NAME: AFSHEEN ZEHRA

MAJOR: SOCIOLOGY

TH
DATE : 27 February
TOPIC:
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
DEFINITIONS:
 1. Charles Tilly defines social movements as a series of contentious
performances, displays and campaigns by which ordinary people
make collective claims on others.
.
2. Sidney Tarrow defines a social movement as collective challenges
[to elites, authorities, other groups or cultural codes] by people with
common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactions with elites,
opponents and authorities. He specifically distinguishes social
movements from political parties and advocacy groups. 

CHARACTERSTICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE:

1. Collective identity: Social movement is in form of a group . At first it

may be just a collection of people but if it survives for a longer time ,
then it can change into any action. Large number of people might be
involves in this action.
2. Have the potential to bring social change: These movements are
relatively organized, motivated and have a strong intention to achieve
its goal. People want to change something problematic or bring
something for their ease.
3. Relatively organized: Social movements are semiformal and
structured. They do not follow all the formalities like a corporation but
still they have certain boundaries. Members are not formally inducted
and leaders are not bounded but the sense unselfishness is the drive
for all the members.  Deeply committed members, accepting without
question the decisions and orders conveyed by the leaders,
sacrificing self, family, and friends if required to do so, are likely to be
regarded by outsiders as fanatics. 
4. It has a long duration: Such movements are usually of longer
duration like weeks, months, or even years rather than flaring up for a
few hours or a few days and then disappearing . 
5. Techniques of social movements: It follows a variety of methods to
achieve a target. Peaceful or conflicting, violent or non-violent,
depending on the nature and intensity of the crowd.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS:
  Reformative movements 

NATIONAL EXAMPLES:

1. The Aurat March, which began in 2018, being organised on March 8 –

International Women’s Day – saw it grow further with increasing numbers
across Pakistan. Placards and slogans designed to challenge the
patriarchal status quo and underline the stumbling blocks for
women’s rights in the country were witnessed in all rallies. The issues
taken up in the rally included violence against women, girls’ right to
education, female body and reproductive rights, workplace divides, sexual
harassment, systematic gender discrimination among others. Pakistan
ranks third worst – 151 out of 153 – on the Gender Parity Index of the
World Economic Forum (WEF). The country ranks fourth worst – 164 out of
167 – on the Women’s Peace and Security Index of the Georgetown
University Institute for Women, Peace and Security and Oslo’s Peace
Research Institute.

2. The Pashtun Tahafuz Movement , or the Pashtun Protection Movement,

is a social movement for Pashtun human rights based in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. Formerly called the Mahsud
Tahafuz (or Protection) Movement, it was founded in May 2014 by eight
students at Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan as an initiative for
removing landmines from Waziristan and other parts of the
former Federally Administered Tribal Areas, affected by the war in North-
West Pakistan.

INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES:
1. The ideas of social Darwinism attracted little support among the
mass of American industrial laborers. American workers toiled in
difficult jobs for long hours and little pay. Mechanization and mass
production threw skilled laborers into unskilled positions. Industrial
work ebbed and flowed with the economy. The typical industrial
laborer could expect to be unemployed one month out of the year.
They labored sixty hours a week and could still expect their annual
income to fall below the poverty line. Among the working poor,
wives and children were forced into the labor market to
compensate. Crowded cities, meanwhile, failed to accommodate
growing urban populations and skyrocketing rents trapped families
in crowded slums. Strikes ruptured American industry throughout
the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century. Workers seeking
higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions had
struck throughout the antebellum era, but organized unions were
fleeting and transitory. The Civil War and Reconstruction seemed
to briefly distract the nation from the plight of labor, but the end of
the sectional crisis and the explosive growth of big business,
unprecedented fortunes, and a vast industrial workforce in the last
quarter of the nineteenth century sparked the rise of a vast
American labor movement.

