OW THE AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE WORKS

NEWNES

11211tAkCT Clit
CHAN 1
SIGNS of the
TIMES
The Budget has restored
POLICE OPPORTUNITIES
The Air Force is to be increased
AVIATION MUST DEVELOP
Pay cuts have been restored.

CIVIL SERVICE
Suitable to both sexes. Ages 151 to 24.
PERMANENT, PROGRESSIVE,
PENSIONABLE POSITIONS.

G.P.O. ENG. DEPT.

CUSTOMS AND EXCISE, INSPECTOR OF OPEN LETTER TO PARENTS
TAXES, ETC. NO EXPERIENCE REQUIRED. Dear Sir or Madam,-When your children first arrived they brought with them a wonderful lot of
OPEN EXAMS. sunshine. Later you became proud of the intelligence they displayed, but still later you became
anxious as to what would become of them in the future. Perhaps you were anxious when you visua-
MATRICULATION
There are many ways of commencing a career,
lised them as grown men and women. Even with plenty of money it is not always easy to select
the right career, and a parent is sometimes inclined to ask advice of some relative and in ninety-
nine cases out of a hundred that relative knows nothing at all about the possibilities of employment.
but Matriculation is the jumping-off board for Why not let me relieve you of some of your anxieties ? In fact, why not let me be their Father ?
all the best ones. We do not profess to act as an employment agency, but the nature of our business compels us to keep
an eye upon the class of men and women that are wanted and who wants them. There are some
We prepare candidates for all people who manufacture an article and put it on the market to sell. We do not do that, we work in
exactly the opposite direction. We find out what employers want and we train our students to fill
INSTITUTE EXAMS
TECHNICAL, ACCOUNTANCY,
those jobs. We have to be experts in the matter of employment, progress and prosperity. If you
have any anxieties at all as to what your sons and daughters
SECRETARIAL, INSURANCE, ED',
should be, write to me, or better still, let them write to me per-
sonally ---Fatherly Advice Department and tell me their ikes
and dislikes, and I will give sound practical advice as to the
ENGINEERS and possibilities of a vocation and how to succeed in it. Yours sincerely,

DRAUGHTSMEN
All Branches-Employers are
advertising for them. YOU CAN HAVE A COLLEGE HOW TO STUDY
In your spare time when it suits
TELEPHONY, RADIO and MOTOR TRAINING IN ALMOST ANY CAREER YOU. You fix your own time, you
ENGINEERING are expanding rapidly. do not GO to your studies-the
There are lots of vacancies. Our postal
courses will make you eligible. Advice
FOR A FEW SHILLINGS MONTHLY postman brings THEM TO YOU.
on all careers Free. Accountancy Examinations Insurance There is nothing that a class -room
Advertising and Sales Manage- Mathematics teacher can show on a blackboard
ment Matriculation that we cannot show on a white
Also ask for our New A.M.I. Fire E. Exam. Metallurgy
Applied Mechanics Mining, all subjects paper. The lesson on a blackboard
Book (Free of Charge) Army Certificates Mining, Electrical Engineering will be cleaned off, but our lessons
Auctioneers & Estate Agents - Motor Engineering are PERMANENT. A class -room
Motor Trade
THE HUMAN Aviation Engineering
Banking Municipal & County Engineers teacher cannot give you a priVa:te
Naval Architecture word of encouragement, but a Cor-
MACHINE Boilers
Book-keeping, Accountancy and Pattern Making respondence Tutor can do so when-
Modern Business Methods Police, Special Course ever your work deserves it. On the
Secrets of Success B.Sc. (Eng.) Preceptors, College of
other hand he can, where necessary,
B.Sc (Estate Management) Pumps and Pumping Machinery
Building, Architecture and Radio Service Engineering point out your mistakes
Clerk of Works Road -Making and Maintenance PRIVATELY.
CAN YOU Cambridge Senior School Salesmanship
CHANGE MY
EXPRESSION ?
Certificate
Civil Engineering
Sanitation
Secretarial Exams.
Shipbuilding
TO STUDENTS
Civil Service
All Commercial Subjects Shorthand I Pitman's) LIVING ABROAD
Commercial Art Structural Engineering or on the high seas, a good supply
Concrete and Structural Surveying of lessons is given, so that they
Engineering Teachers of Handicrafts
Draughtsmanship. All branches. Telephony and Telegraphy may be done in their order, and
Engineering. All branches, Transport Inst. Exams. despatched to us for examination
subjects and examinations Weights and Measures Inspector and correction. They are then sent
General Education Welding back with more work, and in this
G.P.O. Engineering Dept. Wireless Telegraphy and
IF SO, YOU MAY BE Heating and Ventilating Telephony way a continuous stream of work is
THE ARTIST THAT Industrial Chemistry Works Managers always in transit from the Student
COMMERCE IS to us and from us to the Student,
WAITING FOR. If you do not see your own requirements above, write to therefore distance makes no
us on any subject. difference.
just try it for yourself,
trace or draw the out-
line and then put in
the features. EVERY DEPARTMENT IS A
44 Ce< IT IS THE PERSONAL TOUCH COMPLETE COLLEGE.
There are hundreds of openings in connection with
Humorous Papers, Advertisement Drawing, Posters,
WHICH COUNTS IN POSTAL EVERY STUDENT IS A CLASS
Calendars, Catalogues, Textile Designs, Book TUITION TO HIMSELF.
Illustrations, etc.
6o per cent. of Commercial Art Work is done by
" Free Lance Artists " who do their work at home
and sell it to the highest bidders. Many Commer-
cial Artists draw " retaining tees " from various
sources, others prefer to work full-time employment
or partnership arrangement. We teach you not
only how to draw what is wanted but how to make
buyers want what you draw. Many of our students
who originally took up Commercial Art as a hobby
have since turned it into a full-time paying profes-
sion with studio and staff of assistant artists:
there is no limit to the possibilities. Let us send
full particulars for a FREE TRIAL and details of
our course for your inspection. You wilt be under
no obligation whatever.
FOUNDED 1900.
44104,
Art Dept. 76.
Dept 76, THE BENNETT COLLEGE, SHEFFIELD.
All applications respecting Advertising in this Publication should be addressed to the ADVERTISEMENT MANAGER, GEORGE NEWNES Ltd.,
8-11 Southampton Street, Strand, London, W.C.1. Telephone: Temple Bar 7760:
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 393

radical VOL. II.

JUNE
1935
No. 21

Mechanics
SUBSCRIPTION RATES : Editorial and Advertisement Offices : " Practical
Mechanics," George Newnes Ltd., Southampton
Inland and Abroad, 7s. 6d. per annum Street, Strand, W.C.2.
Registered at the G.P.O. for transmission by
Canada - - 7s. per annum Canadian Magazine Post.

Notes, News and Views

World's Largest Telescope (California) in August and fly the northern Motor Car Headlights
A TELESCOPE which is considered to route of 15,000 miles round the world in TESTS have been made with the object
rA be the largest in the world has just four and a half days without touching land. of determining whether colouring the
been completed at Newcastle -on -Tyne for A New Light 'Plane Engine beam of motor car headlights enables the
the Dpnlop Memorial Observatory, driver to pick up objects at a greater dis-
Toronto. WE learn that Sir John Carden, a well- tance in foggy weather. The colours tested
known engineer, has designed a remark- were red, light orange, dark orange and
A New Airport able new type of light aeroplane engine blue-green.
NEWCASTLE'S new airport on the which may revolutionise private flying and It was found that the effect of colour
municipal aerodrome will be officially make possible the production of the £100 filters on the range was simply due to the
opened by Lord Londonderry, Secretary of " family " aeroplane. It is a four -cylinder, reduction in the intensity of the beam.
State for Air, on July 19th. The port will water-cooled engine, developing about In other words, the revealing power of a
beunder the control of the Newcastle Aero 30 h.p., and has been specially designed to coloured headlight beam is the same as that
Club, which will remove its headquarters of a white beam of the same intensity.
there from the present aerodrome at Cram- A Boon for the Blind Writer
lington. THE MONTH'S SCIENCE ANEW kind of machine to write Braille
A New Police Laboratory SIFTINGS in a way that allows the words to be read
A POLICE laboratory for the scientific while the paper is still in position is being
u% detection of crime was recently opened Mr. R. L. Butler, the South Australian made by the National Institute for the
at Hendon. Among the many scientific Premier, is investigating the possibilities Blind.
devices is a shock -proof apparatus which of an England -to -Australia air race for On earlier models, owing to the hammers
can take an X-ray photograph in three passenger -carrying machines. descending upon the upper surface and so
minutes ; the latest type of ultra -violet ray Professor Tonna Barthet has recently embossing the underside, any checking
apparatus and cameras, and an ultrapak constructed a device which allows note could only be done by removing the paper
microscope, which allows the scientist - vibrations up to 1,000 per second to be and examining the reverse side. On the
detective to view an object under ultra- visible on the screen of an ordinary new machine the hammers operate from
violet light. television receiver. below.
Along the benches in other rooms are In some respects the apparatus resembles
dozens of microscopes for the examination A De Havilland Comet recently flew a typewriter, but it is worked by only six
of fabrics, wool and silk strands or any from Croydon to Le Bourget in 53 minutes keys. Each of these corresponds to one of
trivial clue which may become vital. There at an average speed of 254 m.p.h. the six dots of the Braille system. Another
is also an instrument capable of cutting hair The construction of a new Western high - difference is that the paper lies flat.
or skin to a fineness exceeding five -thous- power transmitter near Plymouth is pro- An " Unstallable " Biplane
andths of an inch. posed by the B.B.C. THE aerodynamic department of the
Television in France A demonstration of cinematograph films National Physical Laboratory at Tedding-
SIXTY -LINE television broadcasts will taken of persons exposed to X-ray shows ton, has discovered a new type of biplane
shortly be in operation in France. It is a picture enlarged 17,000 times the size of which is claimed to be " unstallable.' It
understood that the exact picture ratio that the original. can fly at very low speeds without becoming
will be employed will be either 3-4 or 5-6 1. unsteady and dropping a wing and crashing.
scanning in a horizontal plane, as distinct This department have also had installed
from the B.B.C. broadcast of vertical provide a cheap but reliable power plant this year a tunnel where the behaviour of
scanning with a picture ratio of 3-7. for the smallest types of light aeroplane. aeroplane wings at any speed up to 650
The price of the new Carden engine will miles an hour can be accurately observed
on a miniature scale.
A Non -Stop World Flight be under £50.
CPANGBOURN and B. Griffith, two A Record Parachute Jump
American fliers, are preparing for a " World's Biggest Explosion " MR. G. JOHNS, who holds the amateur
non-stop flight round the world this sum- hundred tons of explosive, planted record for a delayed parachute jump,
mer. They hope to take three days off ONE in twelve deep shafts, was recently has completed arrangements for an attempt
Wiley Post's record of seven days eighteen exploded in the Ural Mountains, so as to to beat the late John Tranum's profes-
hours. Their aeroplane, an Uppercu Bur- strip off the covering of earth over iron ore sional record of 17,000 ft.
nelli, with two 720-h.p. engines, will have deposits. The shock was registered on Mr. Johns plans to fall 18,000 ft. Special
a cruising speed of 200 m.p.h. It will have instruments 1,000 miles away. It is con- apparatus' is necessary, and tests in a
a tank capacity of 25,000 gallons. The sidered to be the biggest explosion which pressure -chamber have to be undergone for
aviators hope to start from San Diego has ever taken place. some time before the jump.
 394 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935

IN I
Aft
MI 111411/11411
MN I MI MIMI Mr NM
la&
MA NI II=
- =
I

As briefly as possiblecertain "instructions," which, for con-

the process may be venience, may be roughly translated thus:
described as follows. " On your journey you will be overtaken
A man presses a cer- on a parallel track by fellow trucks
tain key, or a series numbered 2, 4, 6, 8, and so on, not
of keys, on a key- necessarily in that order. Take no notice
board which applies of any one of them until you are
to a moving truck, overtaken by truck No. 24. It is then your
which may be called duty to unload your burden on to truck
truck No. 1. Truck No. 24, at the same time conveying to it
No. 1 is at that time instructions to transfer the load in turn to
IT has become a commonplace to say quite of " unaware " that, it is to be called (say) truck No. 103, together with further
machinery that the only thing it now into operation, and passes on its way. Its instructions that truck No. 103 is to
lacks is a brain. Fantasies have indeed " mind " is, for the time being, a blank. unship the load at Platform M."
been written in which such a brain is sup - On passing a definite point, however, a
From Truck to Truck
Truck No. 1 accordingly continues on its
way now imbued, as it were, with a fixed
resolve. It is overtaken by a succession of
other trucks until about to be overtaken by
truck No. 24, when it unhesitatingly trans-
CARBON ELECTRODES
PERMANENT
fers its burden and at the same time
MAGNET " instructs " truck No. 24 as to what, in
SOFT IRON turn, is expected of it. The " mind " of
POLE PIECES truck No. 1, its duty completed for the
RECEIVER
CARBON COI LS
GRANULES DIAPHRAGM
DIAPHRAGM

Showing a cross-section of a hand microtelephone in which

the internal construction may clearly be seen.
posed to have been evolved, usually with .oad, or burden,
unhappy results for us mere remnants of is automatically
another age, who find that we are to be passed to it while
systematically exterminated by man -like it is still in motion
assemblies of wheels, cranks, and levers, together with
creatures of our brain, which are deter-
mined, nevertheless, that our earth shall be
their heritage.
Some time ago there was demonstrated
in London a species of railway truck which
might be said to have a " brain " of a sort,
capable not only of receiving and carrying
out instructions, but also of conveying
further instructions to its fellow trucks.

An enlarged view of a
selector switch.

An instructor describing the functioning of the automatic exchange.

 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 395

AP
/NZIs1,11
II/ ant
NINA
gy i s I. is a
AM
IIAhn
i0/.
I I MI In
i s III
OM AV MI I OM
rwilIAI
/who
affNi
N.
" is AP arN AAA la. 3'
1/111
ME/

time being, again becomes a blank ready

CALLING SUBSCRIBER for the next time it is called upon to per-
form its function, and truck No. 24 con-
CALLER LIFTS tinues on its way, primed to deliver up its
newly -shipped burden to truck No. 103, Separation of Elec-
RECEIVER er trical Contacts
and to no other truck, and at the same time
to transmit to truck No. 103 instructions If the finger is
DIALS REQD which will be implicitly obeyed as to the placed in the hole
platform destination of the load it has numbered, say,
EXCHANCECODE borne. " 7," and the
NOM.63ER THE Perhaps the example just given conveys finger plate rota-
the most startling idea of how near an ted to the extrem-
APPARATUS /N THE approach to thought can already be ex- ity of motion, the dial
pected of a mechanism. The linotype will naturally be turned
MEANTIME ENGAGES machine, automatically separating a mass through a definite dis-
of mixed matrices, the A's from the B's tance. The release of the
A LINE SWITCH. and C's and so on, and replacing each in finger plate then allows
its proper compartment, provides another. it to return under the
Z/NE .51W/7-01 F6VDS Change machines to be seen at some action of the mainspring
underground -railway stations which will to its normal position,
D/SEN6A6ED AUTO. distinguish half a crown from a florin, or a with the result, in this case, that a
shilling, and deliver the right change con- pair of electrical contacts are separated
APPARATUS & stitute a third. They, too, can recognise a seven times. If " 2 " had been dialled,
counterfeit coin, though, at the moment of the points would have been separated
CONNECTS 7o going to press, they are unable to deliver twice, and so on. If " 0 " is dialled,
up the tenderer into police custody and ten interruptions of the circuit will
CALL/N61/NE state a charge ! take place. The dial is so designed that
when it has come to rest, the contact
ALSO DIRECTOR Approaching the Power to Think points are closed. During the actual
It is safe to say that the nearest approach impulse sending, both microphone and
to the manifestation of thought on the receiver of the calling subscriber's
r /5T. SELECTOR - part of a mechanism in common use, how- instrument are short-circuited by a
ever, is exhibited by the automatic tele- further ingenious device. This not
SECURES IfoarE phone exchange, the function of which only prevents annoying clicks, but also
roJ.S. it is the purpose of this article to out- serves to cut out the additional resist-
line. ance which would have an opposing
It is assumed that nearly all readers are effect.
familiar with the operation of " dialling." The sequence of action of the dial -
Though the dial -switch or " impulse trans- switch for any one number being
mitter " (as it may more severely be called) operated, may be briefly summarised as
is simple in appearance, its construction is follows. The finger is placed in the
complex. It performs its function of trans- appropriately -numbered hole and the
mitting series of impulses, not while it is plate pulled round to the finger stop.
being rotated by the operator, but while it thus "shorting " the microphone and
is returning to rest under the action of a receiver, and storing power for the
mainspring. The speed of return is accur- return. The finger is now removed and
ately controlled by means of a governor of the dial returns, electrical impulses thus
J5_,/t/necrleyv the centrifugal type. following at accurately -spaced intervals
SELECTOR7/70DS
D/SEN6AGED SELECTORS RADTHE /NO/1101/AZ.C/RCLIIT CALLED AND
COMPLETES CONNECTIONATN CALLED SUBSCRIBER
_ Javcrion
LiNE
THOUSANDS SELECTOR. HUNDREDS SELECTOR. FINAL SELECTOR.
CoNNEersiN777rvo.
t. t.xCHANOE.
a
D/RECTOR _
STEERS CALL
7j)REOD.EXCH
V/A /sr.
SELECTOR.
 396
under the control of the centrifugal
governor. Finally, the dial comes to rest
against its stop, opening the instrument and
bringing the contacts into juxtaposition as
it does so.
Automatic Selectors
To pass now to the automatic exchange
NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
receivers, all switching apparatus returns to
normal in readiness for the next call.
Accurate Timing Essential
It is essential for both the breaks and
makes of the dial to be of correct duration.
If even one of the makes is too long it may
result in the vertical motion of a selector
being changed into a rotary motion too
soon, so that the wiper moves over an arc
of contacts at a lower level than the correct
one, while if the breaks are too long they
may cause the release of relays and the
return of selectors to their normisl position,
namely, the position occupied when the
receiver is replaced on its fork. Again, if it
is made possible to dial figures too rapidly,
the first and second selectors may not have
time to find suitable free contacts, while in

