h‘²)
A{dH$mar ( ÈÇ H$, I ÈÇ n, ’$)
{dgJm}@h‘² (H$: na:)
AmoH$maê$n: bmonr
(gy¶© Bd)
(am‘mo JÀN>{V>) a² ê$n:
(V¡a{n)(Xod¡Z©)
g² ê$n:
(XodñVWm>) f² ê$n: e² ê$n:
(~mbîfð:>) (h[aíeoVo)
32
n#m‘>: nmR>: & drad{ZVm {dínbm&
F$½doXmV² CX²Y¥Vm AVrd AØþVm amo‘m#mH$m[aUr M Efm H$Wm órUm§
gm‘Ï¶ª Xe©¶{V (F$.1.116.15)& eó{H«$¶m{demaXm¡ A{œZrHw$‘mam¡
àJVd¡ÚH$VÝÌkmZñ¶ ‘ybmYmam¡ ñV: & {dínbm¶m: M[aÌ§ àoaUmXm¶H§$ • H$m AÝ¶m ¶wÕ{ZnwUm amkr à{gÕm?
Ibw gd}fm§ H¥$Vo &-gå^mfUgÝXoe ‘m{gH$mV² & • H$: ¶wÕàg“: ¶wî‘m{^: g{dñVa§
lwV: dm n{R>V: ?
• A{n lwVm: Am¶wd}Xñ¶
‘mhmËå¶{df¶H$m: H$Wm:?
• Ho$ àmMrZm: eë¶{demaXm: ?
IobamO: Zm‘ H$píMV² Z¥n: & {dínbm

Vñ¶ nËZr & gm ¶Wm ‘hm{dXþfr AmgrV²,
VW¡d aUHw$ebm A{n AmgrV² & IobamO:
A{n eya: namH«$‘r M AmgrV² & g: {dínb¶m
gh gwIoZ Ord{V ñ‘ &
AW H$Xm{MV² eÌd: IobamOñ¶
amÁ¶o AmH«$‘U§ H¥$VdÝV: & ‘hV² ¶wÕ‘²
AmaãY‘² & goZm¶m: Zm¶H$: IobamO: aUa“§
à{dï>dmZ² & {dínbm A{n aUa“§ à{dï>dVr & ^wd‘² AdVrUm© Mm‘wÊS>oœar Bd gm eÌyUm§ g§hma§ H¥$VdVr &
Vñ¶m: em¡¶ª namH«$‘§ M ÑîQ‰>m eÌd: A{n M{H$Vm: A^dZ² &
"Efm aUa“mV² ¶mdV² Z {Zdm¶©Vo VmdV² O¶: gd©Wm Z àmß¶Vo' B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm eÌwg¡{ZH$m: ¶wJnV² AmH«$å¶
Vm‘² AdéÕdÝV: & eÌwg¡{ZH$m: Vo AgL²>»çm:
AmgZ², {dínbm Vw EH$m{H$Zr ! VWm{n Vñ¶m:
‘Z{g Z ^r{Vboe: A{n AmgrV² & àË¶wV {ÛJw{UVoZ
CËgmhoZ ¶wÕ§ H¥$VdVr & ¶wÕg‘¶o eÌwg¡{ZH$m:
Vñ¶m: EH§$ nmX§ H${V©VdÝV: & AZÝVa‘² "BV:
na‘² EVñ¶m: H$maUmV² nrS>m Z ^{dî¶{V' B{V
{ZU©¶§ H¥$Ëdm Vo {e{~a§ à{VJVdÝV: &
¶Ú{n {dínbm¶m: nmX: ^¾: VWm{n gm
hVmoËgmhm Z OmVm & M¡VÝ¶‘y{V©: gm dram“Zm Ed
AmgrV² & "œ: ‘¶m ¶wÕ§ H$aUr¶‘² Ed' B{V {Z{üË¶
gm nmX§ nwZ: àmáw‘² EoÀN>V² & AV: gm {ZübV¶m
Cn{dí¶ A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: Ü¶mZ§ H¥$VdVr & Vñ¶m:
33
^³Vo$: H$maUmV² A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ bmoh¶w³V§ nmX§
¶moO{¶Ëdm Vm§ ¶Wmnydª H¥$VdÝVm¡ & EVñ‘mV²
{dínbm ¶Wmnydª M{bVw§ ¶wÕ§ H$Vwª M g‘Wm©
OmVm &
AZÝVa{XZo àmV: gm ‘hVm CËgmhoZ
aUa“‘² AmJVdVr & aUa“o Vm§ ÑîQ‰>m Ed
eÌwg¡{ZH$m: M{H$Vm: ^rVm: M & Vñ¶m:
Xe©Z‘mÌoU Ed Vofm§ Y¡¶ª Zï>§ OmV‘² & gm
¶Xm Am¶wYàhma‘² AmaãYdVr VXm Vo
gd©Wm hVmoËgmhm: OmVm: & {dínbm eÌyZ²
H$Xbrd¥jmZ² Bd brb¶m H${V©VdVr &
ghóm{YH$m: g¡{ZH$m: V¶m g§öVm: &
Ed§ {dínbm¶m: em¡¶©ñ¶ H$maUV: Vpñ‘Z² ¶wÕo IobamOñ¶ Ed O¶: A^dV² &
drad{ZVm {dínbm ^Ìm© gh aUa“§ à{dí¶ em¡¶}U ¶wÕ§ H¥$VdVr & nmXH$V©ZmZÝVa‘{n A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo:
AZwJ«hoU nmX§ nwZ: àmßVdVr eÌyZ² g§öVdVr M & EVoZ gmhgoZ gm doXdmL²>‘¶o ~hþYm àe§{gVm &
{dínbm¶m em¡¶ª VWm M ApídZrHw$‘ma¶mo: eë¶{H«$¶mH$m¡eb§ ñ‘aÝVw B{V Añ‘mZ² Cn{Xe{V B{Vhmg: &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &

A) eÌd: & (H¥$VdmZ²/H¥$VdÝV:) Am) IobamO: & (à{dï>dÝV:/à{dï>dmZ²)
B) {dínbm & (à{dï>dmZ²/à{dï>dVr) B©) gm ¶wÕ§ & (H¥$VdmZ²/H¥$VdVr)
C) eÌwg¡{ZH$m: & (AdéÕdÝVm¡/AdéÕdÝV:) D$) g¡{ZH$m: {e{~a§ & (JVdÝV:/JVdÝVm¡)
E) eÌwg¡{ZH$m: nmX§ & (H${V©VdÝV:/H${V©VdÝVm¡) Eo) gm aUm“U‘² & (AmJVdË¶m¡/AmJVdVr)
Amo) {dínbm Ü¶mZ‘² & (AmaãYdmZ²/AmaãYdVr)
Am¡) A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ Vm§ ¶Wmnydª & (H¥$VdÝVm¡/H¥$VdË¶m¡)
2. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
A 1. bmoh¶w³V‘² 2. dram“Zm 3. ^rVm: 4. ‘hV² 5. eya:
Am 1. ¶wÕ‘² 2. eÌwg¡{ZH$m: 3. IobamO: 4. nmX‘² 5. {dínbm
3. AYmoXÎmofw {deofUofw ¶m{Z {deofUm{Z {dínbm§ Z dU©¶pÝV Vm{Z n¥Ww³Hw$éV &
M{H$Vm:, AYram, àe§{gVm, ^rVm, g‘Wm©, {Zübm, EH$m{H$Zr, M¡VÝ¶‘y{V©:, AdéÕm, Mm‘wÊS>oœar,
‘hm{dXþfr, aUHw$ebm, eya:, Zm{¶H$m, Xþ:{IVm
4. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & 1. {dínbm¶m: em¡¶©ñ¶ dU©Z§ Hw$éV &
2. {dínbm A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: Ü¶mZ§ {H$‘Wª H¥$VdVr ?
34
nmR>mV² YmVwgm{YV-Aì¶¶m{Z {MZwV n¥W³Hw$éV M &
5. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ nmR>mV² {bIV& A[a:, MaU:, dr¶©‘², g“a:, aUm“U‘², ajH$m:, npÊS>Vm, drú¶,
doXZm, AJ{UVm: &
6. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ nmR>mV² {bIV & {‘Ì‘², H$mVaVm, Ag‘Wm©, H$mVa:, namO¶: &
‘m¡{IH$H$m¶©‘²-AYmoXÎm§ H$m¶ª $Ho$Z H¥$V‘² B{V {bIV &
(A) goZm¶m: Zm¶H$Ëdñ¶ ñdrH$aU‘² & (Am) amÁ¶o AmH«$‘U‘² &
(B) IobamOñ¶ níMmV² aUa“§ àdoe: & (B©) O¶§ àmáw§ ¶wJnV² AmH«$‘U‘² &
(C) {ÛJw{UV-CËgmhoZ ¶wÕ‘² & (D$) EH$nmXH$V©Z‘² &
(E) {e{~a§ àË¶mJ‘Z‘² & (Eo) {dínbm¶m: Xe©Z‘mÌoU Y¡¶©ZmeZ‘² &
(Amo) ghòm{YH$g¡{ZH$mZm‘² g§haU‘² & (Am¡) Am¶wYàhmaoU CËgmhZmeZ‘² &
({dgJ©ñ¶ n[adV©Z§ {ZarjÜd‘² &) nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

• Aå^mo{YO©b{Yn©¶mo{YéX{Ydm©am§{Þ{Ydm©[a{Y: & • ‘m ‘Zmo ‘Ywnmo ‘oKmo ‘Únmo ‘H©$Q>mo ‘éV² &
Aå^mo{Y: + Ob{Y:
+ n¶mo{Y: + CX{Y:
+ dmam§{Z{Y: + dm[a{Y: & } a²ê$n: {dgJ©:
namonH$ma: H$V©ì¶: àmU¡a{n YZ¡a{n &

‘{jH$m ‘ËHw$Umo ‘Ëñ¶mo ‘H$mam Xe M#mbm: &&
‘Z: + ‘Yþn: + ‘oK: + ‘Ún: + ‘H©$Q>: + ‘éV² &
‘ËHw$U: + ‘Ëñ¶: + ‘H$mam: & AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©:
‘H$mam: + Xe & bmonr {dgJ©:
àmU¡a{n = àmU¡: + A{n & • g {h ^d{V X[aÐmo ¶ñ¶ V¥îUm {dembm &
YZ¡a{n = YZ¡: + A{n & } a²ê$n: {dgJ©:
‘Z{g M n[aVwï>o H$mo@W©dmZ² H$mo X[aÐ: &&
• CÎm‘m ‘Ü¶‘m ZrMmpñVòmo d¡ àm{UZm§ {dYm: & X[aÐ: + ¶ñ¶
namW©ñdmW©{dÜd§gm bjUm{Z ¶WmH«$‘‘² &&
CÎm‘m: + ‘Ü¶‘m:
H$: + X[aÐ: } AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©:
}
namW©ñdmW©{dÜd§gm: + bjUm{Z bmonr {dgJ©:
• h§gíídoV: ~H$íídoV: H$mo ôXmo ~H$h§g¶mo: & • Ëd§ ~«÷m Ëd§ {dîUwñËd§ éÐñËd‘² BÝÐñËd‘² A{¾ñËd§
Zrajra{ddoHo$ Vw h§gmo h§gmo ~H$mo ~H$: && dm¶wËñd§ gy¶©ñËd§ MÝÐ‘mñËd§ ~«÷^y^w©dññdamo‘² &&
} {dîUw: {dîUwg²
}
h§g: h§ge²
e²ê$n: {dgJ©: éÐ: éÐg²
~H$: ~H$e²
H$: H$mo A{¾: A{¾g²
ôX: ôXmo
h§g:
~H$:
h§gmo
~H$mo
} AmoH$maê$n: {dgJ©:
dm¶w:
gy¶©:
MÝÐ‘m:
dm¶wg²
gy¶©g²
MÝÐ‘mg²
g²ê$n: {dgJ©:
35

aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² &
CnnX{d^³V¶: (YmVd:)&
1. J‘² = ({ÛVr¶m) nmÊS>dm: hpñVZmnwa‘² AJÀN>Z² &
2. Hw$n² = (MVwWu) ‘mVm {eedo H$Xm{n Z Hw$ß¶oV² &
3. H«w$Y² = (MVwWu) ñdm{‘Zr ^¥Ë¶m¶ H«w$Ü¶{V &
4. Xm-¶ÀN²> = (MVwWu) {eî¶m: Jwado X{jUm§ ¶ÀN>ÝVw &
5. H$W² = (MVwWu) Aßgagm¡ XodoÝÐm¶ d¥ÎmmÝV‘² AH$W¶Vm‘² &
6. aj² = (n#m‘r) H¥$îU: g‘Q>mV²/AmnX: JmonmbmZ² aj{V &
7. {d + a‘² = (n#m‘r) Ëd§ d¥WmH$bhmV² {da‘ &
8. pñZh² = (gá‘r) d¶§ ^«mV¥fw pñZøo‘ &
9. éM² = (MVwWu) ZaoÝÐm¶ ì¶m¶m‘: amoMVo &
10. ñn¥h² = (MVwWu) Jm¡ar Hw$ÊS>bm¶ ñn¥h¶{V &
JUoem¶ ‘moXH$m: amoMÝVo & {edm¶ {~ëdnÌm{U amoMÝVo & ‘hmbúå¶¡ H$‘b§ amoMVo &

JUoe: ‘moXHo$ä¶: ñn¥h¶{V & {ed: {~ëdnÌoä¶: ñn¥h¶{V & ‘hmbú‘r: H$‘bm¶ ñn¥h¶{V &
Ef: {Z{Ib: & {Z{Ibm¶ qH$ qH$ amoMVo?

{dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²²
{Z{Ibm¶ bÈx>H$m: amoMÝVo & embm amoMVo & nwñVH$m{Z amoMÝVo & J{UVg§ñH¥$Vo amoMoVo &
Efm H$mí‘ram & H$mí‘ram H$ñ‘¡/H$ñ¶¡ ñn¥h¶{V ?
H$mí‘ram H$ÊR>hmam¶ ñn¥h¶{V & eeH$mä¶m§ ñn¥h¶{V & ObH«$sS>m¶¡ ñn¥h¶{V & doUdo ñn¥h¶{V &

36
fð>: nmR>: & {nZ²H$moS²>-àdV©H$:, ‘hmZ² g§ñH¥$Vk: !
Jm¡ad: - Aao A‘o¶, Hw$Ì JÀN>{g ?
A‘o¶: - g‘rno Ed nÌno{Q>H$m dV©Vo & ‘mVwb§ à{V nÌ§ àof{¶Vw§ VÌ JÀN>m{‘ &
Jm¡ad: - Xe©¶ nÌ‘² & A{n ~o“bwéZJao {Zdg{V Vd ‘mVwb: ? VV² Vw AVrd Xÿao {H$b ? H$Xm nÌ§
{dÝXoV² g: ?
A‘o¶: - gm‘mÝ¶V: Ìr{U {XZm{Z Ano{jVm{Z VXW©‘² &
Jm¡ad: - Ìr{U {XZm{Z Ed ? EVmdV² erK«‘² ?
A‘o¶: - gË¶‘² &
Jm¡ad: - {H$ÝVw gL²>Ho$V: Vw XodZmJar{bß¶m§ {bpIV: & H$Um©Q>Ho$ Vw H$ÞS>{b{n: à¶wÁ¶Vo Zw ? V{h© H$W§
nÌdmhH$: VV² n{R>Vw§ eŠZw¶mV² ?
A‘o¶: - ní¶ EVV² & gL²>Ho$Vñ¶ AÝVo AmL²>½b^mf¶m H$üZ H«$‘mL²>H$: {bpIV: ApñV & OmZm{g Ibw
V{Ûf¶o ?
Jm¡ad: - Am‘², g: Vw {nZ²H$moS²>H«$‘mL²>H$: & Ah§ nÌ§ Z {bIm{‘ {H$ÝVw gÚñH$-H«$¶Ug‘¶o (Online
Shopping) {nZ²H$moS>²H«$‘mL²>H$: A{Zdm¶©: Ed & BVmo@{n M Añ‘mH§$ {d^mJo ATM emIm:,
é½Umb¶m:, {d{eï>godm: dm Hw$Ì gpÝV B{V kmVw§ {nZ²H$moS>²H«$‘mL²>H$: Amdí¶H$: Ed &
A{¶ {‘Ìm{U, ^maVgÑeo {dembo Xoeo gwXÿaàmÝVoä¶: AÝ¶àmÝV§ à{V ào{fVm{Z nÌm{U {dZm
{dbå~§ {dZm à‘mX§ H$W§ bä¶ÝVo? d¶‘² Añ‘mH§$ {Zdmg{d^mJo nÌno{Q>H$m¶m§ nÌ§ {jnm‘: & VV: VV²
nÌmb¶§ à{V JÀN>{V & VV: M {Z{X©ï>§ ñWmZ§ à{V àmßZmo{V & H$W§ e³¶m ^d{V Efm {dVaUì¶dñWm?
"{nZ²H$moS²>àUm{b:' BË¶od EVñ¶ àýñ¶ CÎma‘² & {nZ²H$moS²>H«$‘mL²>H$: Zm‘ nÌg‘o Vñ¶ AÝVo {b{IVm:
fQ²> gL²>»¶m: & {nZ²H$moS²> Zm‘ ñWmZg‘o Vm‘: & (PIN - Postal Index Number). Am°JñQ> 1972-V‘o
{¼ñVmãXo ñdmVÝÍ¶{XZg‘mamoho àYmZ‘pÝÌ-BpÝXam-JmÝYr-‘hmoX¶m¶¡ CnhmarH¥$Vm Efm ‘hÎdnyUm© àUm{b: &
Ho$Z Ibw àd{V©Vm B¶§ g‘oVm‘ àUm{b: ? g: nÌmb¶-A{YH$mar AmgrV² g§ñH¥$VnpÊS>V: J{UVk:
lram‘-{^H$mOr-dobUH$a‘hmoX¶: &
g: H$mobH$VmZJao S>mH$Vma{d^mJñ¶ {ZX}eH$ê$noU
H$m¶©aV: AmgrV² & Vñ¶ H$m¶©H$mbo EH$pñ‘Z² {XZo
H$mo@{n Xþ:{IV: Ho$ab-àXoer¶: g¡{ZH$: ‘hmoX¶§ ‘o{bVw‘²
AmJV: & g: Vñ¶ {nÌmo: ñdmñÏ¶{df¶o {H${#mX{n
kmVw‘² Ag‘W©: & ¶V: VXm nÌñ¶ àdmgH$mb: Ho$abV:
AéUmMbàXoen¶©ÝV§ ¹${MV² ‘mgm{YH$mo@{n AmgrV² &
VoZ n§. dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ {MÝVZ‘² AmaãY‘², "H$W§
nÌñ¶ àm{áH$mb§ Ý¶yZ§ H$Vwª e³Zmo{‘?' Xþ~m}Y§ hñVmja§,
{^Þm: àmÝVr¶m: ^mfm:, AnyU©: nÌg‘o V: B{V Z¡Ho$ àË¶yhm: & AV: J{UVkoZ VoZ A‘mZm‘² Cn¶moJ: H¥$V: &
VoZ Xoeñ¶ Aï> {d^mJm: H¥$Vm: & Vofm§ M Cn{d^mJ-OZnXmYmaoU H«$‘m‘ Z§ H¥$V‘² & VoZ AYwZm{n d¶§ {dZm¶mg§
erK«§ nÌ§ b^m‘ho &
AZwemgZ{à¶ñ¶ dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ g“rV‘{n {à¶: {df¶: & g: ìhm¶mo{bZdmXZo VWm V~bmdmXZo@{n
37
AVrd {ZnwU: & AV: Ed g: "JrVJrdm©U‘²' B{V g“rV{df¶H§$ emór¶J«ÝW§ g§ñH¥$VoZ a{MVdmZ² & H$Wm:,
JrVm{Z, ~mbJrVm{Z, Z¥Ë¶ZmQ>ç‘² B{V ~hþ{dYm: aMZm: VoZ H¥$Vm: VWm{n Z>mQ>çboIZ§ Vñ¶ A{^‘V:
gm{hË¶àH$ma: & boIZ§, {X½Xe©Z§, ZmQ>ç{Z{‘©{V:, ì¶dñWmnZ§, g“rVg§¶moOZ‘² B{V gd©‘od H$Vwª g: g‘W©:
AV: ""g~Hw$N> lr{^:'' B{V Vñ¶ ZmQ>H$mZm§ »¶m{V: AmgrV² &
YÝ¶: g: {dÛÛaoÊ¶: ¶oZ d¶§ {nZ²H$moS>²àUmë¶m CnH¥$Vm: &
^mfmä¶mg:
1. C{MV§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV &
A) nÌdmhH$: qH$ n{R>Ëdm nÌ§ {dVa{V ?
(1) XodZmJar{bnr‘² (2) H$ÞS>{bnr‘² (3) AmL²>½b^mfm‘² (4) g‘o VH«$‘m‘‘²
Am) {nZ²H$moS²>H«$‘m‘: AÌ Z Amdí¶H$: &
(1) é½Umb¶o (2) gÚñH$-H«$¶Uo (3) ATM emIm-AÝdofUo (4) nwñVH$nR>Zo
B) {nZ²H$moS²>-àUm{b: Ho$Z g‘maãYm ?
(1) BpÝXam‘hmoX¶¶m (2) JmÝYr‘hmoX¶oZ (3) àYmZ‘pÝÌUm (4) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶oZ
B©) {nZ²H$moS²>H«$‘m‘o$ H${V gL²>»¶m: ? (1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV & 1. dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ H$m¶©d¡{eîQ>çm{Z {bIV &
2. dobUH$a‘hmoX¶: Ho$Z àg“oZ {nZ²H$moS²>{Z‘m©Uo ào[aV: ?
A) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ H$: {à¶: {df¶: ? Am) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶: Ho dmÚo dmX¶{V ñ‘ ?
B) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶oZ a{MV: g“rV{df¶H$: J«ÝW: H$: ?
B©) {nZ²H$moS²>àUm{b{Z{‘Îm§ dobUH$a‘hmoX¶oZ Xoeñ¶ H${V {d^mJm: H¥$Vm: ?
D$) dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ A{^‘V: gm{hË¶àH$ma: H$: ?
5. {deofUm[Z ApÝdî¶ {bIV &
A) àUm{b: & Am) g¡{ZH$: &
B) ^mfm: & B©)
hñVmja‘² & dobUH$a‘hmoX¶oZ {b{IVm{Z
E) {df¶: & Eo) aMZm: & ZmQ>H$m{Z &
g“rVgm¡^Ð‘² &
H$m{bXmgM[aV‘² & OÝ‘ am‘m¶Uñ¶ &
VZ¶mo amOm ^d{V H$W§ ‘o ? amkr XþJm©dVr &
aUlra“‘² & (Ìr{U ZmQ>H$m{Z) H$m{bÝXr &
ñdmVÝÍ¶bú‘r: (Z^moZmQ>ç‘²) &
ñdmVÝÍ¶{MÝVm‘{U: (Z^moZmQ>ç‘²) &
ApÝdî¶V {bIV M & H$m¡{Q>br¶mW©ZmQ>ç‘² (XÿaXe©Z‘m{bH$m) &
1. EVm: gL>²»¶m: qH$ {Z{X©epÝV & g§ñH¥$Vgm{hË¶o dobUH$a‘hmoX¶a{MVm: eVm{YH$‘²
4 0 0 0 7 9 g§ñH¥$VJ«ÝWm: & Vofw ZmQ>H$-H$mì¶-g“r{VH$m-
? ? ? ? ? ? Z¥Ë¶-ZmQ>ç-{dbmo‘H$mì¶m{Z BË¶mX¶: {d{dYm:
2. {d{dYXoeofw A{n nÌg‘oVm‘àUm{b: dV©Vo dm ? gm{hË¶àH$mam: à{gÕm: &
38
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 2
(A) {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:& ({dÜ¶W©:)
N>mÌm: nR>ÝVw & (Anojm¶m: ~moY:) N>mÌm: nR>o¶w: & (eŠ¶Vm¶m: ~moY:)
{dÜ¶W©: ({d{Y + AW©:)
CnXoe:, Amerdm©X:, àmW©Zm, H$V©ì¶‘², e³¶Vm, ^{dî¶ËH$mb{ZXo©e: BË¶mX¶: &
1. OrdoV² eaX: eV‘² & (Amerdm©X:) 2. àmáo Vw fmoS>eo df} nwÌo {‘ÌdX² AmMaoV² && (H$V©ì¶‘²)
3. bôV {gH$Vmgw V¡b‘{n ¶ËZV: nrS>¶Z² & (eŠ¶Vm) 5. ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[aË¶OoV² & (CnXoe:)
5. Ah‘² A{^ZoVm/A{^ZoÌr ^do¶‘² & (^{dî¶ËH$mb:) 6. N>mÌ: àË¶yfo C{Îmð>oV² & (CnXoe:)
nañ‘¡nX‘² {d{Y{bL²>àË¶¶m: ({dÜ¶W©
:) AmË‘ZonX‘²
BV² BVm‘² B¶w: àW‘: B©V B©¶mVm‘² B©aZ²
B: BV‘² BV ‘Ü¶‘: B©Wm: B©¶mWm‘² B©Üd‘²
B¶‘² Bd B‘ CÎm‘: B©¶ B©d{h B©‘{h
nR² (1 n.n.) a‘² (1 Am.n.)
nR>oV² nR>oVm‘² nR>o¶w: àW‘: a‘oV a‘o¶mVm‘² a‘oaZ²
nR>o: nR>oV‘² nR>oV ‘Ü¶‘: a‘oWm: a‘o¶mWm‘² a‘ooÜd‘²
nR>o¶‘² nR>od nR>o‘ CÎm‘: a‘o¶ a‘od{h a‘o‘{h
Z¥V² (4 n.n.) ‘Z² (4 Am.n.)
Z¥Ë¶oV² Z¥Ë¶oVm‘² Z¥Ë¶o¶w: àW‘: ‘Ý¶oV ‘Ý¶o¶mVm‘² ‘Ý¶oaZ²
Z¥Ë¶o: Z¥Ë¶oV‘² Z¥Ë¶oV ‘Ü¶‘: ‘Ý¶oWm: ‘Ý¶o¶mWm‘² ‘Ý¶oÜd‘²
Z¥Ë¶o¶‘² Z¥Ë¶od Z¥Ë¶o‘ CÎm‘: ‘Ý¶o¶ ‘Ý¶od{h ‘Ý¶o‘{h
{bI² (6 n.n.) {Xe² (6 Am.n.)
{bIoV² {bIoVm‘² {bIo¶w: àW‘: {XeoV {Xeo¶mVm‘² {XeoaZ²
{bIo: {bIoV‘² {bIoV ‘Ü¶‘: {XeoWm: {Xeo¶mWm‘² {XeoÜd‘²
{bIo¶‘² {bIod {bIo‘ CÎm‘: {Xeo¶ {Xeod{h {Xeo‘{h
nyO² (10 n.n.) ‘ÝÌ² (10 Am.n.)
nyO¶oV² nyO¶oVm‘² nyO¶o¶w: àW‘: ‘ÝÌ¶oV ‘ÝÌ¶o¶mVm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶oaZ²
nyO¶o: nyO¶oV‘² nyO¶oV ‘Ü¶‘: ‘ÝÌ¶oWm: ‘ÝÌ¶o¶mWm‘² ‘ÝÌ¶oÜd‘²
nyO¶o¶‘² nyO¶od nyO¶o‘ CÎm‘: ‘ÝÌ¶o¶ ‘ÝÌ¶od{h ‘ÝÌ¶o‘{h
39
(Am) g_mgm: &
g§dmX‘² B‘§ nR>V &
{ejH$: - Am{XË`, `y`§ gd} ø: Hw$Ì JVdÝV:?
Am{XË`:- d`§ gd} AaÊ`§ JVdÝV: &
{ejH$: - AaÊò qH$ {H$_² AmgrV² ?
Am{XË`:- dZo d¥jm: AmgZ² &
{ejH$: - AÝ`V² {H$_² AmgrV² ?
Am{XË`:- IJm: ned: M &
{ejH$: - AÝ`V² {H$_² ?
Am{XË`:- \$bm{Z, nwînm{U, nÌm{U M AmgZ² &
{ejH$: - AaÊò d¥jIJned: AmgZ² &
AaÊò \$bnwînnÌm{U AmgZ² &
1. d¥jm: M IJm: M ned: M- d¥jIJned: &
2. \$bm{Z M nwînm{U M nÌm{U M- \$bnwînnÌm{U &
EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z A{n ní`V &
1. gy`©ñ` àH$me:- gy`©àH$me: & 2. XeaWñ` nwÌ:- XeaWnwÌ: &
3. {à`: Xoe:- {à`Xoe: & 4. dmë_r{H$Zm a{MV_²- dmë_r{H$a{MV_² &
5. H$m`©o _¾:- H$m`©_¾: & 6. gwI§ M Xþ:I§ M- gwIXþ:Io &
7. am_: M bú_U: M- am_bú_Um¡ & 8. Zrb: H$ÊR>: `ñ` g:- ZrbH$ÊR>: &
9. EH$: XÝV: `ñ` g:- EH$XÝV: & 10. {XZo {XZo- à{V{XZ_² &
g§jon: Zm_ g_mg: &
eãXm: gå`H²$ Añ`ÝVo `Ì g: g_mg: & g_mg: ^mfm`m: _hÎdnyUª d¡{eîQ>ç_² &
g_mgm: AW©_² AZwgapÝV & gpÝYg_mg`mo: H¥$Vo nXÛ`_od Amdí`H§$ {H$ÝVw V`mo^}X: Ðï>ì¶: &
gpÝY: g_mg:
1. CƒmaU§ àYmZ_² & 1. AW©: àYmZ: &
2. {d^{³VàË``mZm§ bmon: Z ^d{V & 2. {d^{³VàË``mZm§ bmon: ^d{V&
3. gÝYm¡ g_mg: Z eŠ`: & 3. g_mgo gpÝY: eŠ`: &
4. gy`©ñ` + CX`: = gy`©ñ`moX`: & 4. gy¶©ñ¶ CX¶: = gy`© + CX`: = gy`m}X`: &
gm‘m{gH$eãXo nXÛ`_² 1) nyd©nX_² 2) CÎmanX_²
gm‘m{gH$nX‘² nyd©nX‘² CÎmanX‘²
gy`m}X`: gy`© CX`:
ZrbH$ÊR>: Zrb H$ÊR>:
40
nXñ` àYmZËd§ {H«$`mnXoZ {gÜ`{V & àYmZËdoZ g_mgmZm§ MËdma: àH$mam: & ¶Wm
nyd©nX_² CÎmanX_² AW©àYmZËd_² g_mgàH$ma: CXmhaU_²
1.   nyd©nXàYmZ: Aì``r^md: à{V{XZ_²
2.   CÎmanXàYmZ: VËnwéf: XeaWnwÌ:
3.   C^`nXàYmZ: ÛÝÛ: am_bú_Um¡
4.   AÝ`nXàYmZ: ~hþd«r{h: ZrbH$ÊR>:
C^¶nXmW©àYmZ: ÛÝÛ: g‘mg: &
1. BVaoVaÛÝÛ: g‘mg: &

