Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The low cost roads are meant for low intensity of traffic.
This road are provided in localities where traffic volume does not
exceed 500 tonnes /day with a maximum of one third bullock carts
or other slow moving vehicles and a truck load of 3 tonnes with a
maximum of 5 tonnes depending upon local conditions.
The low cost roads are constructed with the maximum use of locally
available road materials.
• The standards for low cost roads:
Route
Right of way
Formation level
Geometrics, i.e. grades, curves, visibility etc.
• The standards for carriage way width ,
formation width and nature of crust for low cost
roads should be such that
No alteration may be required when these roads are upgraded in
future.
With the increase in traffic, it should be possible to strengthen the
pavement in stages with the maximum utilization of the existing
pavement
ECAFE(Economic commission for Asia and Far East) suggested
the Desirable and minimum width for Right of way are 30m and
18m respectively for low cost roads.
• Classification of low cost roads:
The low cost roads may be broadly divided in the following five
categories
1. Earth roads
2. Kankar roads
3. Gravel Roads
4. Water bound macadam roads (WBM)
5. Wet mix macadam roads (WMM)
• Earth Roads
General :
Earth road is a type of road whose whole pavement section is
constructed with the locally available earth material preferably.
Borrow pits are located at the nearby sites preferably outside the
land width where, the required earth is available.
Sub-grade and the surface of the earth roads are given larger
camber of 1in 33 to 1 in 25 because they need faster drainage to
be safe from the moisture. A maximum value of camber of 1 in 25 is
the limit because higher camber will result in the formation of cross
ruts and corrosion of pavement soils
• Specifications of Materials:
The soil survey is carried out and suitable borrow pits are located
within nearer distances.
The trees ,grass roots and other organic matter are removed before
excavating earth for construction
The earth material used for the construction of earth roads are
termed as satisfactory if they possess the following properties:
Base Course Wearing Course
The centre line and the road boundaries are marked on the ground
by driving the wooden pegs. To follow the desired vertical profile of
the road, reference pegs are also driven at a certain spacing which
depends upon the estimated length of the road construction per
day.
Centre line pegs are fixed at 500 m interval.
construction procedure of earth road
1. Preparing the subgrade :- The subgrade is prepared and
the surface is brought to the required camber and gradient.
2. Rolling an watering :- The surface is rolle properly and well wetted
with water.
3. Spreading the soil :- After watering, a layer of graded soil, about 10
cm thick is evenly spread.
4. Rolling :- The layer of soil is rolled at optimum moisture content
(OMC ) with a suitable roller and finally finished with a light roller.
The type of roller for compaction is decided based on soil type, desired
amount of compaction and availability of equipment. Atleast 95 per cent
of dry density of its light compaction is considered desirable.
Cont…
5. Checking :-The camber of the finished surface is checked an
corrected, if necessary.
6. Curing :- The rolled surface is watered for four or five days for
curing. No traffic should be allowed to pass over the road surface
during this period.
7. Opening to traffic :- After curing, the traffic is allowed to pass but the
surface is sprinkled over with water for a period of 10 to 1 days
• Kankar Roads
Kankar is an impure limestone and it is available as a natural
deposit.
A good quality kankar will show a bluish surface on being fractured.
Kankar is found as “Block Kankar” or as “Nodular Kankar”. In the
past block kankar has been used as building material while nodular
kankar is even today used for VR and ODR as a subgrade material
for WBM roads
Cont…
Some times road is built in stages starting from earth formation
which is allowed to settle for two to three monsoons and
subsequently when the surface is to improved, the kankar forms the
subgrade material for such roads
For road work kankar is broken into sizes varying from 20 to 63
mm.
The largest size are used for bottom layer and the smallest size is
used for top layer
Kankar is normally spread at the 15 mm layer
Cont…
The size supplied varies from 12 mm to 80 mm as specified below
1. Passing 80 mm sieve 100%
2. Retrained of 63 mm sieve 20%
3. Passing 25 mm sieve…Not more than 10%
4. Passing 12 mm sieve NIL
• The following sequence is followed in the
construction of the kankar roads
Spreading of kankar over the section
Ramming over stretch of 3.66 mm road at a time with the help of at
least 16 workers
Ramming to continue till the surface has been thoroughly
compacted
Surface to be kept well watered during the process of ramming
Road to be opened traffic such that the traffic is spread over the
whole road width
• Gravel Roads
A gravel road consists of a carriageway made of a layer of
compacted gravel.
The gravel used consists of irregular stones mixed with a varying
amount of sand, silt, and clay, which can act as a binder.
Following consideration govern the construction of gravel roads
(A) The carriageway of the gravel road should be provided with a
camber of 1 in 25 to 1in 30 to achieve good drainage of the road
surface
(B) It should be composed of pebbles which are hard, tough and
durable rock particles to resist abrasion
Cont…
(C) For making a good road surface, the pebbles should be held together by some
cementing material such as clay which is the most generally available binder.
1. Preparation of sub-grade
2. Preparation of sub-base
3. Preparation of base
4. Preparation of wearing course
5. Preparation of shoulders
6. Opening to traffic
• CONSTRUCTION OF SUB-GRADE
Spread the coarse aggregate over the surface and roll it dry with
a suitable roller till interlocking of the aggregate is achieved with
sufficient void space. The rolling is started from the edges and
gradually shifted towards the centre.
After dry rolling, spread the screening materials (stones up to 12
mm size) with uniform rate so that voids of coarse aggregates get
filled properly.
After spreading the screening material, sprinkle sufficient quantity
of water, sweep the surface and roll it with roller again
Preparation of wearing course
Now apply the binding material in two to three thick layers at a slow
and uniform rate. Each layer of binding material is rolled after
adding sufficient water. The slurry is swept in with brooms to fill the
void properly. The moving wheel of the roller should be cleaned
with water.
After proper compacting allow it to dry over night. Spread a layer of
sand or earth, about 6 mm thick and roll the surface again after
sprinkling water lightly.
The surface may be allowed for 7 to 10 days of curing.
Spreading binder material
• CONSTRUCTION OF SHOULDERS
1. Weather
2. Preparation of Base
3. Provision of Lateral Confinement of Wet Mix
4. Spreading of Mix and Compaction
5. Setting and Drying
6. Opening to Traffic
• weather
The work of laying of wet mix macadam is not done during rainy
season
• Preparation of Base
The surface of the sub-grade/sub-base/base to receive the WMM
course shall be prepared to the specified lines and cross-fall (camber)
and made free of dust and other extraneous matter. Any ruts or softy
yielding places shall be corrected and rolled until firm surface is
obtained, if necessary by sprinkling water.
• Provision of Lateral Confinement of Wet Mix
This shall be done by laying materials adjoining shoulders along
with that of wet mix layer. The sequence of operations shall be such
that the construction of the shoulder is done in layers each
matching the thickness of the adjoining pavement layer.
Spreading of Mix and compaction
• Preparation of mix
WMM shall be prepared in an approved mixing plant of suitable capacity
having provision for controlled addition of water
Optimum moisture for mixing shall be determined in accordance with IS:
2720 (Part-8) after replacing the aggregate fraction retained on 22.4 mm
sieve with material of 4.75 mm to 22.4 mm size
• Spreading of mix
Immediately after mixing, the aggregate shall spread uniformly and
evenly upon the prepared sub-grade in required quantities by paver or
motor grader
• Compaction
After the mix has been laid to the required thickness, grade and
cross fall/camber the same shall be uniformly compacted to the full
depth with suitable roller