(Left) A view of the auto exchange

and (above) A group of auto GHI
selectors.

proper. After the calling subscriber has wipers of the " second " selectors JKL
lifted his receiver he is immediately con- serving the " 7000 v group of cCALLS
nected by a rotary line switch with a relay - subscribers' lines. The first dis-
controlled device known as a selector, engaged channel encountered is kos3:toaams, 4

which consists of a number of pairs of seized, and thus the connection 1/40

"
contacts arranged in arcs of circles, there is extended to the wiper of the
being ten pairs of contacts in each of ten " second " selector.
arcs of circles per selector. The arcs of the On receiving the impulses
RS
circles are placed one above another. In corresponding to the second Vfop,,
a position where it is able to make contact figure-" 2 "-the wiper of the ' 701 Mi09. ,ec)
With any one of the hundred pairs of con- " second " selector is raised to 4 e. -"f PHONE 0, co's;;S.

tacts is a " wiper " mounted on a spindle. the second or " 200 " level of -1` 01 i Ctn.'
The movements of this spindle are actuated lines and searches over this level
by electro-magnets controlled by relays, to find a disengaged channel
which in turn are actuated by the electrical leading to a wiper of a " final " dumber Ring.
impulses received from the dial switch. selector serving the 72nd group
of 100 subscribers' lines, namely,
Obtaining a Number the group " 7200-7299."
Celluloid Protector
and Label. -finger
The vertically -moving relay comes into On receiving the impulses top
action first, and the dialling of the first corresponding to the third
figure of the called number determines the figure " 9 "-of the number, Securing Ring fir Label. Finger Plate

level in the bank of contacts which will be the wiper of the " final " selector rises to Showing the dial of an automatic telephone.
searched for a suitable first connection. the ninth or " 90 " level of lines but does
Thus, if the desired number is 7294 (neg- not move horizontally until the impulses the case of the final selector the too rapid
lecting preliminary exchange designation from the last figure to be dialled-" 4 "- arrival of the final set of impulses may
for the sake of simplicity) the dialling of are received, whereupon the wiper is stepped completely upset its action in finding the
" 7 " actuates a " first " selector at the round to the fourth contact of the " 90 " correct vertical level.
exchange, and the wiper is raised vertically level, upon which terminates the called The factories assembling the dials are
until it is opposite the seventh or " 7000 " subscriber's line, namely, " 7294." equipped with a remarkably accurate test-
level of contacts. The wiper now sweeps When the subscribers hang up their ing and timing apparatus. There is even
automatically over the " 7000 " level, all a checking instru-
the contacts in which give access to the Case Assembly ment which deals
Case AntrIllfly. Dial fixing Lug ...Spring Set Assembly in milliseconds,
which each dial has
6p4se Wheel Spring Washer
to pass before being
passed for service.
Governor Ge.r Skopscree The relays and
Gwernor Cup
selectors must also
Brea& be tested and set
Mon Gar
for accurate timing
to conform with the
standard timing of
the dials. The
normal dial speed
provides for ten im-
pulses per second,
the length of each
Men break being 66.6
SP.* milliseconds, and
the length of each
make 33.3 milli-
Governor
seconds.
Cup 'Forked Step The type of dial
GoernOr switch " described
Geer Assembly, SWItC11.119 Lever
Governor Pivot Beams
was developed by
' Governor Gear Assembly Siemens Brothers
Go ernor PICot Beartn9. GovemceCuin Slipping Cam for the Post Office,
and has also been
Fenger Stop standardised by
Gaon many overseas ad-
What a subscriber would see if the dialling plate was removed. A rear view of the mechanism shown on the left. ministrations.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 397

(Left) Haughton Mill, Hunts, and (right) overshot wheel, Dartmoor.

THE invention of the water -wheel was very inefficient, and only suitable for tiny The tiny stream, which might disappear
the first great triumph of the streams. The millwheel was like a mush- in a dry summer, was dammed up and
mechanical mind, and by it millions room, the head of which-fitted with formed a mighty lake. A good example of
of poor slaves and humble working women paddles-revolved in the stream, while the this kind can be seen at Alresford (Hants),
were released from daily toil of the hardest stalk-or main shaft-passed upwards where a lake of 60 acres has been formed by
and most the con -
monoton- struction of
ous kind. a great
Before
this dis-
c o ve ry,
grinding
HOW WATERMILLS WORK dam 20 ft.
high, a n d
nearly 800
years old.
flour by An Interesting Article Dealing With Numerous Types of Below it
means of is a mill
small hand - Watermills, From the Earliest Type to the Present Day which is
mills was a still work-
daily task. ing and has
In Bible lands it fell to the women, but the through a hole in the lower millstone and never failed for water, though the stream is
Romans largely employed slave gangs. The was fixed which turned very small.
work was toilsome and very inefficient, with it. The Mill Leet
because the meal was often filled with bits A Modern Watermill
of grit. The flood peril was countered by the mill
Those who remember the story of Joseph Mills of this kind were used for a thousand leet, controlled by hatches and a tumbling
will recall that, when in prison, he foretold years, until superseded by the present type, weir. The usual method was to erect the
the execution of Pharaoh's baker, and it is in which the wheel is set at right angles to mill right across the stream and thereby
believed that this punishment was inflicted the stones and turns them by gearing. This raise the level of the river above the mill by
upon the unfortunate man because he had means that it is also set vertically to the 6 ft. or more. When the mill is working a
baked bread full of grits, and so had given stream, which makes it much more efficient, large part of the water is held back, since
his royal matter a raging toothache ! Some and it will be interesting to trace the various the whole stream cannot pass through the
of the mummy skulls of that period have types and the difficulties which had to be mill-wheel-except in the case of very small
the teeth badly worn down through masti- faced. brooks. The surplus falls over the " tum-
cating millstone grit. The first watermill Men who strive to harness natural forces, bling weir " into the mill leet, an artificial
was made in Greece about 85 B.C. It was whether of wind or water, find their greatest stream which flows into the main river
problem is in the wide variation of power Innom-11111111111111111MIC

available from week to week, month to

month, or even hour to hour.
Thus the wind miller would see his mill
made idle for weeks by prolonged calms,
and again shaken by gales which would do

POINTS OF INTEREST
There are Four Main Types of Water-
wheel: The Overshot, The Undershot, The
Breast, and The Turbine.
The First Watermill was Made in Greece
about 85 B.C.
Before the Discovery of the Watermill,
Grinding Flour by Means of Small Hand Mills
Similar to that Shown Overleaf was a Daily
Task.

a month's work in a day. The water miller

Cockethorpe Mill, Oxon.
likewise dreaded the droughts of summer
which might lay him idle for weeks or
months, and the rushing torrents and
mighty floods of winter which might sweep
the mill bodily away. Both these dangers
were countered probably before the Norman
Conquest, and the very name of, the Guys Cliffe Mill, Warwick, was mentioned in the
inventor is lost. Doomsday Book.
 398 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935

if 9
In bygone years there were floating mills impulse and gravity. The water is applied
on the Seine and Rhone in France, but the below the crest at the side of the wheel and
only place where I'have seen them during then flows under. To do this it is necessary
the last decade is on the River Danube. partly to enclose the wheel in a culvert, and
During a recent trip I counted more than much water is wasted by spilling over the
twenty of these interesting mills, most of culvert without driving the wheel.
them busily working.
The Pitchback Overshot
-Four Main Types There is another kind of Breast Wheel
1 We now come to the subject of the water- which is called the Pitchback Overshot, and
wheel itself. There are four main types, it differs from the Overshot because the
t the OVERSHOT, the UNDERSHOT, the BREAST water flows back and under instead of falling
-71
over the wheel. The Turbine is by far the
most effective type when there is a good
head of water, but is unsuitable for streams
having only a small drop.
This is because the whole of the water
working it must actually, pass through it, and
so where there is plenty of water but hardly
any fall the turbines would have to be
unmanageably large.
It is an ideal arrangement in moun-
tainous districts, where a comparatively
ocasosouraposish.---tua&kommum,

Westrnoor Mill.
again below the mill. The level of the
tumbling weir is carefully adjusted to give
the right head of water to work the mill, so
when the stream is low no water can pass
over the tumbling weir, and if further con-
trol is needed it is done by hatches which
also discharge into the mill beet. By these
clever ideas the tiniest stream can be made
serviceable, and large rivers are so con-
trolled that they no longer endanger the
structure of the mill. The earliest type of mill dates from first century B.C.
There remains the problem of large rivers,
too wide and deep to be held back by a mill and the TURBINE. As its name implies, the
the stream and yet swift enough Overshot Wheel is one in which the water
to turn a wheel. This was met by the clever is applied near the top of the wheel and falls
idea of the floating mill, which was held fast over with it. This type is used where the
by cables anchored to the bank and had one stream is small and the fall considerable.
or more wheels which were turned by the These wheels are often very large, and being
river as it flowed beneath. situated in deep dingles or rocky glens are
The original discovery was a good example usually very picturesque. It will be noted
of the idea that necessity is the mother of that they make use of both the impulse and
invention. When the Goths were besieging the weight of the water ; but they are much Showing an overshot mill.
Rome in A.D. 536 they intercepted the water less efficient than the turbine.
on the Trajan Aqueduct and so stopped the The Undershot Wheel is found on larger small stream falls for hundrecletar thousands
mills upon which the city depended for its and more sluggish streams, where the drop of feet. Under such conditions the water
daily bread. The people were in danger of is much less. The water is applied near the may attain a velocity of hundreds of miles
actual famine, when a clever man named bottom of the wheel and acts mainly by im- an hour at the outlet, and the jet may exert
Belisarius got the idea of fixing two boats pulse, and the speed of the stream is usually a pressure on the blades equal to one ton
in the river with a mill -wheel between them increased by leading it through a bricked per square inch for every inch of diameter of
and setting it to drive the stones. The plan channel which narrows as it nears the wheel. the spouting water. Such figures have
was a complete success, and the discomfited The Breast Wheel is a rare type, and is actually been recorded where the head is in
enemy soon retired. an attempt to combine the actions of the neighbourhood of 5,000 ft.

VINCENNES is a large wooded " jar - noon was almost exclusively an all -British
din " on the outskirts of Paris. Nor- THE INTERNATIONAL show of model flying and aerobatics. If
mally it is a picnic ground for tired anyone expected to see lace and frills
parents and lively children, who stream " COUPE DE FRANCE " round the wings of any of the French
thither from all parts of the capital town. models they were severely_ disappointed,
Recently a large proportion of this multi- Model Aircraft Competition held at as, for instance, a sailplane put up five
tude, together with many notables and Vincennes, Paris minutes duration before finally disappearing
dignitaries of France, went a little further altogether !
still, being guided by streamers across the In fact, the Wakefield cup contest will
roads, notices on trees and advertisements deter covetous French infants from see a very stout team from France. In-
to
in the Paris Press, to a large open space running off with the models ! cidentally, the Coupe De France drew
called the Champs des Manoeuvres, or the entrants from as far away as Japan !
Prizes were donated by such celebrities
Artillery range, to witness a model aircraft as the French Air Minister (other Air
competition. Ministers please note) and well-known full-
Generally speaking, in this country, if size aircraft designers, etc. What of the
you dare to fly a largish model in a London British team ? They did not bring home A STANDARD WORK
Park, or on common land in any part of the the Cup, but they did win the Air Minister's
country for that matter, a voice from the bronze plaque, a fine ashtray from Monsieur Newnes Encyclopedia of Popular
depths of a large person dressed in some- Henri Potez, designer of the well-known Mechanics, by F. J. Camm. 5/- or 5/6
thing like a bobby's uniform will growl "'ere, Potez war -aircraft, and a silver tiepin. by post from Geo. Newnes Ltd., 8/11
what's this ? " The Paris meeting was well But, what was better still, a violent Southampton Street, Strand, W.C.2.
organised, loudspeakers were used to thunderstorm at midday having completely
marshal and " class off " the entrants and eliminated most of the 200 models, the after-
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 399

TELEVISION MADE EASY By H. J. BARTON CHAPPLE, Wh.Sch., B.Sc., A.M.I.E.E.

THE conversion of the closing down of
the scene or object every radio transmitter
to be televised over a wide area. For
into a disintegrated example, if the London
but truly electrical National wavelength
signal representation was used as the carrier,
has now been covered the television signal
by embracing descrip- would extend from
tions of the most below 200 metres to
important mechanical nearly 500 metres on
and electrical scanners the assumption that
which have been de- it could accommodate
veloped for this specific the modulation. This,
purpose. It is now of course, is a prepos-
necessary, therefore, to terous state of affairs,
trace what happens and the solution has
before this generated led to the development
signal is converted into of quite a new radio
a modulated electro- technique, that is, the
magnetic wave radi- use of ultra -short
ated into space for waves (those below
reception on appro- a wavelength of
priately designed re- 10 metres). In recent
ceiving equipment. years these wave-
lengths have been
Complete Control employed for the trans-
Just as in the case mission of sound, but
of ordinary aural then it was unneces-
broadcasting, a num- sary to deal with such
ber of different studios high frequencies of
are required for the modulation, and it is
purpose of staging the Fig. 1.-Television control engineers watching a studio scene being televised and at the same time following
only the rapid develop-
separate items in the the script.
ment of television that
complete programme has lent to them such
service, so with television a similar state of records (a turn -table for this latter purpose a degree of importance and necessitated a
affairs must exist. Several studios, all is seen in Fig. 1), are fed direct to the thorough investigation into their peculiar
with separate scanners, become modulation amplifiers of the sound radio propagation characteristics.
necessary, and these must be linked by transmitter, and after passing through the` U.S.W. Peculiarities
" loaded " lines, capable of handling the transmitter itself are injected into feeders
vision signals without any amplitude or to be led to the aerial, where they are As an example we can take the very
frequency attenuation, to a central control radiated into space as an electro-magnetic extreme case of a wavelength of 5 metres
room. Here must exist an elaborate wave. (corresponding to a frequency of 60 million
arrangement of signal lines to give cues, Synonymous with this, the combined cycles per second), being fed with a positive
and, if necessary, telephonic instructions vision and synchronising signals pass from and negative modulation of ± 2 megacycles.
to the studios in connection with the the control room over loaded lines to the This carrier would then only spread from
timing and dovetailing of the televised modulation amplifiers associated with the 4.8387 to 5.1724 metres, so the reader will
items. At the same time the vision, sound vision radio transmitter. A particular see how readily this can be done without
and synchronising signals must be handled example of this, as used in the Baird instal- causing neighbouring interference.
(the first and last named are combined lation at the Crystal Palace, is seen in The main trouble associated with work
through the medium of injector valves Fig. 2. The meter panel behind shows the in this region is that the range over which
feeding the generated H.F. and L.F. pulses working conditions of the various amplifier these ultra -short wave signals can be
into the output from the vision signal valve stages, while in the foreground are the received with a service consistency of
amplifiers at the correct stage in their paralleled valve stages, and below this the adequate strength for operating receiving
process of magnification), so that they are power pack equipment shelf. After ampli- equipment appears to be very limited.
fed to the radio transmitter modulation They are prone to the shielding effects of
fication the signals then pass to the modu-
amplifiers at their proper amplitude levels. lator stage of the radio transmitter itself, steel buildings, high trees, changes in ground
Both line and radio cheek monitors, where they vary the amplitude of the contour (hills), and furthermore, do not
indicate to the engineers whether the generated carrier frequency to be fed appear to be reflected back to earth from
results are satisfactory, and where necessary ultimately to the transmitting aerial. the upper ionised layers surrounding the
adjustments can be made by fader and High Frequencies earth.
potentiometer controls. In addition, for Strictly speaking, therefore, the signals
television studio production it is advan- In the case of high -definition television do not extend much beyond the horizon,
tageous to have the control room located signals, owing to the degree of line dis- and it is for this reason that the trans-
in such a position that the scenes in the section of the picture and the number of mitting aerial must be located in the
studios can be watched by the one or more picture frames per second combined with highest possible situation, if the area to
producers, and some of the control engineers. the picture ratio, the frequency range be embraced is to be large. Assuming this
This aspect of the work is shown in Fig. 1, embraced is enormous, being of the order of is done, then a circle of radius between
where the sound section engineers, with a million cycles per second. A sound 25 to 35 miles has been given as the probable
part of their control equipment, are keeping broadcast radio transmitter, such as used service limit of the radiated signals. Quite
a close watch on the televised scene being by the B.B.C., is limited by European a lot has been written of late stating that
enacted in the studio below. An efficient convention to a sideband spread of 10,000 this rather small range of ultra -short waves
scheme of this nature does much to ensure cycles, so that it is impossible to use them is not correct, it being cited in support that
the best results and in any case, unified for television transmissions in their present signals have been received over distances
control must be a feature of any worth- state without an almost complete mutila- of 150 or more miles. This is perfectly
while television service. tion of the signal to a state of unrecognisa- true, but either the conditions of environ-
bility. ment have been of a very special character,
The Next Step Even assuming that such a radio trans- such as reception on a high mountain over
The sound signals, either from the studio mitter was designed to work on the medium an uninterrupted path, or alternatively the
microphones, cinema projector, sound heads or long wavebands, the sideband spread waves have been directed between two
or incidental music from gramophone would be so large that it would necessitate distant points by the simple expedient of
 400 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935

