 INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL MEDIA:

Digital Media is encoded in machine readable format. It can be created, viewed,

distributed, modified on electronic devices.

HOW? It is based on binary number (0, 1) coding. Software is based on

hardware. It could be in text, audio or video form and because it does not
have to print and distribute content, it is much faster than traditional
media.
WHY? People can use the internet to access news and events 24 hours a
day. They also like to fit their reading into busy lives, so content is shorter
than it used to be: Articles are not as long, GIFs can be glanced at in a few
seconds and places such as the BBC now offer 15 second snippets of longer
interviews. The use of digital technologies to research, produce and deliver
news to the audience is digital journalism.

Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting

news and information. It is also the product of these activities .Reporting is
the core thing of journalism .The aggregation, writing, editing and
presenting of news articles for widespread distribution especially in
electronic publications. Five core values of journalism are:
1. Accuracy
2. Integrity
3. Impartiality
4. Humanity
5. Accountability

WHEN? Teletext 1970(first form of online journalism)

Digital news especially in PAKISTAN has failed subscriptions thus major

subscriptions are now available in entertainment.
WHAT ARE TYPES OF JOURNALISM:

 Sports
 Crime
 Education
NEW FIELDS:
 New (MOJO)
 Citizen journalism

WHAT ARE ELEMENTS OF ONLINE JOURNALISM:

1. Headlines
2. Still photos
3. Hyperlinks
4. Graphics
5. Maps
6. Videos
7. Animations
8. Slideshows
9. Texts
10. Podcasts
11. Multimedia
12.Interactivity

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES IN PRINT AND BROADCAST MEDIA:

PRINT
 Publishers have time to
authenticate a news and then
publish, News in continuation.
 Limited audience
 Slow movement
 Trustable
 Comparatively less influential
 Reliable and secure
 News available at specific time
DIGITAL/BROADCAST
 Instant news without
authentication
 Larger audience
 Moving faster
 Low trust ratio
 More influential
 Can be exploited
 News available whenever needed
  NEWS WRITING FOR DIGITAL MEDIA

Inverted triangle for news construction:

MOST IMPORTANT (5WS + 1H)

IMPORTANT DETAILS/BODY

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Traditional newsroom stricture: Writers , designers, Photographers

2. Modern newsroom structure: Web, Video , photographers, coders, content
writers

WHAT ARE NEWS EDITOR ROLES:

 Web editor: Content and coding

 Editor in chief(EIC):Publicity/social
 Digital media director: Video and photo
 Web managing editor: webmaster, online sports editor, online news editor.
 Managing editor of video is EIC: video
 Video editor
  Web content editor
 Web coding editor

EIC of digital media has to monitor

Web content editor, Web coding editor, Video editor, Photo editor

BEAT system: To tell the specialized person to write the specific news article

NEWS IS FOUND FROM WHERE? We get news from reporters. We also get news
from news agencies. Then director chooses the news which is going to be
published.

Slug is a short name given to an article that is in production which diverts

audience to actual news page.

WHAT ARE THE RULES OF NEWS WRITING?

1. Use present tense to show recency

2. No main focus on grammar but choose the shortest way.
3. Omit present tense form of the verb “to be”
4. Don’t use “will” . Use “to”.
5. Don’t use “and” . Use “ ; “.
6. Preferably use numerical instead of spellings
7. Attributions
8. Omit end punctuations
9. Quotation is a part of news (an opinion) but its not the opinion of a
reporter.

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF NEWS:

Hypertext: link on page between the text.

Hyperlink: is a proper link use to navigate between different web pages.

NEWS ARTICLES
Happening events Happening events + free writing
Not opinionated opinionated

HOW DO THEY EARN?

Print and broadcast both earn through advertisements but one is printed and the
other is in visual form.
 CMS (CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)
WHAT IS CMS: A system which manages the content in which a user can edit a
text, image, video or any content.

WHY? Not everyone is a coder or programmer so to manage content easily there

should be software where you can easily do the editing and changes, regarding
your content. E.g.: The reporter can write content on software which is reviewed
by a publisher and then published.

HOW? You want to make a blog so you can work on CMS which can be paid or
unpaid. You can write , customize , edit and then publish your work easily.

DIGITAL MEDIA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SOCIETY:

WHAT? Social media have changed our lives and spread of our ideas to
the people who are close or far away from us. BUT this can be beneficia
and a threat both. Fire is a necessity of life and benefits but when in
wrong hands it can be destructive.

HOW CAN IT BE A THREAT? Anxiety, depression, sleep quality, body

image and cyber bullying are the most common issues., losing control
over our own attention and focus, comparision

HOW CAN IT BE BENEFICIAL? Connectivity, expressions, access to high

quality information, cause of gratification.

Social media can be compared to cities as both are places chosen by

people to get facilities easily. We can use them in such a way but don’t
involve yourself in it such that you become unaware of the outer world.