{dÚm{ZHo$VZ‘²

MÝÐgy¶m£ ~mbH$~m{bH$m: d¥jbVm:
MÝÐ: M gy`©: M & ~mbH$m: M ~m{bH$m: M& d¥jm: M bVm: M &
BVa + BVa- {^ÞnXm{Z EH$Ì à`wÁ`ÝVo AÌ & 1. bKweãX: (Ý¶yZñda¶w³V: eãX:) àW‘: ^doV² &
2. g‘ñVnX§ {ZË`§ {ÛdMZo ~hþdMZo dm & 3. g‘ñVnXñ¶ {b“‘² CÎmanXmZwgma‘² &
4. {dJ«ho à{VnX§ àW_m {d^p³V: ¶moOZr¶m & 5. {dJ«ho, à{VnX§ "M' B{V Aì¶¶‘² Cn`mo³Vì`_² &
6. g‘ñVnX§ ~hþdMZo MoV² à{VnX‘² AWm©Zwgma‘² & 7. g‘ñVnX§ {ÛdMZo MoV² à{VnX‘² EH$dMZ‘² &
H¥${V: 1 - {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m g_ñVnXm{Z {bIV &

nÌnwînm{U &
H¥${V: 2 - {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m g_mg{dJ«h§ {bIV &
ñH$ÝX: M JUoe: M &

41

{MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m g‘ñVnX§ g_mg{dJ«h§ M {bIV & {OkmgmnÌ‘²

2. g_mhma: ÛÝÛ: &

_yfH$‘mOm©a_² & (OmVd¡aËd_²) hñVnmX_² & (earamd`dm:)
_yfH$: M _mOm©a: M EV`mo: g_mhma: & hñVm¡ M nmXm¡ M EVofm§ g_mhma: &
`yH$m{bj_² & (gyú_Ordm:) h[aÐmHw$L²>Hw$‘‘² & ({ZË¶gmhM¶©‘²)

`yH$m: M {bjm: M EVmgm§ g_mhma: & h[aÐm M Hw$L²>Hw$‘§ M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: &

Xþ½YeH©$a‘² & (gmhM¶©‘²) {VbJwS>_² & ({ZË¶gmhM¶©‘²)

Xþ½Y§ M eH©$am M EV¶mo: g‘mhma: & {Vbm: M JwS>: M EVofm§ g_mhma: &
42
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 1 & V¥Vr¶: KQ>H$: &

[J«rî‘mdH$meo Xm¡{hÌm: Xm¡{hÍ¶:
M ‘mVm‘øm gh Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$VoZ
dmVm©bmn§ Hw$d©pÝV & ‘mVm‘hr
Voä¶: g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m: {deofmZ²
H$W¶{V &]
‘mVm‘hr - Añ‘mH§$ ~më¶H$mbo
XÿaXe©Zo EH$mË‘Vm¶m: EH§$ JrV‘²
AmgrV² & VX² Jm¶m‘: -
EH$m MQ>H$m, AZoH$müQ>H$m: &
YmÝ¶‘² AÎmw‘² Am¶mVmüQ>H$m: &&
gwYoÝXþ: - ‘mVm‘hr JVg‘¶o Ëd¶m MVwañ¶ H$mH$ñ¶ H$WmJrV§ lm{dV‘² &

EH$: H$mH$: V¥fmnr{S>V: &
Ob§ Z b^Vo Xÿao Xÿao &&
VÌ EH$: H$mH$: B{V C³V‘² & AYwZm AÌ EH$m MQ>H$m B{V dX{g &
n¥Wm - Am‘² & VWm M "EH§$ JrV‘²' BË¶{n C³V‘² & V{h© {H$‘W©‘² AÌ EH$:, EH$‘² B{V ôX: ?
doUw: - ({MÝV{¶Ëdm) h§.. ‘¶m kmV‘² & ¶Wm EH$: ~mb:, EH$m ~mbm, EH$§ dZ‘² &
‘mVm‘hr - ~hþ gå¶H²$ doUmo &
gwYoÝXþ: - V{h© EH$: MfH$:, EH$m boIZr, EH§$ ’o$ZH$‘² & A{n ¶mo½¶‘oVV² ?
‘mVm‘hr - ~mT>‘² & gå¶H²$ AdJV§ Ëd¶m & BVmo@{n EH$‘² AmL²>½b-~mbJrV§ ¶y¶§ Jm¶W ñ‘ & A{n ñ‘aW ?
Ûm¡ bKy hñVm¡ Vm{bH$mdmXZm¶ & Ûm¡ bKy nmXm¡ J‘ZmJ‘Zm¶ &
Ûo bKy ZoÌo Z^moXe©Zm¶ &...
n¥Wm - ‘mVm‘{h, AdJV§ ‘¶m & VWm M Ûm¡-Ûo EV¶mo: ôXmo@{n kmV: & ¶Wm Ûm¡ nwéfm¡, Ûm¡ Xrnm¡ &
doUw: - Ûo ’$bo, Ûo CÚmZo &
gwYoÝXþ: - ‘{hbmÛ¶§ dm ÐmoUrÛ¶‘² B{V H$W§ d³Vì¶‘² ?
‘mVm‘hr - Ûo ‘{hbo Ûo ÐmoÊ¶m¡ dm & BXmZr‘h§ gL²>»¶me¥L²>Ibm§ dXm{‘ & H$W¶V {H$‘oVV² ?
Ì¶: {Vò: Ìr{U & MËdma: MVò: MËdm[a &&
gwYoÝXþ: - (h{gËdm) ‘¶¡d AdJV‘² & Ì¶: d¥jm:, {Vò: ‘{jH$m:, Ìr{U ’$bm{Z &...
n¥Wm - {Vð> ao & AJ«o Ah§ dXm{‘ & MËdma: ‘wZ¶:, MVò: YoZd:, MËdm[a dmhZm{Z &
‘mVm‘hr - gwemo^Z‘² & MmUmjm: ¶y¶‘² &
doUw: - BV: na§ d¶§ EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U nR>m‘: &
‘mVm‘hr - gmYw & gmYw &
43
EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U
EH $({ZË¶‘² EH$dMZ‘²) {Û ({ZË¶§ {ÛdMZ‘²)
nw§. ór. Znw§. {d^p³V: nw§. ór. Znw§.
EH$: EH$m EH$‘² àW‘m Ûm¡ Ûo Ûo
EH$‘² EH$m‘² EH$‘² {ÛVr¶m Ûm¡ Ûo Ûo
EHo$Z EH$¶m EHo$Z V¥Vr¶m Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²
EH$ñ‘¡ EH$ñ¶¡ EH$ñ‘¡ MVwWu Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²
EH$ñ‘mV² EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ‘mV² n#m‘r Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘² Ûmä¶m‘²
EH$ñ¶ EH$ñ¶m: EH$ñ¶ fð>r Û¶mo: Û¶mo: Û¶mo:
EH$pñ‘Z² EH$ñ¶m‘² EH$pñ‘Z² gá‘r Û¶mo: Û¶mo: Û¶mo:
{Ì ({ZË¶§ ~hþdMZ‘²) MVwa² ({ZË¶§ ~hþdMZ‘²)

nw§. ór. Znw§. {d^p³V: nw§. ór. Znw§.
Ì¶: {Vò: Ìr{U àW‘m MËdma: MVò: MËdm[a
ÌrZ² {Vò: Ìr{U {ÛVr¶m MVwa: MVò: MËdm[a
{Ì{^: {Vg¥{^: {Ì{^: V¥Vr¶m MVw{^©: MVg¥{^: MVw{^©:
{Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: MVwWu MVwä¶©: MVg¥ä¶: MVwä¶©:
{Ìä¶: {Vg¥ä¶: {Ìä¶: n#m‘r MVwä¶©: MVg¥ä¶: MVwä¶©:
Ì¶mUm‘² {Vg¥Um‘² Ì¶mUm‘² fð>r MVwUm©‘² MVg¥Um‘² MVwUm©‘²
{Ìfw {Vg¥fw {Ìfw gá‘r MVwfw© MVg¥fw MVwfw©
gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &
A) (4) ‘{hbmä¶: VÊSw>bmZ² AmZ¶ & Am) Vofw (3) Véfw IJm: ZrS>m{Z AaM¶Z² &
B) (1) H$no: Q>mo{nH$m n{VVm & B©) EVmgw (2) H¥$Vr {bIÝVw &
C) (3) ^wdZmZm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ {Ì^wdZ‘² & D$) (1) Xmgr gÝXoe§ H${WVdVr &
E) V¶mo: (2) nañna‘obZ§ Z AmgrV² & Eo) (1) ZJao g: dg{V ñ‘ &
Amo) (2) A{n H$dr H$mì¶‘² AnR>Vm‘² & Am¡) H$Wm‘oVm‘² (4) N>mÌoä¶: H$W¶ &
A§) Ah§ (3) Mm¡amZ² Aní¶‘² & H$) d¶§ (4) JrVm{Z Jm¶m‘: &
I) g: (4) doXmZ² AYrVdmZ² & J) d¶§ (2) ZoÌmä¶m§ ní¶m‘: &
K) {ed: (3) ZoÌ¡: ní¶{V &
hgV ZÝXV !
1) ZrVm - AmMm¶}, gm Jm¡ar {H$‘{n Z H$amo{V & Am{XZ‘² Cn{dí¶ Ho$db§ ì¶Wª g‘¶¶mnZ§ H$amo{V &
{e{jH$m - AñVw & {H$ÝVw Ëd§ H$W‘² EVV² OmZm{g ?
ZrVm - Ah§ Vw gd©Xm, Vm‘od ní¶m{‘ Ibw !
2) {e{jH$m - N>mÌm:, ø: ^yVH$mb: nm{R>V: {H$b? AYwZm {‘{hH$o, ^yVH$mbñ¶ EH$‘² CXmhaU§ H$W¶ &
{‘{hH$m - AmMm¶}, Ah§ Vw ø: AZwnpñWVm Amg‘² &
{e{jH$m : CÎm‘§ {‘{hHo$ ! Ëd¶m gå¶H² ^yVH$mb: kmV: ! - MÝX‘m‘m-‘m{gH$mV² &
44
gá‘: nmR>: & gyp³VgwYm & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)
g§ñH¥$V^mfm gw^m{fV¡: g‘bL²>H¥$Vm Ibw & gw^m{fVoä¶: CÕ¥Vm: Z¡H${dYm: g§ñH¥$Vgy³V¶: Z Ho$db§ g§ñH¥$Vo, A{n Vw
AÝ¶^mfmñd{n ‘m{‘©H$V¶m CËñ’y$V©V¶m M Cn¶wº$m: Ñí¶ÝVo & àm¶: OZm: gånyUª gw^m{fV§ Z ñ‘apÝV naÝVw gy³V¶: Vofm§
{OˆmJ«o {VðpÝV & ^mfmd¡^d§ dY©¶ÝË¶: EVmÑí¶: gy³V¶: N>mÌ¡: gå¶H²$ n{R>Vì¶m: ñ‘V©ì¶m: M &
Z Mmoahm¶ª Z M amOhm¶ª Z ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z M ^maH$m[a &
ì¶¶o H¥$Vo dY©V Ed {ZË¶§ {dÚmYZ§ gd©YZàYmZ‘² &&1&&
[{dÚmYZ§ Mmoahm¶ª Z (ApñV), amOhm¶ª Z, ^«mV¥^mÁ¶§ Z, ^maH$m[a (A{n) Z (ApñV) & ì¶¶o H¥$Vo A{n
(VV²) {ZË¶§ dY©Vo Ed & (gË¶‘od {dÚmYZ§) gd©YZàYmZ‘² (ApñV) & ]
A¶§ {ZO: namo do{V JUZm bKwMoVgm‘² &
CXmaM[aVmZm§ Vw dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² &&2&&
[bKwMoVgm§ (H¥$Vo) A¶§ {ZO: na: dm B{V JUZm (ApñV) & CXmaM[aVmZm§ (H¥$Vo) Vw dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² (ApñV)&]
namonH$mam¶ ’$bpÝV d¥jm: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV ZÚ: &
namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV Jmd: namonH$mamW©{‘X§ eara‘² &&3&&
[d¥jm: namonH$mam¶ ’$bpÝV & ZÚ: namonH$mam¶ dhpÝV & Jmd: namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV & BX§ eara§ namonH$mamW©‘² (Ed ApñV) &]
OmS>ç§ {Y¶mo ha{V {g#m{V dm{M gË¶§
‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V nmn‘nmH$amo{V &
{MÎm§ àgmX¶{V {Xjw VZmo{V H$s{Vª
gËg“{V: H$W¶ qH$ Z H$amo{V nw§gm‘² &&4&&
[gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§ ha{V, dm{M gË¶§ {g#m{V, ‘mZmoÞqV {Xe{V, nmn‘² AnmH$amo{V, {MÎm§ àgmX¶{V,
{Xjw H$s{Vª VZmo{V & H$W¶ ! (gm gËg“{V:) nw§gm§ qH$ ({hV§) Z H$amo{V ?]
¶Ì Zm¶©ñVw nyÁ¶ÝVo a‘ÝVo VÌ XodVm: &
¶Ì¡VmñVw Z nyÁ¶ÝVo gdm©ñVÌm’$bm: {H«$¶m: &&5&&
[¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ XodVm: a‘ÝVo & ¶Ì Vw EVm: Z nyÁ¶ÝVo VÌ gdm©: {H«$¶m: A’$bm: (^dpÝV) & ]
^mfmä¶mg:
ûcmoH$: 1 4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & Mmoa:, ^ma:, {ZË¶‘², {dÚm, YZ‘², àYmZ‘² &
A) H¡$: YZ§$Z õr¶Vo ? 5. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV &
Am) Ho$fw YZ§ Z {d^Á¶Vo ? ì¶¶:, {ZË¶‘², àYmZ‘² &
B) gd©YZàYmZ§ {H$‘² ? ûcmoH$: 2
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & 1. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV &
{dÚmYZ§ ì¶¶o H¥$Vo H$W§ dY©Vo ? (A) na: + dm + B{V
3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & dY©V Ed & (Am) dgwYm + Ed
45
2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & ûcmoH$: 4
A) "A¶§ {ZO:, A¶§ na:' B{V Ho$fm§ JUZm ? 1. [a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &
Am) Ho$fm§ H¥$Vo dgwYm Ed Hw$Qw>å~H$‘² ^d{V? A) gËg“{V: {Y¶: OmS>ç§ &
3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & Am) gËg“{V: dm{M {g#m{V &
bKwMoVg: CXmaMoVg: OZm: H$W‘² A{^kmVì¶m: ? B) gËg“{V: {Xe{V &
4. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV B©) gËg“{V: nmn‘² &
A ñdr¶‘² {MÝVZ‘² AÝ¶: n¥{Wdr C) gËg“{V: {MÎm§ &
Am JUZm dgwYm {ZO: na: D$) gËg“{V: {Xjw VZmo{V &
ûcmoH$: 3 2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & gËg“{V: OrdZo qH$ qH$ H$amo{V?
A) namonH$mam¶ d¥jm: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ? ûcmoH$: 5
Am) namonH$mam¶ ZÚ: qH$ Hw$d©pÝV ? 1. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV &
B) H$m: namonH$mam¶ XþhpÝV ? Zm¶©ñVw, ¶Ì¡Vm:, EVmñVw, VÌm’$bm:, gdm©ñVÌ &
B©) eara§ {H$‘W©‘² ? 2. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV & A) XodVm: Hw$Ì a‘ÝVo ?
namonH$ma: Zm‘ {H$‘² ? Ho$ namonH$ma‘¾m: ? Am) {H«$¶m: Hw$Ì A’$bm: ^dpÝV ?
3. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & 3. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
d¥jm:, ZÚ:, eara‘² & "¶Ì Zm¶©: nyÁ¶ÝVo '& B{V gyp³V§ ûcmoH$ñ¶
4. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & CnH$ma:, na: & AmYmaoU ñnï>rHw$éV &
5. "Zmar' BË¶W©‘² A‘aH$mofnpL²>³V§ {bIV &
&& A‘aH$mof: && {dJ«h: &