2. The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice

that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for Black
Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United
States. The Civil War had officially abolished slavery, but it
didn’t end discrimination against Black people—they
continued to endure the devastating effects of racism,
especially in the South. By the mid-20th century, Black
Americans had had more than enough of prejudice and
violence against them. They, along with many white
Americans, mobilized and began an unprecedented fight for
equality that spanned two decades.
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT:

NATIONAL EXAMPLE:

1. The Pakistan Movement or Tahrik-e-Pakistan (Urdu: ‫تحریکِ پاکستان‬

– Taḥrīk-i-Pākistān) was a political movement in the first half of the
20th century that aimed for and succeeded in the creation of
the Dominion of Pakistan from the Muslim-majority areas of British
India. It was connected to the need for self-determination for
Muslims under British rule at the time. Pakistan Movement started
originally as the Aligarh Movement, and as a result, the British
Indian Muslims began to develop a secular political identity. [1] Soon
thereafter, the All India Muslim League was formed, which perhaps
marked the beginning of the Pakistan Movement. Many of the top
leadership of the movement were educated in Great Britain, with
many of them educated at the Aligarh Muslim University. Many
graduates of the Dhaka University soon also joined. The Pakistan
Movement was a part of the Indian independence movement, but
eventually it also sought to establish a new nation-state that
protected the political interests of the Indian Muslims. [2] Urdu
poets such as Iqbal and Faiz used literature, poetry and speech as
a powerful tool for political awareness.[3][4] Many people may think
that the driving force behind the Pakistan Movement was the
Muslim community of the Muslim minority provinces, United
Provinces and Bombay Presidency, rather than that of the Muslim
majority provinces.[5][6][7] Land boundaries and population
demographics of India, Pakistan, and formerly East
Pakistan (present day Bangladesh) are among the primary
achievements of the Pakistan Movement. Not all Muslims
of colonial India supported the Pakistan Movement and there was
widespread opposition to the partition of India.[8]

2. The Baloch Liberation Front (BLF) separatist group was founded

by Jumma Khan Marri in 1964 in Damascus, and played an
important role in the 1968-1980 insurgency in Pakistani
 Balochistan and Iranian Balochistan. Mir Hazar Ramkhani, the
father of Jumma Khan Marri, took over the group in the 1980s. The
Balochistan Liberation Army (also Baloch Liberation Army or
Baluchistan Liberation army) (BLA) is a Baloch nationalist militant
secessionist organization. However, Jumma Khan Marri ended his
opposition and pledged allegiance to Pakistan on 17 February
2018.[17] The stated goals of the organization include the
establishment of an independent state of Balochistan separate
from Pakistan and Iran. The BLA has also claimed responsibility
for the systematic ethnic genocide of Punjabis, Pashtuns and
Sindhis in Balochistan (about 25,000 as of July 2010) as well as
blowing up of gas pipelines. Local Balochs have also been
targeted by the separatist groups in the province. Brahamdagh
Khan Bugti, alleged leader of Baloch liberation army (BLA), also
asked separatists to conduct ethnic cleansing of Non-Baloch
citizens from the province.[24] In 2006, the BLA was declared to
be a terrorist organization by the Pakistani and British
governments. The News International reported in 2012 that a
Gallup survey conducted for DFID revealed that the majority of
Baloch do not support independence from Pakistan. Only 37
percent of Baloch were in favour of independence. Amongst
Balochistan's Pashtun population support for independence was
even lower at 12 percent. However, a majority (67 percent) of
Balochistan's population did favour greater provincial autonomy.
[32] Majority of Baloch also don't support separatist groups. They
support political parties who use legislature to address their
grievances. Experts also claim that most of the nationalist in the
province had come to believe that they could fight for their political
right within Pakistan.
Thus this revolutionary movement failed.

INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES:
 1. The Russian Revolution of 1905,[a] also known as the First Russian
Revolution, was a wave of mass political and social unrest that
spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was
directed at the government. It included worker strikes, peasant
unrest, and military mutinies. It led to constitutional reform (namely
the "October Manifesto"), including the establishment of the State
Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906.
The 1905 revolution was spurred by the Russian defeat in the Russo-
Japanese War, which ended in the same year, but also by the
growing realization by a variety of sectors of society of the need for
reform. Politicians such as Sergei Witte had failed to accomplish this.
While the Tsar managed to keep his rule, the events foreshadowed
those of the Russian revolutions in 1917, which resulted in the
overthrow of the monarchy, execution of the imperial family, and
creation of the Soviet Union by the Bolsheviks.

2. Historians in China trace the origins of the 1949 Revolution to sharp

inequalities in society and imperialist aggression. They charge that
high rates of rent, usury and taxes concentrated wealth into the
hands of a minority of village chiefs and landlords. One historian
quotes the statistic that "Ten percent of the agricultural population of
China possessed as much as two-thirds of the land".[4] These
historians also argue that imperialist pressure by the Western powers
and the Japanese and "Century of Humiliation" starting with the
Opium Wars and including unequal treaties, the Boxer Rebellion led
to a rise in nationalism, class consciousness and leftism. After
internal unrest and foreign pressure weakened the Qing state, a
revolt among newly modernized army officers led to the Xinhai
Revolution, which ended 2,000 years of imperial rule and established
the Republic of China.[5] Following the end of World War I and
October Revolution in Russia, Chinese radical intellectuals founded
the Chinese Communist Party and followers of Sun Yat-sen founded
the Chinese Nationalist Party.

REACTIONARY MOVEMENT
INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES:

1. A 1973 U.S. Supreme Court case, Roe v. Wade, affirmed that

access to safe and legal abortion is a constitutional right. Abortion
(like birth control) has ancient roots in cultures all over the world.
But by 1900, almost every state in America made abortion illegal.
By 1965, illegal abortions made up one-sixth of all pregnancy-
related deaths in the United States — and that’s just according to
official reports. The Supreme Court’s ruling on Roe v. Wade on
January 22, 1973 gave people the right to access abortion legally
all across the country (although that right doesn’t mean everyone
has access). After this a movement begun to put a limit on the
legality of abortion as it was not being accepted by all the people .

2. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in the

United States have evolved in recent decades. Many LGBT rights
in the United States have been established by the United States
Supreme Court. In five landmark rulings between the years 1996
and 2020, the Supreme Court invalidated a state law banning
protected class recognition based upon homosexuality, struck
down sodomy laws nationwide, struck down Section 3 of the
Defense of Marriage Act, made same-sex marriage legal
nationwide, and prohibited employment discrimination against gay
and transgender employees. However, LGBT Americans may still
face some legal and many social challenges not experienced by
non-LGBT residents, particularly in states with large conservative
populations, such as in the Deep South; in rural areas; and in
some Native American tribal nations. Some conservatives carried
out movements and protests on such liberation. They signed a
petition against these rights and were not ready to accept gay
marriages due to their conservative ideas.