NEWS MAKING:

It revolves around: WHO WHEN WHAT WHY WHERE AND HOW.

WHAT DOES SOCIAL MEDIA WANT? It wants us, the consumers. Social
media invents new ways and techniques to make the users more
addictvie and interacted towards it.(e.g news feed, stories)

IMPORTANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIAL MDEIA PLATFORMS:

HOW DOES MEDIA INFUENCE US?

 Online experiences affect our offline life for e.g. political opinion
 Comparison mode
 Fake news
 Time killer
 Start to hate company
 Make friends

HOW DOES SOCIAL MEDIA DO THIS?

 No gate keeping
 No filter
 The advertisements track you and haunt you everywhere on the basis of
your searches, location, interests. Thus you are somewhere or the other
way being watched.
 Algorithms at back end
 Confirmation bias and filter bubbles
 Extreme recommendation engines.
HOW TO BE SAFE?

 Using thought bubble

 Being very alert
 Logical thinking and investigation
 Lateral reading

IN WHAT FIELDS SOCIAL MEDIA IS PLAYING ITS ROLE?

 Business marketing

SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS AND THEIR UTILIZATION IN DIGITAL

MEDIA

WHAT NEW JOBS ARE INTRODUCED IN SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS?

Social media executive and social media analyst generate content;
manage social media policies, digital marketing, advertisement, content
writing, graphic designing, Thus social media is used to promote your
product ,the most.(Brand endorsement)

WHAT ARE SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING TOOLS?

 Google: You have free platforms which are linked and you are
provided with ease. For e.g. Google drive, Google plus.
 Google analytics: Find out which online campaigns bring the most traffic
and conversions, Determine where your best visitors are located, learn
what people are searching on your site, visualize what people click on the
most, see your top content etc
 ALEXA
WHY DO WE USE THESE SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS?

 To save time
 Easy handling and management
 Facilities
 Trustworthy and reliable
 To make maximum engagement

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN NEWS?

 Maximum outreach
 Citizen journalism
 New jobs creation
 New occupations and money generation methods.

NOW WHAT IS CITIZEN JOURNALISM?

As events are happening everywhere and every time thus news

reporters cannot be so spontaneous. So citizen journalism is a way in
which anyone present anywhere can capture, record and post instantly.
This has reached to such a hype that even broadcast media is now
borrowing content from the social media.

BLOG WITING

WHAT IS A BLOG?

An informal piece of writing t hit an insight of people by attracting

them.

HOW TO GENERATE A BLOG?

SLUG: (CUROSITY)

On social media platforms, with your content to attract people to actual

platform

TITLE: (TEMPTATION)

A main heading of your content on your own age or channel.

E.G: INSURANCE POLICY ADDS

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLOG AND ARTICLE?

Article is comparatively longer. It has lower frequency which means in a

day maximum one article can be produced. You have to give more time
to audience.

Blogs are shorter. Its frequency, reader’s engagement and completion

is easier and quicker so it can be done 2 to 3 times per day. (max 300)

HOW TO WRITE A BLOG POST?

1. Research: basic information about the topic should be gathered

along with reliable references. Statistics and important numbers
should also be researched. Collect first 5 researches; make
pointers of important points in your own words.
You can g and use Google Scholar for reliable researches. Read
the results and conclusions of them and jot it down.
Statita.com is a website to find out important and credible stats
regarding the topic. This can also be surfed.
 2. Writing and formatting: Start your blog with a title which is
explanatory and attractive enough for the reader. Use short
subheadings to maintain the continuity and focus. Keep counting
rough word count to have an idea. It is not necessary to use all the
material which you have gathered. You can add hyperlinks,
hypertexts in research or statistic to increase credibility. Keep it
short, resourceful and entertaining for the readers.
 Complementary sentences: Those sentences which further
expand, explain and elaborate your initial sentence.
 Pickup lines: To attract reader, start a conversation or be
spontaneous. It is a line which will hook the attention of audience.

MOJO (MOBILE JOURNALISM)

WHAT IS MOJO?
A way in which you can gather, record and broadcast your news using
portable gadgets like mobile, tablet etc.

WHAT ARE THE BASIC TOOLS OF MOBILE JOURNALISM?

(Bag pack journalism)

 Tripod stand
 Proper internet
 Good smart phone with proper camera(12 to 16 mp sensor)
 STORAGE, UPDATED, BATTERY LIFE
 Video 16:9 ratio
 HD = 720 pixels, full HD = 1080 pixels, 2k= 1440 pixels
  Aperture size 1.8
 Full HD 1080 pixels/FPS 30/60 frame per second.)
 Mike
 Light
 EIS/OIS

(Electronic image stabilization, optical image stabilization)

 Power bank

WHAT IS AN APERTURE?
It is an opening of a camera which can be adjusted to be big or
small through numbers written. The smaller the number the
bigger the size of aperture and more light will come inside the
camera.
Aperture size determines your picture quality as small number of
aperture, bigger opening, and more light will go inside causing a
brighter and clear picture especially at night.