amOm - amOm amQ²> nm{W©d: ú‘m^¥Þ¥n^yn‘hr{jV: & amOm, amQ²>, nm{W©d:, ú‘m^¥V², Z¥n:, ^yn:, ‘hr{jV: &
Jwé: - CnmÜ¶m¶mo@Ü¶mnH$mo@W ñ¶m{ÞfoH$m{XH¥$X²Jéw : & CnmÜ¶m¶:, AÜ¶mnH$:, {ZfoH$m{XH¥$V², Jwé: &
Zm{gH$m - ³br~o K«mU§ JÝYdhm KmoUm Zmgm M Zm{gH$m & K«mU‘², JÝYdhm, KmoUm, Zmgm, Zm{gH$m&
ZoÌ‘² - bmoMZ§ Z¶Z§ ZoÌ‘rjU§ Mjwa{jUr & bmoMZ‘², Z¶Z‘², ZoÌ‘², B©jU‘², Mjw:, A{j: &
H$U©: - H$U©eãXJ«hm¡ lmoÌ§ lw{V: ór ldU§ ld: & H$U©:, eãXJ«h:, lmoÌ‘², lw{V:, ldU‘², ld: &
fQ²>nX: {Ûao’$nwîn{bS²>^¥“fQ>nX^«‘amb¶: & {Ûao’$:, nwîn{bQ²>, >^¥“:, fQ>²nX:, ^«‘a:, A{b: &
‘mZdm: - ‘Zwî¶m ‘mZwfm ‘Ë¶m© ‘ZwOm ‘mZdm Zam: & ‘Zwî¶m:, ‘mZwfm:, ‘Ë¶m©:, ‘ZwOm:, ‘mZdm:, Zam: &
Zmar - ór ¶mo{fX“Zm ¶mofm Zmar gr‘pÝVZr dYy: & ór, ¶mo{fV², A“Zm, ¶mofm, Zmar, gr‘pÝVZr, dYy: &
{ZnwU: - àdrUmo {ZnwUm{^k{dk{ZîUmV{e{jVm: & àdrU:, {ZnwU:, A{^k, {dk:, {ZîUmV:, {e{jV: &
‘mJ©: - A¶Z§ dË‘© ‘mJm©ÜdnÝWmZ: nXdr g¥{V: & A¶Z‘², dË‘©, ‘mJ©:, AÜdm, nÝWm:, nXdr g¥{V: &
g¡{ZH$: - ^Q>m ¶moYmü ¶moÕma: goZmajmñVw g¡{ZH$m: & ^Q>m:, ¶moYm:, ¶moÕma:, goZmajm:, g¡{ZH$m: &
{ZÐm - ñ¶m{ÞÐm e¶Z§ ñdmn: ñdßZ: g§doe BË¶{n & {ZÐm, e¶Z‘², ñdmn:, ñdßZ:, g§doe: &
~w{Õ: - ~w{Õ‘©Zrfm YrfUmYr: àkm eo‘wfr ‘{V: & ~w{Õ:, ‘Zrfm, YrfUm, Yr:, àkm, eo‘wfr, ‘{V: &
dM>: - ì¶mhma Cp³Vb©{nV§ ^m{fV§ dMZ§ dM: & ì¶mhma:, Cp³V:, b{nV‘², ^m{fV‘², dMZ‘², dM: &
eÌw: - [anm¡ d¡[agßZm[a{ÛfX²ÛofUXþö©X: & [anw:, d¡ar, gnËZ:, A[a:, {ÛfX², ÛofU:, Xwö©X² &
46
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & gL²>»¶m{deofUm{Z - 2 &
‘mVm‘hr - EH$V: MVw:n¶©ÝV§ gL²>»¶mê$nm{U AYrVm{Z Ibw ?
n#mV: Vw gL²>»¶mê$nofw Z {b“ôX: & Vm: ¶WmdV² à¶mo³Vì¶m: &
doUw: - kmV‘² & V{h© n#m AmgÝXm:, n#m A‘Ý¶: n#m ^dZm{Z dm &
gwYoÝXþ: - VWm M gá ~Q>d:, gá a‚md:, gá¡d M {XZm{Z &
n¥Wm - BVmo@{n Aï> VmaH$m:, Aï> ‘wZ¶:, Aï> dgy{Z &
‘mVm‘hr - CÎm‘‘² & H$míMZ gL²>»¶m: à{gÕm: & ¶Wm Zd amÌ¶: ...
doUw: M n¥Wm M - gá F$f¶:, Xe AmZZm{Z, Aï> búå¶:... Ìr{U ^wdZm{Z, Zd aËZm{Z dm &
‘mVm‘hr - n¶m©á‘² & Ah‘² AYwZm Hy$Q>àíZ§ dXm{‘ & {^: - ä¶: - ä¶: - AmZm‘² - gw & {H$‘² EVX² ?
gwYoÝXþ:- (Cƒ¡: h{gËdm) Z Ef: Hy$Q>àíZ: & EVo Vw {d^p³VàË¶¶m: & JVdf} Ah§ n{R>VdmZ² gå¶H²$
ñ‘am{‘ AYwZm A{n &
doUw: - Amohmo gwYoÝXmo ! gË¶‘od VrúUm OmVm Vd ~w{Õ: & V{h© EVo gL²>»¶màË¶¶m: V¥Vr¶mV: gá‘rn¶©ÝV‘² &
n¥Wm- ¶Wm n#m, n#m, n#m{^:, n#mä¶:, n#mä¶:, n#mmZm‘², n#mgw & n#mV: ZdXen¶©ÝV§ ê$nm{U
n#m gL²>»¶m Bd ^dpÝV & gË¶§ Ibw ?
‘mVm‘hr - Am‘², AVrd ‘w{XVm@pñ‘ & ¶y¶§ gd} g§ñH¥$VnQ>d: & BV:na§ g§ñH¥$V^mf¶m Io{bVw§ g‘Wm©: &
gwYoÝXþ:- VÎmw Ëd¶m gh gå^mfUoZ {H${#mX² ì¶mH$aUmä¶mgoZ M &
doUw: - gL²>»¶mê$nm{U gå¶JYrË¶ gå^mfUo gL²>»¶mZm‘² A{YH§$ à¶moJ§ Hw$‘©: &
n¥Wm - A{J«‘o AdH$meo AÝ¶mZ² gL²>»¶m{deofmZ² kmVw‘² AmJÀN>m‘: &
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
gL²>»¶mê$nm{U {b{IËdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V & gL²>»¶mê$nm{U
1. VÌ (5) ~mbHo$fw H$bh: CX²^yV: & ({ZË¶§ ~hþdMZ‘²)
2. (6) {~S>mb¡: EH$: Ed ‘yfH$: Ñï>: & ff² Aï>Z² ZdZ² {d^p³V:
3. (7) XrnmZm‘² EH$m Amd{b: J¥ho Ñí¶Vo & fQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd àW‘m
4. (9) amÌrUm§ g‘yh: Zm‘ ZdamÌ‘² & fQ²>/fS²> Aï> / Aï>m¡ Zd {ÛVr¶m
5. A{n OmZm{g (7) F$frUm§ Zm‘m{Z ? fS²>{^:> Aï>{^:/ Zd{^: V¥Vr¶m
6. H$m{V©Ho$¶: (6) ‘wI¡: dX{V {H$‘² ? Aï>m{^:
7. amdUñ¶ (10)‘ñVHo$ä¶: {H$arQ>m: n{VVm: & fS²>ä¶: Aï>ä¶:/ Zdä¶: MVwWu
8. (8) bú‘rfw H${V Zm‘m{Z OmZm{g ? Aï>mä¶:
9. amOm (9) F${fä¶: XmZ§ XÎmdmZ² &
fS²>ä¶: Aï>ä¶:/ Zdä¶: n#m‘r
10. (6) dñVwä¶: (3) dñVy{Z
Amdí¶H$m{Z & Aï>mä¶:
11. Añ‘m{^: (8) ^ynVrZm§ M[aÌm{U fÊUm‘² Aï>mZm‘² ZdmZm‘² fð>r
n{R>Vm{Z & fQ²>gw/ Aï>gw/ Zdgw gá‘r
fQ²>Ëgw Aï>mgw
47
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {H«$¶mnX§ qH$ H$W¶{V? - 2
JU¶{V gyM¶Vo H$W¶{V {H«$¶mnXm{Z dm³¶o ApÝdî¶V &
AÌ {^Þ§
1. gwdUª gd©loð>§ JÊ¶Vo & 2. gm¡OÝ¶§
nX§ {H$‘² ? Yma¶{V nyÁ¶Vo VmS>¶Vo loð>‘² CÀ¶Vo & 3. {MÌo ZXr Ñí¶Vo &
EVofm§ g‘mZVm H$m?
Kmof¶Vo Mmoa¶{V jmb¶{V 1. àË¶¶: - 2. ‘ybYmVw: +
CÎma‘² -
EVm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V &

1. am‘oU J«ÝW: nR>çVo & EVofw dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéf§ dMZ§ M AZwga{V & ¶{X H$‘©nX§
2. am‘oU J«ÝWm¡ nR>çoVo & n[adV©Vo V{h© {H«$¶mnX‘² A{n n[adV©Vo AV: H$‘©àYmZm{Z dm³¶m{Z B‘m{Z &
3. am‘oU J«ÝWm: nR>çÝVo &
4. am‘oU Ah§ Ñí¶o & H$‘©dmÀ¶: à¶moJ: & (H$‘©{U à¶moJ:)
5. am‘oU Amdm§ Ñí¶mdho & H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²
6. am‘oU d¶§ Ñí¶m‘ho & V¥Vr¶m {d^{³V: àW‘m {d^{³V: H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²
1) ‘Ywa¶m gwYmIÊS>m: AmZr¶ÝVo & 2) Añ‘m{^: J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘² H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²
V¥Vr¶m àW‘m V¥Vr¶m àW‘m
à.nw. à.nw. à.nw. à.nw.

~.d. ~.d. E. d. E.d.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX‘² AZwga{V & {H«$¶mnX§ H$‘©nX‘² AZwga{V &

AV: H$‘©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² & AV: H$‘©dmÀ¶§ {H«$¶mnX‘² BX‘² &
nR>V ~moYV !! ì¶mgJUoeH$Wm &
^JdVm ì¶mg‘w{ZZm ‘hm^maV§ Zm‘ ‘hmH$mì¶§ {daÀ¶Vo & EVñ‘mV² gÝVwï>: ~«÷Xod: Vñ¶ nwaV:
Am{d^©d{V & VXm ì¶mgoZ Z‘«oU àUå¶Vo & ~«÷XodoZ H$Ï¶Vo, ""ho ‘wZo, Ëd¶m ¶V² H$mì¶§ {da{MV§ Vñ¶ boIZ§
H$V©ì¶‘²'' B{V & ì¶mg‘w{ZZm CÀ¶Vo, ""Xod, ‘‘ H$mì¶ñ¶ boIZmWª ZmpñV ¶mo½¶: boIH$: &'' ~«÷XodoZ
H$Ï¶Vo, ""lrJUoe: Vd H$mì¶§ {bIoV² & Ëd¶m g: àmW©Zr¶: &'' VV: ~«÷XodoZ {ZJ©å¶Vo &
ì¶mg‘w{ZZm lrJUoe: Amhy¶Vo & lrJUoeoZ àUå¶ H$Ï¶Vo, ""‘w{Zda, ‘¶m qH$ H$aUr¶§ VV² Am{XeVw &''
ì¶mg‘w{ZZm H$Ï¶Vo, ""JUoe, Ëd¶m ‘‘ H$mì¶§ bo{IVì¶‘² &'' JUoeoZ CÀ¶Vo, ""Adí¶§ {bIm{‘ & {H$ÝVw ^dVm
gd} íbmoH$m: A{daV§ H$W{¶Vì¶m: &'' ì¶mg‘w{ZZm CÀ¶Vo, "VWmñVw & {H$ÝVw Ëd¶m A{n EH$ñ¶ A{n Ajañ¶
AW©‘² AkmËdm Z bo{IVì¶‘² &'' lrJUoeoZ H$Ï¶Vo, ""Am‘², VWm H$amo{‘'' B{V & VXZÝVa§ ì¶mg‘w{ZZm íbmoH$m:
H$Ï¶ÝVo JUoeoZ Vo {b»¶ÝVo & ì¶mg‘w{ZZm H${R>Zm: íbmoH$m: H$Ï¶ÝVo VXm JUoeoZ {MÝVZ§ {H«$¶Vo AW©: km¶Vo
{b»¶Vo M &
48
Aï>‘>: nmR>: & ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm &

"í¶m‘Mr AmB©' B{V nm§Sw>a§J gXm{ed gmZo (gmZo JwéOr) ‘hmoX¶oZ
‘amR>r^mf¶m {da{MV§ nwñVH$‘² & Apñ‘Z² nwñVHo$ Vñ¶ AmË‘H$WZnam: • ñdÀN>Vm gd©Xm earañ¶ AWdm
n[agañ¶ Ed ^d{V {H$‘² ?
H$Wm: gpÝV & EVm: ñ‘aUH$Wm: ~mbH$mZm§ H¥$Vo ~moYnam: g§ñH$maj‘m:
• A{n ‘Z: ñdÀN>§ ‘{bZ§ dm ^{dVw‘²
‘mV¥ñZohdY©H$m: M & í¶m‘: à{VamÌ§ ñd{‘Ìoä¶: ñdOrdZmYm[aVm: ñ‘¥{VH$Wm: Ah©{V ?
H$W¶{V & g§ñH¥$VmZwdmXÛmam Añ¶ AmXe©^yVñ¶ nwñVH$ñ¶ n[aM¶: H$m[aV: • ¶Xm ¶y¶§ hR>§ Hw$éV VXm ¶wî‘mH§$
S>m°. ‘ÄOyfm Hw$bH$Uu ‘hm^mJ¶m & Vñ‘mV² nwñVH$mV² A¶§ àg“: & ‘mVm qH$ H$amo{V ? hR>§ nya¶{V
CV {ZamH$amo{V ? àg“§
""~më¶mXod {Ûdma§ ñZmZ§ H$amo{‘ ñ‘ Ah‘² &'' í¶m‘oZ H$Wm dU©¶V &
AmaãYm & ""{Ûdma§ ñZmZñ¶ Aä¶mg: CÎm‘: Ed & amÌm¡ {ZÐm¶m: nydª
ñZmZ§ Hw$‘©: MoV² eara§ ñdÀN>§, gVoO:, bKw^ma{‘d M ^mgVo & {ZÐm¶m: nydª d¶§ àmW©Zm§ Hw$‘©:, EVV² ^d{V
‘Zg: ñZmZ‘² & eara§ ‘Z: M ñdÀN>o V{h© {ZÐm CÎm‘m ^d{V &
EH$Xm à{V{XZ{‘d Io{bËdm Ah§ J¥h‘²
AmJË¶ ñZmZmWª JVdmZ² & gm¶L²>H$mbñ¶
ñZmZmW©‘² A{YH$ñ¶ Obñ¶ Amdí¶H$Vm
Z ^d{V & ñZmZ§ g‘mß¶ ‘¶m C³V‘²,
""Aå~, ewîH$¶ ‘o A“‘² & Ob§ g‘má§,
gËda§ ewîH$¶ ‘o A“‘²'' B{V Cƒ¡: AdX‘²
Ah‘² & gm¶L²>H$mbo ‘o ‘mVm ñdem{Q>H$¶m
Ed ‘‘ eara§ ‘mO©¶{V ñ‘ &
‘mVm AmJVm, ‘‘ A“§ ‘m{O©VdVr
Amkm§ M XÎmdVr ""XodnyOmWª nwînm{U
AmZ¶, í¶m‘'' B{V & ""‘‘ nmXVbm¡ AmÐm£
ñV: & ‘¥{ÎmH$¶m ‘{bZm¡ ^{dî¶V: & AV:
‘‘ nmXVbm¡ A{n ñdÀN>rHw$é &'' B{V ‘¶m H${WV‘² & ""nmXVbm¡ AmÐm¡ ñV: V{h© {H$§ OmV§ ao í¶m‘ ? AYwZm
Ho$Z dóoU ‘mO©¶m{‘ ?'' ""Aå~, Vd em{Q>H$m#mb§ nmfmUo {dñVma¶ &'' ""í¶m‘, AVrd hR>ñd^md: A{g &''
B{V C³Ëdm ‘mÌm em{Q>H$m#mb§ {dñVm[aV‘² & Ah§§ MaUm¡ VXþn[a> ñWmn{¶Ëdm ewîH$m¡ H$ma{¶Ëdm {ZJ©VdmZ² & ‘mVw:
dó‘² AmÐ©‘² A^dV² &
Vpñ‘Z² g‘¶o V¶m em{Q>H$mn[adV©Z§ H$Vwª Z eŠ¶Vo BË¶{n ‘¶m Z {MpÝVV‘² & naÝVw nwÌMaUm¡ ‘{bZm¡ Z
^doVm‘², nwÌoÀN>m nyUm© ^doV² EVXWª V¶m ñdem{Q>H$m AmÐm© H¥$Vm & ‘mVm nwÌmWª qH$ qH$ Z H$amo{V, qH$ qH$ Z
ghVo, qH$ qH$ Z g‘n©¶{V? Ah§ J¥hñ¶ AÝV^m©J§ JVdmZ², nyOmWª nwînm{U ñWm{nVdmZ² & ‘mVm Xrn§ J¥hrËdm
AmJVdVr C³VdVr M, ""í¶m‘, MaUm¡ ‘{bZm¡ Z ^dV: AV: ¶Wm à¶Vgo VW¡d ‘Z: ‘{bZ§ Z ^dVw EVXW©‘²
A{n à¶Vñd & àmW©¶ Xod§ ewÕ~wX²Ü¶W©‘² &''
^mo {‘Ìm{U, {H$¶ÝV: ‘Ywam: eãXm:! nm{dÍ¶mWª ñdÀN>Vm¶¡ d¶§ à{V{XZ§ à¶Vm‘ho & dóñdÀN>VmWª
jmbZMyU©‘² ApñV, earamWª MÝXZ’o$ZH$m{Z gpÝV & eara§ dóm{U M ‘{bZm{Z Z ^dÝVw AV: gd} à¶ËZ§
Hw$d©pÝV & A{n d¶§ ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm¶¡ à¶Vm‘ho ?''
49
1. EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & ^mfmä¶mg:
1) {ZÐm H$Xm CÎm‘m ^d{V? 2) ñZmZoZ qH$ ^d{V? 3) H$Xm àmW©Zm§ dXm‘:?
4) ‘mVm í¶m‘ñ¶ MaUm¡ Ho$Z ‘mO©¶{V? 5) d¶§ à{V{XZ§ {H$‘Wª à¶Vm‘ho ?
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV& ‘Zg: ñdÀN>Vm{df¶o ‘mVm í¶m‘§ qH$ ~mo{YVdVr?
3. A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1. bKw^ma{‘d 2. BË¶{n 3. BVmo@{n 4. VW¡d 5. H$Xm{n
Am) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1. nmXVbm¡ 2. ñZmZñ¶
B) {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: & {deoî¶‘² nmXVbm¡ Aä¶mg: ‘Z: eara‘²

{deofU‘² gVoO: ‘{bZ‘² AmÐm¡© CÎm‘:
4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV & eara‘², ‘¥{ÎmH$m, MaUm¡, {‘Ì‘², ‘Z:, ‘¥X², gwöX², {MÎm‘², nmXm¡, Xoh:
5. {déÕmW©H§ eãX§ {bIV & n{dÌ‘², ewîH$‘², ZrM¡:, ñdÀN>‘², A{YH$‘², gËda‘² &
6. CnnX{d^p³V§ ¶moO¶V &
1. -------nydª d¶§ àmW©Zm§ dXm‘: & ({ZÐm¶m:/{ZÐm¶¡)
2. EH$Xm {ZË¶{‘d Io{bËdm Ah§ ------ AmJV:& (J¥ho/J¥h‘²)
7. C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & 1. ‘mÌm ñdem{Q>H$m AmÐm© H¥$Vm ¶V: .....&
A) gm dfm©¶m§ p³bÞm & Am) VoZ nwÌoÀN>m nyUm© ^doV² &
&& A‘aH$mof: && {dJ«h: &