NATIONAL EXAMPLES:
1. Religious discrimination in Pakistan is a serious issue for the
human rights situation in modern-day Pakistan. Hindus,
Christians, Sikhs, Shias and Ahmadis among other religious
minorities often face discrimination and at times are even
subjected to violence. In some cases Christian churches and
Ahmadi mosques and the worshippers themselves have been
attacked. Government tried to normalize the situations by
passing laws about minorities in different constitutions and laws
but people are still not accepting it. People belonging to
minority religions are often falsely accused of using derogatory
remarks against the Islamic prophet Muhammad, resulting in
fines, lengthy prison sentences, and sometimes the death
penalty.[3] Often these accusations are made to settle personal
vendettas and, due to the bias against minorities, victims are
often immediately presumed guilty without any substantive
evidence. In 2011 religious intolerance was reported to be at its
height, hundreds of minorities, women, journalists and liberals
were being killed by Islamist fundamentalist extremists, while
the Government remained mostly a silent spectator, often only
making statements which condemned the ruthless acts of
violence by the extremists but taking no real concrete action
against them.
2. The textile industry may be languishing because of energy
shortages and inadequate investment in modernization of
plants, yet cloth manufacturers are aggressively targeting the
emerging middle class and the youth2. Various fabrics are
producing more innovative designs inspired by elite designer-
wear. Cloth bazaars have loose cloth available in many
varieties and in various price ranges. Buyers with low and high
budgets can both find something to suite their pocket. Does this
imply that society’s perceptions on modeling and fashion design
are changing and there is greater acceptance and tolerance for
Western fashion designs? It is a complex and contradictory
situation where acceptance and resistance are running in
parallel. Flowever, Vaneeza Ahmed, a popular model, clearly
thinks it is changing.
Ms. Ahmed says when she started her career 15 years ago,
modeling had little cultural acceptance and “there were bored
housewives with nothing to do”. Now, fashion designing and
modeling have grown and cultural attitudes towards them have
wider acceptance in society. But people are not willing to
accept this fully. They are furious and assert that fashion
industry is promoting immorality and vulgarity among the youth.
Religious parties like Tanzeem-e-lslami and Jamaat-i-lsl- ami,
and a women’s organization called Working Women Society
(WWS) have launched a resistance campaign in Lahore and
Karachi, putting out banners that say; “Stop promoting nudity
for selling your fabrics”, “Sell dresses, not modesty” and
“vulgarity spoils, modesty beautifies”. Jamaat-i-lslami also
observed an “Anti-Vulgarity day”.

RESISITANCE MOVEMENTS:
A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion
of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally
established government or an occupying power and to disrupt
civil order and stability. It may seek to achieve its objectives
through either the use of nonviolent resistance (sometimes
called civil resistance), or the use of force, whether armed or
unarmed.

INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES:
1. The American Revolution was an ideological and political
revolution which occurred in colonial North America
between 1765 and 1783. The Americans in the Thirteen
Colonies defeated the British in the American
Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence
from the British Crown and establishing the United States
of America, the first modern constitutional liberal
democracy.[1][2] The passage of the Stamp Act of 1765,
which imposed internal taxes on the colonies, led to
 colonial protest, and the meeting of representatives of
several colonies in the Stamp Act Congress. The burning
of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 and the Boston
Tea Party in December 1773 further escalated tensions.
The colonies rallied behind Massachusetts, and a group
of American Patriot leaders set up their own government
in late 1774 at the Continental Congress to coordinate
their resistance of Britain; other colonists retained their
allegiance to the Crown and were known as Loyalists or
Tories.
2. Between 1940 and 1945, thousands of young Norwegians
fought in Norway's Resistance movement against the
occupying Nazis. More than 2,000 of them, both men and
women, died in action, by execution, or in concentration
camps. Perhaps the most daring Resistance attack, which
Ray Mears describes here, was a successful late-night
raid that nine Norwegian saboteurs made on the Vemork
heavy-water plant on February 28, 1943, over a year
before the sinking of the Hydro ferry.

NATIONAL EXAMPLES:
1.Karachi has a history of political bloodshed stretching
back to the late 1980s when the city was regularly rocked
by political and ethnic shootings that killed dozens every
week. Analysts said the city was again in the grip of a
political turf war. Karachi, which is provincial capital of
Sindh and Pakistan's commercial capital and largest city,
has a population of 18 million and contributes about 70%
of the country's tax income. The city has seen a wave of
political killings in 2010 which have deepened ethnic
tensions. The 2010 Karachi riots started on August 3,
2010, after the assassination of Parliament member Raza
Haider, a member of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement
political party, on the night of August 2, 2010, in Karachi,
Pakistan. The Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)
 represents the Urdu-speaking Muhajir and is a political
rival of the of riots were estimated to be about 17 billion
Pakistani Pashtuns who have migrated to the city from
northwest Pakistan. Haider, a Shia Muslim, was killed as
he attended a funeral at a mosque.By August 6 at least
10 Pashtuns were killed and more than 100 people
injured in widespread violence that engulfed the city.[3]
Economic losses over two days rupees (approximately
200 million USD).