using well known directional antenna vided for potential- users of receiving mechanical scanners using discs, mirror
arrays. apparatus for looking in, this side of tele- drums, mirror screws, oscillating mirrors,
vision's problems must now give way to a and so on, gave exceedingly good results
Difficulties consideration of what happens at the receiv- without much difficulty, but the proposal
Communication between one or two ing end. It is here that the reader will make to use a minimum of 240 lines for the first
isolated points does not constitute a broad- practical and theoretical acquaintance with high -definition television service has com-
cast service over a given area, how- plicated matters for protagonists of
ever, and until further evidence is mechanical methods.
brought forward to substantiate the It must not be assumed that
protagonists of an anti -quasi -optical solutions to these difficulties will not
range for ultra -short waves the reader be forthcoming, and on many sides
can accept the radius figure of 25 the hope is expressed that they will
to 35 miles as being the correct one be found so as to extend the scope
for good signal reception. and work of the amateur constructor
Even then difficulties can arise who is waiting his chance to partici-
from hill shadows or screening, and pate in the new and fascinating hobby
this requires the receiving aerial to of television. At the moment, how-
be located as high as possible, that ever, the best results of high -definition
is, to all intents and purposes within television pictures have been obtained
sight of the transmitting aerial. As from the use of cathode-ray tubes, a
an example of the high location of device first suggested for this purpose
transmitting aerials reference can be nearly thirty years ago, when these
made to the two previously illustrated early inventors predicted the state
dipole aerials on the balcony of the of affairs which has only now come
Crystal Palace South Tower, with a to the first stage of fruition.
third high-powered broadcast type Cathode -Ray Tubes
aerial right on the Tower top.
Added to this, it has been found Cathode-ray tubes function through
that these ultra -short waves are the medium of an electronic bom-
prone to interference from the igni- bardment on a screen which causes
tion systems of motor -cars. No a varying degree of visible fluores-
doubt ere long, legislation will be cence. They have no standard shape,
introduced to make compulsory the but, in general, consist of a glass
fitting of suppressors to this part vessel having a conical body which
of motorcar equipment, although it terminates at the wide end in an
should be placed on record that almost fiat but circular and coated
many manufacturers are including surface, while at the taper end it
them as standard practice with the joins to a cylindrical tube in which
object of allowing car radio reception are accommodated the various elec-
to be indulged in. Provided one is Fig. 2.-An experimental form of modulation amplifier which trodes necessary for the tube's proper
situated about 50 yards from an " accepts" the vision signals from the control room and feeds them action. The top of the tube is the
arterial road or main thoroughfare, screen on which the images are built
to the ultra -short-wave transmitter.
however, no interference will be up, the chemical composition giving
experienced whether suppressors are fitted apparatus which in the majority of cases is the greyish white surface being sprayed or
or not. unfamiliar. " cemented " on the inside as a thin but
There are several forms which the uniform layer during the course of manu-
New Equipment equipment for reproducing the television facture. Tubes are available in 6k in., 10 in.,
Although there are many other points pictures can take, and controversy still and 12k in. diameters, and a choice of two
which, strictly speaking, merit description exists concerning the advantages and screen materials is possible. The first
in connection with the generation and disadvantages of both mechanical and renders a picture impression closely approxi-
propagation of the dual television and sound wholly electrical apparatus. Up to a limit mating to black and white, and the other
signals which constitute the service pro - of about 120 lines of picture dissection gives a sepia -toned picture.
BY a new air service which recently air fare has been fixed at £18. A
came into operation, Rome will be TO ROME IN EIGHT HOURS, first-class de -luxe boat -and -train journey
reached from London in less than nine FIFTY MINUTES from London to Rome, with sleeper from
hours, and Brindisi in eleven and three- Calais, costs just over £20.
quarter hours.
fifty hours to Brindisi, if the journey is
These times compare with approximately Its Purpose
forty hours to Rome, and approximately made by the fastest surface transport.
This new air service, This new service will carry passengers
operated by Im- and freight between London and Paris,
perial Airways with London and Rome, and London and
four - engined ex- Brindisi, and between Paris and Rome and
press air -liners, is Paris and Brindisi, and also from Marseilles
scheduled to con- to Rome and Marseilles to Brindisi. But
tinue until Septem- no traffic can be accepted between London
ber 30th. It will and Marseilles and Paris and Marseilles,
fly twice weekly in while traffic can only be accepted from
each direction, ser- Rome to Brindisi if it is booked to destina-
vices leaving Lon- tions beyond Brindisi on the Empire
don for Brindisi on routes.
Sundays and Thurs- This new service from London will over-
days, and from take the southbound Australia and Africa
Brindisi for London services at Brindisi, and the inward service
on Saturdays and from Brindisi will connect with the north-
Wednesdays. bound services from Africa, and certain
To fly to Rome Empire passengers may be carried.
by the new air route The facilities provided by the new service
will not only will also be taken advantage of in trans-
save approximately porting between London and Brindisi,
thirty hours, but certain outward -bound traffic for Australia
will be cheaper and certain traffic to and from the Union
than a similar de- of South Africa. But it should be emphasised
luxe journey by that the train link will still remain the
Showing the diminutive Hivac valves which are one of the features of our surface transport. Paris -Brindisi stage for the bulk of our
midget portable described on page 413 of this issue. The London -Rome Empire traffic.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 401

MASTERS OF MECHANICS
THE MECHANICS OF THE ANCIENTS
THE unknown inventor who devised the of a ship. The ship was being pushed The
first cutting implement and used it for away from the stocks by means screw of
fashioning materials into a desired of levers. Upon the King ex- Archimedes,
by means of
shape was undoubtedly one of the world's pressing admiration which water was
first mechanics. In the great civilisations at the ease with raised from a lower
which history records and which flourished which the levers did to a higher hoe!. The
Archimedean drill is based
at various eras in power and glory, their work, Archi- upon the same screw principle.
mechanical appliances were by no means medes is supposed
unknown. In the Scriptural account of the to have uttered his
building of the Ark evidences of consider- famous dictum :
able mechanical skill are disclosed. The " Give me but a
great Chinese civilisation which flourished place to stand on,
centuries before the rise of the Western and I could thus
nations acquired great mechanical powers. move the earth ! "
So also did the ancient Persians, who appear The science of
so prominently in the Biblical record. The mathematics, which
Greeks, the Arabians, and last, but not is in many ways inseparable from that of m poets' fables." One of Archimedes'
least, the Egyptians, were, in many respects, mechanics, received fresh additions from contrivances at this critical period was an
masters of mechanical arts. In the latter the work of Archimedes. It was Archi- arrangement of mirrors which directed the
instance one has but to consider the vast- medes who made the discovery concerning sun's rays on to the sails of the invading
ness of the Egyptian pyramids to realise the the ratio of the circumference of a circle to ships and which thus set them on fire.
great amount of engineering skill which its diameter, a ratio which we now univers- When at last Syracuse did succumb to the
must have been required to erect such ally designate by the Greek letter ir (Pi) invaders' attacks, Archimedes met his death
memorials. It was, indeed, only with the and which is equal to 22/7 or 3-1416. by the misdirected zeal of some Roman
The full extent of soldier. The slaying of this famous me-
Archimedes' me - chanician, it was said, caused great sorrow
chanical works will to the victorious Marcellus, who held him
never be known, for in great respect. Archimedes, therefore,
many of his writings was probably the first " martyr of science."
perished during the
period of the down- Euclid
fall of his civilisation. The inventive period of the pre -Christian
So far as it is possible era should not be passed over, particularly
to ascertain, how- on its mechanical side, without brief refer-
ever, Archimedes re- ence to the celebrated Euclid, that sworn
mained ignorant of and truly hated enemy of generations of
the tremendous innumerable schoolboys. Euclid lived from
power of steam. By about 340 B.C. to 260 B.C.-neither dates
means of his famous being certain. He was the first professor of
screw he was able mathematics in the University of Alexan-
Archimedes has been credited with the discovery of the lever. to raise water from dria, which had then been newly created
lower to higher levels, and endowed . by Ptolemy the Guardian,
rise of the Roman nation to power that but the notion of employing steam for water - King of the Egyptians, and it is probable
engineering and mechanical arts began to be raising purposes never dawned upon him. that he was well acquainted with Archi-
discouraged, the notion of the Romans Ancient history records Archimedes' medes, since the latter was a pupil at the
being that anything devised, constructed or prowess as a military engineer. For three , University of Alexandria. It was in the
otherwise wrought by the hands was menial long years he was able, by means of his latter world-famous centre of learning that
and undignified. mechanical catapults and other devices, to Euclid's " Elements " of geometry were
Although mechanical principles and arts repel the attacks which the great Roman written. Euclid, of course, did not discover
have been practised from the very beginning general, Marcellus, di-
of the human race, it was only during the rected against Syracuse.
ancient Greek civilisation, some 500 years It was declared, indeed,
before the birth of Christ, that mechanical that Archimedes " sur-
ideas first began to receive what we would passed all hundred -
now term " scientific " investigation. Among handed giants mentioned
the many names which stand out in the
records of this period, the greatest, perhaps,
is that of Archimedes. Archimedes was DOORS ATTACHED
born in 287 B.C. at Syracuse, a town in BRAZIER TO PIVOTED RODS
Sicily. It is said that he was related to
King Hiero of Syracuse. Be this as it may,
there is no doubt that the King encouraged
him greatly ¶n all his mechanical pursuits. AIR CHAMBER
His great powers of mechanical invention FLOOR
have formed the basis of many tales, per-
haps the most celebrated being that of his
discovery of the famous principle of specific CORD
gravity which bears his name. PULLEYS
The Discovery of the Lever LEVERS ATTACHED
TO PIVOTED RODS
Archimedes is the first engineer whom
history records. He has been credited with
the discovery of the lever, although this, no
doubt, is claiming too much on his behalf.
He certainly, however, made great use of BUCKET SINKS.AND Showing the working principle of Hero's
the principle of the lever in his inventions. EXPANDING AIR FORCES
PULLS CORD WHICH
method of opening doors by -xpansion of
The famous story runs to the effect that OPENS DOORS
OUT WATER,WHICH heated air.
Archimedes, in the presence of King Hiero FALLS INTO BUCKET
of Syracuse, was supervising the launching
 402 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
all the geometrical propositions which have of the famous " zeolipile," as the primitive toothed wheels, spur wheels and many other
been of such incalculable value to engineers steam engine which is inseparably asso- mechanical parts. They even appear to
of all ages. Many of them he merely codified ciated with his name is sometimes termed, have had some device very similar to our
and arranged in sequential order. was certainly the first to describe it clearly. present cylinder and piston. Hero describes
The greatest practical engineer and an apparatus for blowing a trumpet on the
mechanician of the period immediately Hero's " lEolipile " opening of a door, a device which would, of
preceding the Christian era was Hero (or Hero's " wolipile," or ball of Aolus, com- course, completely awe and mystify the
Hiero), who rose to the zenith of his fame prises a hollow metal sphere fitted with two Egyptian worshipping sects. Hero's trum-
at the University of Alexandria about the oppositely -projecting jets. The globe is free pet -blowing apparatus functioned by the
year 120 n.e. To Hero of Alexandria is to revolve on pivots consisting of two hollow opening door being caused to operate a
credited the first application of steam tubes communicating with a steam boiler series of rods, cords and pulleys, which
power, although, so far as we can tell, the underneath. Steam from the boiler fills the resulted in a hemispherical cup, to the
power of steam was known to the Egyptians sphere, and, in escaping through the jets, upper part of which a trumpet was attached,
centuries before Hero's birth. In such gives a " back push " to the sphere, thus sinking into a vessel of water. This caused
times, however, it was customary to keep causing it to revolve at a high speed, " as the water to compress the air in the cup and
all mechanical inventions and discoveries if," wrote Hero himself, " it were animated thus to force it through the trumpet,
close secrets. Such secrets were only re- from within by a living spirit." thereby creating sound. Hero also men-
vealed to the Egyptian high priests and Hero's book on " Pneumatics " shows us tions an apparatus for causing doors to
other workers of the so-called " mystic " that the ancients were acquainted with many open when a fire was lighted in a certain
arts. Hero of Alexandria, although he may fundamental mechanical principles. They place. Such was effected by the compres-
not have actually discovered the principle knew all about levers, beams, air conduits, sion of air and water by heat.

The complete Brown Tuner,

showing the control, trimmer
and wave -change
switch.
THE NEW BROWN TUNER
Interesting Details of a New Permeability Tuner Designed
to Cover the Broadcast Bands with Maximum Efficiency. It
is a Complete Unit, and Eliminates the Variable Condenser
each side measur- balancing out stray capacities, and this is
ing under three - controlled from the front by the small spindle
sixteenths of an projecting from the centre of the main tuning
inch. A paper dial. A slow-motion device is fitted into the
former is employed side of this dial and is intended for finger
upon which the operation, and it provides a clean, smooth
coils of enamel - movement. For wave -change purposes b,
covered wire are sliding bar is employed, and five separate
wound, and a very contacts are changed in the process of
special method of passing from the medium- to the long -wave
winding is em- bands. The ranges covered at present are
ployed, in which from 180 to 600 metres and from 800 to
full advantage is 2,000 metres.
taken of the nodal To obtain maximum, results from the
points of the coils, tuner it is necessary to observe certain
as this is produc- precautions. The front portion of the
tive of certain re- unit is of bakelite, and it is thus necessary
THERE have been many interesting sults when incorporated in a receiver. By to screen this efficiently to prevent erratic
schemes put forward for utilising the utilising this arrangement, and winding effects, although the rear portion of the
powder -iron core in tuning coils, and the coils in a certain, manner, it is claimed unit is of metal and may thus be earthed
we have seen some interesting types of coil that a much sharper tuner is obtainable by any simple method. A metal panel is
developed as a result of various trains of ,than has hitherto been thought possible, thus essential for the receiver incorporating
thought. The permeability tuner, in which without cutting side bands. The unit gives one of these tuners. Furthermore, the leads
the movement of the iron core affects the four times the separation which is at present from the tuner (no terminals are at present
inductance of the surrounding coil and so obtained by other arrangements, and it is fitted) must be kept reasonably short, and
carries out tuning without the necessity of claimed that even twenty times the present in certain cases it may be desirable to screen
a variable condenser, has been developed in separation is possible, with the result that some of them.
several patterns and some of these are still instead of requiring a separation between Further details concerning the tuner will
on the market. So far, however, a more or stations of 9 kcs, there will be no need to be given at a later date, when we have had
less standard type of coil has been used with have a greater separation than 1 ke. The an opportunity of thoroughly examining it
the iron core and thus the full advantage reasons for this will be explained when full and trying it in various circuits.
has not been taken of the benefits which this details of the coils are
core gives to the coil designer. released.
A Novel Idea The Tuning Arrange-
Mr. S. G. Brown, whose name is well ments
known in the radio world, has spent a great The control of induct-
deal of time experimenting with this tuning ance, or the tuning con-
scheme, and as a result of his experiments a trol, is carried out by
new tuner has been developed and is shown sliding the small iron
in the illustrations on this page. The actual cores in and out of the
coils used in the unit are incredibly minute, coils, and for that purpose
and may be seen in the interior view the cores are attached
arranged in two rows of six coils. The to small cross -bars which
complete tuner, by the way, measures about are fitted to small racks.
4+ in. long by 3f in. wide and is only an A pinion on the central
inch or so in depth, yet it incorporates the control spindle imparts
complete tuning system for an H.F. and to both sets of cores
detector stage, with wave -change switch- a similar and opposed
ing, slow-motion drive and also includes an movement, and thus each
inter -circuit trimmer. circuit is tuned. The
matching is accurately
The Actual Coils carried out by the manu-
The coils used in this tuner measure only facturers, but a small The interior of the tuner. Note the compact arrangement and
i in. in length and are of square section, trimmer is fitted for size of the coils.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 403

