a ne divegeme a vech ld.

wht Akal mte mima Give

exa mples

iveremce Vecte el 1s a scalan

amt Jemta eplam hoo ou Cam

sca a et d om a vee ter

eld
Ams Dive eme . vecle d

e
VeceY eld
Cam e
a Sca lan

scalan fed vec

Consd e vec e Aold á I omagmud e

amd
ococh i a umctsen
Co-erd-made s

S calan e t i dfento)
them
U Vec tov A a
eerade amd

S cala umctm o os54son Co ordimates

e cuvege me
am&s
Vec fe A.

di'v Á =

ohere
V ( 12 )
( A a+3 y 4h A2)
 (t+ 4+)

Physical mea mmma

Jhe veaemee a Vec hmmtmg

Value e t mettuteard l o aL
Some uant ke a flusd
eleciic u z &urac
ut olume volu mme

em to apech Zer

ata
Vecr eld
The dvergema a

pimt
SCa) an quomt matde
that vece #ld
euelto
fluz
t blu me h
odiver1m
ou+ per umn

Ttta imt

V
ds
NTmal
 Coms der a clohe d volumme V hovsr
Surau a e a S 2n avece r eld
s hrmomn m F 1 .Le Vec VeceN

S u r o ce be
cnt a poímt P on

ds be vee-r e ema
am et a

a
ma e Su umdsma

P,+t4 leima ta
mrame)
Surtou,
uteard

be+eem ec m
t amae
0toerd drawm
Vece amd

uraca atP. hem

urmal

rea
f l d ou
lu o
s Ads C04 A ds
TDel F la se d

cohole Suttace d
olumne mclpse
9f V 1s
Small hem +he
Suace is amís himgl
olume ves he
outwaT

veraTmu f divh d
Lim

Exarmples, he dsverqrm of a Vecer e)d

at a 14 a measure of luz of
of
ttta Vec at hat omt
 Let Vecto e ld rebrenents

the vel oci

vel oci a bnid r

a
olume U u'd
e r emE
umt
Secom d pO
Ploeima a
Soma)

nAdlu omne
m cl oae d, hoh
t. 9
Sumumdsm

eloae d Sun-fae
negatve, t shoos
ouards
TKat+
Hqud floonma omd f
Smk
oimE
4 ve
poimt 4
a

imo ca tes at
c a soure
bumt 7

hqud
e dveqe me of
Eectic

old É Ove The Surace a

Vec e

Umt olume elemem Suaumdsn

am elec tic elt vem
Tm

Lm
V
V S

Cohere S tke c)psed Susfoce

pon'mt m V 4he
S u r oumd m +he
<ememt SmDLnd
o lume
 Le+ +o eld
vec
Tebrnemts
ve oci i d s'm moorn

olu m e u qud
e poen e m t

eN Secon d pe um
looimna hnogh a Somall
ADlume en c)se d

eloae d SUnate Sumumdhm4

a poim t
n a v e , +shua
at
oeards
ttat+ Hqid looim3 amd f
aS'mk
Poimt .

B04 v e
a pon'mt

imdcates at
qid losma
Pnmt a SouTe
L om t

bquid

Thi dverge me o
Electic d
Vecev d ove e Surface fa

umt olumee
elememt Sumamdimq
am
elecnc elt vem
Point
Laom
V SE43
V S

COhere S tie clo sed Surrfoce

POn m t
Sur oumd ' ma the
ememt SuDLnd ° n
u o lumme
 ed7vengemce am electic fe d
amy mt ves 7 chorge demá
tha 4 poimt

VE =

coch SCal a fumctm

9 tkz ver e m a v e c ov

a omt m't ha
S u f a

enenTa

tUTrd me o
Sunae n 04hev
tta t
Sourco mr Symk n Lat
Case
he f)ur bne

n o m
ethe sed upto d
elecc l E) +h e m
Ca se
Case a
clDe CuT Ves
due to
poduc eß

Curaemt Su a vec Aer eld coled

Scle moi da) el d

ct ve Femce a v elo d

at e t h eN 4he 4)urd c
penddona ( e ts ems A m deTecasi ma
+here
+here c a Sour f l u i d at a
 d vecn fe me
Plomo negatve,+ ha
e4he f)us Con o c m (:e-
dema s h hore o

Siomk flusd pmt3f

do vergeme vdo
Z, + im e 4ha4he demsi r e d
Temaims Coat-amt ( e 4he luid i n Comresile

Con pesss ble

ra
flusd decrease- 6 m e

demsi A
be tz demus usd a aomy
be th ae decrerse
onaamt am
dt
me hem
lud cor
a demss o

div - div + d o

Called eqjua t'en Df cmmusaf Pro

a qid
be T h a u r em
S m) ar
, 14 Í
apuimnt
at
deon dharge, hem div ve
 ote al o f. change pr um+ velume
tRat rint f div7 poastive,
hat tha chavge demai aP%
decea sn m ome