Hw$¸w$a: - H$m¡bo¶H$: gma‘o¶: Hw$¸w$amo ‘¥JX§eH$: & H$m¡bo¶H$:, gma‘o¶:, Hw$¸w$a:, ‘¥JX§eH$: &
H¥$nU: - H$X¶} H¥$nUjwÐqH$nMmZ{‘V§nMm: & H$X¶©:, H¥$nU:, jwÐ:, qH$nMmZ:, {‘V§nM: &
emo^Z‘² gwÝXa§ ê${Ma§ Mmé gwf‘§ gmYw emo^Z‘² & gwÝXa‘², ê${Ma‘², Mmé, gwf‘‘², gmYw, emo^Z‘² &
‘{bZ‘² ‘br‘g§ Vw ‘{bZ§ H$ƒa§ ‘bXÿ{fV‘² & ‘br‘g‘², ‘{bZ‘², H$ƒa‘², ‘bXÿ{fV‘² &
à^yV‘² - à^yV§ àMwa§ àmÁ¶‘X^«§ ~hþb§ ~hþ & à^yV‘², àMwa‘², àmÁ¶‘², AX^«‘², ~hþb‘², ~hþ &
nyU©‘² - g‘J«§ gH$b§ nyU©‘IÊS>§ ñ¶mXZyZHo$ & g‘J«‘², gH$b‘², nyU©‘², AIÊS>‘², AZyZH$‘² &
nwÌ: - AmË‘OñVZ¶: gyZw: gwV: nwÌ: {ó¶m§ Ëd‘r & AmË‘O:, VZ¶:, gyZw:, gwV:, nwÌ: &
amjg:-amjg: H$m¡Un: H«$ì¶mV² H«$ì¶mXmo@òn Amea:& amjg:, H$m¡Un:, H«$ì¶mV², H«$ì¶mX:, Aòn:, Amea:&
eL²>H$a: eå^ware: newn{V: {ed: eybr ‘hoœa: & eå^w:, B©e:, newn{V:, {ed:, eybr, ‘hoœa: &
‘oK: A^«§ ‘oKmo dm[admhñV{S>ËdmZ² dm[aXmo@å~w^¥V²& A^«‘², ‘oK:, dm[admh:, V{S>ËdmZ², dm[aX:, Aå~w^¥V²&
Z^: - Z^mo@ÝV[aj§ JJZ‘ZÝV§ gwadË‘© I‘² & Z^:, AÝV[aj‘², JJZ‘², AZÝV‘², gwadË‘©, I‘² &
‘{hbm - àVrnX{e©Zr dm‘m d{ZVm ‘{hbm VWm & àVrnX{e©Zr, dm‘m, d{ZVm, ‘{hbm &
OJV² - {ÌîdWmo OJVr bmoH$mo {dï>n§ ^wdZ§ OJV² & OJVr, bmoH$:, {dï>n‘², ^wdZ‘², OJV² &
df© - g§dËgamo dËgamo@ãXmo hm¶Zmo@ór eaËg‘m: & g§dËga:, dËga:, AãX:, hm¶Z:, eaX², g‘: &
ew^‘² - œ:lo¶g§ {ed§ ^Ð§ H$ë¶mU§ ‘“b§ ew^‘² & œ:lo¶g‘², {ed‘², ^Ð‘², H$ë¶mU‘², ‘“b‘², ew^‘²&
50
Zd‘>: nmR>: & A‘aH$mof: &
g§ñH¥$V^mfm AVrd g‘¥Õm ^mfm & EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ ^dpÝV Z¡Ho$
• eãXgL²>J«hñ¶ H¥$Vo g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: & ¹${MV² EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ {d{dYm: AWm©: A{n ^dpÝV &
{^Þ^mfmgw Ho$$ eãXm: AÜ¶oV¦Um§ gwI~moYm¶ g‘mZmW©H$eãXmZm§ nÚ‘¶t aMZm§ H¥$Ëdm n{ÊS>V-
à¶w³Vm: ? A‘aqghoZ A‘aH$mof: J«{WV: & A‘aH$mofnR>ZoZ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ M
• ¶wî‘mH§$ J¥ho/{dÚmb¶o Ho$ eãXkmZ§ ^d{V & {d{dYeãXmZm§ dm³¶o à¶moJoU eãXà^wËd§ {gÜ¶{V &
eãXH$mofm: gpÝV ?
¶Woï>§ J¥†ÝVw eãXaËZm{Z Añ‘mV² eãXaËZmH$amV² & A‘aH$mofàe§gm -
• Ho$ eãXgL²>J«hm: ¶wî‘m{^:
H$doa‘aqghñ¶ H¥${Vaofm gw{Z‘©bm &
n{R>Vm: ?
AmMÝÐVmaH§$ ñWo¶mV² Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘² &&
(N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o {d{dYm{Z nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV

AÜ¶m{nH$m§ àíZmZ² M n¥ÀN>pÝV &)
Z¶Z: - AmMm¶}, H$m Efm {^Þm {dembm
H$nm{Q>H$m ? Ahmo ! {H$¶ÝV: {d{dYm:
H$mofm: EVñ¶m§ dV©ÝVo !
AÜ¶m{nH$m - Am‘², gd}fm§ emómUm‘² AÜ¶¶ZmW©‘²
EVo H$mofm: Amdí¶H$m: &
gw‘oYm - H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
AÜ¶m{nH$m - H$mof: Zm‘ gL²>J«h: & ¶Wm d¶§ {dÎmH$mofo YZñ¶ gL²>J«hU§ Hw$‘©: VW¡d ^mfmH$mofo eãXmZm§
gL²>J«h: ^d{V &
lo¶m - H$: Vñ¶ Cn¶moJ: ?
AÜ¶m{nH$m - gw¶mo½¶: àíZ: & gå^mfUo boIZo M ^mfmà^wËd-n«mßË¶Wª VW¡d Z¡Ho$fm§ {df¶mUm§ kmZàmßË¶Wª
eãXgånÎmo: gL²>J«hU‘² AVrd Amdí¶H$‘² & Añ‘mH§$ J«ÝWmb¶o g§ñH¥${VH$mofm:, M[aÌH$mofm:,
{dídH$mofm: gw^m{fVH$mofm: M BË¶mX¶: ~hd: H$mofm: dV©ÝVo & Vofw "A‘aH$mof:' Zm‘ H$üZ
{deof: H$mof: &
ñdßZrb: - A‘aH$mof: ? "A‘aH$mof:' B{V Zm‘ {H$‘W©‘² ? qH$ {dÚVo Apñ‘Z² H$mofo ?
AÜ¶m{nH$m- Ef: g§ñH¥$VeãXmZm§§ gL²>J«hJ«ÝW: & A‘aqgh: Zm‘ npÊS>V: EVñ¶ aM{¶Vm & AV: H$mofñ¶ Zm‘
"A‘aH$mof:' B{V & nwamVZH$mbo ¶Xm N>mÌm: AÜ¶¶ZmWª JwéHw$b§ à{depÝV ñ‘ VXm AÜ¶¶Zmaåô
Vo A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$d©pÝV ñ‘ & AYwZm A{n VW¡d àdV©Vo &
Am¶m© - (gmü¶©‘²) qH$ H$mof: H$ÊR>ñWrH$Vwª e³¶: ? VoZ H$: bm^: ^d{V ?
AÜ¶m{nH$m - AW {H$‘² ! nÚ‘¶: Ef: J«ÝW: Jo¶: & AV: ûcmoH$mZm§, gw^m{fVmZm§ nR>Z‘² Bd Vñ¶
H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² AVrd gwb^‘² & VÌ EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ H¥$Vo Z¡Ho$ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: dV©ÝVo & ¹${MV²
EH$ñ¶ eãXñ¶ Z¡Ho$ {^Þm: AWm©: A{n dV©ÝVo & AV: Vñ¶ nR>ZoZ Añ‘mH§$ eãXgån{Îm: d¥qÕ
JÀN>{V & Añ‘mH§$ ñ‘aUep³V: YmaUm>ep³V: M dY}Vo, CƒmaU‘{n ewÕ§ ^d{V &
Z¶Z: - d¶‘{n A‘aH$mof§ H$ÊR>ñW§ Hw$¶m©‘ & Vpñ‘Z² H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ?
51
AÜ¶m{nH$m - CngmY©ghò§ (1500) ûcmoH$m: gpÝV & VÌ Ìr{U H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV & AV: "{ÌH$mÊS>H$mof:' B{V
EVñ¶ Ana§ Zm‘ & VWm "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V ZmåZm A{n {d»¶mV: Ef: H$mof: &
gw‘oYm - "Zm‘{b“mZwemgZ‘²' B{V eãXñ¶ H$: AW©: ?
AÜ¶m{nH$m- VX{n Añ¶ J«ÝWñ¶ Ana§ d¡{eîQ>ç‘² & AÌ Z Ho$db§ g‘mZmW©H$eãXm: A{n Vw Vofm§ {b“{ZX}e:
H¥$V: & VoZ ^mfm¶m: AmH$bZ§ à¶moJ: M gwH$a: ^d{V &
ñdßZrb: - AmMm¶}, VoZ d¶§ g§ñH¥$VH$mì¶m{Z ZmQ>H$m{Z M {dZm¶mg§ n{R>Vw§ e³Zw‘: Ibw &
AÜ¶m{nH$m - {Zü¶oZ ! V{h© BV:na§ gd£: A‘aH$mofñ¶ nR>Z‘² Adí¶§ H$V©ì¶‘od &
^mfmä¶mg:
A) H$mofm: {H$‘W©‘² Amdí¶H$m: ? Am) H$mof: Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
B) H$: A‘aH$mofñ¶ aM{¶Vm ? B©) A‘aH$mofñ¶ H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU§ H$ñ‘mV² gwb^‘² ?
C) A‘aH$mofo H${V ûcmoH$m: gpÝV ? D$) A‘aH$mofñ¶ {H$‘² AÝ¶V² Zm‘Û¶‘² ?
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m {bIV &
1. "A‘aH$mof'- H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUoZ Ho$ bm^m: ^dpÝV ?
3. A) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) gL²>J«h§ (2) à¶moJ: (3) dV©ÝVo (4) ¹${MV²
Am) ‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
{deoî¶‘² {deofU‘²
1. H$nm{Q>H$m 1. gwb^‘²
2. H$mofJ«ÝW: 2. {dembm
3. H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² 3. {^Þm:
4. AWm©: 4. nÚ‘¶:

4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H$mof:, A‘aH$mof:, {d»¶mV:, gwb^‘² &
5. ¶mo½¶{deofU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV &
1. J«ÝWmb¶o H$mofñ¶ H¥$Vo EH$m ({dembm/{demb‘²) H$nm{Q>H$m {dÚVo &
2. N>mÌm: J«ÝWmb¶o ({d{dY§/{d{dYm{Z) nwñVH$m{Z ní¶pÝV &
3. A‘aH$mofo ({Vò:/Ìr{U) H$mÊS>m{Z gpÝV &
52
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 3
(A) ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{Z
Añ‘m{^: ñdamÝVZm‘m{Z n{R>Vm{Z & AYwZm ì¶ÄOZmÝVZm‘m{Z Ðï>ì¶m{Z & AÌ ApÝV‘§ ì¶ÄOZ§ {H$‘²?
1. gw‘Zg² - g² 2. Aßgag² - g² 3. {dÛg² - g² 4. {Xe² - e² 5. àmd¥f² - f² 6. d{UO² - O²
7. dmM² - M² 8. ^y^¥V² - V² 9. amOZ² - Z² 10. {Ja² - a² 11. dréY² - Y² 12. gwöX² - X²
ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§. ì¶ÄOZmÝV‘² n§w. ór. Znw§.
VH$mamÝV‘² ‘éV² g[aV² OJV² gH$mamÝV‘² MÝÐ‘g² Aßgag² n¶g²
‘éV² "V'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ & g[aV² "V'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ &
‘éV² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: àW‘m g[aV² g[aVm¡ g[aV:
‘éV‘² ‘éVm¡ ‘éV: {ÛVr¶m g[aV‘² g[aVm¡ g[aV:
‘éVm ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘é{Ø: V¥Vr¶m g[aVm g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[a{Ø:
‘éVo ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: MVwWu g[aVo g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶:
‘éV: ‘éX²ä¶m‘² ‘éX²ä¶: n#m‘r g[aV: g[aX²ä¶m‘² g[aX²ä¶:
‘éV: ‘éVmo: ‘éVm‘² fð>r g[aV: g[aVmo: g[aVm‘²
‘é{V ‘éVmo: ‘éËgw gá‘r g[a{V g[aVmo: g[aËgw
ho ‘éV²/X² ho ‘éVm¡ ho ‘éV: gå~moYZ‘² ho g[aV²-X² ho g[aVm¡ ho g[aV:
‘éV² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - ^y^¥V², ‘hr^¥V², g[aV² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - V{S>V², ¶mo{fV²,
ú‘m^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {díd{OV², BÝÐ{OV² B.& {dÚwV² BË¶mX¶: &
gwöX² (nw§) gånX² (ór) dréY² (ór) BË¶mXr{Z X/Y H$mamÝVeãXê$nm{U A{n ‘éV²/g[aV² Bd &
OJV² "V'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ & MÝÐ‘g² "g'H$mamÝV§ nw§{b“§ Zm‘ &
OJV² OJVr OJpÝV àW‘m MÝÐ‘m: MÝÐ‘gm¡ MÝÐ‘g:
OJV² OJVr OJpÝV {ÛVr¶m MÝÐ‘g‘² MÝÐ‘gm¡ MÝÐ‘g:
OJVm OJX²ä¶m‘² OJ{Ø: V¥Vr¶m MÝÐ‘gm MÝÐ‘moä¶m‘² MÝÐ‘mo{^:
OJVo OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: MVwWu MÝÐ‘go MÝÐ‘moä¶m‘² MÝÐ‘moä¶:
OJV: OJX²ä¶m‘² OJX²ä¶: n#m‘r MÝÐ‘g: MÝÐ‘moä¶m‘² MÝÐ‘moä¶:
OJV: OJVmo: OJVm‘² fð>r MÝÐ‘g: MÝÐ‘gmo: MÝÐ‘gm‘²
OJ{V OJVmo: OJËgw gá‘r MÝÐ‘{g MÝÐ‘gmo: MÝÐ‘:gw,
MÝÐ‘ñgw
ho OJV² ho OJVr ho OJpÝV gå~moYZ‘² ho MÝÐ‘: ho MÝÐ‘gm¡ ho MÝÐ‘g:
OJV² Bd AÝ¶: eãX: - {d¶V² MÝÐ‘g² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - Xwdm©gg², doYg²,
dZm¡H$g², {Xdm¡H$g², Z{MHo$Vg², dmOldg²,
aOg² BË¶mX¶: &
53
Aßgag² "g'H$mamÝV§ ór{b“§ Zm‘ & n¶g² "g'H$mamÝV§ Znw§gH${b“§ Zm‘ &
Aßgam: Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: àW‘m n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{g
Aßgag‘² Aßgagm¡ Aßgag: {ÛVr¶m n¶: n¶gr n¶m§{g
Aßgagm Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamo{^: V¥Vr¶m n¶gm n¶moä¶m‘² n¶mo{^:
Aßgago Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: MVwWu n¶go n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶:
Aßgag: Aßgamoä¶m‘² Aßgamoä¶: n#m‘r n¶g: n¶moä¶m‘² n¶moä¶:
Aßgag: Aßgagmo: Aßgagm‘² fð>r n¶g: n¶gmo: n¶gm‘²
Aßga{g Aßgagmo: Aßgañgw gá‘r n¶{g n¶gmo: n¶:gw,n¶ñgw
ho Aßga: ho Aßgagm¡ ho Aßgag: gå~moYZ‘² ho n¶: ho n¶gr ho n¶m§{g
Aßgag² Bd AÝ¶: eãX: - Cfg² & n¶g² Bd AÝ¶o eãXm: - Vng², Aå^g²,
VoOg², AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², V‘g²,
‘Zg², d¶g², dmgg², gag², Z‘g², MoVg² &
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
1. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV & 2. Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &

nw§. ór. Znw§. EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^{³V:
--- --- --- -- -- OJpÝV àW‘m
(¶mo{fV², ^y^¥V², {XZH¥$V², {dÚwV², {d¶V², ú‘m^¥V², V{S>V²) Aßgagm -- -- V¥Vr¶m
3. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV & -- -- ‘éËgw gá‘r
1. amOm Zm‘ ----- (ú‘m^¥V²) & -- ^y^¥Vmo: -- fð>r
2. ----- (g[aV²) Ob§ erVb‘² & g[aV: -- -- n#m‘r
3. Am¶wd}X: ----- (OJV²) {d»¶mV: & -- VoOgr -- {ÛVr¶m
4. dfm©H$mbo ------ ({d¶V²) V{S>V² àH$meVo & -- -- Cfñgw gá‘r
5.--- (‘éV²) gmhmæ¶oZ --- ({dÚwV²) {Z‘u¶Vo &
4. ‘hV² B{V VH$mamÝV§ {deofU§ n{R>Ëdm Vm{bH$m§ nya¶V &
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘²
‘hmZ² Z¥n: ‘hmÝVm¡ Z¥nm¡ ‘hmÝV: Z¥nm: ‘hmZ² Jwé: ‘hmÝVm¡ --- ‘hmÝV: ---
‘hmZ² H${d: ‘hmÝVm¡ H$dr ‘hmÝV: H$d¶: ‘hmZ² --- ‘hmÝVm¡ F$fr ‘hmÝV: ---
‘hVr {ebm ‘hË¶m¡ {ebo ‘hË¶: {ebm: ‘hVr --- ‘hË¶m¡ --- ‘hË¶: Zm¶©:
‘hVr ZXr ‘hË¶m¡ ZÚm¡ ‘hË¶: ZÚ: ‘hVr YoZw: ‘hË¶m¡ --- ‘hË¶: ---
‘hV² ZJa‘² ‘hVr ZJao ‘hmpÝV ZJam{U ‘hV² --- ‘hVr {dído ‘hmpÝV ---
‘hV² dñVw ‘hVr dñVwZr ‘hmpÝV dñVy{Z ‘hV² ga: ‘hVr --- ‘hmpÝV ---
54
5. C{MV{b“mZwgma§ n¥W¸w$éV &
nw§. ór. Znw§. Xþdm©gg², Cfg², Vng², Aå^g², VoOg²,
AmoOg², Z^g², ¶eg², òmoVg², doYg²,
d¶g², dmgg², n¶g², MoVg², ‘Zg² &
6. ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {bIV &

F$frUm§ ----- (VoOg²) {Xì¶‘² & ----- (Vng²) Vo gm‘Ï¶ª àmßZwdpÝV & ----- (Z^g²) Bd
A‘¶m©{XVm Vofm§ Ñ{ï>: & Ho$MZ F$f¶: ----- (d¶g²) d¥Õm:, A{n M Ho$MZ ----- (Vng²) d¥Õm: & Vofm§
----- (MoVg²) Hw$gw‘mV² A{n ‘¥Xÿ{Z & Vofm§ gm‘Ï¶©ñ¶ ----- (òmoVg²) ApñV Vofm§ Vnü¶m© & Vo {d‘bm{Z
----- (dmgg²) n[aYma¶pÝV & ----- (àË¶wfg²) gËda‘² CËWm¶ Vo ----- (Vng²) AmMapÝV &
YÝ¶mñVo F$f¶: &
(Am) gd©Zm‘m{Z &
gd© nw§{b“§ gd©Zm‘ & gd© ór{b“§ gd©Zm‘ &
gd©: gdm¡© gdo© àW‘m gdm© gd} gdm©:
gd©‘² gdm£ gdm©Z² {ÛVr¶m gdm©‘² gd} gdm©:
gd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd£: V¥Vr¶m gd©¶m gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©{^:
gd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: MVwWu gd©ñ¶¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©ä¶:
gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: n#m‘r gd©ñ¶m: gdm©ä¶m‘² gdm©ä¶:
gd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd}fm‘² fð>r gd©ñ¶m: gd©¶mo: gdm©gm‘²
gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: gd}fw gá‘r gd©ñ¶m‘² gd©¶mo: gdm©gw
ho gd© ho gdm£ ho gd} gå~moYZ‘² ho gd} ho gd} ho gdm©:
gd© Znw§gH${b“§ gd©Zm‘ &

gd©‘² gd} gdm©{U àW‘m
gd©‘² gd} gdm©{U {ÛVr¶m "AÝ¶V²' "na' M B{V
gd}U gdm©ä¶m‘² gd£: V¥Vr¶m gd©Zm‘Û¶§ "gd©'eãX: Bd ^d{V &
gd©ñ‘¡ gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: MVwWu "AÝ¶V²' gd©Zm‘nXñ¶ Znw§gH${b“o
gd©ñ‘mV² gdm©ä¶m‘² gd}ä¶: n#m‘r Vw àW‘m¶m§ {ÛVr¶m¶m§ gå~moYZo M
gd©ñ¶ gd©¶mo: gd}fm‘² fð>r AÝ¶V²/AÝ¶X² AÝ¶o AÝ¶m{Z
gd©pñ‘Z² gd©¶mo: gd}fw gá‘r Ed§ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
ho gd© ho gd} ho gdm©{U gå~moYZ‘²
55
(B) YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh: &
EVm{Z CXmhaUm{Z nR>V &
~mbH$: g§ñH¥$V§ nR>{V / AYrVo & gm¡a^: Am‘«§ ImX{V / AíZm{V & gañdVr ‘m§ ajVw/nmVw &
‘mVm Ob§ ¶ÀN>{V / XXm{V & í¶m‘: d¶ñ¶§ dX{V / ~«yVo & d¥Õ: JrV‘² AmH$U©¶{V/e¥Umo{V &
AÌ dm³¶ofw {H«$¶mnXÛ¶§ ní¶V & V¶mo: AW©: g‘mZ: {H$ÝVw JUm¡ {^Þm¡ & Vñ‘mV² {dH$aUo A{n {^Þo &
ImX{V = ImX² + A + {V (ImX² 1 n. n.)
AíZm{V = Ae² + Zm + {V (Ae² 9 n. n.)
nR>{V nR²> (1 n. n.) AYrVo A{Y + B (2 Am. n. )

ajVw aj² (1 n. n.) nmVw nm (2 n. n.)
¶ÀN>{V Xm-¶ÀN²> (1 n. n.) XXm{V Xm (3 C. n.)
dX{V dX² (1 n. n.) ~«yVo ~«y (2 C. n.)
AmH$U©¶{V Am + H$U©² (10 C. n.) e¥Umo{V lw-e¥ (5 n. n.)
Aï>‘rH$jm¶m‘² Añ‘m{^: 1, 4, 6, 10 BË¶ofm§ JUmZm§ ê$nn[aM¶: Ñï>: & Vofm§ {dH$aUm{Z A, ¶, A,

A¶ B{V EVm{Z AH$mamÝVm{Z & YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶g‘yho 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 JUm: gpÝV & Vofw Ho$fm{#mV² {ZË¶-
à¶w³VmZm§ YmVwê$nmUm‘² AÜ¶¶Z‘² AÌ H$aUr¶‘² ApñV &
YmVyZm§ àW‘: g‘yh: YmVyZm§ {ÛVr¶: g‘yh:
YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘² YmVw: JU: {dH$aU‘² CXmhaU‘²
nR²> 1 A nR>{V Ag² 2 - ApñV
Z¥V² 4 ¶ Z¥Ë¶{V Xm 3 {ÛËdê$n‘² XXm{V
{bI² 6 A {bI{V eH²$ 5 Zw e³Zmo{V
H$W² 10 A¶ H$W¶{V ^wO² 7 Z ^wZp³V
H¥$ 8 C H$amo{V
km 9 Zm OmZm{V
56
àË¶¶m:
bQ²>bH$ma:
nañ‘¡nX‘² AmË‘ZonX‘²
{V V: ApÝV àW‘: Vo AmVo AVo
{g W: W ‘Ü¶‘: go AmWo Üdo
{‘ d: ‘: CÎm‘: E dho ‘ho

bL²>bH$ma:
V² Vm‘² AZ² àW‘: V AmVm‘² AV
: V‘² V ‘Ü¶‘: Wm: AmWm‘² Üd‘²
A‘² d ‘ CÎm‘: B d{h ‘{h
nañ‘¡nX‘² bmoQ²>bH$ma: AmË‘ZonX‘²