MAKING AND USING A SMALL

CHARGING
SET
An efficient and easily constructed
home-made charging station
If a cut-out is not fitted, then a field
switch and a series switch must be incor-
porated. It should be noted that, when
starting, have both switches open and the
battery connected up, and then close the
battery switch and then the field. When
stopping, open the field first, then the
series, and finally stop the dynamo. If the
machine is started without a battery con-
Fig. 1.-A photograph showing the front layout of the charging set. nected it will stall the motor, or, if this is
sufficiently powerful, the dynamo will burn
MANY readers have written for details field regulating resistance is used ; this out. Always start up with all the field
of circuits and materials necessary allows the output of the dynamo to be resistance in circuit, as this does not put
for making up a simple home charging controlled so that 2-, 4-, or 6 -volt batteries such a great strain on the belt.
station, and although different require- may be charged. The original field regulator A larger set was then made up and experi-
ments were laid down, the essentials were is a filament resistance of fairly heavy make, mented with, this being a 12 volt, 10 ampere
all very much the same. It must be cheap and is admirable for this purpose as it takes machine driven from a squirrel cage motor.
both in initial cost and when working, up very little space. The ampere meter The dynamo connections are the same, the
silent in operation and be semi -automatic, reads 0-10, and the voltmeter 0-12. Two only difference being in the starter for the
thus enabling it to be left for long periods cut-outs were tried, one for 12 v.olts and motor. The set originally ran as a belt -
without attention. An experimental switch- one for 6, they both worked excellently and driven one, the motor pulley giving a speed
board was set up on a fairly heavy prevented any damage to increase of 2 : 1, so that
base, complete with volt and ampere the battery or dynamo in VOLTMETER the dynamo ran at just
meters,' behind which was mounted a cases when the motor was under 2,000 revolutions.
small car dynamo and A.C. motor. The accidentally switched off. Unfortunately - this was
components were built for rather high, as the belt
experimenting, and CLAMP NUT AND slap caused the bench to
various speeds and drives BOLT vibrate, but the noise was
were tried. The results easily cured by placing a
of many hours experi- penny rubber under each
menting are given below, leg. Direct -drive has since
and readers who follow been installed and the
these notes can be sure differences in every re-
of obtaining satisfactory spect are astonishing. The
results. The various dynamo gives its full out-
sketches and photographs '14. put at a much lower
show the apparatus that FIELD COILS CUT-OUT speed, and hence belt slap,
was used during the ex- vibration, etc., are all
periments. AMMETER eliminated. Line up the
The dynamo used was motor and dynamo care-
a small 6 volt, 5 ampere SHEET fully on a heavy wooden
machine, and was fitted 0 base and pack either
BRASS TERMINALS
with ball -bearings, a third machine until the shaft
brush, and a large pulley Fig. 2.-Details of the hose -coupling clamp. Fig. 3.-An ordinary circuit for a shunt dynamo. heights are the same, spot
for a V -belt drive. The the holes for the fixing
motors to 'laud varied from converted car The series switch and volt -meter switch are bolts, remove the machines, and drill the
dynamos to large squirrel cage machines. really unnecessary, but were fitted so as to holes for substantial bolts. Although it
One of the series -commutator type was obtain almost every possible running con- may sound rather incredible, the whole
selected, because they are fairly common, dition (see Figs. 3 and 4). A sketch of a of the power is transmitted through a 3 -in.
and it had a pulley suitable for a f -in. round clamp is shown in Fig. 2. length of garden hose, with speeds up to
leather belt. The original dynamo pulley
was dispensed with, and a smaller one turned
from a piece of hard wood and grooved for
the belting. When the machines were
mounted and started for the first time, the
speed was so high that the whole apparatus
seemed likely to leap off the bench on to the
floor, but on loading up the dynamo the
voltage rose to 10 and the current to 8
amperes, and consequently both machines
overheated, and had to be closed down after
half an hour. The obvious solution was to
turn a large pulley, and one 5 in. in diameter
was made and fitted ; this allowed the
plant to run at the best speed with the
dynamo giving 6 amperes and not over-
heating (see Figs. 1 and 6).
The Circuit
The circuit used is almost identical to
that used on a motor car, except that a Fig. 4.-A further view of the charging set.
 404 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
cases, as a shunt machine will not build up
with a low external resistance. If a large DYNAMO AND REGULATOR
resistance is placed in series with the
lamps and connected with a shorting switch,
then the dynamo will cut in every time,
but if the shorting switch is immediately
closed, the load will probably stall the
machine or it may run slowly, giving an
output of only a few watts. Regulation of
the field strength does not help very much,
as the voltage rise is almost instantaneous.
Three 12 -watt lamps were wired up so as to
overload the dynamo. They were con-
nected up as a permanent installation, each
being complete with a switch and about
5 yd. of double cable ; this represents the
Fig. 5.-The cut-out connections. working conditions of a small direct plant.
The out -out is arranged to short circuit a
3,000 revolutions and powers to h.p.
series resistance of about 25 ohms (see
The hose is pushed on to the shaft for Fig. 5). When starting the machine all
the lamps are switched on with all the field
l in. and secured by a clamp (see Fig. 2),
the distance between the shaft ends and resistance in circuit, and on watching the
the free hose being not more than 1 in. voltmeter the voltage immediately begins Fig. 7.-The connections for a lighting dynamo.
This must be allowed for when aligning the to rise and the needle slowly goes over to
8.5 volts.
machines. The best tubing to use is the the 25 -ohmAt this point the cut-out shorts
resistance, bringing the load on out works as before, so that for the next
corrugated anti -kink variety. start it is only necessary to switch the
Another machine was driven through a to the 6, dynamo and the voltage drops to
motor on, and the lamps then come on
flexible joint similar to that on a motor about
field
and remains constant. Adjust the
resistance until about 6 amperes are automatically. With a set driven from
car, the material being two thicknesses of
old inner tube, but this dynamo had an passing ; the lamps will then be burning
normally, and the voltage across
a small petrol engine used for other pur-
the poses, so that the lights are only needed
output of 150 watts at 1,500 volts, and ran dynamo stand at 7.5. at night, then it will be necessary to have
at 3,000 revolutions from a series motor. a switch in the shunt circuit. If a filament
Twice through faulty condensers the Working the Machine resistance is used here, then it can be
dynamo has been virtually shorted and the Once the machine is running steadily, turned to the off position, and will have to
motor stalled, but the drive still remains two lamps may be
perfect. switched out with
very little voltage
Running a Dynamo without a Battery ohange, which, of
Many readers have asked how to run a course, can be cor-
dynamo without a battery, having found rected by the field
to their sorrow that disastrous happenings regulator. If all
occur when it is removed. It is a well- three lamps are
known fact that when a dynamo of this switched out the
type is run without a battery, the dynamo dynamo will stall
voltage rises and generally stops the motor, the motor. A set
or if the power is sufficient to drive the like this would
dynamo, then it burns out. It was to solve prove ideal for
this problem that the following experiments workshop lighting
were undertaken. The same apparatus as the dynamo
was used as before, namely, the 6 volt, would only be
5 ampere dynamo and the series motor. switched on when
Arrange the dynamo with the external cir- the lamps were
cuit complete and all connected up ; the needed. In closing
load should approximately equal the out- down, the motor is
switched off with
put of the machine; in this case two 12 -watt
lamps were used. On starting up nothing the lamps still
happens, except in rather exceptional burning, the cut -

Fig. 6.-A rear view of the charging set.

4)
be re -adjusted when next the machine is
started.
If the dynamo is wanted for plating and
other purposes, it must be run on a balanced
load, that is to say, with a variable resis-
tance in series with the bath. With a
large machine, however, it may be necessary
to have several lamps in parallel, as well as
the plating. One large variable resistance
would serve instead of the lamps, and the
voltage and current could be adjusted to
suit any special requirements. The great
advantages of running a direct lighting
plant is that there are no batteries to
keep charged ; thus the machine is only
#1.7: 6 Anfo /0.i!
SATs -A -Riga eve. 8Arre-Ries running when the lamps are needed, and
the voltage can be so adjusted that the
resistance and voltage drop in the circuits
hig. 8.-Gene al arrangement of a home charging station. is negligible.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 405

A MINIATURE ELECTRIC
MOTOR
This Easily -made Working Model is built Round the Balance Wheel of an Alarm
Clock. It Runs at About 1,000 r.p.m., and the Supply is by means of a 4 -volt
Flashlamp Battery.
THIS novel form of electric motor, which between the washers is in., and
can be made in a couple of hours, runs the end washers are in. from the
at high speed when connected to an ends of the magnet. The ends of
ordinary flash -lamp battery. the magnet must be filed flat
Many interesting models have had their and square, and to do this
origin in the junk box, and the tiny motor bind each end tightly
shown in the accompanying illustrations is with copper wire and
no exception, as the chief part, the arma- use a fine cut file.

The finished motor,

made from the balance
wheel of an old alarm
clock.
The wire " brushes" should be inclined
towards the spindle so that they press
k lightly against the contact pin when the
revolves. It is also necessary to
The magnet is wound with rotor
Figs. 1 to 3.-Side, No. 30 gauge enamelled wire, 3 yd. slightly bend the top end of each wire so
end and plan views being wound on each coil. After that the pin just makes contact as the iron
of the miniature winding one coil, the other one is discs approach the ends of the magnet.
electric motor, wound in the reverse direction, as Contact must be broken the moment the
designed round the indicated at C, Fig. 4. A few inches discs come opposite the magnet ends.
balance wheel of an of wire should be left at the starting Final Adjustments
old alarm clock. and finishing ends of the winding On connecting up to a flash -lamp battery
for connecting -up purposes. the little motor will run at a fast rate after
A thin strip of oak is used for clamping the necessary adjustments to the wire
the magnet in place, a hole being bored " brushes " have been made. A touch of
through the centre of the wood to take avery fine machine oil should be applied to
fin. round -headed wood screw which is
tore, is a balance wheel taken from the the ends of the rotor spindle before starting
driven into the block, B. Before tightening
works of a discarded alarm clock. the screw the magnet must be adjusted so upAs the motor.
an alternative to using a balance
Preparing the Rotor that its ends clear the soft iron discs on the
rotor by about A in. The smaller this wheel for the rotor, a strip of tinplate with
To prepare the armature, or rotor, two space the better, provided, of course, that a soft iron disc soldered to each end would
soft iron discs are sweated to the side of the the parts do not touch when the rotor answer the purpose. A piece of steel
rim of the wheel at the ends of the two revolves. knitting needle of the required length, with
radial arms, as shown at A in Figs. 1, 2 and 3. both ends filed to a point, will do for the
These discs are A in. diam., and were cut Making the Connections spindle. Drill a hole in the centre of the
with a hacksaw from the shank of a wood - The circuit diagram is given in Fig. 6, tinplate strip, put it on the spindle, and
screw. They are filed to a thickness of Q.,- in. from which it will be seen that the wire from solder it in place after making adjustments
before being sweated in place. one magnet coil is connected to one of the so that the whole runs truly when placed
The bearing plates are cut from a strip of between the bearings.
22 gauge sheet brass to the sizes given in screws near the front corner of the base-
The wire from the other coil is
Fig. 4, and two holes are drilled in each to board. Concealing the Battery
take small brass round -headed screws. connected to one of the screws at the foot The battery could be conveniently con-
Near the top end of each bearing a deep of the L-shaped bearing plate. The two
" brushes," with which the small pin on the cealed by mounting the motor on a hollow
centre -punch mark is made to take the rotor makes contact, consist of pieces of plinth in the form of a box, so- arranged
pointed ends of the armature spindle. No. 28 gauge bare copper wire, clamped that the battery lies flat within it. Suitable
The supporting block, B, is a piece of connections could be made through the
fin. square wood l in. long, and is fixed under the heads of two screws near the top of the box to the screw terminals on
to the baseboard with two countersunk rotor. A wire from one of these screws is
connected to another screw near the front the baseboari, and a small switch could be
screws driven in from underneath. corner of the baseboard, as indicated in fitted to the side of the box.
The short bearing plate is screwed to the Fig. 6. By having two brushes connected This type of motor, which gives very little
block, B, while the longer plate is bent at as shown, power, is only intended to demonstrate
right angles and screwed to the base, as given to thetwo impulses per revolution are
rotor. the principle of electro-
shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The distance magnetic attraction,
between these plates must be such that the as applied to large
rotor revolves easily when the pointed ends electric motors.
of the spindle engage in the centre -punched
holes made to receive them.
Fig. 4.-(Left) Details
0 0
The Magnet of magnet and direction 0
The magnet consists of eight pieces of of winding. Fig. 5.-
(Right) Bearing plates. 0
16 gauge soft iron wire 2; in. long, each bent
to a horseshoe shape and then bunched Fig.6.-(Extreme right). 0
together. The ends of the magnet must be Diagram of connections.
the same distance apart as the soft iron 0
discs, A, A, on the rotor. Two brass washers, To
about I in. diam., are slipped on to each Battery
magnet limb to form the cheeks for the
coils, as shown in Fig. 4. The distance Fig. 4. Fig. 6.
 406
Showing the gyro compass.
HAVE you ever noticed, when studying
the attractive programmes of the
various cruising ships, that they are Mediterranean, and seldom dared to pass
all planned to run to time like a train ?
The date and hour of arrival is given for(Straits of Gibraltar) into the unknown
every port, and in spite of contrary winds,
gales and fog it is rare for a British ship to
fail to keep to her schedule.
Still more wonderful is the
way in which the navigator
can steer his ship over
thousands of miles of track-
less ocean, and after being
out of sight of land for days,
or even weeks, pick up a tiny
speck of land no bigger than
the Isle of Wight !
Speak of it to a ship's
officer and he will reply,
" Oh, it's quite easy ; it's
only a matter of navigation,"
and probably most ocean
travellers treat it as a matter
of course. If, however, we
are permitted to go on the
bridge and study the amazing
instruments which the scien-
tific knowledge and inventive
genius of many clever men
have placed at the disposal of
the modern seaman, we shall
understand, as never before,
what a background of scien-
tific theory and practice lies
behind the safety, comfort
and punctuality of the Showing the Hudson patent dead beat compass.
modern liner.
Early Navigators
If we go back a couple of thousand years, Sicily, which did not involve being out of
when there were neither charts nor com- sight of land for long. During this time they
passes, we shall find that the early navi- used the sun by day and the stars by night to
A sectional view a gyro
compass.
NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS
MECHANICS OF
AVIGeilTION
The Wonders of Modern Navigational
Science, with a Brief Description of Some
of the Early Types of Sea Travel Devices
gators steered their frail craft from headland
to headland as they skirted the coast of the
beyond the dreaded Pillars of Hercules
terrors of the outer ocean.
It is true that they sometimes ven-
tured out of sight of land when cross -
ing the Mediterranean from north to south,
but the usual course was rid Malta from
ST C been several women on board the colony
The complete
gyro compass,
June, 1935
Consulting the magnetic compass.
guide their course, and were cheered by the
knowledge- that the sea was landlocked, so
that they must presently reach the shore.
Even then, when the sky was overcast for
several days and nights, their peril and
terror were very great, as we can learn
from the graphic description of St. Paul's
shipwreck in the Book of Acts.
So far as the outer ocean is concerned, it
is certain that most of the early voyagers
who were blown out to sea were lost, never
to return. Sometimes a ship reached an
undiscovered land and her crew remained
there ; more often they perished in the track-
less wastes of ocean. There were some
romantic happenings in those early days.
Thus in 1344 an Englishman named Robert
Machin eloped from Bristol in a small boat
with Anna Harford, and being caught in a
tempest was driven for many days out of
sight of land, and finally was cast up on the
coast of Madeira, where he and his wife
subsequently died. It is supposed that
they were buried by other members of the
crew, and an altar and cross were placed on
the spot and it was named Machico after
them. The island was uninhabited when
they reached it, and was again uninhabited
when discovered by. the Portuguese nearly a
hundred years afterwards. If there had
might have become populated and British.
In the same way Danish sea -rovers were
storm -driven from near Iceland to the main-
land of North America, and a canoe -load of
South Sea Islanders was cast by a tempest
on the coast of New Zealand and became
the founders of the Maori race.
Early Sea Travel Devices
Perhaps the earliest sea travel devices
were the log and the lead, both of which-in
a vastly improved form-are in use to -day.
The first log was exactly what its name
implies-a small log of wood attached to a
length of line. It was heaved overboard,
and (care being taken to keep the line slack)
remained where it fell, while the ship -sailed
on. The time it dropped was carefully
noted, and when the end of the line was
reached it is clear that the ship had travelled
a distance equal to the length paid out, and
from this her speed could be calculated.
The unit of nautical measurement is the
" knot " (6,050 ft.), which probably took
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 407

ainimmumemmimmaimi remarkable examples of scientific seaman- magnetic compass which enters the harbour.
ship are to be found. Let us begin with the This fault of the magnetic principle has been
compasses, of which modern ships carry overcome in a wonderful way by the inven-
two. The old form, or magnetic compass, tion of the Gyro Repeater Compass. It is
works- on the known principle that the based on the known scientific fact that an
magnetic needle points to the north. In object which is spinning at a very high
steel ships elaborate corrections are made speed will set its axis parallel to that of the
to check errors which would otherwise be earth. We see an illustration of this in the
caused. Large masses of steel in the ship toy known as the gyroscope top, and the
would deflect the needle to a greater or less advantage of the principle is that being non-
extent, and each compass is set right on its magnetic it is not affected by those forces
own ship. This is done by small balls or which destroy the efficiency of the magnetic
pieces of soft iron placed near to counteract compass.
the pull of the ship's metalwork. The A modern Gyro Compass has a wheel
modern magnetic compass is not a needle, weighing about 4+ lb. and rotates by means
but a card with magnets underneath, which of an electric motor at the giddy speed of
swings in a fixed bowl. The bowl turns as from 14,000 to 16,000 revs. per minute.
the ship swings, leaving the card always The " Zero Hour " for the navigator is

A direction finding wireless cage.

