Mika Aessa D.

Sahagun 02/22/20
BSMT 2 – D Assignment #2 ClinPara LEC

Extra-intestinal Cestodes Extra-intestinal Cestodes Causative Agent (MOT) Life cycle (Infective stage, Hosts, etc) Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment
Genus species
1. Echinococcus spp. a. E. granulosus Ingestion of Hydatid cyst  Infective Stage: Hydatid Cyst Affects liver and lungs - X-ray - Surgical resection
 Final Host: Canines (Dogs) - Cystic Echinococcosis - Ultrasound, CT Scan • Albendazole
 Intermediate Host: sheep, goat, swine, cattle, - Ruptured cysts can lead to - Surgery • Praziquantel
horses, camel, humans (accidental) jaundice, eosinophilia, brain - Serology: Bentonite • PAIR (Puncture,
and renal involvement Flocculation Test, Casoni Aspirate, Inject,
- Brain: increased intracranial Intradermal Test (skin Reaspirate)
pressure, Jacksonian epilepsy test), ELISA o Inject scolicidal
- Renal: pain, hematuria, kidney agent (95% Ethanol,
dysfunction, hydatid hypertonic solutions,
material in urine Hibitane)
- Secondary infection of cyst
may also occur
- Primary pathology of cyst:
impairment of organs from
mechanical pressure

b. E. multilocularis Ingestion of Hydatid cyst  Infective Stage: Hydatid Cyst Hydatid disease, Hydatidosis, Diagnosis of alveolar Deworming of dogs are
 Final Host: foxes Alveolar (multilocular) hydatid hydatidosis is difficult due preventive ways in the
 Intermediate Host: rodents (voles, lemmings, disease to the lacking of endemic regions.
shrews, mice) protoscolices in the cysts.
Radiological studies of
ELISA can be helpful.
 Mika Aessa D. Sahagun
BSMT 2 – D
2. Spirometra S. mansoni, S. erinacei, and Humans may be infected
S. ranarum. through: (a)
drinking water containing
Cyclops or copepods
infected with procercoid
larvae; (b) eating infected
second intermediate
hosts like frogs, toads, or
snakes containing the
plerocercoid larvae; (c)
applying plerocercoid
infected flesh of frogs and
snakes as poultices on
sores on the eye, vagina,
and skin resulting in
subsequent penetration
into cutaneous tissues;
and (d) consumption of
infected flesh of paratenic
hosts like wild pigs.
 Infective Stage: Plerocercoid larva The resulting condition is
 1st IH: Crustacean called sparganosis. The larvae
 2nd IH: frogs, snakes, and chickens may be found in any part of the
 DH: cats and dogs body. Most commonly, they are
found in and about the eyes, in
Spirometra eggs are passed out with the feces the subcutaneous and muscular
of the definitive hosts and become embryonated in tissues of the thorax, abdomen,
water. The coracidium, once released, infects thighs, inguinal region, and in
Cyclops and develops into the procercoid larva. the viscera. Patients may
Once the infected Cyclops are ingested by the complain of painful edema due
secondary intermediate hosts such as frogs, to migrating larvae, hence, the
snakes, and chickens, the procercoid larva condition is also known as
develops into the plerocercoid larva which is also migrating tumor. Local
known as sparganum (pl. spargana). If the infected indurations, periodic giant
tissues of the second intermediate host are urticaria, edema, and erythema
ingested by the definitive host (cats and dogs), the with chills, fever, and high
plerocercoid larva develops into an adult worm. eosinophilia may be seen in
patients.
02/22/20
Assignment #2 ClinPara LEC
Sparganosis is The main form of
diagnosed through the treatment is surgical
recovery of the removal of the larvae
plerocercoid larvae from from the infected tissues.
infected tissues. The Praziquantel has been
larvae that are opaque recommended, but its
and glistening white efficacy in humans has
usually measure about not been proven.
3.5 cm in length. When
the larvae are flattened, a
spatulate scolex can be
appreciated, together with
pseudosegmentation, and
a slit like invagination at
the anterior end. Species
identification, however,
can only be done through
experimental animal
infection.
 Mika Aessa D. Sahagun 02/22/20
BSMT 2 – D Assignment #2 ClinPara LEC

3. Multiceps M. multiceps Ingestion of Coenerus  Infective Stage: Coenerus Gid Disease, Coenurosis Imaging Surgery
 FH: dogs and other canines (foxes, wolves) • Affects eyes and brain
 IH: herbivores (sheep), man (accidental) • Ocular infections, blindness,
neurologic symptoms (seizures,
changes in behavior)

4. Taenia T. solium Larval cysts of the  Infective Stage: Cysticercus cellulosae Cysticerci may develop in The diagnosis of Some people with
tapeworm Taenia solium;  IH: pigs (sheep), man (accidental) skeletal and heart muscle, skin, neurocysticercosis usually cysticercosis do not need
A person gets subcutaneous tissues, the requires MRI or CT brain to be treated. There are
cysticercosis by lungs, liver, and other tissues, scans. Blood tests may be medications available to
swallowing eggs found in including the oral mucosa. In useful to help diagnose an treat cysticercosis for
the feces of a person who most locations, cysticerci cause infection, but they may not those who do need
has an intestinal few symptoms and always be positive in light treatment. Sometimes
tapeworm. spontaneously degenerate. infections. surgery may be needed.

Cysticerci can migrate to the

central nervous system and
cause neurocysticercosis
(NCC), which is associated with
serious neurological and
epileptic manifestations. Death
can occur suddenly.
Mika Aessa D. Sahagun 02/22/20
BSMT 2 – D Assignment #2 ClinPara LEC

References:

 Belizario, V. Y. & de Leon, W. U. (2015). Medical Parasitology in the Philippines. Diliman, QC: The University of the Philippines Press.
 Sastry, A. S. & Bhat K, S. (2014). Essentials of MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasites of Public Health Concern. Retrieved February 2, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/index.html