Vw Vm‘² AÝVw àW‘: Vm‘² AmVm‘² AVm‘²
{h V‘² V ‘Ü¶‘: ñd AmWm‘² Üd‘²
Am{Z Amd Am‘ CÎm‘: Eo Amdh¡ Am‘h¡
{d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:
¶mV² ¶mVm‘² ¶w: àW‘: B©V B©¶mVm‘² B©aZ²
¶m: ¶mV‘² ¶mV ‘Ü¶‘: B©Wm: B©¶mWm‘² B©Üd‘²
¶m‘² ¶md ¶m‘ CÎm‘: B©¶ B©d{h B©d{h
Ag² (2 n.n.)
bQ²>bH$ma: bL²>bH$ma:
ApñV ñV: gpÝV àW‘: AmgrV² AmñVm‘² AmgZ²
A{g ñW: ñW ‘Ü¶‘: Amgr: AmñV‘² AmñV
Apñ‘ ñd: ñ‘: CÎm‘: Amg‘² Amñd Amñ‘
bmoQ²>bH$ma: {d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:
AñVw ñVm‘² gÝVw àW‘: ñ¶mV² ñ¶mVm‘² ñ¶w:
E{Y ñV‘² ñV ‘Ü¶‘: ñ¶m: ñ¶mV‘² ñ¶mV
Agm{Z Agmd Agm‘ CÎm‘: ñ¶m‘² ñ¶md ñ¶m‘
57
$H¥$ (8 C.n.)
bQ²>bH$ma:
H$amo{V Hw$éV: Hw$d©pÝV àW‘: Hw$éVo $$Hw$dm©Vo $$Hw$d©Vo
H$amo{f Hw$éW: Hw$éW ‘Ü¶‘: Hw$éfo $$Hw$dm©Wo Hw$éÜdo
H$amo{‘ Hw$d©: Hw$‘©: CÎm‘: Hw$d} Hw$d©ho Hw$‘©ho

bL²>bH$ma:
AH$amoV² AHw$éVm‘² AHw$d©Z² àW‘: AHw$éV AHw$dm©Vm‘² AHw$d©V
AH$amo: AHw$éV‘² AHw$éV ‘Ü¶‘: AHw$éWm: AHw$dm©Wm‘² AHw$éÜd‘²
AH$ad‘² AHw$d© AHw$‘© CÎm‘: AHw${d© AHw$d©{h AHw$‘©{h
bmoQ²>bH$ma:
H$amoVw Hw$éVm‘² Hw$d©ÝVw àW‘: Hw$éVm‘² Hw$dm©Vm‘² Hw$d©Vm‘²
Hw$é Hw$éV‘² Hw$éV ‘Ü¶‘: Hw$éîd Hw$dm©Wm‘² Hw$éÜd‘²
H$adm{U H$admd H$adm‘ CÎm‘: H$ad¡ H$admdh¡ H$adm‘h¡
{d{Y{bL²>bH$ma:
Hw$¶m©V² Hw$¶m©Vm‘² Hw$¶w©: àW‘: Hw$duV Hw$du¶mVm‘² Hw$duaZ²
Hw$¶m©: Hw$¶m©V‘² Hw$¶m©V ‘Ü¶‘: Hw$duWm: Hw$du¶mWm‘² Hw$duÜd‘²
Hw$¶m©‘² Hw$¶m©d Hw$¶m©‘ CÎm‘: Hw$du¶ Hw$dud{h Hw$du‘{h
eH²$ (5 n.n.)
bQ²>bH$ma: bL²>bH$ma:
e³Zmo{V e³ZwV: e³ZwdpÝV àW‘: Ae³ZmoV² Ae³ZwVm‘² Ae³ZwdZ²
e³Zmo{f e³ZwW: e³ZwW ‘Ü¶‘: Ae³Zmo: Ae³ZwV‘² Ae³ZwV
e³Zmo{‘ e³Zwd: e³Zw‘: CÎm‘: Ae³Zd‘² Ae³Zwd Ae³Zw‘
e³ZmoVw e³ZwVm‘² e³ZwdÝVw àW‘: e³Zw¶mV² e³Zw¶mVm‘² e³Zw¶w:
e³Zw{h e³ZwV‘² e³ZwV ‘Ü¶‘: e³Zw¶m: e³Zw¶mV‘² e³Zw¶mV
e³Zdm{Z e³Zdmd e³Zdm‘ CÎm‘: e³Zw¶m‘² e³Zw¶md e³Zw¶m‘
58
bQ²>bH$ma: lw (e¥) (5 n.n.) bL²>bH$ma:
e¥Umo{V e¥UwV: e¥ÊdpÝV àW‘: Ae¥UmoV² Ae¥UwVm‘² Ae¥ÊdZ²
e¥Umo{f e¥UwW: e¥UwW ‘Ü¶‘: Ae¥Umo: Ae¥UwV‘² Ae¥UwV
e¥Umo{‘ e¥Uwd:/e¥Êd: e¥Uw‘:/e¥Ê‘: CÎm‘: Ae¥Ud‘² Ae¥Uwd/Ae¥Êd Ae¥Uw‘/Ae¥Ê‘
e¥UmoVw e¥UwVm‘² e¥UwdÝVw àW‘: e¥Uw¶mV² e¥Uw¶mVm‘² e¥Uw¶w:
e¥Uw e¥UwV‘² e¥UwV ‘Ü¶‘: e¥Uw¶m: e¥Uw¶mV‘² e¥Uw¶mV
e¥Udm{Z e¥Udmd e¥Udm‘ CÎm‘: e¥Uw¶m‘² e¥Uw¶md e¥Uw¶m‘
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
¶mo½¶ n¶m©¶§ {MËdm {bIV &
1. N>mÌm: ¶e: & (àmßZmoVw, àmßZwdÝVw) 2. Ah§ ~mb: & (Apñ‘, ñ‘:)
3. gm nmH§$ & (Hw$éVo, Hw$d©Vo) 4. g: JmVw§ & (e³Zmo{‘, e³Zmo{V)
5. AmMm¶©: nmR>embm‘² &(A¶mV², A¶w:) 6. Ëd§ g§ñH¥$VoZ gå^mfU§ & (Hw$é, H$amoVw)
7. A{n Ah§ àdoe§ ? (H$admdh¡, H$ad¡) 8. ‘mbmH$ma: nwînm{U & ({MZmo{V, {MÝdpÝV)
Jm¶V ZÝXV ! agàíZm: &
H¥$Ëdm ZdÑT>gL²>H$ën‘² & • doXm: H${V ? Vo Ho$ ?
H¥$Ëdm ZdÑT>g‘ën‘² MËdma: doXm: - F$½doX:, ¶Owd}X:, gm‘doX:
{dVaÝVmo ZdgÝXoe‘² AWd©doX: M &
KQ>¶m‘mo Zdg”Q>Z‘² • gáf©¶: Ho$ ?
aM¶m‘mo Zd{‘{Vhmg‘² &&Y¥.&& H$í¶n:, A{Ì:, âÛmO:, {dídm{‘Ì:, Jm¡V‘:,
Zd‘ÝdÝVa{epënZ: O‘X{¾: d{gð>: M &
amï´>g‘wÞ{VH$m{¬U: • nm{U{ZZm {da{MVñ¶ ì¶mH$aUJ«ÝWñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
Ë¶mJYZm: H$m¶£H$aVm: Aï>mÜ¶m¶r &
H¥${V{ZnwUm: d¶‘{dfÊUm: &&1&& • Zd agm: Ho$?
ôX^mdZm§ {Zamg¶ÝV: e¥“ma:, dra:, H$éU:, AØþV:, hmñ¶:, ^¶mZH$:,
XrZX[aÐmZ² g‘wÕaÝV: ~r^Ëg:, am¡Ð:, emÝV: M &
Xþ:I{dVámZ² g‘mœgÝV: • n#m ^yVm{Z H$m{Z ?
H¥$Vg‘ënmZ² gXm ñ‘aÝV: &&2&& n¥{Wdr, Amn:, VoO:, dm¶w:, AmH$me: M &
àJ{VnWmÞ {h {dMbo‘ • n#m àmUm: Ho$ ?
naånam§ g§ajo‘ àmU:, AnmZ:, ì¶mZ:, CXmZ: g‘mZ: M &
g‘moËgm{hZmo {ZéÛo{JZmo • ¶moJñ¶ Aï> A“m{Z H$m{Z ?
{ZË¶{ZaÝVaJ{Verbm: &&3&& ¶‘:, {Z¶‘:, AmgZ‘², àmUm¶m‘:, àË¶mhma:,
-lr. OZmX©Z hoJS>o Ü¶mZ‘², YmaUm g‘m{Y: M &
59
$(B©) H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ H$‘©dmÀ¶§ M &
{H«$¶mnXÛ¶‘²
H$V¥©dmÀ¶‘² (H$V©[a) H$‘©dmÀ¶‘² (H$‘©{U)
H$Vm© àYmZ: H$‘© àYmZ‘²
àYmZËdmV² H$V¥©nXñ¶ àW‘m àYmZËdmV² H$‘©nXñ¶ àW‘m
¶Wm - ~mbH$: J«ÝW§ nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z J«ÝW: nR>çVo &
H$: nR>{V ? ~mbH$: & H$: nR>çVo ? J«ÝW: &
à¶moJ: H$Vm© H$‘© {H«$¶mnX‘²
H$V¥©dmÀ¶: àW‘m {d^p³V: {ÛVr¶m {d^p³V: H$V¥©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²
H$‘©dmÀ¶: V¥Vr¶m {d^{³V: àW‘m {d^{³V: H$‘©nXñ¶ nwéfdMZmZwgma‘²
H$‘©dmÀ¶m{Z {H«$¶mnXm{Z - • J¡ - Jr¶Vo & ImX² - ImÚVo & jmb² - jmë¶Vo &
1) nm - nm¶Vo & (2 n.n.)4) lw - ly¶Vo & nR²> - nR>çVo & ‘ÝÌ² - ‘ÝÍ¶Vo &
km - km¶Vo & ñVw - ñVy¶Vo & ‘wM² - ‘wÀ¶Vo & 10) X§e² - Xí¶Vo &
• Ü¶¡ - Ü¶m¶Vo & 5) H¥$ - {H«$¶Vo & 9) nyO² - nyÁ¶Vo & J«ÝW² - J«Ï¶Vo &
• Ì¡ - Ìm¶Vo & ö - {õ¶Vo & JU² - JÊ¶Vo & 11) dX² - CÚVo &
2) nm - nr¶Vo & (1 n.n.)6) V¦ - Vr¶©Vo & H$W² - H$Ï¶Vo & dh² - CøVo &
‘m - ‘r¶Vo & ñ‘¥ - ñ‘¶©Vo & aM² - aÀ¶Vo & dn² - Cß¶Vo &
Xm - Xr¶Vo & 7) Z‘² - Zå¶Vo & VS²> - VmS>çVo & dM² - CÀ¶Vo &
3) {O - Or¶Vo & ¶‘² - ¶å¶Vo & Mwa² - Mmo¶©Vo & ô - hÿ¶Vo &
{M - Mr¶Vo & J‘² - Jå¶Vo & d¥ - dm¶©Vo & 12) àÀN>² - n¥ÀN>çVo &
Zr - Zr¶Vo & 8) {bI² - {b»¶Vo & Y¥ - Ym¶©Vo & J«h² - J¥øVo &
àr - àr¶Vo & Ñe² - Ñí¶Vo & Kwf² - Kmoî¶Vo & ~«y - CÀ¶Vo &
H$‘©dmÀ¶{H«$¶mnXgyÌ‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + ¶ + AmË‘ZonXr¶H$mbmW©àË¶¶: &
Ñe² - ní¶² (1 n.n.) H$‘©dmÀ¶: bQ²>bH$ma: (dV©‘mZH$mb:)
E. d. {Ûd. ~. d nwéf: E. d. {Ûd. ~. d.
g:/gm/VX² Vm¡/Vo/Vo Vo/Vm:/Vm{Z àW‘: Ñí¶Vo Ñí¶oVo Ñí¶ÝVo
Ëd‘² ¶wdm‘² ¶y¶‘² ‘Ü¶‘: Ñí¶go Ñí¶oWo Ñí¶Üdo
Ah‘² Amdm‘² d¶‘² CÎm‘: Ñí¶o X¥í¶mdho Ñí¶m‘ho
H$‘©dmÀ¶-ê$nm{U AÝ¶bH$maofw A{n ^dpÝV &
[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V & à¶moJn[aM¶§ M {bIV &
1. Z¥Ë¶§ {H«$¶Vo & (Aßgag²) 2. gwdUm© JU¶{V & (nwîn)
3. ^³Vm: B©ída§ & (nyO¶{V/nyO¶pÝV) 4. {MÌnQ>: Ñí¶Vo & (Añ‘X²)
5. ~mbH$m: ’$bm{Z & (bô/b^ÝVo) 6. dÝXo ‘mVa‘² & (Añ‘X²)
60
(C) VËnwéf:
1. {d^p³VËnwéf: &
1) IJm: dZ§ JVm: &
2) V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z Vofm§ ZrS>m{Z &
3) d¥jofw IJmZm§ {Zdmgm¶ ZrS>m{Z gpÝV &
4) nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: IJm: AmZÝXpÝV &
5) IJmZm§ OrdZ§ l_¡: n[anyU©_² &
6) ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: IJm: Üòèrbm: &
1. dZ§ JVm: = dZJVm: & ({ÛVr`m {d^{³V:) 2. V¥U¡: a{MVm{Z = V¥Ua{MVm{Z & (V¥Vr`m {d^{³V:)
3. {Zdmgm` ZrS>m{Z = {ZdmgZrS>m{Z & (MVwWu {d^{³V:) 4. nO©Ý`mV² a{jVm: = nO©Ýà{jVm: & (n#m_r
{d^{³V:) 5. IJmZm§ OrdZ_² = IJOrdZ‘² & (fð>r {d^{³V:)6. ñdH$m`} {ZaVm: = ñdH$m`©{ZaVm: & (gá_r
{d^{³V:)
AÌ àW_nX§ {ÛVr`nXoZ H$`m{MV² {d^ŠË`m g§`wÁ`Vo & AV: Ef: g‘mg: "{d^p³VVËnwéf:' B{V CÀ`Vo &
g_mg- g‘ñVnX‘² CÎmanXmZm_² CXmhaUm{Z g‘mg{dJ«h:
àH$ma: Amd{b:
{ÛVr`m d¥jm{lV: & {lV, Am{lV, embmJ_Z‘², H«$_àmá:, embm§ J‘Z‘², H«$‘§ àmá:,
VËnwwéf: JV, AmnÞ, ^yJV:, ^y{_JV:, ^wd§ JV:, ^yq‘ JV:,
AVrV, àmá H¥$îUm{lV:, JwUmVrV:, H¥$îU‘² Am{lV:, JwUmZ²
gwImnÞ: & AVrV:, gwI‘² AmnÞ: &
d¥j‘² Am{lV: (‘H©$Q>:) &
V¥Vr`m Ho$e{dhrZ: gånÞ, a{hV, YZgånÞ:, ~w{ÕhrZ:, YZoZ gånÞ:, ~wX²Ü¶m
VËnwéf: hrZ, {dH$b, MaU{dH$b:, hrZ:, MaUoZ {dH$b:,
d{O©V, `w³V, eH©$am{‘{lV:, eH©$a¶m {‘{lV:, {MÝV¶m
gÑe, AmT>ç {MÝVmg_m, ~XagÑe:, g‘m, ~XaoU gÑe:, dU£:
dU©{_{lV:, YZmT>ç: & {‘{lV:, YZoZ AmT>ç: &
Ho$e¡: {dhrZ:/a{hV: &
MVwWu XmZno{Q>H$m AW©_² XoemW©_², H$Ý`mW©_², Xoem¶ B{V, H$Ý¶m¶¡ B{V,
VËnwéf: {dhmamW©_², ajUmW©_², {dhmam¶ B{V, ajUm¶
{eënmb`:, VnmodZ_², B{V, {eënoä¶: Amb¶:,
J«ÝWmb`:, H$m`©e{³V: Vngo dZ‘², J«ÝWoä¶:
Hw$ÊS>b{haÊ¶‘², Amb¶:, H$m¶m©¶ e{º$:,
KQ>‘¥{ÎmH$m & Hw$ÊS>bmä¶m‘² {haÊ¶‘²,
XmZm¶ no{Q>H$m & KQ>m¶ ‘¥{ÎmH$m &
61
n#m_r hñVn{VV‘² & _w³V, ^rV, àXÿfU_w³V:, XmZdÌmV:, àXÿfUmV² ‘w³V:, XmZdmV²
VËnwéf: ÌmV, n{VV, Agwa^rVm, d¥jn{VV_², ÌmV:, AgwamV² ^rVm,
a{jV gn©a{jV: & d¥jmV² n{VV‘², gnm©V²
a{jV: &
hñVmV² n{VV‘² &
(H$adó‘² )&
fð>r d¥jemIm & {à`, H¥$Vo N>mÌ{à`: _ËH¥$Vo, N>mÌmUm§ {à¶:, ‘‘ H¥$Vo,
VËnwéf: g_wÐe{³V:, am_mÙ_², g‘wÐñ¶ ep³V:, am‘ñ¶
{dÚwËàdmh:, A¶Z‘², {dÚwV: àdmh:,
gy`m}X`:, XeaWnwÌ:, gy¶©ñ¶ CX¶:, XeaWñ¶
{nÌmkm & nwÌ:, {nVw: Amkm &
d¥jñ¶ emIm &

gá_r Z¥Ë¶{ZnwUm & Hw$eb, aV, H$bmHw$eb:, H«$sS>mnQw>:, H$bm¶m§ Hw$eb:, H«$sS>m¶m§
VËnwéf: àdrU, _¾, H$m¶©aV:, àOmdËgb:, nQw>:, H$m¶} aV:, àOmgw
ì`J«, »`mV, J{UVVÁk:, dËgb:, J{UVo VÁk:,
{d{XV, em¡ÊS> ^wdZ{d{XV:, ^wdZo {d{XV:, OJ{V
OJËà{gÕ: & à{gÕ: &
Z¥Ë¶o {ZnwUm &
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
1. g‘ñVnX§ {bIV & 1. H$ënZm‘² AVrV: & 2. J«m‘§ JV: & 3. hñVoZ {b{IV‘²& 4. gå^mfUo MVwa: &
5. Obñ¶ {~ÝXw:& 6. kmZñ` bmbgm & 7. H$mH$m¶ ~{b: & 8. MmoamV² ^¶‘² & 9. ^mfm¶m: Aä¶mg:&
2. AYmoXÎmmZ² eãXmZ² nR>V & EVo eãXm: g‘mgo H$m§ {d^p³V_² AnojÝVo B{V {bIV &
1. AmT>ç, 2. JV, 3. ÌmV, 4. em¡ÊS>, 5. AW©_², 6. _w³V, 7. gÑe, 8. {dH$b, 9. {à`, 10. {d{XV
3. [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &
g‘ñVnX‘² g‘mg{dJ«h: g‘mgàH$ma:
VnmodZ‘² ----- MVwWu VËnwéf:
----- {MÝVm¶m: ‘w³V: n#m‘r VËnwéf:
ZoÌhrZ: ZoÌmä¶m§ hrZ: -----
Z¥nH$Ý¶m Z¥nñ¶ H$Ý¶m -----
62
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & $$ Ho$Z H¥$V‘² ? MVwW©: KQ>H$: &
‘mVm à^mVo H$m¶m©b¶§ JÀN>{V & J‘ZmV² nydª gm ‘ÝXmam¶ H$aUr¶m{Z H$m¶m©{U H$W¶{V & H$m¶m©Um‘²
Amdm{b: Vw àXrKm© AmgrV² & AYwZm gm¶L²>H$mb g‘¶: & ‘mVw: àË¶mJ‘Zg‘¶: & ‘ÝXma: {H$pÄMV² ^rV:
¶V: gdm©{U H$m¶m©{U Z g‘mám{Z & (‘mVm à{de{V)
‘mVm - ""ao ‘ÝXma, H$m¶m©Um‘² Amdqb Xe©¶ gËda‘² &''
Amd{b: H¥$V‘²/Z H¥$V‘²
e¶ZJ¥hñ¶ ñdÀN>Vm P e¶ZJ¥h§ ñdÀN>rH¥$V‘²& EVV² gdª Ho$Z H¥$V‘² /Ho$Z Z
J¥ho ObnyaU‘² P Ob§ ny[aV‘²& H¥$V‘² ? ‘ÝXmaoU &
AdH$ajonU‘² P AdH$a: {já:& ‘ÝXmaoU H$m¶ª H¥$V‘² &
àmVame^jU‘² P àmVame: ^{jV:& ‘mÌm H$m¶ª XÎm‘² &
J¥h‘mO©Z‘² O J¥h§ Z ‘m{O©V‘²& ~mboZ Ob§ nrV‘² &
d¥jofw Ob{g#mZ‘² O d¥jofw Ob§ Z {g³V‘²& Añ‘m{^: nwñVH$m{Z n{R>Vm{Z &
Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½YH«$¶U‘² P Xþ½Ymb¶mV² Xþ½Y§ H«$sV‘²& ‘{hb¶m AdH$a: {já: &
dm¶wMw„o: ñdÀN>Vm O dm¶wMw{„: Z ñdÀN>rH¥$Vm & Vm{^: dóm{U àjm{bVm{Z &
{dÎmH$mofmV² YZ-AmhaU‘² O {dÎmH$mofmV² YZ§ Z AmöV‘² & N>mÌm{^: nwpñVH$m: {b{IVm: &
ñdmÜ¶m¶: P ñdmÜ¶m¶: H¥$V: &
gå^mfmnÌ‘²
[a³VñWmZ§ nya¶V &
1. ‘mYdoZ nÌ‘² & (AmZrV:/AmZrV‘²) 2. ‘H©$Q>oZ Q>mo{nH$m: & (J¥hrV‘²/J¥hrVm:)
3. d¥Õ¶m Xodm: & (àm{W©Vm:/àm{W©V:) 4. ¶wî‘m{^: ZmQ>H§$ & (Ñï>:/Ñï>‘²)
5. CÎm‘¡: H$m¶©‘² & (AmaãYm/AmaãY‘² 6. YoZw{^: V¥Um{Z & (^w³V‘²/^w³Vm{Z)
7. JwéUm X{jUm & (¶m{MVm¡/¶m{MVm)
nR>V AdJÀN>V ! {díd§ {dgJ©ñ¶ &

• {edmo@h§ {edmo@h§ {edñdê$nmo@h‘² & • EaÊS>mo@{n VéñVmdV² ‘eH$mo@{n {dh§J‘: &
H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ H$mo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h§ gmo@h‘² & IÚmoVmo@{n {H$b Á¶mo{V: d¶§ Z H$d¶: H$W‘² &&
{ed: Ah‘² EaÊS>: A{n &
{edñdê$n: Ah‘² &
H$: Ah‘² g: Ah‘²
} AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n:
{dgJ©:
‘eH$: A{n &
IÚmoV: A{n &
} AdJ«hg{hV: AmoH$maê$n:
{dgJ©: &
H$d¶: H$W‘² & } A{dH$mar {dgJ©:

