Ayu Amelia Azhari ( 1505085118)

Ummul Kalsum ( 1505085119 )

CROSS CULTURE UNDERSTANDING

A. GESTURE
Gesture is a form of non-verbal communication with body action that seems to
communicate certain messages, either as a substitute for speech or simultaneous and
parallel with words. Gestures include movements from the hands, face, or other parts
of the body.
Gestures are natural, more pure, and one can know what is delivered if verbal
communication is followed by non-verbal language through body language. The
following is an example of a non-verbal movement of gestures that have the same and
different meaning in some countries.
Nonverbal communication is a form of communication besides the use of the word
(speech). Non-verbal communication has a contribution of up to 65% in the
effectiveness of communication (persuasion). Whether in direct contact with the
speaker, viewing on television or on television, as well as voice over the phone or
radio, all have non-verbal languages that are conveyed.
This non-verbal language sometimes appears unnoticed by us because it is an
automatic motion of the brain. Professional communicators honed their non-verbal
language into a controlled and conscious movement. These skills support the content
of the messages they convey. Broadly speaking there are eight types of non-verbal
language, there are :
1.Eye contact : Eye contact is essential in communication. The eye is the window of
the heart, one can look sincere, try to lie, or is covering up a fact. A reliable
communicator will steadily look directly into the eyes of his audience. Message to
say "I'm here, I know you're with me, and I care about your needs". Simple but
conveyed sharply.
2. Face Expressions : There is no doubt, human expression is very much. A small
crease at the end of a lip or an eyebrow movement can be a nightmare of our
communication. Facial expressions do not recognize age, gender, even culture.
Facial expression is the most ancient form of communication from humans. Our
 ancestors used facial expressions in informing tact, surprise, happiness and other
emotions.
3.Body language : Body language is part of non-verbal language. Body language is
the first thing that is easily visible and first most often forgotten by the
communicator. The position of the head, the body, the legs, and the way of sitting,
everything informs something. Do we agree, reject, consider, or even ridicule the
outstanding message. Make sure all body parts indicate openness and equality.
The secret message is "I say the truth, and I respect other opinions"
4.Hand gesture : Gerakan tangan dapat mempertegas isi pesan yang disampaikan.
Sebuah kata atau frasa tertentu dapat menjadi powerful ketika dipertegas dengan
gestur tangan yang memadai. Begitu pula sebaliknya, gerakan tangan yang keliru
malah mengacaukan pesan yang disampaikan.
5.Paralinguistic : Paralinguistic is the closest to verbal language. Included in this
category are diction, intonation, and pronunciation speed. Generally radio
announcers sell these things in their broadcasts. The right choice of words coupled
with pauses between sentences and intonation that qualify will make the contents
of the message so beautifully understood.
6.Haptics : Haptics or touch does require the right timing. Not everyone likes to get a
pat on the back or on the shoulders. Need to be careful in using haptics as an
amplifier message. Haptics are most often seen when world leaders shake hands,
people on the right side of our television screens have a great chance of showing
dominance through haptics.
7.Proxemics : Everyone has an invisible circle around him. The circles are personal
space that functions like a radar. Only certain people can enter the deepest circle
(45cm). If any stranger suddenly approaches and enters the circle in general we
will be defensive, close ourselves, and move backward to widen the distance.
8.Appearance : Indeed we should not judge a book by its cover. But the message of
kindness from someone whose appearance is questionable will not be perfectly
conveyed. How can we get that message if we get distracted with the trinkets in
the messenger.