3. The 12 May Karachi riots, also known as Black Saturday

riots, were a series of violent clashes between rival
political activists in Karachi.[2] The unrest began as the
recently suspended chief justice Iftikhar Muhammad
Chaudhry arrived at the Jinnah International Airport on 12
May 2007. Gunfights and clashes erupted across the
provincial capital as Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP),
Awami National Party (ANP), and Pashtunkhwa Milli
Awami Party (PMAP) activists, who supported the judge,
and the pro-government Muttahida Qaumi Movement
(MQM) activists took to the streets against each other.
Government machinery was used to block all major
roads. Police was accomplice and a silent spectator to the
violence. News media was attacked at Guru mandir
(Business Recorder Road) when MQM activists began
firing at AAJ TV headquarters which was shown on live
television.

UTOPIAN MOVEMENT:
A utopia is an imagined community or society that possesses highly
desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens .

INTERNATIONAL EXAMPLES:
1. The Rappite utopia was based in the western part of Pennsylvania
and was founded by George Rapp. Rapp was a German Evangelical
Lutheran who sought refuge in the United States after seeking to
escape persecution for his own version of Pietism. Encyclopedia
Britannica describes Pietism as a strain of Christianity that urged
individuals to seek a life without sin, and a stronger personal dialogue
with god, and similar to the Shakers, sought the pursuit of perfection.
At their height, the Rappites numbered 12,000 members. Life for the
commune members was strict and difficult, with several members
working tirelessly to ensure their whiskey and grain markets were
profitable. However, George Rapp grew increasingly inconsistent and
hypocritical. When community members began to catch on, Rapp
made an apocalyptic prophecy in 1829 and regained the trust of
many community members. However, it was not enough to keep
members around or carry on his message. After Rapp passed away
in 1831, the community came to a halt and members abandoned the
utopia.
2. 1825: New Harmony : Founded by Robert Owen, the community
was influenced by industrialization in Scotland. Owen purchased land
from the Rappites shortly after the utopia came to a halt; and
established the first socialist community in the United States. This
particular utopia was based on the common belief of rational ethics,
and never based on religion. Members rejected the ‘trinity of evils’
and communally developed a plan of progressive paternalism. Life on
the New Harmony utopia was described as strict being that members
followed a curfew and unforeseen house inspections; they also faced
steep fines for drunkenness and illegitimate children. Members
perceived happiness with docility therefore shunning it away at all
means. Eventually members grew tiresome of Owens and his naive
belief in the power of rational humanism; members began to vacate
the community as a result. 
NATIONAL EXAMPLES:
1. ‘Chayn ki Bansuri’ was a public art project led by Durriya Kazi, for
which she collaborated with radio stations in Karachi to play a flute
rendition across the city at exactly midnight. She also encouraged
those commuting to play the music in their vehicles and those at
home to broadcast the track from their windows. It was an earnest
attempt to blanket the city with peace and to offer a moment of
respite and solace amid the rampant violence. This as an example f a
perfectionist and utopian society.

2. A New Dialogue For Peace The series of high-level and high-profile

meetings held between the Indian and Pakistani leaderships and
bureaucracies has begun to prepare the ground for a change in
public perceptions. Pakistan’s Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and
India’s Prime Minister I.K. Gujral held high profile meetings at the
May 1997 Male summit, at the United Nations General Assembly
session in September 1997, and at the Commonwealth Heads of
State and Government summit in Edinburgh in October 1997. In
public statements at domestic and international forums, the Indian
and Pakistani prime ministers repeatedly emphasized the need to
normalize relations. There is also an ongoing dialogue between the
higher bureaucracies of India and Pakistan. Given the task of
identifying potential opportunities for promoting mutual cooperation
and removing present constraints in bilateral relations, foreign
secretary-level meetings, for example, are examining ways of
enhancing people-to-people contacts, acknowledging the importance
of mutual interaction.