raph "Theor

aslborg Bnidge rable m-

wno a
lonA Alandina prablem

Adwa solvad b Keenhad Eukw (1707-1783) in

1436,
The
problem is dopiekad as-
meann d 27a arph.
iver in
Tiwro islands and D, formad bt lhe ragol
renamed
Rrua b t n o
Konagsetq C
dhen Ike eapital a Eaa
Rusia) Nene can n eeted t
in-nes- Sovtef
Kaskintngrad and

do k bamko A and i R sevm rtao bridqes

ereh otker and

t stotoran a fowr lamd a n e a s y

The problem na

and D waln ove eash sVa

Aeen kridl
c e A, c

a oneu and rekwm Ri slkrnhiha fo int

T i s AUknaion b{ meam f a qrat

Euleepsesentad
1R lamd areas omd 1he elaa
in u c v e t í e e repreAe

TLprasn Ra sridaen,
A

kio droblem does nst et

w e r proved k t a stukron for
hok
t hw pu2 ues to to ihd
TM pssblem s cemmur

C e m t n u o u n Lhe w
In me
em be r a L n
i V m pietwu
peneil from ke palpr
rerae amd wiont Liftm*
 Applacat l 6 e
160

300 300
K An
, e b w

360 220
2
480

52

Shertao pr

FundATNLntals,

& (V, E)
Conarsts oba sct ot obeets
ALror) qrop
=

veuie amd amott set E=E

CalleJ

Ar 1ed CunoiA0MrA o t . ( o, oj ) af vertiees ,

h
adae e calUed
The veiees V, Vj aocal ed
are

te ed veiees oj ey e
ey i Caled
The eAga
nidr k a veto v a bell ay n
The veRees and vi ote said o be oAjoeentn'k
each olkt as
they ae
jainec lon ke ndae er
s tw vochees oL
mu otned l meamn m
edap
dhen tAe a e called mon - a g a r n verhes,

VV2 ate adjacent veuhees bu

2 and Vs are not adjacemt. Agon Va Vs
aro adjaent vochkees. /e4 NS

Classift eation e rash

Giraph
pseudo
mul
Simple
Only pawallel edsos
t n e atker amkaina
alletwed buk nst solf
no

On parallel
edges loep.
a t Aoop
verh
Sel ls Anadge jn a
ees
.

At sa,is colleda sau

two vcthees
2 Porrallel.edges\- S4
oaa r
ote
tethed t mora
edgen,tkan
ttose edge
hn ome

elae
Or coled percollel

Here e shall tel Ample ara

a
a

Ty pe i n p l e Groth

Cmplete qreph:

n no.v e h e e s
tekes no, e
ACorple 7seph houg
(3 Nul grh o Toally discmeateed qropk
(V,E)

Bipvkke Graph.or Bg be
ik verka ack con

to be a hgrop if
Agsaph issaid nd N2 and n eam

&ubsez Vi
Aecomposed
ino two dispein snbse W me
verteo ok ome
e a ueh an edge NMek je me

anolki nbset.
veuas c
VS

7S
V

Graph .

Rm,n
Cmplete biparchie

o m a v e e y Vi
wi5 s e
tnetden
The mumbor a
edaes
- tthe degree,d (vi),
of v e t V
twiee is called
oopsCownted S

erample, dlvi) d(V) =d(V4) 3,

=

Fr

dCVa)= 4, t(Vs) =i
vertit.
ipoakad
n ealle am
r
2d point
Vg padon
vertex
colad
Vs is
ef odd
dree in a
araph 1s alys even.

th:The numbee vethieos

i m odd and een degrees
Preo we 2oneidvr tne vorhees

keparately, ke quamlly m e loft side o

zdv)=2e (1)

Cam be enprosed ar ha Bum twn &wms eaeh drnom ovw2 VeUtE

eeNOn a d odd dqres respeekivelt, as

 Zdvi) = Zd(v) + Z d(vK)
even odd

Smee ha left_hand &rde in aaey is evom, and Ike 1jt opresh*n

on the RHS eNan, heira &m rf RAan numbers, ke 3eund

expreon musF alns be avem)

2 4v) =an evon number- t iy

Baeare in 2au'. tiy d eneh dcua) is odd, ta ohl nunhen s} toe

n he 8um musF2 evn to mave t i n m am avem mumbo, Ha

theorem

Ka anagash te sum kedeqrea atl verhæes

fth47/Shets
t i e Ikz numben slaes.

A graph ån s t t
all voh'ees aa
a aqnel darea
Kaqularr araph
coledaragula 3ra

thahan
m
ak lesM degru
qrphin a raghn arop
one

ScTE A Am Cepleke
Complek qash
fe n o . v e k e e s in I
 Grph Isomorbhism
sard be iomerphic l'to eare
T i r o or mero ham t n rabha aee

betneom thoinvekre e
Crresbmdouar
TeA A a ene- b -ne

cdenen relakng
sne Ikt the
and behrenn h o n adaes

1A pre serued

er

25

e
Also

eg
e e
e
2
e,

24
S es
e

k be inomorphde
emdikrona far t o arrpla
Three mee esst

retreeg
The same
number af

Bame
mumbee of 2daas
2. The
vertfees w i r a aíven dearee,
mumlbo of
3 An equod
notsulfreteut
R above tr Candi Hns
u
W

whade in
pandank vedteso uo, adjarent to,
in C) t h o in ony one

tw pondan ehees, uamd v a a esu- a.

a thea.a
 Motrix prosetahon of Greths Cundkrectec)

Incidenee Medix Let abe aqroph vi n vorhee8,e esa

and nu sel}-Lsbs, Detine a n n by e mariX A =aj

nroNS COrresbmd w l vorees amd lhe e columns

h e se m

corTesnd to k i e elaes as fallons

the matrix element

is inciden a ilh vveten V¢
a , f s* edga ej

0 , Ohenn3e

b
e a
o
e

ACG).
11 o 1 0 OO

s
O o o 0O O .

Cmecken mafrix.
Adiaceney Marix
r

vertrees and no

araph & i k
m

The adiaeenay mmehria d a

X =(*,.
pabalel esges is am m bm s1mmehie binary nar
inand jlt vot
1, a4 he is am edae bahseem
betucem dEem.
O, hin ts no edje
/ N3 V
Re

/Ns
 aosovetrons ! -

h e anries alor tic prinepcd dagomad of x au o 4

od I k i lti vorh
-lneps, A seil lap
Aalt
tRe rea Aas
mo

mo pons(
T definion o adiaeemy marix makes m o r X *a

odsorenA
pacale edgos. T h i s sh
borale esae.
defmad f r ablha i
a
vkw eanalo t
e deqree
R raph mo Aelt r rous
o t Coumn d} X.
ereopenda
umaan l' in

# S h o kat Ui 4oUne t o a k s are isomerphies.

ey
v
Vs
e V 2
V e
L V

ad G ore sahsy
ber a n G,
ci e a a l
Ci
naLner of vehheos

uy eamal
numben eJ edges
verkees
number o same deqres
) An 2qual
L 4 numb g
e , eo Aas 6 v e e es , t edq Beres.
md 2muhlse dagree
e a r e e 2 vadces
iaomoosm
otwaro s eM
os to eonfrm