3he ate deerease charqe demsi

.By
Comservaso
o chze
dt
dvT+
div =- d
or vJ -
t'Dn oCmmusb
Caled Tki taua

af cho
 vgemee o avec er eld a scal an
to d a 4*oo - ( )
Accoe
dn = Lim d

Jemce d've ge mee e avec4oie1d ata

a u e l o fluz erum lume

usfo ce dra co m
hmoug a closed
Volume
areumd

mclDsed
Surpae a maches
oume Flu
ZerD hus dav A
pimF amd e
at
dema
S Cal an amh

Scalara Tm Vecer e d

he dvergemce avectr e l d

div A = vA sca uamt

Jhua by Cmside-rm ti divargerma of

a scal aN
Coe
a Vec-tr
Vectr Beld
Star tmg fvm a
 D e m ve epressnom fr diveraeme

f
a vec f r
eldim Cotosiam
Co timates

mCoshe sio m
Ams Dve 8emco o avectos

C o -m r d i m a * s To fn d Tk va) ue of
ardiotes
C o r t r si am Co -

uL m
paalleloped o 4

dre rectamaule
Co r d s mates
pamt P hav m cor h
Cem re
at
2 4x, st amd42

oflema+hs
ed g es ve
he +hree e pec
aral*)| Shotom Tm Hure.1
C e
Co - r d j m a e s
hree reranmau m
Vece A resolvedAim*o

aal-e) to he
Ax H. A2
Compnern ts
he
Volue of Jrv
reapee 4ve eS
) did o out
Eaua to the tolal
e hem h e Surfae of|
OV
vec uamt

3ped.

t paral e)o
 (1o

Az

3he outlo bver+he t n t face

block perpendvculan
a k e d 1) of +he
cor) be e n h e l y due
- aX'3
to he X to
f parallel
the Coponemt+
to A
OX
ordimaBe ot P the cemtre of
ahe Ce -

),,2
cmaked 1 are +
the foce the
at the cemtre of
be cauSe P
the *4ge=Az,
amd emath o-f
block Sm lo y 4he
4herafore PP, 2
Cemtre of he
h e
P he
Co-ordma
des of
2 ane
mask ed
pposTHe ace
),2.

be the space
ra+e d-Vanatbn
Let
c014h , +hem
of A
 Ma ntuhe of A at 4he comtre

ofhe Prce 1

= Az + 2

Accdma tthe do i m t r n o
Imt Vo .JHemne
dVeqeme , m Tt
Vamn'shnmal Small im
herefre he value
4he h'm
Poimt
ev e a
akem +o be
be
a ce

floo of Tko /ec +r om he

face 1

(A+ )sy
outoard drrec'm a m t t n e
he
4 3
Oppoaite ace 2

(A- )2
Tec4on
m +he imw-ard
 Ne+ low t t o vecn A amd

Dralle +o Ox
A2 ian he

2 d 42-(H

netouPloro oTho vec ters

Sim) ary, 4he an to
fnce becbemdiul
d A2 OVem tta
A am

Co) be
amd 0z

amd A z

afthe vect oVer

TDa Gulf)d

Susface o Ke
he Pmhre

vem

Srsfa of
+he prsa llectpe

volu me bf
6y 82 Ta the
heree
he bl o Ch
 . Net uto flo t vec
e umt Volumme

Lim L
V S

1n Cantesiam Co rdima tes he

JHem ce
-

4
Vecoa eld A
diveg¢m«
v em

o a sca lan am a nd
2
A vece 'eld end Value

diu C

Ams S aScalar tel d amd A a

Ve c e 1

+kA)

t) +9a) + (h)
 + d2 +

divA) = Tod.À +¢+ d«vtA)

solemidal vettr
6. ( o) what do tu meam
s k
d2Gve on ample what

Pove +hat

3 3 2 4 + 32+ 3
Solemnd al vec-y

Fmd tt Volue of 4he coons4amE

Vect
So
A Solemud a
 selemtal d A vec-+er Pseld
cohse diverarme vam's hes (=o)
kmmom a a solemoYd al pel . agmelHc

mduc4non bel campleof a

Sole modal eld Smc

:D

meoms 4he dvergme of elecic

VE4o, +-he
+he
to Zemo e ,
mot eqyol
eld mpt
Solemndal

electic Aeld

2 + 32 4+84

(32 +32224+32})

) + ) 4 (*)

yec
As the dvema
Dle mmdal
o)emn'dal.
erfor eld A
he
the

Give A= +¥-2*)?+a+ b:)

drvA3= ( + t )
C2+-27) +(z 4bz)
=
)+ 2)4( ba)
 (16
(16
2+-22 +b
o b - 1

Hemee b - 1 , he vect A
Sole nnd al because hem VA=d

shoo tha 4 V =

g f -4}++22 md 2.
Ams

+ )6+1
+
+ +
=V

chere

dv 4 = y.s$
)-+2
+)
= (+
= 2 2 2/
 (2 - 2 + 2)

d2

2 -

2+2

22