its name from the knot at the end of the
early log lines, and the speed and distance
travelled were entered in the log book, as
they are to -day. There is, of course, a
possible error in this method, owing to sea
currents, which may be with, against or
across the ship's course ; the speed of such is
given in modern charts and can be allowed
for.
The modern log is a marvel of ingenuity.
It is like a motor -car speedometer and
mileage recorder and works in the same
way. We know that if we place a screw -
propeller behind a boat and cause it to
revolve, the boat will be driven forward at a
certain speed ; and if we tow a small pro-
peller of similar pitch behind a boat it will Showing the apparatus used for " shooting" the sun.
revolve at the same speed, providing of
course the boat is going at the same pace.
This propeller is attached to a long stiff pointing north. But the magnetic compass noon, when he shoots the sun with a sextant.
cord and turns the mechanism in the same cannot be used beyond lat. 70 N., and errors By noon is meant noon at the place where
are caused by masses of magnetic or iron- he is. One calculation of meridian altitude
way as the speedometer drive of a car. stone rock in other places. gives the latitude, and longitude can be
The Lead The Gyro Repeater Compass obtained by two shots, providing that the
This is another instrument which has difference between the sun's bearing at first
been improved out of recognition during Rio The beautiful Sugar Loaf Mountain in and second shot is 20 degrees or more.
recent years. Originally it was a piece of Harbour upsets the working of every We show on the previous page a vertical
lead weighing 7 lb. attached to a line, and section of the gyro compass. B is the case
having a hollow in the bottom filled with carrying the gyro bearings and is, supported
tallow which would pick up material from by a vertical spindle ST below the float S.
the sea floor. This is often a useful guide to K is a circular bowl full of mercury in which
a mariner : it is said that a North Sea fisher- the metal ring, etc., floats. R is the com-
man can tell his position to within ten miles pass card rigidly attached to the system.
from examining a sample brought up by the The gyro axis is under the north and south
lead. The leadsman stands near the bow of line of the card. Position can be calculated
the ship, swings the lead twice round his from the fixed stars by using the sextant
head, and hurls it forward as far as he can ; in a similar way. Longitude can also be
other seamen stationed behind him along ascertained by means of the chronometer.
the side of the ship pay out the line till This is a very accurate clock, set to Green-
bottom is touched, and the depth can be wich mean time. When the navigator
quickly seen from the pieces of bunting shoots the sun at noon he also consults the
placed at known intervals along the line. It chronometer. If it also registered 12 noon
is obvious that there is a risk of considerable the longitude would require no calculation,
error with the lead, because it only gives an as he would know he was on the Greenwich
accurate reading when vertical, and either line, but if the chronometer should be fast
the ship's motion or currents may cause it or slow it is a matter of calculation to find
to strike bottom in a slanting position. The the longitude from the time registered.
modern scientific lead indicates depth by A recent and valuable aid to the navi-
the pressure of water registered there, and gator when cloud obscures the sky or fog
so is always accurate. The lead is useful in blots out everything is the " Direction Find-
uncharted waters to prevent running ing Wireless Cage." This is a wireless
aground, and can be used to check position receiver something like a bird -cage, which
by comparing soundings with depths shown by the varying intensity of signals received
on charts. from different sending stations enables
But it is up on the bridge that the most Details of the engine room telegraph. position to be calculated.
 408 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935

THE ORIgIN OF
An Article of Historical Interest, Dealing
the Conditions Under
genic drawing," as Fox Talbot termed it, no undoubtedly Joseph Nicephore Niepce,
longer exist. who discovered-no one knows how-that
The world's earliest photograph is little bitumen of Judea, a golden -yellow or brown
bigger than a postage stamp. It was taken pitch -like substance, found, originally, on
by means of a spectacle lens fitted into a the shores of the Dead Sea, possesses the
crudely made camera and the exposure property of becoming insoluble in oils after
required for its taking lasted several hours. it has been exposed to light.
Although, as we have just seen, the Working on this discovery, Niepce
British pioneer, Fox Talbot, was the first dissolved purified bitumen of Judea in oil
to take photographs on paper, he was not of lavender and poured the bitumen
the first experimenter in photography. At solution on to a metal plate. It dried
the beginning of the nineteenth century, quickly, covering the surface of the plate
and even before that time, several workers with a thin brown layer. The bitumen -
(including the famous Sir Humphry Davy, coated plate was then placed in a camera
the inventor of the miner's safety lamp and and exposed on
the discoverer of several chemical elements) an object in bright
Joseph Nicephore Niepce, 1765-1833. made several attempts to obtain representa- sunlight for several
tions of images cast by light on paper, wood, hours. The plate
THE invention of photography is leather, silk and other surfaces. A scientific was then removed
usually ascribed to the French artist tradition asserts that as far back as 1780 from the camera,
and scenic painter, Louis Jacques
Mande Daguerre, who, on January 9th,
1839, first communicated to the French An early camera.
Academy of Sciences full details of his It comprises two
process of taking pictures upon sensitised boxes, one sliding
silvered copper plates. It is seldom, how- into the other, and
ever, that the practical working out of any it took a picture
basic scientific idea is due to the workings 5 in, square.
of one individual. Photography was no
exception to this rule either. Three names
stand at the beginnings of photography.
They are Joseph Nicephore Niepce, Louis
J. M. Daguerre and William Henry Fox
Talbot. The two former individuals were
French, the latter being an Englishman.
Although Fox Talbot was not the first
individual to conceive the idea of making
pictures by the agency of light, he was,
nevertheless, the first to make any practical
success of his attempts. This year is the
centenary of the taking of the earliest
photograph which has survived the lapse
of time. It was made by Fox Talbot in the
summer of 1835, and it depicts a view of an
oriel window at Laycock Abbey, Fox
Talbot's home. This is the very earliest
photograph on paper which the world
possesses. Previously-in 1834-Fox
Talbot had made some successful attempts agraphic
certain Professor Charles obtained photo- placed in a dish and oil of lavender poured
at photography, but these essays in " photo - of papersilhouettes by coating a large sheet gently over it. The lavender oil dissolved
with silver nitrate and, by means away the bitumen which had not been light -
of a strong ray of light, throwing the shadows impressed. In this way Niepce succeeded
of his students' heads on to it. If this asser- in obtaining an image traced in bitumen
tion is correct, then Professor Charles was upon the metal plate.
certainly the first to Make an outline photo- Niepce went even farther than this. He
graphic image. However, much controversy treated his metal plates carrying bitumen
has taken place over these celebrated images with etching fluids, and thus suc-
" Chrles' Silhouettes," and it is doubtful ceeded in actually engraving the metal with
whether they were ever produced at all. a replica of the image. Such plates he
Another individual who is supposed to termed " heliographs," or sun -drawings, and
have produced early photographs is Thomas he is known to have shown examples of such
Wedgwood, a son of the famous potter of heliographs to his acquaintances as early as
that name. All that Wedgwood did, how- the year 1826: Of Niepce's heliographs,
ever, was to obtain photographic outlines the earliest now extant is a copy of an
by coating a sheet of paper with silver salts, engraving of Cardinal Amboise, which is
and, after laying a leaf or some other dated February, 1827. As an example of
opaque object upon it, then exposing it to the very earliest photographic engraving
light. In this way the portions of the paper and the parent of all photographic repro-
exposed to light darkened, leaving an ductions, it is a perfect masterpiece of
imprint of the leaf on the paper. Wedg- technique.
wood, however, despite all efforts, was quite It was about this time that Daguerre
unable to fix his images. Consequently, no began his investigations in photography.
examples of his work have remained for us Daguerre heard that Niepce had been
to examine. successful in producing permanent images
Joseph Nicephore Niepce
by means of the agency of light and he
suggested the formation of a partnership
The first individual to take up the task with Niepce, each of the parties to go on
Louis J. M. Daguerre, 1787-1851. of producing photographic images was working in his own particular line but, at
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 409

THOTOgRAPHY
With the First Photographs Ever Made and
Which They Were Taken
the same time, agreeing to communicate At last the culprit was discovered. It was
to the other the results of his experiments. a dish of mercury whose vapour had acted
Eventually the proposed partnership was upon the exposed iodised plate and had, by
entered into. Daguerre, however, was attaching itself to the very faint image on
guilty of very sharp practice. Not only the exposed plate, built up the image with
did he take Niepee's results and withhold great clearness.
his own, but, also, when his work was made Thus came the daguerreotype photo-
public, he took the whole of the credit. graph into being. The first daguerreotypes
Nicephore Niepoe died in 1833 and were made by Daguerre in 1837, but the
Daguerre formed another partnership with process was not commercially undertaken
Niepce's son, Isidore, four years later. until 1839. The French Government made
Daguerre had, in the interim, accidentally Daguerre an officer of the Legion of Honour
discovered another photographio method. and it also awarded him a large pension on
It was the celebrated " daguerreotype "
process which took the civilised world with
such storm in the 'forties of the last century.
The Daguerreotype Process
This was based upon the fact that when Henry Fox Talbot, 1800-1877.
a highly polished silver or silvered copper
plate is exposed under carefully controlled and to grant licences for its practice. Such
conditions to the vapour of iodine, an was the character of the man.
exceedingly thin deposit of silver iodide is " Photogenic " Drawing
formed on its surface. Silver iodide is
light-sensitive, and Daguerre found that 3 Curiously enough, with the announce-
when lie exposed his iodised plates in a ment of Daguerre's discovery came also that
camera for several hours a very faint of Fox Talbot's process of " photogenic
shadowy representation of the object was drawing." Daguerre's photographs were
produced on them. The photographic produced on silvered copper plates and for
representation was faithful and accurate each exposure made in the camera only one
enough, the main trouble being that it was picture could be taken. Fox Talbot, how-
too faint and shadowy to be of any practical ever, gave to the world the negative by
use. means of which an indefinite number of
It was at this juncture that Daguerre pictures could be printed. Fox Talbot
wade an accidental discovery of the greatest called his pictures Calotypes," a term
magnitude. Chancing to look upon some which signifies " beautiful pictures." Sub-
exposed iodised plates which had been put sequently, photographs on paper taken by
away in a cupboard as being useless, he Fox Talbot's method became known as
was amazed to find on them a perfectly " Talbotypes."
strong and clear image. Since the image Fox Talbot's method was simple enough
had not been present when the exposed A " heliograph" print made by Niepce from an and it had, also, the advantage of being
plates were put away in the cupboard, it engraving of Cardinal Amboise, relatively inexpensive. Paper was soaked
became evident to Daguerre that the vapour in a weak solution of common salt and then
of one or more of the many chemicals which the condition that he gave his daguerreo- dried. Subsequently, one side of the paper
were stored in the cupboard must have been type process and, also, any improvements was brushed over with a solution of silver
responsible for bringing -out, or " develop- which he made in it, freely and unre- nitrate and again dried. If the paper was
ing,' as it afterwards came to be termed, strictedly to the world. One of Daguerre's required to be extra sensitive, this process
the image on the plate. Daguerre at once first actions, after receiving the above was repeated two or three times. Paper
began a long series of experiments, placing awards, was to patent his process in England prepared in this manner, as we have
exposed iodised plates in his already noticed, when exposed in
cupboard, and on each occasion the camera for a sufficient length
withdrawing some of the chemicals. of time, showed a clear image

(Left).-First photograph made on paper. bad. view of an oriel a ixdow at

Layrock Abbey. Wilts.-taken by Fox Tcbot in the summer of 1835. Th s
Year constitutes the centenary of its production. (Above). --The worl 1,s first
daguerreotype photograph. Made by Daguerre in 1837. (Right).-The first
portrait ever made by Photography. A photograph of Miss Dorothy C. Draper
taken in 1839 by her brother, Prof. 1. W. Draper. of New York University.
 410 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
of the object focused by the camera fessor Draper had long been interested in exposure was a successful one. It was
lens. By combining gallic acid with the the chemical effects of light. Thus, when made on a Daguerreotype plate and; fortu-
silver nitrate used for coating the paper, Daguerre announced his discovery, Pro- nately, it has been preserved for future
Fox Talbot succeeded in increasing the fessor Draper at once began to put his generations to examine.
light -sensitivity of his papers very much method into practice. He and Professor
indeed. This was especially the case when Morse (the originator of the Morse code) A Remarkable Prophecy
the paper was exposed in the camera in a built a little photographic laboratory and It would, perhaps, be of interest to bring
moist condition. Fox Talbot also worked studio on the roof of the university and here this article to a conclusion by a reference
out a method of developing his pictures by they began their first photographic experi- to a most remarkable prophecy which was
immersing the exposed paper in a warm ments. They constructed a camera out of written years before photography was ever
solution of gallo-nitrate of silver. a cigar box and a spectacle lens and with thought of. In 1760, a Frenchman,
For six years Fox Talbot kept his process this primitive instrument they were suc- Tiphaigne de la Roche by name, published
a secret, working on it at all available cessful in taking photographs of a distant a light imaginative novel which he entitled
opportunities and perfecting it in every way spire, a brick wall and other similar objects. " Giphantie." In this romance, the hero is
possible. Hearing, in January, 1839, the guided through a strange land inhabited by
announcement of Daguerre's discovery, he strange people. He enters a room which is
immediately divulged his own process, and, panelled with large pictures. The pictures
on January 25th, 1839, the great Michael are extraordinarily lifelike. In modern
Faraday, then Professor at the Royal language we would call them photographs.
Institution, described the Fox Talbot The hero at once demands an explanation
method of " photogenic drawing " to the of their production. And the following is
assembled members of that great body. what is written-in the year 1760 :-
Note that neither Fox Talbot nor " You know," the guide remarks, " that
Daguerre used the word " photography " rays of light reflected from different bodies
to describe their processes. As a matter of make a picture and paint the bodies upon
fact, this word was first put forward by all polished surfaces, on the retina of the
Sir John Herschel. Incidentally, it was eye, for instance, on water, on glass. The
this scientist who first suggested the use of elementary spirits have studied to fix these
the now generally used " hypo " as a photo- transient images : they have composed a
graphic fixer. Previously photographs had most subtle matter, very viscous and very
been fixed by immersing them in a strong proper to harden and dry, by the help of
solution of common salt. which a picture is made in the twinkle of an
After the Talbotype and the Daguerreo- eye. They do over with this matter a piece
type, came the " glass positive." Such, of canvas and hold it before the objects they
usually, are the neat little pictures which have a mind to paint. The first effect of the
are still to be found in a large number of canvas is that of a mirror ; there are seen
households and which are often erroneously upon it all the bodies far and near whose
termed Daguerreotypes. The glass positive image the light can transmit. But what
was the invention of an Englishman, the glass cannot do, the canvas, by means
Frederick Scott Archer. In these photo- of the viscous matter, retains the images.
graphs the sensitive silver salts are con- The mirror shows the objects exactly, but
tained in a film of collodion and coated upon keeps none ; the canvas shows them with
the surface of glass. It was not until years the same exactness and retains them all.
after that Dr. R. L. Maddox, of Southamp- " This impression of the images is made
ton, introduced the first gelatine -coated The apparatus used by Nicephore Niepce for his early
Work in photography. the first instant they are received on the
dry plate and so laid the foundations of canvas, which is immediately carried away
modern photography. Using an improved camera containing a into some dark place. An hour after the
properly constructed lens some 5 in. in subtle matter dries and you have a picture
The First Human Portrait diameter, Professor Draper, towards the so much the more valuable as it cannot be
Curiously enough, although Fox Talbot, end of 1839, made, as we have noted before, imitated by art nor damaged by time."
Niepce and Daguerre were the three the first portrait photograph in the world. A more accurate or amazing scientific
originators of practical photography, not This was a portrait of his sister, Miss prophecy does not exist. Even in this,
one of them was the first to make a portrait Dorothy Catherine Draper. The lady was one of the earliest of photographic centenary
of a human. The first portrait of a human evidently as enthusiastic as her professor - years, the prophecy still holds with great
being ever made was taken by an English- brother, for she submitted to having her exactitude. Photography, therefore, the
man-born in St. Helens, Lancs.-who had face lightly dusted over with white powder handmaid of the sciences and the world's
emigrated to America. He was a famous in order to increase its light -reflecting power. pictorial recording angel, was at least
medical man and scientist-Professor John Thus arrayed, she sat as motionless as dreamt about by a novelist and romancer
William Draper, M.D., LL.D., Professor of possible in bright sunshine for half an hour nearly a century before it was made
Chemistry in New York University. Pro- while the exposure was being made. The practicable by men of science.