Of the 8 types above, I will give some examples of gestures in different countries,
there are :
a. When we are happy, we usually smile. In other words, a smile is usually a happy
expression. It can also show affection, convey courtesy or even disguise real feelings.
 But, it depends on the situation and relationship. The smile of a woman on a police
officer does not carry the same meaning when she smiles to a young boy. In Asian
cultures including Indonesia, smiles are also used to mask emotional pain or
embarrassment. When students are late to class or they can not answer questions from
teachers, they may smile to cover up their shyness.
b. When we are sad or angry, we can frown, frown, or even cry. In Arab and Iranian
culture, people express grief openly. They lament loudly, while people from China,
Japan, and Indonesia are more calm.
c. When we show "no" or negation, we usually shake our heads from side to side.
Shaking your head from side to side is also used to show disapproval or negative
attitudes. If we have a friend arrested by the police for the third time because of his
crime, we can shake his head from side to side to show his disapproval or negative
attitude towards his crime
d. When we do not know or understand what people are talking about, we usually shrug
our shoulders.
e. "Ring" or "OK" cues have different meanings in different countries. In the United
States and in English speaking countries, OK ring or movement means "Everything is
OK". In France it could also mean zero or none. In Japan it could mean 'money, in
some Mediterranean countries, used to conclude that a man is homosexual. In
Indonesia, ring movement means OK or zero.
f. Up-and-down movements have different meanings in each country. In Italy, when
people count from one to five, they use a thumb that shows "one" and the index finger
to "two". In Australia, America, Britain and Indonesia, people count "one" on the
index finger and two on the middle finger, then the thumb will be number five. In
Indonesia, a thumbs-up movement means good work or a response to someone who
has accomplished an excellent job. It also means "delicious" when we taste delicious
food. In America the thumb is used to stop the vehicle. In Indonesia, if we want to
stop public transportation we use the index finger to stop it.
g. Eye contact is important because it shows intimacy, attention, and influence.
h. Wrap your forehead. This new gesture language that emerged later after the trend in
cyberspace. Wrinkles show body language which means "how can?" or wonder.
i. Five fingers on lift up. This could indicate a "stop" or in a different occasion a
meaningful greeting from afar.
j. Clenched hands are gestures that can show different meanings. It can mean
unbearable happiness or anger.
B. BODY LANGUANGE
Body language is a term for communication using body movements or
gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language or other communication.
It forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human
communication that are not verbal language. This includes the most subtle of
movements that many people are not aware of, including winking and slight
movement of the eyebrows. In addition body language can also incorporate the use of
facial expressions.
The modern-day scientist who first studied body language was Charles Darwin
in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872.
In a book published 13 years after On The Origin of Species Darwin sought to trace
the origin of man from animal characteristics that still exist, such as closing the lips
while concentrating, or pulling the muscles around the eyes when we are angry or
when trying to remember something. However, this book is more read by academics
because of its academic technical nature. Albert Mehrabian, a pioneer in body
language research in the 1950s found that the impact of a message delivered varied by
shape, ie 7% oral (only speech) and 38% vowels (including tone of voice tone,
pronunciation modification depending on language structure and other sounds) and
55% non-verbal. Anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell estimates that in general, people
speak (say words & sentences) as much as 10 - 11 minutes each day, where the
average of a sentence takes 2.5 seconds to pronounce. Instead, Birdwhistell estimates
that humans are generally able to make and recognize about 250,000 facial
expressions. He also found that verbal components (oral) in interpersonal
communication contribute less than 35%, while more than 65% are non-verbal
communication components.
Body language is an expression of one's thoughts and emotions. Although he
may not consciously utter such thoughts or emotions, but certainly his body language
shows it. For example, a person who does not like other people who are with him may
not verbally say his dislike, but his body position, point of view, facial expression and
various physical signals convey that dislike.

C. PERCEPTION
Perception" include the ability to become aware of something through the physical
senses, an intuitive insight, the understanding of something and a way of regarding
 things. The ability to become aware of things through the senses includes all five
senses, although the use of perception at times refers only to the sense of sight.
Perception refers to the way we try tounderstand the world around
us. We gather information through our five sense organs, but perception adds meaning
to these sensory inputs. The process of perception is essentially subjective in nature,
as it is never an exact recording of the event or the situation. Perception is the
process by which we organi ze and interpret our sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to the environment. As pointed out, a situation may be the same but the
interpretation ofthat situation by two individuals may be immensely different.
For Example :
Sensory of point : The American flag is a mass of red, white, and blue colors
and horizontal and vertical lines
Perception : You inerpert these splotches of color and array of lines as the
American flag

D. NON VERBAL CUES

Nonverbal cues include “all the communication between people that do not
have a direct verbal translation.” They are “body movements, body orientation,
nuances of the voice, facial expressions, details of dress, and choice and movement of
objects that communicate.” Time and space can also be perceived as having nonverbal
cues.Simply put, nonverbal cues include all the ways you present and express
yourself, apart from the actual words you speak,”
Nonverbal cues are communication signals without the use of vocabulary. A facial
expression of sadness would be an example of a nonverbal cues.
For example :
• Crossed arms: A closed-off posture implies resistance. "People might just be cold,
but the stereotype is that they aren't listening," explains Ronald Riggio, director of
the Kravis Leadership Institute at Claremont McKenna College.
• A brief touch to the hand: This captures your attention and forms a quick
connection. But toward employees, make sure the action doesn't appear
condescending
• A nose rub: This motion is often linked with deception. If you notice people doing
this while you talk, you could be coming across as disingenuous
• A barrier: Personal space is sacred in Western business culture, so back off if
clients put up a barrier, like a purse, says Carol Kinsey Goman, president of
 Kinsey Consulting Services. "I've seen managers and salespeople who didn't pick
up on that cue and lost the deal.
• A hand placed under the chin: When you see this, a decision is being made. Don't
oversell if someone looks interested afterward, but if you spot negative signals,
bring up your second-best idea--stat.
• Feet pointed toward the door: The feet are the most honest part of the body, so no
matter how mesmerized people seem to be, this proves they're actually over it.
• A back-of-the-neck scratch: Your client might have an itch, but it could mean he
still has questions and concerns.

Sources:

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