Vé: + VmdV² & } g²ê$n: {dgJ©:
63
Xe‘>: nmR>: & H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: & (H$ÊR>ñWrH$aUmW©‘²)
g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ gw^m{fVmZm§ ‘hm^mÊS>ma§ {dÚVo & H$m{ZMZ gw^m{fVm{Z M‘ËH¥${VnyUm©{Z &
Vofm‘² AWm©d~moY: Z gab: & àho{bH$m:, Hy$Q>àíZm: g‘ñ¶mny{V©: M EVo àH$mam: Añ‘mH§$ • àho{bH$m Zm‘ {H$‘² ?
H¥$Vo ‘pñVîH$ImÚ‘² Ed & gw^m{fVmZm§ aMZm hmñ¶agnyUm© öÚm M & AV: Ed EVo • AÝ¶^mfmgw H$m:
H$mì¶àH$mam: dmMH$mZm§ ‘Z: {dZmoX¶pÝV & àho{bH$m: ¶y¶§ OmZrW?
gmjam {dnarVmüoX² amjgm Ed Ho$db‘² &

gagmo {dnarVmo@{n gagËd§ Z ‘w#m{V &&1&&
d¥jmJ«dmgr Z M n{jamO:
{ÌZoÌYmar Z M eybnm{U: &
Ëd½dóYmar Z M {gÕ¶moJr
Ob§ M {~^«Þ KQ>mo Z ‘oK: &&2&&
VmVoZ H${WV§ nwÌ nÌ§ {bI ‘‘mk¶m &
Z VoZ {bpIV§ nÌ§ {nVwamkm Z b{”Vm &&3&&
Z Vñ¶m{XZ© Vñ¶mÝV: ¶mo ‘Ü¶o Vñ¶ {Vð>{V &
Vdmß¶pñV ‘‘mß¶pñV ¶mo OmZm{V g npÊS>V: &&4&&
J“m¶mü#mbVao dm[a{U à{V{~på~V‘² &
emo^Vo VmaH$m¶w³V§$ eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb‘² &&5&&
ñnï>rH$aU‘²
ûcmoH$: 1 - gmjam: B{V nX§ {dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "amjgm:' B{V ^d{V & na§ "gag:' B{V nX‘² ¶WmZwH«$‘§ dm
{dnarVH«$‘oU n{R>V§ MoV² "gag:' BË¶od ^d{V & AÌ H${dH$ënZm Ed§ H${dH$m¡eb§ {d^m{V &
ûcmoH$: 2 - g: d¥jñ¶ AJ«o dg{V {H$ÝVw n{jamO: JéS>: Z & Vñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U gpÝV {H$ÝVw g: eybnm{U: eL²>H$a: Z&
g: dëH$bgÑe§ dó§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: {gÕ¶moJr Z& g: Ob§ Yma¶{V {H$ÝVw g: Z KQ>: Z M ‘oK: & Añ¶ CÎma§ dV©Vo
Zm[aHo$b’$b‘² &
ûcmoH$: 3 - VmVoZ H${WV§, ""ho nwÌ, ‘‘ Amk¶m nÌ§ {bI&'' VoZ nwÌoU nÌ§ Z {b{IV‘² & VWm{n {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm&
AW©g“{V: Z Ñí¶Vo& ¶{X "Z VoZ'B{V EH$nX§ {H«$¶Vo MoV² " ZVoZ' B{V nXoZ AW©~moY: ^d{V & ZVoZ Zm‘ Z‘«ñd^mdoZ
nwÌoU nÌ§ {b{IV‘² & A{n M {nVw: Amkm Z b{”Vm&
ûcmoH$: 4 - Hy$Q>àíZ: A¶‘² & Añ¶ CÎma‘² - Vñ¶ Am{X: Z, Vñ¶ AÝV: Z, Vñ¶ ‘Ü¶o ¶: {Vð>{V ( VV² ) Vd A{n
ApñV, ‘‘ A{n ApñV&
ûcmoH$: 5 - eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb‘² & B{V H$mMZ g‘ñ¶m dV©Vo & AmH$meo MÝÐmUm§ eV§ H$W§ e³¶Vo? BË¶ofm g‘ñ¶m &
g‘ñ¶mny{V©: - J“mZÚm: Ob§ H$„mob¶wº§$ {dÚVo & ¶Xm JJZo VmaH$m: MÝÐ‘m: M {dbgpÝV VXm MÝÐ‘g: eV§ à{V{~å~m{Z
J“mZÚm: Obo Ñí¶ÝVo & VXm H${d: H$ënZm§ H$amo{V, "Z^: eVMÝÐ‘²' Bd Ñí¶Vo &
64
ûcmoH$: 1 ^mfmä¶mg:
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 3. {deofU-{deoî¶-ñVå^§ nya¶V &
A) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo X¥í¶Vo ?
Am) {dn¶©¶: H$pñ‘Z² eãXo Z X¥í¶Vo ? {deofU‘² {deoî¶‘²
B) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: ^do¶w: ? nwÌ:
B©) ‘mZdm: H$sÑem: Z ^do¶w:? {b{IV‘²
2. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & amjg:, gag: & 4. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & ‘‘mk¶m, {nVwamkm
3. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 5. ûcmoH$mV² "³V' àË¶¶mÝVê$nm{U (H$‘©.^y.Ym.{d.)
A) {dnarVmo@{n = Am) {dnarVmüoV² = {MZwV {bIV M &
ûcmoH$: 2. ûcmoH$: 4.
1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & 1. H«$‘mZwgma§ aM¶V &
A) d¥jmJ«dmgr H$: ? Am) H$: n{jamO: ? A) {Ì-Aja¶w³Vo eãXo "¶' ‘Ü¶o {Vð>{V &
B) H$: {ÌZoÌYmar ? B©) H$: eybnm{U: ? Am) eãXñ¶ Amaåô "Z' {dÚVo &
C) H$: Ob§ {~^{V© ? D$) H$: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V ? B) eãXñ¶ AÝVo A{n "Z' {dÚVo &
2. eãXg‘yhñ¶ H¥$Vo EH§$ g§joneãX§ {bIV & 2. àmá‘² CÎma‘² -
A) ¶: d¥jñ¶ AJ«^mJo {Zdg{V -
Am) n{jUm§ amOm - 3. gpÝY¨ Hw$éV &
B) ¶ñ¶ Ìr{U ZoÌm{U - A) Vñ¶ + Am{X: (A + Am)
B©) eyb§ nmUm¡ ¶ñ¶ g: - Am) Vñ¶ + AÝV: (A + A)
C) ¶: Ëd½dó§ Yma¶{V - B) Vd + A{n (A + A)
B©) A{n + ApñV (B + A)
3. ¶mo½¶§ n¶m©¶§ {MZwV -
A) n{jamO: d¥jmJ«o (dg{V/Z dg{V) & 4. ûcmoH$mV² fîR>çÝVnXm{Z {MZwV {bIV M &
Am) KQ>: Ìr{U ZoÌm{U (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) & ûcmoH$: 5.
B) eybnm{U: Ob§ ({~^{V© / Z {~^{V©) & 1. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV &
B©) Zm[aHo$b§ Ëd½dó§ (Yma¶{V/Z Yma¶{V) & A) H$ñ¶m: ZÚm: dU©Z§ gw^m{fVo dV©Vo?
4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX¶w½‘§ {MZwV {bIV M & Am) eVMÝÐ§ Z^ñVb§ Hw$Ì emo^Vo ?
n{jamO:, eybnm{U:, Ob‘², ‘oK:, eL²>H$a:, d¥j:, 2. {deofU¡: OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V &
{gÕ¶moJr, JéS>:, Vé:, Vmo¶‘², ObX:, Vnñdr &
ûcmoH$: 3. Z^ñVb‘²
1. H$: H§$ dX{V? "nÌ§ {bI &'
A) Ho$Z Amkm XÎmm? Am) Ho$Z Amkm Z b{”Vm &
B) nÌ§ Ho$Z {b{IV‘² ? 3. {deofU§ {bIV &
1) dm[a{U & 2) Z^ñVb‘² &
4. JL²>Jm B{V eãXñ¶ A‘anL²>p³V§ {bIV &
65
EH$mXe>: nmR>: & ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² &
nwam A‘ae{³V: Zm‘ amOm AmgrV² & Vñ¶ nwÌm: {ddoH$a{hVm: emó{d‘wImü &
‘ZmoaÄOH$-H$Wm‘mÜ¶‘oZ {dîUwe‘m© Zm‘ npÊS>V: VmZ² Zr{Vemónma“VmZ² AH$amoV² & VXWª • {XdmñdßZ: Zm‘ {H$‘²?
a{MVmZm§ H$WmZm§ gL²>J«h: Ed "n#mVÝÌ‘²' ZmåZm {d»¶mV: & (1) {‘ÌôX: • "¶Wm {MpÝVV§ VW¡d
(2) {‘Ìgåàm{á: (3) H$mH$mobwH$s¶‘² (4) bãYàUme: (5) Anar{jVH$maH$‘² B{V
A^dV²' B{V H$Xm{MV²
Vm{Z n#m VÝÌm{U & Anar{jVH$maH$mV² ñdrH¥$Vm àñVwVH$Wm &
AZw^yV§ dm ?
AYrVo ¶ BX§ {ZË¶§ Zr{Vemó§ e¥Umo{V M &
Z nam^d‘mßZmo{V eH«$mX{n H$XmMZ &&
H$pñ‘§{üV² ZJao H${üV²

ñd^mdH¥$nUmo Zm‘ H$mo@
{n {^jwH$: à{Vdg{V ñ‘ &
VoZ {^j¶m àmáoZ g³Vw{nï>oZ
H$be: gåny[aV: & V§ M
KQ>§ ZmJXÝVo a‚dm ~X²Üdm
Vñ¶mYñVmV² H$Q>§ àgm¶© gVV§
V{Ûf¶o {MÝV¶Z² g: gwá: & g:
A{MÝV¶V² - ""¶Ën[anyUm}@¶§
KQ>ñVmdV² g³Vw{nï>oZ dV©Vo &
¶{X Xþ{^©j§ ^d{V V{h© Añ¶
{dH«$¶UoZ ê$ß¶H$mUm§ eV§
àmßñ¶m{‘ & VVñVoZ Ah‘²
AOmÛ¶§ H«o$î¶m{‘ & VV:
fmÊ‘m{gH$-àgddemV² Vmä¶m§ ¶yW: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@Om{^: à^yVm: YoZy: J«hrî¶m{‘, YoZw{^:
‘{hfr:, ‘{hfr{^: dS>dm:, dS>dmàgdV: à^yVm: Aûdm: ^{dî¶pÝV & Vofm§ {dH«$¶UmËà^yV§
gwdUª àmßñ¶m{‘ & gwdU}Z MVw:emb§ J¥h§ gånËñ¶Vo & VV: H${üV² Y{ZH$: àmád¶ñH$m§
ê$nmT>çm§ H$Ý¶m§ ‘ø§ Xmñ¶{V & Amd¶mo: nwÌ: ^{dî¶{V & Vñ¶mh§ gmo‘e‘}{V Zm‘ H$[aî¶m{‘ &
VV: g: OmZwMbZ¶mo½¶: ^{dî¶{V & EH$Xm gmo‘e‘m© ‘m§ Ñï>‰>m ‘Ëg‘rn‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V &
VVmo@h§ H$monm{dï>: A{^Ymñ¶m{‘ ^m¶m©‘², ""J¥hmU ~mbH$‘²'' B{V & gm@{n ‘‘ dMZ§ Z lmoî¶{V &
VmdËH$mbo H$üZ Hw$¸w$a: VÌ AmJ{‘î¶{V & gmo‘e‘m© Vñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V & VVmo@h§ g‘wËWm¶
bJwS>oZ V§ Hw$¸w$a§ VmS>{¶î¶m{‘ &'' Ed§ ñdßZ‘¾: Ü¶mZpñWV: g: VW¡d bJwS>àhma‘² AH$amoV² &
VoZ bJwS>àhmaoU g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: g: KQ>: ^¾: A^dV² & ñd^mdH¥$nU: g: nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V² &
AV: ~«dr{‘ -
AZmJVdVt {MÝVm‘gå^mì¶m§ H$amo{V ¶: &
g Ed nmÊSw>a: eoVo gmo‘e‘©{nVm ¶Wm &&
66
^mfmä¶mg:
1. {^jwH$ñ¶ Zm‘ {H$‘² ? 2. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ KQ>: Hw$Ì ~Õ:?
3. gmo‘e‘m© H$ñ‘mV² ^rV: ^{dî¶{V? 4. g³Vw{nï>oZ nyU©: KQ>: H$ñ‘mV² H$maUmV² ^¾: ?
5. gmo‘e‘©{nVw: Zm‘ {H$‘²? 6. ñd^mdH¥$nUoZ H$Q>: Hw$Ì àgm[aV: ?
2. ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎmaV &
1. ñd^mdH¥$nU: {H$‘Wª nmÊSw>aVm‘² AJÀN>V²?
2. "A{n {XdmñdßZXe©Z§ ¶mo½¶‘² ?' B{V H$Wm¶m: AmYmaoU {bIV &
3. (A) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1) Vñ¶mYñVmV² (2) H$Xm{MÐmÌm¡ (3) gmo‘e‘}{V (4) VVmo@h‘² &
(Am) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (1) Xþ{^©j‘² (2) ê$nmT>çm‘² (3) Ü¶mZpñWV: (4) ñd^mdH¥$nU:
4. g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {bIV & H¥$nU:, Xþ{^©j‘², Aœ:, YoZw:, gwdU©‘², Hw$¸w$a: &
nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ì¶ÄOZmZm§ {dñVma: &

1) ^¶mV² + ‘w³V: - ^¶mÝ‘w³V: & 4) Vpñ‘Z² + Ed = Vpñ‘Þod &
‘¥V² + ‘¶ya: - ‘¥Ý‘¶ya: & BZ² + AÝV = BÞÝV &
dJr©¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + AZwZm{gH$‘² = dJu¶-AZwZm{gH$‘² õñd: ñda: Z² H$mo@{n ñda: = Þ

fQ²> + ‘mg: = fÊ‘mg: & (nyd©‘²) (níMmV²)
dmH²$ + ‘¶‘² - dmL²>‘¶‘² & Vpñ‘Z² + CËgdo = Vpñ‘ÞwËgdo &
2) Vñ‘mV² + M = Vñ‘mƒ & Hw$d©Z² + AmgrV² = Hw$d©ÞmgrV² &
{dÛV² + OZ: ={dÛ‚mZ: &
5) gV² + AmMma: = gXmMma: &

Vw + Mw = Mw eamV² + A{n = eamX{n &
(Mw = M dJ©:) (Vw = V dJ©:) dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + ñda:/‘¥Xþì¶ÄOZ‘²=V¥Vr¶ì¶ÄOZ‘²
AdH$mamV² + M = AdH$amƒ &
EVV² + O¶: = EV‚m¶: & fQ²> + {dH$mam: = fS²>{dH$mam: &
3) ‘V² + ea: = ‘ÀN>a: & Vñ‘mV² + Ed = Vñ‘mXod &
lr‘V² + e‘ a: = lr‘ÀN>‘a: & 6) VX² + H¥$Vo = VËH¥$Vo & jwY² + nrS>m = jwËnrS>m
V² + e² =
dJu¶ì¶ÄOZ‘² + H$R>moaì¶ÄOZ‘² = àW‘ì¶ÄOZ‘²
M² N²>
VV² + lmoVw‘² = VÀN´>moVw‘² & fS²> + H$ma: = fQ²>H$ma: &
JÀN>oV² + {ed: = JÀN>opÀN>d: & ‘¥X² + gm{YV‘² = ‘¥Ëgm{YV‘² &
67
aå¶g§ñH¥$V‘² & {deofU-{dñVma: &
Ydb: MÝÐ: AmH$meo dV©Vo & Ah§ à{V{XZ§ Ydb§ MÝÐ§ ní¶m{‘, Vwî¶m{‘ M & YdboZ MÝÐoU Z^:
{d^m{V & MH$moam: Ydbm¶ MÝÐm¶ ñn¥h¶pÝV & YdbmV² MÝÐmV² {H$aUm: òdpÝV & ny{U©‘m¶m§ Ydbñ¶ MÝÐñ¶
gm¡ÝX¶©‘² Anydª Ibw & ho Ydb MÝÐ, erVbVm§ à¶ÀN> gd}ä¶: &
¶{„“§ ¶X²dMZ§ ¶m M {d^p³V{d©eoî¶ñ¶ &
V{„“§ VX²dMZ§ g¡d {d^p³V{d©eofUñ¶m{n &&
g§ñH¥$V^mfm¶m§ ¶Wm {deoî¶ñ¶ {b“§, dMZ§ {d^³V¶: M n[adV©ÝVo VW¡d {deofUo A{n n[adV©Z§ ^d{V &
nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {d^p³V:

{ZnwU: ~mbH$: {ZnwUm ~m{bH$m {Z{~S>‘² AaÊ¶‘² àW‘m
{ZnwU§ ~mbH$‘² {ZnwUm§ ~m{bH$m‘² {Z{~S>‘² AaÊ¶‘² {ÛVr¶m
{ZnwUoZ ~mbHo$Z {ZnwU¶m ~m{bH$¶m {Z{~S>oZ AaÊ¶oZ V¥Vr¶m
{ZnwUm¶ ~mbH$m¶ {ZnwUm¶¡ ~m{bH$m¶¡ {Z{~S>m¶ AaÊ¶m¶ MVwWu
{ZnwUmV² ~mbH$mV² {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>mV² AaÊ¶mV² n#m‘r
{ZnwUñ¶ ~mbH$ñ¶ {ZnwUm¶m: ~m{bH$m¶m: {Z{~S>ñ¶ AaÊ¶ñ¶ fð>r
{ZnwUo ~mbHo$ {ZnwUm¶m§ ~m{bH$m¶m‘² {Z{~S>o AaÊ¶o gá‘r
ho {ZnwU ~mbH$ ho {ZnwUo ~m{bHo$ ho {Z{~S> AaÊ¶ gå~moYZ‘²
Ed‘od {ÛdMZñ¶ VWm ~hþdMZñ¶ ê$nm{U ^dpÝV &
Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$: &
EH$dMZ‘² {ÛdMZ‘² ~hþdMZ‘² {d^p³V:
Hw$eb: d¡‘m{ZH$: Hw$ebm¡ d¡‘m{ZH$m: àW‘m
d¡‘m{ZH$‘² d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebmZ² {ÛVr¶m
Hw$eboZ Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZH¡$: V¥Vr¶m
d¡‘m{ZH$m¶ d¡‘m{ZH$mä¶m§ Hw$eboä¶: MVwWu
Hw$ebmV² Hw$ebmä¶m§ d¡‘m{ZHo$ä¶: n#m‘r
d¡‘m{ZH$ñ¶ d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: Hw$ebmZm§ fð>r
Hw$ebo d¡‘m{ZH$¶mo: d¡‘m{ZHo$fw gá‘r
Hw$eb d¡‘m{ZH$m¡ Hw$ebm: gå~moYZ‘²
Ed‘od "MVwa: ~mbH$:', "CÎm‘: H${d:', "{Z{~S>§ dZ‘²', "XrKm© ZXr', "‘oYm{dZr ~m{bH$m', "nwamVZr
H$Wm', "{à¶: gwöX²', "ñZohmbw: {nVm', "aå¶m Cfm:' BË¶ofm§ {deofU-{deoî¶-¶w½‘mZm§ ê$nm{U dXÝVw &
68
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
{deofU-{deoî¶¶mo: ¶w½‘§ nya¶V &
nw§{b“‘² ór{b“‘² Znw§gH${b“‘² {d^p³V:
n{dÌ: Obme¶: (n{dÌ) ZXr (n{dÌ) J“mOb‘² àW‘m
(ZyVZ) ‘ÊS>n‘² ZyVZm§ ^mfm‘² (ZyVZ) ‘pÝXa‘² {ÛVr¶m
g‘¥ÕoZ (H$mof) (g‘¥Õ) naåna¶m g‘¥ÕoZ (ZJa) V¥Vr¶m
(H$mo‘b) ñd^mdm¶ H$mo‘bm¶¡ (bVm) (H$mo‘b) nwînm¶ MVwWu
namYrZmV² (Cnm¶) (namYrZm) ~wX²Ü¶m: (namYrZ) OrdZmV² n#m‘r
(CÎm‘) nwéfñ¶ CÎm‘m¶m: (n{ÌH$m) CÎm‘ñ¶ (d¥ÎmnÌ) fð>r
(ñWyb>) nwÌo ñWybm¶m‘² (H$Ý¶m) (ñWyb>) nmÌo gá‘r
ho (loð>) F$fo ho loðo> (VnpñdZr) ho (loð>) Am¡fY‘² gå~moYZ‘²
dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &
1. ({demb) d¥jñ¶ AY: n¹$m{Z (’$b‘²) AnVZ² & 2. (d¥Õ) {nVm‘ø¡ (gagm) H$Wm: amoMÝVo &
3. {ZnwU¶m (Jm{¶H$m) gh Ah§ (ldUr¶) JrV§ Jm¶m{‘ & 4. ‘¥Ê‘¶o (nmÌ‘²) (erVb) Ob§ {dÚVo &
nR>V ~moYV -
• [MV², MZ ¶wVm{Z {deofUm{Z =
[MV², MZ EVX² àË¶¶Û¶‘² A{Z{üVVm§ Xe©¶{V & "{H$‘²' BË¶ZoZ gh V¶mo: Cn¶moJ: ^d{V &
(H$: + {MV²) H${üV² Z¥n:, ({H$‘² + MZ) {H$#mZ ZJa‘² &
(Ho$Z + {MV²) Ho$Z{MV² ‘w{ZZm & (H$ñ¶ + {MV²) H$ñ¶{MV² ‘ZwOñ¶ &
ApñV H${üV² Z¥n: & g: H$pñ‘¨{üV² ZJao AQ>{V ñ‘ & Ho$Z{MV² ‘w{ZZm g: AmhÿV: & ‘w{Z: An¥ÀN>V²,
""{H$‘² ApÝdî¶{g ‘hmamO?'' Z¥n: H${#mV² H$mb§ {d{MÝË¶ AdXV², ""Z {H$‘{n& ‘‘ H$‘ U§ hñVmV²
n[a^«ï>‘²& VX² Ed ApÝdî¶m{‘ &'' F${f: C³VdmZ², ""ho amOZ², ^dmZ² Vw Z¥n: & AÝ¶V² {H$‘{n H$‘U§ Yma{¶Vw§
e³Zmo{f & VWm{n H$‘U{df¶o {H$‘W©‘² EVmdV² {MÝVZ‘² ? àË¶wV ^dV: amÁ¶o {H$¶ÝV: OZm: ~w^w{jVm:,
Ho$MZ X[aÐm:, Ho${MV² amoJnr{S>Vm: M & H$müZ ‘{hbm: CÚmoJoZ {dZm {ZamYmam: & H¡${üX² ~mbH¡$: {ejU§
Ë¶³V‘² & Ho$fm#mZ {eeyZm‘² AÞm{X{df¶o ‘hVr XþadñWm & Ho$fwMZ {d^mJofw Obì¶dñWm Z g‘rMrZm &
EVofm§ H¥$Vo {H$‘{n Hw$é & H$‘U{df¶o {MÝVm§ ‘m Hw$é & amÁ¶ñ¶ ì¶dñWm Z¥nñ¶ na§ H$V©ì¶‘² &''
7) {ZgJm©V² + bä¶Vo = {ZgJm©„ä¶Vo & 8) Apñ‘Z² + bmoHo$ = Apñ‘>>±„moHo$ &
EVX² + bdU‘² = EV„dU‘² & J«ÝWmZ² + {bI{V = J«ÝWm±{„I{V &