THE bore of the Severn and the eagre and watching the formation of the waves
of the Trent have once again been MODELS OF RIVER would form a fascinating pursuit, and
receiving attention, for some of the MOUTHS might even add to our knowledge of bore
problems to which they give rise have not and eagre.
been solved. Why does the eagre affect the
Trent and avoid the Humber, which would prevent eddies. The
seem to be the more natural channel for it water flowing down
to affect. I think there must be a spit of the river would come
land directing and reflecting the tidal from taps which could
wave into the Trent. It would be an be regulated for high and
interesting hobby if models of the mouths low water. Marks de-
of the Severn and the Humber could be noting high and low tide
made to scale from large scale maps with should be marked at the
the depths correct from the contour mouth of the river. If
lines. the scale of the model is
The model could be made in clay and say, saga of the natural
afterwards coated with plaster of paris or size, then the time of the
other material which would make it im- tidal wave from low to
pervious to water. Pegs of the proper high water would have to
length placed in the contour lines would be shortened in the same
facilitate the correct formation of the bed ratio-for if one took
of the river. six hours on the model,
A large tank should be formed at the there would be little
mouth to represent the sea-and this could chance of a bore form-
be flooded with water from tubes which ing. The time would Showing one of the fine scale model ships made by Messrs. Bassett-Lowke.
track the bottom of the tank, in order to probably be in seconds. The size of the model can be judged from the swan on the left.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 411

MORE ABOUT
INSTALLING HOUSEHOLD
ELECTRICAL DEVICES
The Use of Fractional Horse -Power Electric Motors
By Home Mechanic"
for the operator, making the work
much easier to carry out. Quite
a good percentage of the small
households possess one of the
usual hand- or treadle -operated
machines to which an electric
motor can be attached without
going to the expense of a new
and complete electric sewing
machine.
The universal motor supplied
for this work is fitted with
brackets or attachments to fit all
the leading makes of sewing
machines. There are two general
types of drive, the first being a
belt -drive for a motor located
under the sewing machine table ; the speed
being mechanically controlled by a friction
clutch operated by means of a lever con-
An electric body stimulator, showing the method of use. trolled by the treadle. In the other type of
The motor employed is either A.C. or D.C. drive the motor is fixed to the frame of the
sewing machine as illustrated last month,
HAVING previously dealt with frac- power being transmitted directly to the
tional horse -power motors as applied driving wheel by a friction pulley on the
to a -small type of house, we now motor shaft end. Speed regulation is
come to the applications of such motors in effected by a variable resistance in the
a larger household. Some of the examples circuit and operated with a foot switch or
mentioned below, even though more costly controller.
than some of the types mentioned pre-
viously, are equally labour-saving, yet may Health Motors
be looked upon by many readers as some- The application of an electric motor in
thing in the way of a luxury, and probably contributing to one's health is made possible
beyond their means. by an appliance known as the electric
stimulator. This is an ingenious massage
Polishing and Buffing Motor device which affords exercises to muscles,
This type of motor consists of a universal, tissues and vital organs of the body.
dust -proof motor, fitted with a double - Instructions Another type of
ended taper spindle, rotating at high for their use washing and wring-
speed, to which can be attached various include a thg machine driven
forms of polishing pads for cleaning cutlery, large variety by electricity.
silver, electro-plate and many other articles of exercises
which need polishing This polishing motor
can also be used for cleaning boots and shoes for men and women, and their effect can be
or can be fitted with a grinding wheel for obtained by consulting the sales literature
grinding small tools. Although this small availably for these body stimulators.
type of polisher is not an expensive one, it The motor for this purpose is not uni-
is not, perhaps, of sufficient service to justify versal, but a separate motor for A.C. and
its purchase in a small household. another for D.C. By means of special
grooved pulleys mounted eccentrically, one
Mixers and Beaters at each end of the motor shaft, as shown in
For the purpose of mixing and beating, a the illustration, a vibrating movement is
universal motor is again employed, fitted imparted to the belt attached to the two
with speed control by means of a series pulleys. By means of the grooves in the
resistance. The motor, mounted on a pulleys a varied degree of vibration, from
convenient base, has a special shaft exten- a vigorous action to a gentle massage, can
sion running vertically, to which can be be obtained according to the particular
attached a variety of fittings to perform exercises. The ball -bearing motor, running
operations such as mincing meat, extracting at a constant speed of about 950 r.p.m.,
juice, grinding coffee, cracking ice, slicing can be operated from a table or a special
vegetables, apart from the ordinary work pedestal, a safety switch being incorporated
of mixing and beating flour or mixing in the base of the motor. The price of one
drinks. of these motors with pedestal and belts, etc.,
Here again, unless there is a sufficient is nearly £20, and is an example of fraa-
variety of work for this machine to do, its tional horse -power motor work is the
purchase would not be warranted. Showing an electric all -electric home.
washing and wringing
Sewing Machine Motors machine. Washing and Wringing Machine
The application of an electric drive to The labour-saving of electric washing
sewing machines instead of band or treadle and wringing machines does not require
operation simplifies matters tremendously detailing ; they save time, work and expense.
Oontinuert oft page 126.)
 412 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935

FROM NUMBER ONE AND THEY CALLED IT "GENET"

The first issue of " Practical Mechanics " was pub- IT'S an old Spanish custom to call a
lished 21 months ago, and regular readers will have
noticed that one or more of the famous Clix con- small sized, well proportioned horse
tact components has been specified in every issue. a " Genet " ; this word therefore
This is a record of which we are very proud, as it
is telling evidence of the excellence of the whole aptly describes the appearance of the
range of Clix products. Hivac Midget Valves specified for the

"GENET MIDGET
PORTABLE"
Builders of this receiver will have con-
Clix Chassis Mounting Strips clusive evidence of the high efficiency
SPECIFIED FOR THE of these remarkable Hivac Valves.
"GENET MIDGET PORTABLE"
One A.E. and one L.S. 6d. each. TYPES XL and XD as 10/6
specified ... each.
WANDER PLUGS SPADE TERMINALS
With medium or short With metal collar to stop
shank and insulator for acid creeping. Metal to TYPE XSG (size as illustrated) Screen Grid
11d H.T. and G.B. Engraved. metal wiring. Engraved. 1 d. Valve-the only one of its kind ,
each. 11c1. each. 111c1. each. each.
-adds to the range of entertain- I NO
ment value of any midget receiver. each.

MIDGET VALVE HOLDERS If- each.

41: *IN 3.1 lt/411/14MBILIbl I WO Vk I From dealers or direct if any

difficulty in securing locally.
THE SCIENTIFIC
LECTRO LINX LTD WA LI/ E
HIGH VACUUM VALVE CO. LTD.,
79a Rochester Row, London, S.W.I 113-117 Farringdon Road - - London, E. C.I

"IDEAL-
LATHES"
3 in. S.C. Lathes
from E4
3f in. S.C.B.G. from
0 18 6
DEFERRED TERMS
ARRANGED
LISTS-Stamp please

J. WILLIMOTT & SON

Neville's Factory,
Chillwell, Notts.
WIRELESS GRAFTON ELECTRIC COMPANY
POWERFUL ELECTRIC DRILLS. y' CAPACITY. UNIVERSAL A.C. OR
TEL EVISION D.C. MOTOR. HOFFMAN BALL THRUST. KEYLESS CHUCK. IDEAL FOR
THE WORKSHOP. VERY NEAT AND WELL FINISHED.

SUPPLIED ALSO
FOR ALL ANOTHER
VOLTAGES. SIMI LAR
DRILL AS DRILL.
ILLUS- FIRST CLASS
Television is the coming At the WIRELESS TRATED DESIGN
AND
boom in wireless-it will COLLEGE students WITH 3
FINISH FOR
bring even greater pros- receive training in all the CORE CAB
perity to the industry and latest developments in all TYRE FLEX A.C. ONLY
create many more opportunities for a branches of the Wireless profession. PRICE PRICE
career. Men who foresaw the broadcast- Marine, Aircraft, Manufacturing, Design- 55/- 39,6
ing boom made good-be trained and ing, Experimenting, Sales and Service, etc. CARR. PAID CARR. PAID
prepared for this television boom which College on sea front. Write for free U.K. U.K.
must follow as surely as night follows day. prospectus.
ACCEPTED AS BOARDERS. TRAINING PLEASE STATE VOLTAGE REQUIRED.
-STUDENTS
FEE CAN BE PAID AFTER APPOINTMENT SECURED OUR 1935 CATALOGUE IS FULL OF INTENSELY INTERESTING AND
c orz ANLEBSAY UNUSUAL LINES, SENT ON REQUEST 3d. POST FREE.
(DEPT P.) 54 GRAFTON STREET,
The WIRELESS COLLEGE TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, LONDON, W.I
 June, 1935
WIRE LESS EXPERIMI NTER
-4.
WITH the arrival of the summer
weather it is the desire of everyone
to get out into the open air. The
attraction of the wireless programmes
weakens, and it very often happens that a
particular item is being broadcast which
would be very interesting, but is finally
missed owing to the listener finding that
the weather is too good to. warrant his stay-
ing indoors. There is also the occasion when
a hike or ramble in the country is under-
taken, and during halts or even whilst
strolling down some quiet country lane, a
little music will relieve the monotony or
encourage the walker to carry on for a few
more miles. Obviously it is out of the
question on such occasions to carry an
ordinary type of broadcast receiver, and if
some really convenient receiver is available
the necessary items need not be missed, and
at the same time a very useful service will give a very creditable performance. When
be carried out by such a piece of apparatus. used in the correct manner, these valves
prove ideal for the purpose of building a
Battery Problems really midget receiver.
We have carried out many experiments
with a view to producing a receiver which
could really be called " portable." In the
past this term has been applied to any
receiver which was convenient enough to be
carried, and no limit was placed upon the
actual weight. Many commercial receivers
are known as portables, but they are more
suited to be carried in the car than to be
taken on a long country ramble. There
have been many reasons for the bulkiness
and weight of the portable in the past, but
with the increased knowledge which has
been obtained during the past few years in
the design of radio apparatus, the actual
size of parts has materially decreased. The
latest development, and the one which has
led to the design of the receiver described in
this article, is the production of a midget
valve, measuring only 2 in. long by 4 in.
in diameter. In spite of these minute
dimensions, the electrodes are arranged in
a perfectly orthodox manner and the valve
functions quite well. Notwithstanding their
small size, their performance compares
favourably with a standard valve, and will
NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 413
.-%--,=7.4;safssui??.*NrkfT.4-41,-
a receiver from midget parts only to spoil
the entire design by utilising ordinary bat-
teries. Messrs. Exide have produced some
neat little accumulators delivering the stan-
dard 2 -volt output, but naturally of small
capacity. Similarly, the Vee Cee Dry
Battery Company have experimented and
produced really small H.T. batteries. Owing
to the physical dimensions of these parts
the actual capacity, or length of service
which will be given, is small, but it is ample
for the purpose for which the receiver is
THE GENET intended. It is not intended that the port-
MIDGET THREE able should be built and used every night in
the home for the reception of all the Euro-
An Efficient, Easy -to -Construct, Midget pean stations.
Portable Receiver Employing the Latest Carried on a ramble, however, or taken
Type of Midget Valves, and Designed for into the garden when some particular item
Headphone or Loudspeaker Reception. is being broadcast, it will give good service,
and, as will be shown later, either a loud-
speaker or a pair of headphones may be
employed.
The Circuit
The circuit employed in this re-
ceiver is shown on p. 416, from which
it will be seen that quite a standard
arrangement of detector and two L.F.
stages has been incorporated. The
novelty lies in the arrangement of the
tuning condenser, reaction condenser,
wave -change switch and on -off switch.
All these parts (and the wave -change
switch is of the three-point type) are
incorporated in one component and
this is the only component which is
mounted on the panel. It
is a Lissen product, and the
two condensers are mounted
in the centre, with a single
sliding member at the bot-
tom of the escutcheon which
carries out the on -off switch-
A front view of ing as well as the wave -
the midget portable, change switching. The es-
showing the simple tuning cutcheon is suitably engraved
so that no doubt will arise
control. Reaction and tuning are incorporated in the single knob shown.
as to the actual band being
The battery supplies must, of course, be employed at any moment. Every en-
considered, and it would be useless to build deavour has been taken to avoid unnecessary
The compact and neat
arrangement of the com-
ponents can be seen
from the photographs
on the right and left,
which shows the
rear of the receiver.
The size of the midget portable
can be gathered from the above
photograph.
 414
FULL-SIZE WIRING DIAGRAM OF THE GENET MIDGET THREE
+ L.;.:11"1.1"
L.T-
H.T.+
t.,
BLUE
H.T-
L T+
and large components, and thus there is no
decoupling or other trimming. Efficiency
has not, however, been sacrificed in the
interests of neatness, and the receiver may
be relied upon to give a really creditable
performance.
The two L.F. transformers employed are
B.T.S. products and are extremely small
but efficient. To reduce weight and to pro-
vide reliable contact, socket strips are
mounted on the panel in preference to the
ordinary type of terminal. By using this
ro.athod of mounting. the ecalstructor may
NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
513 COIL BRACKET
t 52
Ed A
FIXED VANES OF
COND, NEAREST BLUE
PANEL
.00 MEM.
I
N
0
30
IW
build any desired type of cabinet or con- between the various parts and the screw
taining box, and the aerial and earth and holes. When the holes are made, use a
loudspeaker sockets will always be readily much larger bit on the rear and slightly
accessible. countersink them so as to enable a flush
The paxolin panel should be prepared by mounting to take place.
cutting out the large central hole and drill- To mount the condenser the maker's
ing the remaining holes as shown on page 416. instructions should be carefully followed.
When carrying out this operation, mark the It will be seen that the entire assembly
actual points on the face of the panel so that must be dismantled, and, in addition, a
drilling will be commenced from that side. screw must be removed from the rear por-
If you work from the back, the front of the tion of the small front control knob. If this
nel will burr up and some difficulty might is not done, the two condensers will rotate as
, l)c expeTionced in making a neat joint (Continued on pc je 415.)
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 415

PETO-SCOTT
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY UN
TRUSTWORTHY
Because of their trustworthine s,
PILOT AUTHOR KITS you are safe in buying any of the
Amplion range of radio products.
The editor of " Practical Mechanics"
GENET MIDGET PORTABLE has placed his seal of confidence on
Described in this issue
. Po It the Postman. 190 pay
O Amplion Receivers-Radiograms-
KIT "A" (thrZec.,°211E171010 KIT -BITS 1
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YOURS .01.04RICA r BHT, AIN oNLY
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HeadphonesI B.T.S. Coil ......0
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B.T.S. Midget L.F. Transformers ..
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BIT "B."-As for BIT "C."-As for 3 RITAC Midget Valves .. .. .. 1 11 6
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eluding set of 3 eluding Valves and EXCLUsl V ELI" SPECIFIED

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whether you desire a complete course of instruction, or tuition in some specialised subject, our Organisation
is so planned that it will dovetail into your needs exactly.
As an indication of the strength of the B.I.E.T. Tutorial Organisation, it should be clearly noted that
we alone guarantee to return full fees to any student who does not pass his chosen Examination
successfully. In short, " If you do not pass, you do not pay."
Send to -day for a free copy of " ENGINEERING OPPORTUNITIES." This valuable 268 -page Guide
shows clearly and definitely the way in which you may carve out a successful career in your chosen branch
of Engineering, irrespective of your age, education or experience. Among a host of other things, it gives
details of all the above -mentioned Courses and shows the easiest way to prepare (in the privacy of your own
home) for any of the recognised Examinations we have listed.
" ENGINEERING OPPORTUNITIES " should most certainly be in your hands. Send for your
copy at once-free of cost or obligation.

BRITISH INSTITUTE of ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

410 SHAKESPEARE HOUSE, 29-31 OXFORD STREET, LONDON, W.1.
A ustralan un Enquiries: P.O. Box 3597S, Sydney. South African Enquiries: P.O. Box 4701 ,Icitari. Canadian Enquiries: 219 Bag Street, rornn/ .
 416
(Continued from
page 414.)
L2 8 L3
2 members of the Radio Manufacturers'
Ca
-4-
The circuit diagram of the midget portable.
Mount the valveholders and transformers
on the small baseboard, and place the fuse -
holder in the space between the trans- box. A short wire with a metal rod attached
formers. Wire the filament tags on the (an ordinary meat skewer may be used) will
valveholders, and solder the grid leak and act as an earth connection. The rod is
small grid condenser to the first valve - simply pushed into the ground, or laid in a
holder. Connect the transformers to those
parts on the baseboard indicated in the
wiring diagram, and when as much of the
wiring as possible has been completed, the
panel may be placed in position.
Coil Wiring
It will be found that assembly and wiring
is simplified if the coil is mounted on the
earth socket before the panel is mounted.
The coloured leads from the coil should be
joined to the variable condensers and switch
terminals, taking great care to connect the
correct colour to the various points. If
unduly handled it may be found difficult,
for instance, to distinguish between yellow
and white and dark blue and black. The
small bracket on the coil might require to be
bent slightly to allow the coil to clear the
COIL
BRACKET
5
KEY TO
COIL
The Coil Code.
reaction condenser moving vanes, but this
will be more readily seen when assembly is
complete. In most cases the flexible leads
provided on the transformers, etc., will just
reach to the various connecting point, but
they may, of course, be cut or joined as
necessary.
The Cabinet
The cabinet may be chosen to accommo-
date a loudspeaker and batteries, or simply
to accommodate a pair of headphones in the
lid. In this case it will not be much larger
than a camera, and the control panel may
form the upper part of the box or may be
placed at an angle inside and covered with
a lid.
A length of flexible wire may be coiled
and stowed inside the box to act as an
aerial when desired. A stone should be tied
to one end and the other end plugged into
the aerial socket. The stone should then
be thrown up over a branch of a tree or
similar object, and when listening is com-
pleted the plug should be removed from the
socket and the wire released. The weight of
NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
0 H.T.+
WIRELESS AND TELEVISION
L.S. NEWS
Television at Olympia
IT has been announced, at the time of
going to press, that television will, after
all, be represented at the Radio Exhibition
in August, although television apparatus
will not be seen on the stands of individual
manufacturers and exhibitors, but the
demonstrations will be held jointly by
Association. It is hoped that visitors to
the Show will be enabled to watch the actual
reception demonstrations in addition to
53 seeing the equipment. This should be a
good thing, for it will clearly show to the
wireless public that television reception of
the stone will cause it to fall and thus the real entertainment value is here, and that it
aerial may be retrieved and replaced in the has passed through the preliminary experi-
mental period when, despite its interest, it
did not represent final practice.
Incidentally, it has also been suggested
that a separate Television Exhibition may
pool of water if such is handy. be organised by interested firms, but this
has not been either confirmed or denied.
LIST OF PARTS FOR MIDGET
PORTABLE. *
One Condenser Assembly (Lissen). Television in America
Two Midget L.F. Transformers (B.T.S.). We learn with interest that ultra -short-
One .0002 mfd. Tubular Condenser wave television tests on a large scale are
(Amplion). shortly to be commenced in America. At a
One 2 meg. Grid Leak (Amplion). recent meeting of the Radio Corporation
Three Midget Valveholders (Wright and the President explained to stockholders
Weaire). that his company had agreed to spend a
One Hall Mark Aerial Coil (B.T.S.). sum equivalent to £200,000 to establish
One A.E. and One L.S. Terminal television on a firm commercial basis.
Socket Strip (Clix).
One Midget XL (Hivac). * * *
One Midget XD (Hivac).
The Two -Guinea Three-Valver-Correction
One Midget XD (Hivac).
One H.T. Midget Battery (V.C. Dry Cell Will readers who are building the Two -
Co.). Guinea Three-Valver described in the
One L.T. Battery (Type P.R.F. 3) February issue of PRACTICAL MECHANICS,
(Exide). note that Messrs. Peto Scott's price for
Kit A does not include the Polar Arcuate
One pair Headphones (Ericsson).
One Loudspeaker (Amplioh). Drive. Readers who wish to add this refine-
Four Clix Wander Plugs (H.T. H.T. - ment, which, of course, is far better than
L.T. + and L.T. - ). the direct knob, should include a further
5s. 9d. when ordering their components.
o It
3 I
2_+8+4.
1
L_
is
R'
4'a
5v8 R.
11/
.*V--,.....I2 ,I ---;4-I 7
I'8
. ,4, 1
----'-jp: /8A'
VL-, ....,
0.-I '
I
r r
I -1'I-
'e,-.,-4
CO)
I.11- -11.1
114
3
6"
Deals for Mine the condenser dial to the panel and also the aerial, earth and loudspeaker terming! strips.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 417