WHEN DO WE NEED SMALL OPENING OF APERTURE?

When we are in a situation of bright light, we want a small
opening of aperture so that the picture is not too bright or
overexposed. Thus we need higher value of aperture.
HOW CAN THIS BE USEFUL IN MOBILES?
Firstly before buying a mobile we can check this setting of a
mobile. This will help us decide whether the mobile will take good
pictures in dim light or not. Secondly we can also change these
aperture settings manually in some latest mobiles according to
our preference.
WHAT IS THE WORKING OF A CAMERA?
There are two main things working in the camera. One is aperture
which is part of the lens and the other is shutter which is the part
of the body. As we click the button, the aperture takes in the light
and the shutter opens and captures the moment which can be
underexposed or overexposed depending on the amount of light.

WHAT IS SHUTTER SPEED?

The speed with which the shutter opens and closes to capture the
picture. It is written in a fraction of a second. For example
1/250 means 0.25 of a second. If value is 1/500 (0.5) of a second
so this will take more time than 0.25. There is also a bulb setting
in which shutter is kept opened unless you have pressed it.(Range
is from 1/8000 till 30 seconds)

HOW CAN WE TAKE GOOD PICTURES DEPENDING ON THE

SHUTTER SPEED?
The more the shutter speed, the light inside will be less. If shutter
speed is slow then light coming in will be more. Moreover, if the
shutter speed is slow so the moving things will be more blurry and
if shutter speed is fast so picture is less blur. So FAST shutter
speed to FREEZE the object is a perfect rule.

WHY PICTURES ARE BLUR IN SLOW SHUTTER SPEED? (of moving

onjects)
If the shutter speed is slow, the object gets more time to move
while the shutter is opened. Thus it is imprinted on the sensor
many times making it unclear. So faster the motion, more the
shutter speed we need.

WHY DO WE NEED SLOW SHUTTER SPEED?

 Motion panning: Camera remains on slow shutter and its is
panned with any moving object. This makes the following
object clear and a blur background.
 Light panning: Shutter kept opened for a very long time and
painting with light is done. Panning is one way
photographers can practice painting with light while
produce results that resemble real paintings

WHAT IS ISO?

This is the sensitivity of camera to light. Low ISO is low

sensitivity (100 or 200) and high ISO is more light sensitive
(1000 or 1600). High ISO gives nice picture in low light also. But
noise can be seen in high ISO which means more grains can be
seen.

THEN WHY TO INCREASE ISO?

Because sometimes even if the aperture is fully opened the

light is so low that quality of picture is not good or the shutter
speed is so less that picture is blurry.

RULE: Aperture number big, aperture size small, depth of field

large/more.

Frames per second (fps) is higher so more slow motion videos

can be shot.
 HOW TO BRING TRAFFIC ON NEWS WEBSITE
SEO: Search Engine Optimization

1. If you have created a channel or developed a website you can

attract people towards it. How?
 Spam about it on your social media accounts and groups
 Use advertisement feature of face book or other apps but it is
expensive
 Organic search: When you search a key word , google brings all
the related sites and info in front of you.
2. Now how can you optimize this list so that your website comes
on top?
Answer: There is a page named Google Web master. When you
have made your website go to this page and tell Google about
your own website. This way you can push your website on one
of the top searches.
 WHITE HAT SEO (fairly)
 BLACK HAT SEO (forcefully) You can try to find out as
much as possible keywords from keywordshitter.com and
keywordseverywhere.com
3. HOW DOES ON PAGE SEO WORK?
 Title and URL should be according to the main keywords.
Description should be well explanatory and so it can be read
and detected by Google.
 Remove error pages and broken links from your website.
You can use HTML checker for correction purposes.
  Focus on Bounce back rate. If Google observes that user is
not spending much time on website, it will detect your
website as unimportant.
 Click through rate should also be focused in which Google
determines that which website is being opened the most
due to its catchy heading and description.
4. HOW DOES OFF PAGE SEO WORK?
 Link creation takes you from one website to another. This is
known as back link and it will increase the authority of your
website.
 Give incentives to other websites and ask them to link your
website.
 Ahrefs.com tells you about what all the websites are doing
for their promotion. This is paid but gives you authentic
information about traffic on all websites. This can help you
to plan your own strategy.
 Another way is to make a site for free on BlogSpot or Word
press. Write articles in them about your certain topic and
create back links from there to your original website.
 TIERED LINK BUILIDING: This can safe your website from
being penalized because of spam and back links.

5. PAID PBN : This can also give you many back links from
authoritative websites for your promotion .