V²/X² + b² b² Z² + b² ± b²
CV² + bg{V = C„g{V &
VmZ² + bmoH$mZ² = Vm±„moH$mZ² &
H$Xm{MV² + bãY‘² = H$Xm{M„ãY‘² &
XodmZ² + bg{V = Xodm±„g{V &
69
^mfmgyÌ‘² - 4
(A) b¥Q²>bH$ma: ({ÛVr¶: ^{dî¶ËH$mb:)&
ø: -^yVH$mb: AÚ - dV©‘mZH$mb: œ: - ^{dî¶ËH$mb:
Ah‘² AnR>‘² & Ah§ nR>m{‘ & Ah§ n{R>î¶m{‘ &
~mbH$m: AIobZ² & ~mbH$m: IobpÝV & ~mbH$m: Io{bî¶pÝV &
‘mVm A¶ÀN>V² & ‘mVm ¶ÀN>{V & ‘mVm Xmñ¶{V &
Ëd‘² AZ‘: & Ëd§ Z‘{g & Ëd§ Z§ñ¶{g &
am‘: A‘w#mV² & am‘: ‘w#m{V & am‘: ‘moú¶{V &
‘obZ§ Hw$éV &
ê$nm{U n{R>î¶m{‘ Io{bî¶pÝV Xmñ¶{V Z§ñ¶{V ‘moú¶{V J{‘î¶{V dú¶{V àú¶m{‘ àmßñ¶{V
YmVd: à+Amn² ‘wM² J‘²> dM² Xm àÀN>² Z‘² Iob² nR²>
b¥Q²>àË¶¶m: & (^{dî¶ËH$mbàË¶¶m:)
ñ¶{V ñ¶V: ñ¶pÝV CÎm‘: ñ¶Vo ñ¶oVo ñ¶ÝVo
ñ¶{g ñ¶W: ñ¶W ‘Ü¶‘: ñ¶go ñ¶oWo ñ¶Üdo
ñ¶m{‘ ñ¶md: ñ¶m‘: àW‘: ñ¶o ñ¶mdho ñ¶m‘ho
J‘² (1 n.n.) b^² (1 Am.n.)
J{‘î¶{V J{‘î¶V: J{‘î¶pÝV CÎm‘: bßñ¶Vo bßñ¶oVo bßñ¶ÝVo
J{‘î¶{g J{‘î¶W: J{‘î¶W ‘Ü¶‘: bßñ¶go bßñ¶Wo bßñ¶Üdo
J{‘î¶m{‘ J{‘î¶md: J{‘î¶m‘: àW‘: bßñ¶o bßñ¶mdho bßñ¶m‘ho
Z¥V² (4 n. n.) ‘Z² (4 Am. n.)
Z{V©î¶{V Z{V©î¶V: Z{V©î¶pÝV CÎm‘: ‘§ñ¶Vo ‘§ñ¶oVo ‘§ñ¶ÝVo
Z{V©î¶{g Z{V©î¶W: Z{V©î¶W ‘Ü¶‘: ‘§ñ¶go ‘§ñ¶oWo ‘§ñ¶Üdo
Z{V©î¶m{‘ Z{V©î¶md: Z{V©î¶m‘: àW‘: ‘§ñ¶o ‘§ñ¶mdho ‘§ñ¶m‘ho
àÀN>² (6 n. n.) ‘wM² (6 Am. n.)
àú¶{V àú¶V: àú¶pÝV CÎm‘: ‘moú¶Vo ‘moú¶oVo ‘moú¶ÝVo
àú¶{g àú¶W: àú¶W ‘Ü¶‘: ‘moú¶go ‘moú¶oWo ‘moú¶Üdo
àú¶m{‘ àú¶md: àú¶m‘: àW‘: ‘moú¶o ‘moú¶mdho ‘moú¶m‘ho
70
{MÝV² (10 n. n.) JU² (10 Am. n.)
{MÝV{¶î¶{V {MÝV{¶î¶V: {MÝV{¶î¶pÝV CÎm‘: JU{¶î¶{V JU{¶î¶V: JU{¶î¶pÝV
{MÝV{¶î¶{g {MÝV{¶î¶W: {MÝV{¶î¶W ‘Ü¶‘: JU{¶î¶{g JU{¶î¶W: JU{¶î¶W
{MÝV{¶î¶m{‘ {MÝV{¶î¶md: {MÝV{¶î¶m‘: àW‘: JU{¶î¶m{‘ JU{¶î¶md: JU{¶î¶m‘:
dm³¶m{Z nR>V &
1. d¶§ gm¶§H$mbo CÚmZ§ J{‘î¶m‘: & 7. ànaœ: ‘mVwb: {ÛM{H«$H$m§ àXmñ¶{V &
2. ‘‘ nwñVH§$ ‘ø§ H$Xm Xmñ¶{g ? 8. AmJm{‘{Z df} Añ‘mH§$ embm¶m§ gwdU©‘hmoËgd:
3. ~mbH$m: Á¶oð>mZ² Z§ñ¶pÝV & gånËñ¶Vo &
4. N>mÌm: CÎm‘mZ² AL²>H$mZ² àmßñ¶pÝV & 9. A{J«‘o ‘mgo narjm ^{dî¶{V &
5. "qgh, O¥å^ñd ! XÝVmZ² Vo JU{¶î¶m{‘ & 10. AmJm{‘{Z df} Ah§ MÝÐ¶mZo Cndoú¶m{‘ &
6. naœ: ‘‘ ‘mVm‘hr ‘‘ J¥h‘² AmJ{‘î¶{V & 11. A{J«‘§ ¶wJ§ VÝÌkmZoZ Ed nyUª ^{dî¶{V &
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
• Añ‘mH§$ {‘Ì‘² A{J«‘o ‘mgo H$Ý¶mHw$‘mat J{‘î¶{V & g: VÌ qH$ qH$ H$[aî¶{V B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm dm³¶m{Z nya¶V &
1. AÛ¡V: A{J«‘o e{Zdmgao ¶mÌmaå^§ & (H¥$)
2. {d‘mZ¶mZoZ g VÌ AÝ¶oÚw: & (à + Amn²)
3. àW‘§ H$Ý¶mHw$‘marpñWV§ Xodmb¶§ g: & (Ñe²-ní¶²)
4. Vñ‘mV² g‘wÐVra§ & (¶m)
5. VÌñW§ gy¶m©ñV‘² & (Ad + bmoH²$)
9) VmZ² + MmoamZ² = Vm§ümoamZ² & 10) n[a + N>oX: - n[aÀN>oX: &

{d¿ZmZ² + M = {d¿Zm§ü & Vé + N>m¶m = VéÀN>m¶m &
Z²+ M²/N²>/Q²>/R²>/V²/W² •
(AZwñdma:), : ({dgJ©:) õñd: ñda: + N> = ÀN>
~hÿZ² + VñH$amZ² = ~hÿ§ñVñH$amZ² & ‘mV¥ + N>m¶m = ‘mV¥ÀN>m¶m &
EVmZ² + N>mÌmZ² = EVm§ûN>mÌmZ² & {d + N>oX: = {dÀN>oX: &
71
{H«$¶mnXê$nm{U &
YmVw:(JU:, nX‘²) bQ²> bL²> bmoQ²> {d{Y{bL²> b¥Q²> H$‘©{U
nR²> (1 n.n.) nR>{V AnR>V² nR>Vw nR>oV² n{R>î¶{V nR>çVo
Xm (1 n.n.) ¶ÀN>{V A¶ÀN>V² ¶ÀN>Vw ¶ÀN>oV² Xmñ¶{V Xr¶Vo
nm (1 n.n.) {n~{V A{n~V² {n~Vw {n~oV² nmñ¶{V nr¶Vo
J¡ (1 n.n.) Jm¶{V AJm¶V² Jm¶Vw Jm¶oV² Jmñ¶{V Jr¶Vo
Ü¶¡ (1 n.n.) Ü¶m¶{V AÜ¶m¶V² Ü¶m¶Vw Ü¶m¶oV² Ü¶mñ¶{V Ü¶m¶Vo
Zr (1 C.n.) n.n. Z¶{V AZ¶V² Z¶Vw Z¶oV² Zoî¶{V Zr¶Vo
Zr (1 C.n.) Am.n. Z¶Vo AZ¶V Z¶Vm‘² Z¶oV Zoî¶Vo Zr¶Vo
ñ‘¥ (1 n.n.) ñ‘a{V Añ‘aV² ñ‘aVw ñ‘aoV² ñ‘[aî¶{V ñ‘¶©Vo
ö (1 C.n.) n.n. ha{V AhaV² haVw haoV² h[aî¶{V õr¶Vo
ö (1 C.n.) Am. n. haVo AhaV haVm‘² haoV h[aî¶Vo õr¶Vo
a^² (1 Am.n.) a^Vo Aa^V a^Vm‘² aôV aßñ¶Vo aä¶Vo
Z¥V² (4 n.n.) Z¥Ë¶{V AZ¥Ë¶V² Z¥Ë¶Vw Z¥Ë¶oV² Z{V©î¶{V Z¥Ë¶Vo
H«w$Y² (4 n.n.) H«w$Ü¶{V$ AH«w$Ü¶V² H«w$Ü¶Vw H«w$Ü¶oV² H«$moËñ¶{V H«w$Ü¶Vo
‘Z² (4 Am.n.) ‘Ý¶Vo A‘Ý¶V ‘Ý¶Vm‘² ‘Ý¶oV ‘§ñ¶Vo ‘Ý¶Vo
{bI² (6 n.n.) {bI{V A{bIV² {bIVw {bIoV² bo{Iî¶{V {b»¶Vo
àÀN²> (6 n.n.) n¥ÀN>{V An¥ÀN>V² n¥ÀN>Vw n¥ÀN>oV² àú¶{V n¥ÀN²>¶Vo
{Xe² (6 C.n.) n.n. {Xe{V A{XeV² {XeVw {XeoV² Xoú¶{V {Xí¶Vo
{Xe² (6 C.n.) Am.n. {XeVo A{XeV {XeVm‘² {XeoV Xoú¶Vo {Xí¶Vo
‘wM² (6 C.n.) n.n. ‘w#m{V A‘w#mV² ‘w#mVw ‘w#moV² ‘moú¶{V ‘wÀ¶Vo
‘wM² (6 C.n.)Am.n. ‘w#mVo A‘w#mV ‘w#mVm‘² ‘w#moV ‘moú¶Vo ‘wÀ¶Vo
nyO² (10 C.n.)n.n. nyO¶{V AnyO¶V² nyO¶Vw nyO¶oV² nyO{¶î¶{V nyÁ¶Vo
nyO² (10C.n.)Am.n. nyO¶Vo AnyO¶V nyO¶Vm‘² nyO¶oV nyO{¶î¶Vo nyÁ¶Vo
ñn¥h² (10 C.n.)n.n. ñn¥h¶{V Añn¥h¶V² ñn¥h¶Vw ñn¥h¶oV² ñn¥h{¶î¶{V ñn¥øVo
ñn¥h²(10C.n.)Am.n. ñn¥h¶Vo Añn¥h¶V ñn¥h¶Vm‘² ñn¥h¶oV ñn¥h{¶î¶Vo ñn¥øVo
Mwa² (10 C.n.) n.n. Mmoa¶{V AMmoa¶V² Mmoa¶Vw Mmoa¶oV² Mmoa{¶î¶{V Mmo¶©Vo
Mwa² (10C.n.)Am.n. Mmoa¶Vo AMmoa¶V Mmoa¶Vm‘² Mmoa¶oV Mmoa{¶î¶Vo Mmo¶©Vo
Ag² (2 n.n.) ApñV AmgrV² AñVw ñ¶mV² ^{dî¶{V ^y¶Vo

eH²$ (5 n.n.) e³Zmo{V Ae³ZmoV² e³ZmoVw e³Zw¶mV² eú¶{V e³¶Vo
lw (5 n.n.) e¥Umo{V Ae¥UmoV² e¥UmoVw e¥Uw¶mV² lmoî¶{V ly¶Vo
H¥$ (8 C.n.) n.n. H$amo{V AH$amoV² H$amoVw Hw$¶m©V² H$[aî¶{V {H«$¶Vo
H¥$ (8 C.n.) Am.n. Hw$éVo AHw$d©V Hw$éVm‘² Hw$duV H$[aî¶Vo {H«$¶Vo
km (9 C.n.) n.n. OmZm{V AOmZmV² OmZmVw OmZr¶mV² kmñ¶{V km¶Vo
km (9 C.n.) Am.n. OmZrVo AOmZrV OmZrVm‘² OmZrV kmñ¶Vo km¶Vo
72
B) ^yVH$mbdmMH$-YmVwgm{YV-{deofUm{Z &
A¶§ "H¥$' YmVmo: Obme¶: &

AÌ H${V ‘Ëñ¶m: n[a{MVm: ¶wî‘mH$‘²?
kmV n¥ï>dV²
C³V a{MVdV²
kmVdV²
a { j V H¥$V C³VdV² a{jVdV²
bãY n{R>V n¥ï> H¥$VdV² n{R>VdV²
a{MV bãYdV²
³V-^mÊS>‘² ³VdVw ^mÊS>‘²
am‘oU nmR>: n{R>V: & am‘: nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² &
am‘oU H${dVm n{R>Vm & grVm nmR>§ n{R>VdVr &
am‘oU H$mì¶§ n{R>V‘² & N>mÌm: nmR>§ n{R>VdÝV: &
am‘oU nmR>m: n{R>Vm: & ‘{hbm: nmR>§ n{R>VdË¶: &
grV¶m H${dVo n{R>Vo & Ah§ nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² &
Añ‘m{^: H$mì¶m{Z n{R>Vm{Z & Ëd§ nmR>§ n{R>VdVr &
¶Wm H$‘©nX§ n[adV©Vo, ¶Wm H$V¥©nX§ n[adV©Vo,
VWm {H«$¶mgyMH§$ {deofU‘² A{n n[adV©Vo & VWm {H«$¶mgyMH§$ {deofU‘² A{n n[adV©Vo &
EVX² {H«$¶mnXmV² {^Þ‘² &
"n{R>V' B{V "³V' àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘² (H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + V) VWm M
"n{R>VdV²' B{V "³VdVw' àË¶¶mÝVê$n‘² (H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² = ‘ybYmVw: + VdV²) &
1) {jn² - {já/{jádV² J¡ - JrV/JrVdV² VS²> - Vm{S>V/Vm{S>VdV²
Amn² - Amá/AmádV² Ü¶¡ - Ü¶mV/Ü¶mVdV² Kwf² - Kmo{fV/Kmo{fVdV²
{O - {OV/{OVdV² 3) H$W² - H${WV/H${WVdV² Mwa² - Mmo[aV/Mmo[aVdV²
Zr - ZrV/ZrVdV² XÊS²> - XpÊS>V/XpÊS>VdV² 4) Ñe² - Ñï>/Ñï>dV²
lw - lwV/lwVdV² nyO² - ny{OV/ny{OVdV² {Xe² - {Xï>/{Xï>dV²
H¥$ - H¥$V/H¥$VdV² ^j² - ^{jV/^{jVdV² ñn¥e² - ñn¥ï>/ñn¥ï>dV²
ñ‘¥ - ñ‘¥V/ñ‘¥VdV² ^yf² - ^y{fV/^y{fVdV² g¥O² - g¥ï>/g¥ï>dV²
2) nm - nrV/nrVdV² AW©² - A{W©V/A{W©VdV² X§e² - Xï>/Xï>dV²
nm - nmV/nmVdV² JU² - J{UV/J{UVdV² Bf² - Bï>/Bï>dV²
Ym - {hV/{hVdV² jb² - jm{bV/jm{bVdV² àÀN> - n¥ï>/n¥ï>dV²
73

5) nR²> - n{R>V/n{R>VdV² 7) ~wY² - ~wÕ/~wÕdV² dh² - D$T>/D$T>dV²
{bI² - {b{IV/{b{IVdV² b^² - bãY/bãYdV² J«h² - J¥hrV/J¥hrVdV²
dÝX² - dpÝXV/dpÝXVdV² a^² - aãY/aãYdV² 9) ‘Z² - ‘V/‘VdV²
6) ‘wM² - ‘w³V/‘w³VdV²$ bw^² - bwãY/bwãYdV² VZ² - VV/VVdV²
Ë¶O² - Ë¶³V/Ë¶³VdV² 8) dM² - C³V/C³VdV² hZ² - hV/hVdV²
^wO² - ^w³V/^w³VdV² dX² - C{XV/C{XVdV² 10) J«ÝW² - J«{WV/J«{WVdV²
‘ÝW² - ‘{WV/‘{WVdV²
ê$nm{U AdbmoH$¶V &
H$‘©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘² H$V¥©dmÀ¶§ ^yV. YmVw. {deofU‘²
n{R>V: n{R>Vm¡ n{R>Vm: (nw§.) n{R>VdmZ² n{R>VdÝVm¡ n{R>VdÝV: (nw§.)
n{R>Vm n{R>Vo n{R>Vm: (ór) n{R>VdVr n{R>VdË¶m¡ n{R>VdË¶: (ór)
n{R>V‘² n{R>Vo n{R>Vm{Z (Znw§.) n{R>VdV² n{R>VdVr n{R>VdpÝV (Znw§.)
EVm{Z ê$nm{U Xod ‘mbm dZ gÑem{Z & EVm{Z ê$nm{U Xod ‘mbm dZ gÑem{Z &
AYmoXÎmm{Z dm³¶m{Z nR>V, ôX‘² AdJÀN>V &
Ho$Z/H$¶m H¥$V‘² & H$: H¥$VdmZ² / H$m H¥$VdVr ?
1. AM©Ho$U Xod: ny{OV: & 1. AM©H : Xod§ ny{OVdmZ² &
2. AM©Ho$U Xodr ny{OVm & 2. AM©H$: Xodr§ ny{OVdmZ² &
3. AM©Ho$U X¡dV§ ny{OV‘² & 3. AM©H$: X¡dV§ ny{OVdmZ² &
4. {nVm‘øm H$Wm H${WVm & 4. {nVm‘hr H$Wm§ H${WVdVr &
5. MmbHo$Z ê$ß¶H$m{U J{UVm{Z & 5. MmbH$: ê$ß¶H$m{U J{UVdmZ² &
6. H¥$frdboZ gñ¶m{Z Cám{Z & 6. H¥$frdb: gñ¶m{Z CádmZ² &
{OkmgmnÌ‘²
1. "³V' àË¶¶mÝVê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &

1. OZ¡: nyOm & (H¥$) 2.{ejHo$U nmR>: Cƒ¡: & (nR²>)
3. {eî¶oU X{jUm & (Xm) 4. AZ¶m H$Wm & (aM²)
5. {~S>mboZ jra§ & (nm) 6. ‘¶m {MÌ§ & (Ñe²)
2. "³VdVw' àË¶¶mÝVê$n¡: [a³VñWmZm{Z nya¶V &
1. nwéf: H$m¶ª & (H¥$) 2.‘{hbm em{Q>H$m§ & (Y¥)
3. Xodm: ^³VmZ² & (aj²) 4. Ah§ {MÌm{U & (Ñe²)
5. H${d: H${dVm§ & ({bI²)
74
eãXH$mof… & (nmR>mZwgma‘²)
1. g¥ðw> J¥hrV: Mm¡a: & 5. drad{ZVm {dínbm & 9. A‘aH$mof… &
1) YZñ¶yV… - (nw§.) 1) ^wd‘² (ór) 1) AÜ¶oV¥ (nw§.)
2) ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m (ór) 2) ¶wJnX² (A.) 2) ¶Woï>‘² (A.)
3) AL²>Jw{b‘mÌ‘² - (Znw§) 3) àË¶wV (A.) 3) AmMÝÐVmaH$‘² (Znw§.)
2. Aì¶¶‘mbm & 4) BV…na‘² (A.) 4) AZwemgZ‘² (Znw§.)
1) AënmjaËd‘² (Znw§.) 5) Am¶wYàhma… (nw§.) 5) {dZm¶mg‘² (Aì¶¶)
2) Amñ¶‘² (Znw§.) 6) H$Xbrd¥j… (nw§.) 10. H$mì¶emó{dZmoX: &
3) K«mU‘² (Znw§.) $ 7) g§öV… ({deo.) 1) ‘pñVîH$ImÚ‘² (Znw§.)
4) g¥ï>‘² ({deo.Znw§.) 6. {nZ²H$moS²>-àdV©H$… ‘hmZ² 2) gag§ (Znw§.)
5) fQ²>nXm… (nw§.) g§ñH¥$Vk…& 3) n{jamO… (nw§.)
6) Ho$VH$sJÝY‘² (Znw§.) 1) AmL²½b^mfm (ór) 4) eybnm{U: (nw§.)
7) AmK«mVw‘² (A.) 2) Xþ~m}Y‘² (Znw§.) 5) {~^«Z² ({deo.)
8) {ÛVr¶m (ór) 3) àË¶yhm… (nw§.) 11. ‘ZmoamÁ¶ñ¶ ’$b‘² &
9) ñWmZ^«ï>m… (nw§.) 4) {dÛÛaoÊ¶… (nw§.) 1) AYrVo ({H«$.)
3. qH$ {‘Ï¶m? qH$ dmñVd‘²? 7. gyp³VgwYm & 2) eH«$… (nw§.)
1) ‘ÝWZ‘² (Zn§w.) 1) ^«mV¥^mÁ¶‘² (Znw§.) 3) g³Vw$ (ór)
2) gwImgÝX… (nw§.) 2) JUZm (ór) 4) ZmJXÝVo (nw§.)
3) Mb^mf… (nw§.) 3) XþhpÝV ({H«$.) 5) dS>dm (ór.)
4) ÛmaKpÊQ>H$m (ór) 4) OmS>ç‘² ({deo.) 6) ¶yW‘² (nw§.)
5) ¶{ï>H$ÝXþH$H$sS>m (nw§.) 5) nw§gm§ (nw§.) 7) ‘{hfr (ór)
6) bmbm{¶V§ ({deo.) 8. ‘Zg… ñdÀN>Vm & 9) {dH«$¶U‘² (Znw§.)
7) ~w^wjm (ór) 1) hR>‘² (Znw§.) 10) MVw…emb‘² (Znw§.)
8) Am^mgmË‘H$‘² (Znw§.) 2) CV (A.) 11) àmád¶ñH$m‘² (ór)
4. {dÜ¶W©‘mbm & 3) bKw^ma‘² (Znw§.) 12) OmZwMbZ¶mo½¶… (nw§.)
1) MoV² (A.) 4) AmÐ©… (nw§.) 13) lmoî¶{V (YmVwê$n)
2) Hw$V… (A.) 5) em{Q>H$m#mb§ (Znw§.) 14) Hw$¸w$a… (nw§.)
3) àË¶h‘² (A.) 6) {H$¶ÝV… (A.) 15) nmÊSw>aVm‘² (A.)
4) {H$Þw (A.) 7) aOH$… (nw§.) 16) eoVo ({H«$.)
5) H$X¶©: (nw§.) 8) MÝXZ’o$ZH$‘² (Znw§.)
9) ì¶mn¥V‘² (A.)
IobV-ZÝXV !! eãXmZwdmXH«$sS>m
H«$sS>H$mZm§ JUÛ¶§ ^doV² & JUÛ¶‘{n A{^‘wI‘² Cn{de{V & H«$sS>maåô EH$pñ‘Z² JUo {dÚ‘mZofw
EH$: EH§$ ‘mV¥^mfmeãX§ dX{V & VXm P{Q>{V AÝ¶JUr¶ofw ¶: H$mo@{n VËg‘mZmW©H§$ g§ñH¥$VeãX§
dXoV² & (g: eãX: C{MV: ApñV CV Z B{V {ejH$: n[aerb¶oV² &) AYwZm EVX²JUr¶m:
‘mV¥^mfmeãX§ dXo¶w:, VX²JUr¶m: g§ñH¥$VeãX‘² & Ed‘od H«$sS>m AZwdV©Vo &
75
Zd‘r H$jm H¥${Vn{ÌH$m - àmê$n‘² & AL²>H$m: (40 )
g§¶w³V-g§ñH¥$V‘² g‘¶: - hmoamÛ¶‘²
àW‘: {d^mJ: - gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² & (4)
1) A) {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV & ({MÌnXH$mofV: 5 {MÌm{U) (5 V: 4) 2