WHY PETROL
REIGNS
SUPREME
An Interesting Comparison of the
Power Sources Available for Road
Transport
universal success of petrol as propelling
agents for mechanical vehicles. Even
nowadays, with all the perfection to which
the application of steam and electrical
power has been brought, steam and elec-
trically -propelled vehicles form an exceed.
ingly small proportion of road traffic, while
for pleasure vehicles the applioation of such
sources of power is entirely unheard of. For
all such vehicles, petrol, or one of its sub-
stitutes, reigns supreme as a motive power,
Dr. Karl Benz. and until an entirely new source of energy, Gottlieb Daimler.
together with a completely new means of
WHEN Roger Bacon wrote, in the utilising it, is discovered, petrol or its sub- is too dirty and messy a task, and, although
now far -away thirteenth century, stitutes, either in the natural or synthetic the steam engine is itself a flexible power
" We will be able to propel road - form, are likely to dominate the road unit, the conditions under which it is
carriages with incredible speed and without transport of the civilised world. brought into operation are just the reverse
the assistance of any animal," he surely Steam power applied to road vehicles has of being flexible. For the propulsion of
little dreamt that the era of horseless trans- quite a number of excellent advantages. heavy waggons, of course, the tale is dif-
port on our country's roads would come For one thing, a steam engine is an exceed- ferent. Steam power for waggon use has
about as the result of the application of the ingly flexible power unit for a road vehicle, been popular for years, and for this parti-
latent energy contained in an inflammable and it will produce power in exact propor- cular purpose it has a number of advantages.
liquid, brought in vast quantities to our tion to the amount of steam The electrical propulsion of road vehicles
shores from overseas. Petrol, in Roger admitted to its cylinders. Thus, when addi- is, in many respects, more satisfactory than
Bacon's time, was quite unknown to the tional power is required, as, for instance, in are methods of steam traction. For one
then civilised world. So also, to all intents hill climbing, the steam -cock is opened thing, electrically -propelled vehicles are
and purposes, was steam power. Electrical wider, additional steam passes to the cleaner in working. Like steam -propelled
energy was an entirely unknown quantity cylinder, greater force is exerted upon the vehicles, electrical road cars are flexible in
too. In Bacon's day there were only the pistons and thus the engine's power operation. Electrical vehicles are self-
four sources of power which had been used increases. starting, self -reversing and their speed can
from time immemorial-man power, animal Particularly advantageous properties of be controlled by governing the amount of
power, water power and wind power. Nowa- the steam locomotive unit are its powers of current supplied to the electric motor. Such
days petrol and its substitutes hold entire self-starting, reversing- and variation of vehicles run quietly, and, compared with
sway over a very large proportion of the working speed, all of which controls may be steam cars, they possess the enormous
world's methods of transport. Petrol power obtained by manipulation of the one steam - advantage of being available at a moment's
has ousted the power of steam, and even the cock and reversing lever. The'steam thrust notice, there being no boiler -firing and
energy of electricity, for the work of road applied to the pistons of a steam engine is steam -raising preliminaries to be under-
vehicle propulsion. What is more, it has of a steady, forcible variety. In the petrol taken.
attained this position of road transport engine the energy thrust on the pistons is of Electrical Traction
supremity well within the confines of a man's an explosive nature, more or less entirely
lifetime. Leaving for the moment the lacking in control once the initiating spark Electrical traction for light road vehicles
more practical considerations of the modern has fired the gaseous mixture. For such necessitates the carrying of a bank of
car and its working, it will be interesting to reasons the steam engine is smoother and storage batteries or accumulators, and it is
consider briefly the fundamentally different " silkier " in drive than the petrol engine, in this connection that the electrical method
types of mechanically -propelled vehicles no matter how refined in detail the latter of road vehicle propulsion meets with an
which have been put on the road at different may be. enormous disadvantage. Accumulators are
times, and to contrast their advantages and heavy components and they take time to
conditions of operation. Steam Locomotives re -charge. An electrically -propelled vehicle
Such manifest advantages, however, is never able to run for more than about 80
" Freak " Mechanically -propelled Vehicles bring in their train many drawbacks. For miles or so without requiring an accumu-
During the ages quite a number of what instance, a steam locomotive requires coal - lator re -charge. Often the accumulator
we may now term " freak " mechanically - fuel and water for its working. Firing up- range of an electrical vehicle only extends
propelled vehicles have been tried out on a skilled operation in itself-is necessary to to 40 or 50 miles. From considerations
the roads. Such vehicles include carriages work a steam locomotive. Frequent re- such as these it will be evident that elec-
propelled by wind power acting on sails, plenishment of the water supply is necessary trically -propelled vehicles of any ordinary
cars projected along roads by rocket power, in .a steam engine. jThere is also the neces- road type are quite unsuitable for serious
clockwork vehicles, compressed -air waggons, sity of having continually a naked flame or touring. Should it be necessary to under-
and so on, all of which have proved useless fire under the steam boiler, a condition take a tour on such a vehicle, accumulator
in actual practice. To -day there are avail- which introduces some element of danger re -charging stations would have to be
able four, and four only, power sources and also renders necessary the task of situated at frequent intervals along the
for the propulsion of mechanical vehicles. lighting the fire when, after a period of route. There would not, of course, be time
They, comprise the well-known agents- rest, the steam vehicle is again required for the vehicle to stop whilst its own
steani, electricity, crude oil, and petrol. for use. Altogether, the use of steam accumulator was being re -charged. It
Steam power and electricity were well power for pleasure and light vehicle pro- would therefore be necessary to have some
known before the utilisation of petrol Tulsion is undesirable and impracticable. arrangement whereby the exhausted accu-
power. Yet they never attained the he utilisation of steam for such purposes mulator could be exchanged for a charged
 418 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, I93S
accumulator, this method of exchange being
from the working of a petrol engine it is above, the petrol engine is a very efficient
adopted throughout the tour. necessary to interpose a system of gear prime mover. It is easily the most econo-
For local runabout and light haulage wheels between the engine and the driven mical form of road engine to operate. Its
purposes the electrically -propelled vehicle mechanism. Petrol engines will not run at fuel is portable, relatively inexpensive, and
is a very useful means of traction, and for low speeds. For this reason, again, a gear cleanly. A car engine will go on running as
this purpose there is no doubt that a future mechanism is necessary for the purpose of long as its fuel and its lubrication supplies
of success and extension of activities awaits gearing down a relatively high speed engine hold out. The average car holds in its fuel
it. and of rendering it capable of propelling a tank enough petrol to enable it to run for a
We come now to the third system of road - vehicle slowly. A petrol engine has a very couple of hundred miles without stopping.
vehicle propulsion, and to the only system poor overload capacity. Thus gears become Furthermore, the refuelling of a petrol
of the four which has literally changed the necessary for hill -climbing purposes or when engine is a very simple and speedy matter,
face of the world's roads. The internal com- the vehicle is travelling under heavy loads. far different from the re -charging of an
bustion engine, applied to road vehicles just Written down on paper, the above appear electrical accumulator or the re -coaling of a
fifty years ago, possesses many decided to be severe disadvantages. Yet in many steam engine's supplies. Internal combus-
disadvantages and drawbacks. Yet, despite tion engine fuels, such as petrol and benzole,
these, it has, by virtue of its great conveni- are easily graded and standardised. They
ence and of the portability of its power are light in weight and do not take up much
supply, attained a degree of popularity and room on the vehicle. Nowadays, of course,
universality previously unheard of in the such fuels are available in any part of the
history of mechanical invention. world.
On account, there-
Steam Engine and Electric Motor fore, of the ready
In the steam engine and electric motor availability of its fuel
the motive power is supplied from a source supplies, their porta-
external to the engine. The steam engine bility, cleanliness, and
is an " external combustion " engine. So, in also in view of the
a way, is the electric motor. Hence, in both easy control of a
these forms of power suppliers, the power petrol engine and
source, being fed externally to the engine, its adaptability for
can be carefully controlled in amount. In small power units,
the gas or petrol engine the combustion of the high-speed in-
the fuel takes place within the engine itself. ternal combustion en-
Such engines are " internal combustion " gine, originated 50
engines, and, as such, very little direct years ago by Benz
control can be exerted upon the rate at and Daimler, has super-
which the combustion of fuel, with the seded all other forms
resultant liberation of power, takes place. of mechanical traction
Consequently, for this reason alone, all for the majority of
internal combustion engines are more or road purposes. The
less inherently inflexible power units. It present age is be -
The first Daimler car, and, incidentally, the first four -wheeler. Constructed coming increasingly
is their nature to run jerkily, explosively by Gottlieb Daimler in 1886. This photograph, taken some years after the one in
and without the smoothness which is which the
construction of the car, shows Daimler in the rear seat. His son is at the power of petrol is
characteristic of the steam engine and
electric motor. tiller. dominant.
Internal combustion engines are not self- respects they are drawbacks which the
starting. What is more, they cannot easily ingenuity of inventors has been able to
be started under load. For these reasons overcome to a very large extent. Gear LATHE WORK FOR
car engines have to be provided with start- changing, that bugbear of all inexpert car
ing devices and with clutches, which serve drivers, is being made yearly more easy, AMATEURS
to disconnect the engine from its load and whilst, owing to careful attention to the
thus enable it to be started in a free -run- details of engine design, the modern car By F. J. CAMM
ning condition. Electric motors and steam engine is approaching more and more
engines will start perfectly well under load. closely that smoothness which is charac- 96 Pages

Reversing Action
teristic of the steam engine's running. /- or 1/2 by post from Geo.
Again, unlike steam engines and electric
Newnes Ltd., 8,11 Southampton
The Most Economical Street, Strand, W.C.2.
motors, petrol engines are not self -reversing.
To reverse the direction of motion obtained Apart from its drawbacks, enumerated

Claimed to be the first car in the world, this was constructed by Dr. Karl Benz The first hooded car, the Daimler model of 1894. Its design marked an
in 1885. important advance m corrunercial car construction.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 419

AN A.B.C. OF
PHOTOGRAPHY
THE SECOND ARTICLE OF A SERIES

paper the exposure is obtained Ferricyanide of Potash-See Potassium

. I)/ by permitting light to fall on Ferricyanide.
A typical meter of the extinction type. the paper through the negative. Ferrotype Plate
Exposure Meter A special polished plate used for glazing
Diaphragm-Another term for stop (which A device for calculating the exposure prints. The print (on glossy paper) is
see). required under various conditions in order squeegeed into contact with the ferrotype
to obtain a correctly exposed negative. The plate and, when dry, is stripped off, result-
Diffused Light simplest form consists of an actinometer ing in a highly enamelled surface.
Illumination which is not direct. Thus (which see). At the present time there are Film
a cloudy day will offer diffused light (in many ingenious forms on the market, the
contrast to direct, or sunlight). In an majority being of the visual type. The A celluloid strip upon which is deposited
interior scene diffused light is offered when general pattern is on the lines of a small
the illumination source is screened in some telescope, and the view is examined through
way. a lens. Usually a piece of blue glass is fitted
inside the device and the adjustment is
Embossing Board made until the view just vanishes. The F 16
An arrangement for producing a counter- exposure may then be read off from the
sunk margin on a print. body of the instrument. Another form
has a number visible in the field and the
Emulsion adjustment alters the number, and the
The sensitised coating of a plate, film, or
printing paper.
Enlarger
An apparatus for producing large prints.
It is, in effect, a small magic lantern, and F11
the image is projected from the negative,
through a lens, to the paper. A a sensitive emulsion. In most cameras the
special form of enlarger takes the x film is rolled round a metal roller, and thus
form of a cone -shaped box which _ it is possible to obtain six or eight pictures
on one strip of film. A light -proof paper is
I FOCAL LENGTH used as a backing to the film to prevent
halation and to enable the camera to be
Fe I
loaded and unloaded in ordinary light
The three without the necessity of a dark- room.
sketches from left to right show
the relation between the " F " number and the
LENS APERATURE focal length of the lens. Thus, F8 means that
the diameter of the stop is one -eighth of the focal
length of that particular lens, and o on.

PLATE
last number which can be seen before
total darkness is used as a basis for
the table supplied with the device.
These are generally referred to as
" extinction meters."
" F " Number
carries the negative at one end and the The method of expressing the size
paper at the other, the lens being fixed in a of the diaphragm or stop. The figure
central position. which follows the letter " F " denotes
its relation to the focal length of the
Enlargement lens. That is to say, F8 means that
A print which is made from a smaller the diameter of the hole bearing
negative. A special piece of apparatus (the that number is one -eighth of the
enlarger) is usually employed, and the image focal length of the lens with which it
from the negative is projected on to a is used.
sheet of paper in the same manner as with
a magic lantern. The degree of enlargement Ferric Ammonium Citrate
is varied according to the respective posi- Brown or green flat crystalline
tions of the negative, lens, and paper. substance. Keeps well in dry or liquid
form.
Equivalent Focus
The distance from the optical centre of a A typical artificial light enlarger.
lens to the ground glass when focussed on a The bromide paper is placed on the
distant object. lower board, and the negative is
placed in the special carrier of the
Exposure upper portion. This may be
The action of permitting light to fall on raised or lowered to provide the
a sensitised surface. Thus the opening of required degree of enlargement,
the camera shutter is termed " making the and exposure is controlled by the
exposure," whilst in the ease of printing switch in the cable
 420 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
magnesium powder is employed, and this is
A simple roll film ignited by a spark or touch paper. The
camera of the folding camera lens is opened, and when the
type. phis may be magnesium powder flashes the exposure is
accommodated in the automatically made.
Pocket, and uses roll
films. Focal Plane Shutter
A shutter of the roller blind type which
operates close against the plate or film.
The blind is drawn across the face of the
plate and the length of the exposure is
governed either by the speed with which
the blind travels or by the width of an
adjustable shot which is situated in the
centre of the blind. Great care is necessary
when using this type of shutter and photo-
graphing moving objects, as it is apparent
that whilst the slot is moving from one end
of the plate to the other it is possible for an
object to move to such an extent that the
movement will be visible as a
series of complete separate posi-
tions. This cannot occur, of A small folding
course, with a shutter which is camera for use
situated in front of or immedi- with plates or film pack.
ately behind the lens. The front of this camera
Focussing Scale may be raised or lowered for adjusting the taking angle.
Film Pack A graduated scale fitted to the camera in of these the various notes under the
An arrangement for holding a number of order to enable the lens to be adjusted to a heading of the different chemicals should be
separate films. The films (of the saint read.
dimensions as normal plates) are separately Developers
attached to pieces of light -proof paper and
held in a special case. Tabs project at PYRO-SODA
one end and the whole is held in a film - A
pack holder fitted to the back of the Pyrogallic acid . 1 oz.
camera, as in the case of plates. When the Sod. sulphite (cryst.) . 2 oz.
exposure has been made the tab is with- Citric acid . . . 40 gr.
drawn, in the course of which the exposed An ingeni- Water, to . . . 10 oz.
film is drawn to a position at the rear of ous rigid B
the pack. This leaves the next film ready type of Sod. carbonate (cryst.) . 8 oz.
for exposure, and the process continues camera em- Sod. sulphite (cryst.) . 8 oz.
until the whole pack has been exposed. ploying a Water, to . . . 80 oz.
The pack usually holds twelve films. reflex normal work take 1 oz. of B and 1
Fixing principle. dram of A with 1 oz. of water. The propor-
The process of dissolving away unaffected tions may be varied slightly according to
salts from an exposed negative and render- the particular plate and subject. Suitable
ing permanent the silver deposit which is for plates and films, but not suitable for
left after development. The usual fixing papers.
medium is hyposulphite of soda, either METOL-HYDROKINONE
alone or in combination with a hardener, (Metol or M. -Q.)
to render the celluloid and emulsion suffi- Metol . . . . 20 gr.
ciently strong to resist moderate degrees of Hydrokinone . . . 60 gr.
warmth. The hardener usually consists of Sod. sulphite (cryst.) . 700 gr.
alum, acetic acid, citric acid, alone or in position to bring objects at various distances Sod. carbonate (cryst.) . 700 gr.
combination. in accurate focus. Potassium bromide . . 6 gr.
Water, to . . . 20 oz.
Flare Spot Focussing Screen
A piece of ground glass fitted to the rear (To be continued.)
The light patch which is sometimes found
on the centre of a picture and is caused by of a camera on which the image is focussed
the light being reflected from a defect in before exposing the plate. Place an Order with your Newsagent
the lens. Fog for " PRACTICAL MECHANICS " to
Flashlight A deposit of silver all over a negative be regularly delivered !
A method of taking photographs in a resulting in parts of the negative which
poor light. A preparation containing should be clear having
a slightly hazed effect. BELLOWS
In the print this is
evidenced by a greyness LENS MOUNT
all over the picture. no AND SHUTTER
acute contrasts being
obtained. PLATE
A cinema camera OR
Formula FILM
which uses sub-
standard film. The table showing
Clockwork various proportions of
mechanism drives chemicals required to
the film and the make up a developing
winding key may solution. Some standard
be seen on the side formulae are given in the
of the camera. next paragraph.
Formulae
The following are FOCUSSING SCALE
standard developing and
fixing formula, but A diagram slwwing the arrangenient of the standard folding camera. The
before making up any various main parts are identified.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 421

STREAMLINIA /7-7
1011010.
7f5ii
Vel..111.11110111110411/111111110.10Way.