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Am) gL²>»¶mboIZ§ Hw$éV & (3 V: 2)(àW‘gÌ‘²-1 V: 50, {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²-51 V: 100) 1

B) g‘¶boIZ§ Hw$éV & (3 V: 2) 1
{ÛVr¶: {d^mJ: - JÚ‘² & (15)

2) A) JÚm§e: 1 - JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (àW‘gÌ‘² - 1, 3, 5, 6) 5
Am) JÚm§e: 2 - JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & ({ÛVr¶gÌ‘² 10, 11, 12, 15) 5
H¥$V¶: - 1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1) (1)
2) gË¶‘² AgË¶§ dm/ H$: H§$ dX{V/C{MV§ H$maU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & (1)
3) gpÝY¨/gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & (nyd©nX§/CÎmanX§/MVwW©nX§ {bIV&) (1)
4) gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (4 V: 2) (2)
(H$) eãXñ¶ dU©{dJ«h§ $Hw$éV &
(I) {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: &(ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV/JÚm§eV: {MZwV&/MVwWª nX§ {bIV &)
(J>) ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV/{d^³Ë¶ÝVê$nm{U (Ho$db‘² EH$§ ê$n‘²)
(K) g‘mZmW©H§$/{déÕmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV & (Ho$db‘² EH$§ ê$n‘²)
B) JÚm§e: 3 - JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & (àW‘gÌ‘² - 8 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘² - 16) 3
B©) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (2 V: 1) (àñVmdZm Ano{jVm) 2
(àW‘gÌ‘² - 1, 3, 5, 6) ({ÛVr¶gÌ‘² - 10, 11, 12, 15)
V¥Vr¶: {d^mJ: - nÚ‘² & (10)

3) A) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (àW‘gÌ‘² - 2, 4) ({ÛVr¶gÌ‘² 9, 14) 3 ûcmoH$m: àï>ì¶m: & 4
1) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1) (1)
2) gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr Hw$éV & (2 V: 1) (1)
H$) {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: & I)ËdmÝV/ë¶~ÝV/Vw‘ÝV/{d^³Ë¶ÝV§ nX§ {MZwV &
J) g‘mZmW©H§$/{déÕmW©H§$ eãX§ {MZwV &
3) OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V (àW‘gÌ‘² 7) ({ÛVr¶gÌ‘² 9, 14) 2
B) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & (2 V: 1)(àW‘gÌ‘² 2, 4 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘² 9, 14) 2
C) ûcmoH § ewÕ§ nyUª M {bIV & (2 V: 1) (àW‘gÌ‘² 2, 4 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘² 9, 14) 2
D$) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (2 V: 1) (àW‘gÌ‘² 7 {ÛVr¶gÌ‘² 13) (àñVmdZm Ano{jVm) 2
76

MVwW©: {d^mJ: - ì¶mH$aU‘² & (7)
4) A) n¥W³Hw$éV & (6 V: 4) (Zm‘, gd©Zm‘, {H«$¶mnX‘², {deofU‘²) 2
Am) g‘mgm: & (6 V: 4) 2
àW‘gÌ‘²- n¥W³Hw$éV & (BVaoVaÛÝÛ:, g‘mhmaÛÝÛ:-4 g‘ñVnXm{Z: &)
{ÛVr¶gÌ‘²- ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & (ñVå^: A-4 g‘ñVnXm{Z, 4 {dJ«hm: & ñVå^: ~-8 g‘mgZm‘m{Z &)
B) ¶mo½¶{deofU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV & (4 V: 2) 2
(àW‘gÌ‘²- {deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY: {ÛVr¶gÌ‘²- YmVwgm{YV-{deofU-{deoî¶-gå~ÝY:)
B©) à¶moJ: & (2 V: 1) 1
àW‘gÌ‘²- à¶moJ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {MZwV {bIV M &
{ÛVr¶gÌ‘²- à¶moJn[aM¶§ Hw$éV &
n#m‘: {d^mJ: - boIZH$m¡eb‘² & (4)

5) A) Aì¶¶mZm§/YmVyZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dm³¶o {bIV & (4 V: 2) (CnnX{d^p³V:) 2
Am) gL²>»¶m{deofUmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dm³¶Û¶§ {bIV & (3 V: 2) (Ho$db§ 1 V: 10 gL²>»¶m:&) 2
(1 V: 4 gL²>»¶m: AZwg¥Ë¶ EH$m gL²>»¶m Ano{jVm &) (àW‘gÌ‘² - àW‘m{d^p³V:, {ÛVr¶gÌ‘² - àW‘m§ {dhm¶)

Zd>‘r H$jm-‘yë¶‘mnZ‘² &

àW‘§/{ÛVr¶§ gÌ‘² - (50 AL²>H$m:)
boIZnarjm (40 AL²>H$m:)
‘m¡pIH$s narjm (5 AL²>H$m:)
l ldU‘² - 1 AL²>H$:& (lwVboIZ‘² 2 eãXm¡)
l dmMZ‘² - 2 AL²>H$m¡&
(dUm}ƒmam:, g²/f², Z²/U² ôXm: Ðï>ì¶m:)
l H$ÊR>ñWrH$aU‘² - 2 AL²>H$m¡&
àmW©Zm, ûcmoH$nR>Z‘², Vm{bH$mnR>Z‘² (Zm‘, gd©Zm‘,
{H«$¶mnX‘²) n#mXedmŠ¶m{Z, gL²>»¶m: KQ>r M &
AÝ¶-AL²>H$m: (5 AL²>H$m:) = KQ>H$narjm + boIZnwpñVH$m
77
Zd‘r H$jm H¥${Vn{ÌH$m AL²>H$m: - 40
g§¶w³V-g§ñH¥$V‘² g‘¶: - hmoamÛ¶‘²
àW‘: {d^mJ: - gwJ‘g§ñH¥$V‘² (4)
1) A) {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV & (5 V: 4) 2

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Am) gL²>»¶m: Aja¡: A‘¡: dm {bIV& (3 V: 2) 1

1) 64 2) ZdZd{V: 3) 23
B) Aja¡: g‘¶boIZ§ Hw$éV & (3 V: 2) 1
1) 12.15 2) 7.25 3) 8.30
{ÛVr¶: {d^mJ: - JÚ‘² & (15)
2) A) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & 5
XodXÎm: Zm‘ EH$: Y{ZH$: AmgrV² & EH$Xm Vñ¶ YZñ¶yV: bwá>: & Vñ¶ J¥ho fS>² ^¥Ë¶m: AmgZ² & Vofw
Ed EH$: Mm¡a: ñ¶mV², B{V Vñ¶ ‘V‘² & Mm¡a§ J«hrVw§ g: dra~bñ¶ gmhmæ¶§ ñdrH¥$VdmZ² & dra~b: AdXV²,
""{‘Ì! AÚ gm¶L²>H$mbo Vd gdm©Z² ^¥Ë¶mZ² ‘‘ J¥h§ àof¶'' B{V&
¶Wm{ZpíMV§ gd} godH$m: dra~bñ¶ J¥h‘² AmJVm: & dra~boZ nyd©‘od gd}fm§ H¥$Vo g‘mZmoÞV¶:
¶{ï>H$m: AmZrVm: & g: godH$mZ² AdXV², ""^mo: ní¶ÝVw, EVm: ‘m¶m¶{ï>H$m: & EH¡$H$m§ ¶{ï>H$m§
ñdrH¥$Ë¶ ^d{Ø: XodXÎmñ¶ J¥h§ JÝVì¶§, œ: à^mVo nwZamJÝVì¶‘² & ¶oZ Ho$Zm{n YZñ¶yV: Mmo[aV:
ñ¶mV² Vñ¶ ¶{ï>H$m A“x{b‘mÌ§ XrKm© ^{dî¶{V &''
H$. EH$dm³¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1) 1
1) gd} godH$m: H$ñ¶ J¥h‘² AmJVm: ? 2) $H$ñ¶ YZñ¶yV: bwá: ?
I. H$: H§$ dX{V ? - ""gdm©Z² ^¥Ë¶mZ² ‘‘ J¥h§ àof¶ &'' 1
J. gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & 1
1) Ho$Zm{n = + A{n & 2) nwZamJÝVì¶‘² = nwZ: + &
K. gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (4 V: 3) 3
1) dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV - gd}fm‘²
2) JÚm§emV² 1 hoËdW©H$-Vw‘ÝV-Aì¶¶§ {MËdm {bIV &
3) JÚm§emV² {deofU§ {MËdm {bIV & ¶{ï>H$m: &
4) JÚm§emV² {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {MZwV & õñdm Í &
Am) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm {Z{X©ï>m: H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & 5
"Efm aUa“mV² ¶mdV² Z {Zdm¶©Vo VmdV² O¶: gd©Wm Z àmß¶Vo' B{V {MÝV{¶Ëdm eÌwg¡{ZH$m: ¶wJnV²
AmH«$å¶ Vm‘² AdéÕdÝV: & eÌwg¡{ZH$m: Vo AgL²>»çm: AmgZ², {dínbm Vw EH$m{H$Zr ! VWm{n Vñ¶m:
‘Z{g Z ^r{Vboe: A{n AmgrV² & àË¶wV {ÛJw{UVoZ CËgmhoZ ¶wÕ§ H¥$VdVr & ¶wÕg‘¶o eÌwg¡{ZH$m: Vñ¶m:
EH§$ nmX§ H${V©VdÝV: & AZÝVa‘² "BV: na‘² EVñ¶m: H$maUmV² nrS>m Z ^{dî¶{V' B{V {ZU©¶§ H¥$Ëdm Vo
{e{~a§ à{VJVdÝV: &
78
¶Ú{n {dínbm¶m: nmX: ^¾: VWm{n gm hVmoËgmhm Z OmVm & M¡VÝ¶‘y{V©: gm dram“Zm Ed AmgrV² &
"œ: ‘¶m ¶wÕ§ H$aUr¶‘² Ed' B{V {Z{üË¶ gm nmX§ nwZ: àmáw‘² EoÀN>V² & AV: gm {ZübV¶m Cn{dí¶
A{œZrHw$‘ma¶mo: Ü¶mZ§ H¥$VdVr & Vñ¶m: ^³Vo$: H$maUmV² A{œZrHw$‘mam¡ bmoh¶w³V§ nmX§ ¶moO{¶Ëdm Vm§
¶Wmnydª H¥$VdÝVm¡ & EVñ‘mV² {dínbm ¶Wmnydª M{bVw§ ¶wÕ§ H$Vwª M g‘Wm© OmVm &
H$) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1) 1
1. {dínbm H$¶mo: Ü¶mZ§ H¥$VdVr ? 2. ¶wÕg‘¶o eÌwg¡{ZH$m: qH$ H¥$VdÝV: ?
I) dm³¶§ nwZ{b©{IËdm gË¶‘² AgË¶§ dm B{V {bIV & 1
eÌwg¡{ZH$m: ¶wJnV² AmH«$å¶ IobamO‘² AdéÕdÝV: &
J) gpÝY{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & ¶Ú{n = + & 1
K) gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr: Hw$éV & (4 V: 2) 2
1. dU©{dJ«h§ Hw$éV & - {dínbm
2. JÚm§eV: g‘mZmW©H$eãX§ {MËdm {bIV & - AJ{UVm: = &
3. JÚm§eV: nyd©H$mbdmMH$-ë¶~ÝV-Aì¶¶§ {MËdm {bIV & (Ho$db‘² 1)
4. JÚm§emV² {deofU§ {MËdm {bIV & nmX‘² &
B) JÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & 3
AZwemgZ{à¶ñ¶ dobUH$a‘hmoX¶ñ¶ g“rV‘{n {à¶: {df¶: & g: ìhm¶mo{bZdmXZo VWm
V~bmdmXZo@{n AVrd {ZnwU: & AV: Ed g: "JrVJrdm©U‘²' B{V g“rV{df¶H§$ emór¶J«ÝW§ g§ñH¥$VoZ
a{MVdmZ² & H$Wm:, JrVm{Z, ~mbJrVm{Z, Z¥Ë¶ZmQ>ç‘² B{V ~hþ{dYm: aMZm: VoZ H¥$Vm: VWm{n Z>mQ>çboIZ§
Vñ¶ A{^‘V: gm{hË¶àH$ma: &
B©) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (2 V: 1) 2
1. ‘mVm VZ¶m¶m: {dMman[adV©Z§ H$W§ H$amo{V ? 2. dra~boZ Mm¡a: H$W§ J¥hrV:?
V¥Vr¶: {d^mJ: - nÚ‘² & (10)
3) A) nÚm§em¡ n{R>Ëdm H¥$Vr: Hw$éV &
JwUm: Hw$d©pÝV XÿVËd§ Xÿao@{n dgVm§ gVm‘² &
Ho$VH$sJÝY‘mK«m¶ ñd¶‘m¶mpÝV fQ²nXm: &&1&&
Ñ{ï>nyV§ Ý¶goV² nmX§ dónyV§ {n~oV² Ob‘² &
gË¶nyVm§ dXoV² dmUt ‘Z:nyV§ g‘mMaoV² &&2&&
ñWmZ^«ï>m Z emo^ÝVo XÝVm Ho$em ZIm Zam: &
B{V {dkm¶ ‘{V‘mZ² ñdñWmZ§ Z n[aË¶OoV² &&3&&
H$) EH$dmŠ¶oZ CÎmaV & (2 V: 1) (1)
1. Ho$ XÿVËd§ Hw$d©pÝV ? 2. H$sÑet dmUt dXoV² ?
I) gyMZmZwgma§ H¥$Vr Hw$éV & (2 V: 1) (1)
1. {déÕmW©H$eãX§ {MËdm {bIV & - AgË¶‘² Í &
2. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & {deofU‘² Ñ{ï>nyV:, dónyV‘²
{deoî¶‘² AmMaU‘², nmX:, Ob‘²
79
J) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm OmbaoIm{MÌ§ nya¶V & 2

ñWmZ^«ï>m: Z emo^ÝVo &
Am) nÚm§e§ n{R>Ëdm ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV & (2 V: 1) 2

1. ¶ñ¶ fð>r MVwWu M {dhñ¶ M {dhm¶ M &
Ah§ H$W§ {ÛVr¶m ñ¶mV² {ÛVr¶m ñ¶m‘h§ H$W‘² &&
2. AH«$moYoZ O¶oV² H«$moY‘² AgmYw§ gmYwZm O¶oV² &
O¶oV² H$X¶ª XmZoZ O¶oV² gË¶oZ MmZ¥V‘² &&
B) ûcmoH$§ nyUª ewÕ§ M {bIV & (2 V: 1) 2
1. ^w³Ëdm V¥Um{Z ..... && 2. gwImWu MoV² .....&&
D$) ‘mÜ¶‘^mf¶m CÎma§ {bIV & (2 V: 1) 2
1. ‘Zwî¶: ñdM[aV§ H$W§ àË¶dojoV ? 2. H$: Añ‘mZ²$ nmVw ?
MVwW©: {d^mJ: - ì¶mH$aU‘² & (7)
à. 4 A) n¥W³Hw$éV & (6 V: 4) 2
(a‘oVm‘², ewîH$m{U, ‘Yy{Z, Añ‘¡, ned:, ^dË¶m:)
Zm‘ gd©Zm‘ {H«$¶mnX‘² {deofU‘²
Am) n¥W³Hw$éV & (6 V: 4) 2

(h[aÐmHw$L²>Hw$‘‘², ‘Ëñ¶‘ÊSy>H$m¡, nÌnwînm{U, {VbJwS>‘²,
BVaoVaÛÝÛ: g‘mhmaÛÝÛ:
d¥jbVm:, Xþ½YeH©$a‘² &)

B) ¶mo½¶{deofU§ {MËdm dm³¶§ nwZ{b©IV& (3 V: 2) 2
1. ‘mVm (é{Ma:/é{Ma§) ^moOZ§ nM{V & 2. gm (eya:/eyam) ~m{bH$m ApñV &
3. (CÎm‘m:/CÎm‘:) OZm: AmÐª ewîH§$ M AdH$a§ n¥WH²$ {jno¶w: &
B©) à¶moJ‘² AZwg¥Ë¶ ¶mo½¶§ ê$n§ {MZwV {bIV M & 1
1. (~mbH$:/~mbHo$Z) Ob§ {n~Vw & 2. ‘mZdm: (J«ÝWmZm§/J«ÝWmZ²) nR>o¶w: &
n#m‘: {d^mJ: - boIZH$m¡eb‘² & (4)
5) A) Aì¶¶mZm§/YmVyZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dm³¶o {bIV & (4 V: 2) 2
1. éM² 2. ~{h: 3. pñZh² 4. A{^V: &
B) gL²>»¶m{deofUmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm dm³¶Û¶§ {bIV & (3 V: 2)
2
(H$) 2 (I) 6 (J) 8
80
‘hmamï´>amÁ¶-nmR>çnwñVH$-{Z{‘©{V: VWm
Aä¶mgH«$‘-g§emoYZ-‘ÊS>b‘², nwUo-4
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Zd‘r H$jm
g§¶w³V-g§ñH¥$V‘²
n#mVÝÌ‘²

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A‘aH$mof:

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‘hmamï´>amÁ¶-nmR>çnwñVH$-{Z{‘©{V: VWm

g§ñH¥ V AmZ§X B¶ËVm Zddr (g§¶w³V)

A^rpßgVmW©{gX²Ü¶Wª ny{OVmo ¶: gwamgwa¡: &

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{ejHo$U AdYmVì¶m: A§em: &

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Xdu {‘lH$: ñWm{bH$m H$Q>mh:

XÝVd¡Ú: n[aMm[aH$m d¡‘m{ZH$: AÝVambdra:

d¡km{ZH$: AmajH$: VjH$: Hw$å^H$ma:

^madmh: Yrda: Amn{UH$: gm¡{MH$:

VÝVwdm¶: A{^¶ÝVm nÌdmhH$: ¶mZMm{bH$m

‘mbmH$ma: bonH$ma: {ejH$: nmMH$:

O¥å^Vo कासते जिघ्रति e¥Umo{V

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A{^Z¶{V Am{bI{V Xe©¶{V IZ{V

Adgn©{V CËßbdVo b”Vo Q>L²>H$¶{V

‘Ü¶‘: Ëd§ JÀN>{g a‘go AJÀN>: Aa‘Wm:

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AÝ¶oÚw: bKw¶{ï>H$m§ ÑîQ‰>¡d dra~boZ Mm¡a:

4. ñVå^‘obZ§ Hw$éV & 5. {déÕmW©H$eãXmZm§ ¶w½‘§ {MZwV {bIV M &

e¶Z‘² ñdmn: Xmgo¶:

~mbH$: nwñVH§$ n{R>Ëdm nmR>embm§ JÀN>{V &

‘mVm nmH§$ H¥$Ëdm ^moOZ§ n[adof¶{V &

AÛ¡V: d¥j‘² Amamoh{V Cn{de{V M &

AÛ¡V: d¥j‘² Améø Cn{de{V &

d¥Õm Xod§ àmÏ¶© {ZÐm§ H$amo{V &

ew^Xm AmnU§ JËdm YZ§ XÎdm nwñVH$‘² AmZr¶ nR>{V &

‘H©$Q>: d¥jmV² -----no{Q>H$m§-----Q>mo{nH$m§ ----- ‘ñVHo$ ------ d¥j‘² Amamoh{V &

¶wdH$: {MÌnQ>J¥h§ JÀN>{V {MÌnQ>§ ní¶{V M &

~mbH$m: J¥h‘² AmJÀN>Z² Ob§ M A{n~Z² &

lmoVw§ H$Um£, d³Vw‘mñ¶§ gwhmñ¶§

Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ AmH$ma…

Amd¶mo… A{n D$H$ma… ^d{V & Amd¶mo… g§¶moJoZ G H$ma: ^d{V &

(A¶§ g‘mZmZm§ dUm©Zm§ XrK©ê$n… gpÝY… & AV… g… gdU©XrK©gpÝY… B{V CÀ¶Vo &)

Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Eo B{V Amd¶mo: g§¶moJoZ Am¡ B{V

¶Xm ‘‘ g§¶moJ… ñdaoU ^d{V (B/B© ñdaoU gh (C/D$ dO©{¶Ëdm) g§¶moJoZ

N>mÌm: - AmMm¶}, Z‘mo Z‘:&

EVofw dmŠ¶ofw {d{dY{H«$¶mnXmZm‘² Cn¶moJ§ H¥$Ëdm nwZ: dXV ñ‘aV M &

• H¥${V:- 2. $H¥${Vn{ÌH$m¶m§ ¶m: {d{dYm: gyMZm: gpÝV, Vm: EH$Ì {bIV &

AH$mamÝV: eãX: Xod: gy¶©: dmV: d¥j:

AH$mamÝV:/B©H$mamÝV: {ejH$: gÎd: MÝÐ: d§er

"BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ nw§{b“‘² "BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ ór{b“‘²

"BX‘²' gd©Zm‘ Znw§gH${b“‘² -

* Ho$db§ àW‘nwéfñ¶ {H«$¶mnXoZ gh Cn¶wÁ¶Vo {H$ÝVw ‘Ü¶‘nwéfñ¶ Xe©H$‘² &

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

ËdmÝV‘² ë¶~ÝV‘² Vw‘ÝV‘²

àW‘m/{ÛVr¶m KQ>H$narjm - àmê$n‘² & AL²>H$m:- 10

à. 1. A) 1) {MÌ§ X¥îQ‰>m Zm‘m{Z {bIV & (3 V: 2) 1

qde{V-A{YH$- n#m qde{V-A{YH$- n#m{Ì§eV²-A{YH$- MËdm[a¨eV²-A{YH$-

CXmhaUmZwgma§ K{Q>H$m¶ÝÌo g‘¶{ZX}eZ§ Hw$éV &

OZm… AmÐª ewîH§$ M Ëd§ ^«‘UÜd{ZZm AÚ Amaä¶ d¶‘²

nR>V AdJÀN>V ! ñdamUm§ g¥{ï>: &

np‘VÛ¶§ nR>V & 1. ¶moJjo‘§ dhmå¶h‘² & dhmå¶h‘² = dhm{‘ + Ah‘² &

(1) ‘Yþam gwYmIÊS>mZ² AmZ¶{V & 2) d¶§ J«ÝW§ nR>m‘: &

àW‘m {ÛVr¶m àW‘m {ÛVr¶m

à.nw. à.nw. C.nw. C.nw.

{H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V & {H«$¶mnX§ H$V¥©nX‘² AZwga{V &

N>mÌm: IobpÝV & N>mÌm: Io{bVdÝV: & d¶§ nR>m‘: & d¶§ n{R>VdÝV: &

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