DOES 10 KNOTS!
JUDGING from the enquiries, received by the Editor of " PRACTICAL MECHANICS" and
ourselves, there must be a huge number of marine model makers throughout the country build-
ing our speed -boat "STREAMLINIA." Some are doing all they can themselves, finishing off with
our engine and fittings, others are using our complete set of parts, and there is still time to build
and enter your boat for the competition if you get these.
One builder from Penwortham in Lancashire claims 10 knots for his "STREAMLINIA" using the
standard equipment with only a slightly altered hull design, so there are great possibilities of
speed in this fine boat.
How are you progressing with your model ? Can we give you any help or advice ?
A finished model of "STREAMLINIA" costs 9 gns., and complete set of parts 8 gns. Particulars on application.
If "STREAMLINIA" has not interested you, we are sure you will
find something in our magnificent Jubilee catalogue of Ships Models,
containing :-
Waterline Models of Famous Ships.
Super -detail Types of Water Craft.
New Sailing Yachts and Power Boats.
Glass Case Models.
Fittings, Inexpensive and Detailed.
Hundreds of Gadgets, Plans, Drawings,
MaterLfs, etc., for the Model Maker.
Catalogue S.I2. Price 6d. post free. Get a copy now !

BASSETT-LOWKE LTD. LONDON : 112 High Holborn, W.C.1.

NORTHAMPTON MANCHESTER : 28 Corporation Street.

WONDERFUL SELF -BLOWING SILVER

SOLDERING AND BRAZING GUN
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AN INSTANT SUCCESS
A REAL VEST-POCKET
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THE " LEUDI "
Measuring only )(Ix* in.-less than I

,c1 Works on house half the size of an ordinary pocket lighter !

gas with flexible
tube. No bellows,i1,
required. Gives 4
White heat. q in. Flame,
with tap, as shown 12/6; 8 in. Flame 7/6; 3 in. to 5 in. Flame
5/-. Post Free. With this easy Blowpipe or Gas Gun anyone
can Silver Solder, Braze, Re -metal Bearings, etc., do Tinning, Pipe Work,
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Wire, Flux, easy instructions. Supplied to H.M. Govt., Rolls Royce, B.S.A.,
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-the " LEUDI" is easily the smallest,
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and as efficient as it is simple ; it is the finest value in exposure meters
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and can be used with plates or films of any make.
Price only 5/.. PURSE CASE 1/ -
Obtainable from all photographic dealers or
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37 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2

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Each Model has accuracy and
mirror, stage clips,inclinable bod swing workmanship, and
in Black Crystallineand is nicely'fi trouble -free qualities
Enamel and bright are the features of
SHARP DE Nickel Pa ting. this drill. Its equipment comprises
powerful A.C. or D.C. Motor,
AB LEFINITION
and GOOD WORK IS OBTAIN- a
CAN BE voltages 100/120, 200/230, 230/250,
DONE. with Armature Shaft in ground alloy steel. Hobbed gears in
Model C. Height C D metal housing. Hoffman ball thrust. Keyless chuck, }-in.
Model D. Height 5¢ in., Sliding focus,
7 in., magnification
E
capacity. Aluminium die cast handle. Current consumption
50 x linear
Model E. Height
sliding
...
focus, 25 X linear. Price
circular stage magnification 5/ ". 175 watts, using }-in. drill on mild steel. 8 ft. Cab tyre flex
7 in.,
rack enri
.
.. 9/ 6 with earth wire. Weight 5 lbs.
.0 x linear, square Price
Post free Gt. Britain. stage
Lists of Telescope .
focusing, magnification
... ... 1 2/ 6 PRICE £2 . S .
BROADHURST Microscopes,
Isinoculars,
Price A Carriage Paid. Please state voltage.
CLARKSON Lanterns etc.
Send for illustrated leaflet to :- Tele.: GULLIVER 3739.
63 FARRINGDON
ROAD, LONDON,
& CO. TELESCOPE
HOUSE
E.CI CORONA ENGINEERING CO., Leighton Place, Kentish Town, N.W.5
 422
SCALE MODEL AIRCRAFT-No. 5
T''MV,M1(Wifig(M4fraqifffleard
A photograph of the finished model.
THIS machine is perhaps the most
famous of a number of machines pro-
duced by the Sopwith Aviation Com-
pany during the War. It was in use by
fighter squadrons on the Western Front
and overseas for several years, and was
followed by the Sopwith Snipe, which was
probably the best machine produced during
the War, although it was issued so late
that no real service experience was gained.
The Sopwith Camel, which owes its name
to the hump on the fuselage, under which the
two Vickers guns were mounted, was not
universally liked as it was a little tricky to
fly, but all the same, at that time was a
machine with an exceptional performance.
Simple Construction
The construction of the model is very
simple, there being no minute details which
are incapable of reproduction. As usual,
start by shaping the engine cowling. This
may be turned out or a disc cut from a
piece of flat wood and
finished off in a hand -
brace with sandpaper.
The front of the cowling
091RTW, "" "" ... ...... ...... oveeTVIy, .......
NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
0/1 SCGALE-
MODEL
SOPWITH
CAMEL
This Month we Deal with the Construc-
tion of a Plane that Owes its Name to
the Hump on the Fuselage
shaped and glued to the fuselage, and a
pin passed through the sides of the fuselage,
helping to strengthen the glued joint. At
this stage the tail skid can also be inserted
into a hole drilled into the fuselage below
the tail unit.
The Wings
The wings and interplane struts can
now be prepared and four holes drilled
may be left flat, and latex painted black or into the fuselage to carry the centre struts.
some engine detail inserted into a hollowed - Glue in the four centre struts, which are
out cowling. This may be done by turning longer than actually required, and glue and
out the back of the cowling and fitting a disc fit on the top phfne, which is in one piece.
of thin wood into the back, on which are The level of the plane should be carefully
glued a number of cylinders and short adjusted and the correct gap obtained by
lengths of wire representing valve rods, etc. sliding the plane up or down on the struts,
The fuselage should next be shaped, and these being thin enough to stand con-
the cockpit cut out. The two maxim guns siderable bending, especially if they are
may be fitted at this stage, and are made made slightly wet. The lower wings are
by fluting a round rod with a knife or a file, glued and pinned to the fuselage, the inner
shaping off the back and gluing down to the edge of the wing being shaped to fit the
fuselage. A cut-off pin inserted into the fuselage at an angle, in order to obtain the
end of the gun will closely resemble the dihedral. The four interplane struts are
barrel, providing the end is filed off square then glued into holes drilled in the upper
and not left rough. and lower planes, and the whole machine
The tail piece is next shaped, the rudder
either being made with it as one piece and leftNext to harden off.
cut the struts for the undercarriage
a deep score made on each side to denote and insert the ends into holes drilled in the
the hinge, or separately and hinged with underside of the fuselage, bringing the ends
small pieces of tin pressed into fretsaw down to a mitre
slots cut into .the wood and pivots made of axle can also beatglued the axle position. The
in position. The
very thin pins. The elevators are then wheels are discs, which can be either turned
or shaped in a hand -brace, to the back of
which are glued short lengths of round
wood for the shock absorbers. A pin is
then passed through the centre of each
wheel and pushed into the axle.
There only remains the propeller to
carve and fit with a pin to the front of the
fuselage.
Sopwith Camels had a variety of colour
schemes from green -brown to blue fuse-
lages and yellow wings.
Scale
2 3 4 5
11f111111- 11-1111111 I ( 1 1 1 I I I 1
Constructional details of
the model Sopwith Camel.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 423

LATHE WORK FOR AMATEURS

BUILDING A I 5-c.c. MODEL TWO-STROKE PETROL ENGINE. By W. H. DELLER
In this Concluding Article the Contact Breaker, Tappet, and Carburetter are Dealt With
THE remaining parts to be finished and remove the sharp corner from the opposite screw with the terminal part lying at right
fitted, apart from the carburetter, are end. Harden the bush and temper to a angles to the rib.
those for the contact breaker. Parts dark brown colour. The tappet -rod is left
Nos. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 20 are the details soft for the moment, in case the length Filing the Cam
required, and of these the insulator bush, requires adjustment. Pass the boss on the cam adapter into
part No. 14, tappet -rod, part No. 18, and the housing as far as it will go. Push the
tappet bush, part No. 20, have to be made, Fitting the Contact Breaker tappet -rod into the guide and hold it tightly
the other parts being supplied ready for The contact breaker is fitted to part 3, against the adapter boss with one finger, at
fitting. but before this can be done, a little drilling the same time rotating the adapter. This
is necessary. Referring to the drawing of should clearly indicate the position of the
The Insulating Bush this part, it will be seen that three holes are slot forming the cam. File a flat-bottomed
A piece of red fibre rod is supplied from required in the rib at the top of the casting. slot along the mark with a fine *-in. square
which to make this bush, and as designed, Clean up the top surface of the rib by filing, file, overlapping equally at either side of the
and run a centre line along the track of the rod until it is in. at the
112-

whole length. As regards the deepest place. Now extend the slot on
positioning of the holes, it will either side of the deepest point, but gradu-
be better to work from the ally diminishing the depth until a 17c -in.
6 B.A. tapped hole. Providing radius gauge with seat on the bottom of the
that the flange has been made slot (see Fig. 1). Assemble the crankshaft
*-in. in thickness, the highest and bearings in the housing, and secure the
portion of the rib will not hold cam adapter in place temporarily, by means
up to the length given, by 116- in., of the coned nut. Drop a *-in. hardened
in which case ignore the dimen- steel ball into the tappet guide, and insert
sion of 3flz in. from the face of the tappet -rod.
the flange to the centre of the Attach the contact spring so that the
hole. and make it * in. away contact points are facing and in line. Turn
from the opposite edge. From the cam adapter until the rod drops to its
this centre, mark another lowest position on the cam face, and observe
that the contacts are making
over their whole surface. If
touching at the edges farthest
away from the tappet, remove
Fig. 1.-The crankshaft bearings, with the rod and ease down in length
the cone locking nut, propeller flange, until the faces seat correctly,
and tappet. when the tappet -rod may be
hardened and tempered. Be-
is intended to be pressed into a fore leaving the contact breaker,
reamed hole in part 3. If this see that the boss on the tab is
method is adopted, the writer is of well clear of the tappet bush.
the opinion that the bush will not The Throttle
remain secure, unless a cross -pin
that will just cut the shank of the The machining of the throttle,
bush is fitted, for it must be re- part 2, calls for little comment,
membered that if the main bearing beyond the fact that as the
housing gets warm the fibre will material supplied is very soft,
shrink and cause endless trouble.
In the engine under construe
tion, this bush was screwed in. Fig. 2.-The engine, with the back cover plate
An apparently sound job having removed.
resulted, the suggestion is one
that might profitably be adopted. Should point / in. away on the lower rib,
this be done, turn the shank of the bush to and that for the next hole, h in.
take a No. 1 B.A. thread, using a very keen farther along. Spot up the holes
edged tool, and turn to 190 in. diameter. and drill the No. 6 B.A. tapping
This will not, of course, give a full thread, hole with a No. 43 or 44 drill to
but as the die is most likely to pull the tops a depth of / in. Drill the hole
shown as *-in. diameter with a
off the threads if an attempt is made to screw
on the correct diameter, the resulting threadNo. 18 drill as deep as possible,
will be cleaner. After screwing, turn the without piercing into the 6-in.
1 -in. head diameter back about 11c in. and bore. The last hole must be
drill the centre hole, using a No. 46 drill. drilled with care, as it accom-
Remove the partly finished bush from the modates the tappet bush, which
lathe, leaving the tapping and cutting off must be a tight fit. Drill a pilot
until later. There is one point to be men- hole about A in. in diameter, fol-
tioned before it is forgotten, that is, the low through with a No. 13 drill and Fig. 3.-The front bearing with contact -breaker mechanism assembled.
thread on part No. 17 is No. 7 B.A., not ease out with a -in. reamer until
136

No. 6 as indicated. Therefore, remember the bush enters the hole. Smear the outside paraffin will have to be used as a lubricant.
this when tapping the bush. of the bush with oil and tap in (lead end Also the diameter requires to be a good
first) until the end is as close as possible to running fit in the body, the 33c -in. hole must
Tappet -Rod and Bush the bottom of the hole, without projecting be true with the outside and the flat-
These are simple parts requiring very into the 4k -in. hole. Tap the other holes, bottomed hole bored to clear * in. diameter.
little work. Cut the -in. diameter silver Nos. 1 and 6 B.A. respectively. Next take The 6 B.A. taper hole lines up with the slot
steel to length for part No. 18 and clean up the fibre bush and screw into the shoulder, in part 1, and after the throttle lever, part 8,
the ends and remove sharp edges. taking care not to twist it off in the hole. is passed through the slot and into the
tapped hole, it is moved to the extremity of
Silver steel, -* in. in diameter, is supplied Cut off to leave a *-in. head to the bush,
for the bush. After facing to length, drill and file up flat. Now tap the centre hole, the slot, when the *-in. hole can be drilled
the *-in. diameter hole in which the rod No. 'Z B.A. in line with the one in the body casting. I
must be a sliding fit. File and polish a Take the tab, part 15, and secure it to the The valve, part 3, is made in two parts,
slight lead on one end of the bush, and face of the bush by means of the contact the stem being of silver steel and the head
 424
of brass.' Face, turn and drill the head
A -in. diameter, and part off to leave the
back face flat. Turn the stem, in one setting
to ensure that both of the A -in. diameters
are true, one with the other. Make the
bottom guide of the stem fit the head
tightly, and after fitting ease down both
guides to slide freely in the respective holes
in the body and throttle.
Hexagonal brass rod A in. a/f is supplied
for the jet tube, part No. 4. This is turned
baeJ at one end to .185 -in. diameter, and
screwed with 2 B.A. thread. The thread is
relieved at the back end for a in. to a
shade below the core diameter of the
thread. A No. 6 B.A. tapping hole is drilled
:4 in. deep through the centre and tapped
with a full thread for in. On the opposite
end a fin. B.S.F. thread holds a cap nut,
part No. 7, a centre hole about A -in. dia-
meter is drilled through to meet the 6 B.A.
tapping hole, and is coned out to take a
small pipe nipple. The petrol passes
through the No. 60 holes drilled across the
relieved portion of the thread.
Just a word about turning part No. 5 !
After turning down the fin. diameter brass
to 4 in. diameter for a distance of 1A in.,
reduce at the front to diameter by # in.
in length. Work on the 20 degree point and
finish back to the first shoulder to in.
diameter. Finish to the second shoulder to
.110 in. diameter and thread. Cut off after
forming and coarsely knurling the head.
Fig. 5 shows the parts after machining.
Part 6 is merely a gland nut for part 4,
and requires no explanation, and the soft
brass rod supplied for part 8 will flatten out
by squashing in the vice.
When assembling
the carburetter, slip
a thin packing washer
between the shoulder
of the jet tube and
the body casting.
Make certain that
the needle valve de-
finitely " shuts off "
and pack the gland round the thread. Do
not forget to grind in the valve (part 3)
lightly before assembling, as in Fig. 6.
Interpose a jointing washer between the
flange of the carburetter and the engine
before fixing.
The finished engine is seen at Fig. 4.
Final Assembly of the Engine
The engine parts are now ready for final
assembly. First, wash all the parts
thoroughly in petrol, and dry off. Smear
the cylinder bore and piston with thin
engine oil, and also half fill the inside of the
piston with oil and work the con -rod to
make certain that the small end bearing is
well lubricated, then drain out the surplus
oil. This advice may seem superfluous, but
none of the moving parts should be assem-
bled dry, or the chances are that the Fig. 6-The complete carburetter.
lubricant will never properly reach the
bearings. Enter the piston and con -rod pin up with the big -end bearing, push the diameter hole below the seating until it
into the cylinder so that the baffle on the
piston head is nearest to the transfer port.
Incidentally the radiused side of the big -end
bearing in the con -rod comes on the side piston travels to its highest point and care-
opposite to the induction port. Help the fully measure the distance from the top of
piston rings into the cylinder by com- the liner to a point on the top of the piston. by catching on the boss opposite. Mark
pressing with the fingers, and push the Turn the shaft again in a clockwise direction, out and drill (No. 32) two holes in the fixing
piston downwards until the big end almost
touches the bottom of the crankcase.
Lubricate the ball races, and tap them
down hard against the shoulders on the
crankshaft Push the shaft and bearings
into the housing and pass the cam adapter
on to the shaft at the opposite end, and
hold lightly in position by means of the
coned. nut. Reassemble the tappet -rod
and contact -breaker spring.
After rotating the crankshaft to line the
NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
Check up timing again to make sure that
the cam adapter has not slipped while
tightening, and if satisfied that it is correct,
smear the joint faces with gold -size and
assemble the crankshaft and housing to the
case, nutting it up tightly. Lock the
retaining screw into the end of the crankpin
and close the crankcase with the rear cover
(Fig. 3).
Apply a little gold -size to the end of the
liner and pull the cylinder head down
evenly. Cut a thin leather or soft fibre
washer to fit under the head of the drain
plug screw before inserting. Place a spare
nut on the threaded end of the crankshaft
to protect the thread and run the engine for
a time in the lathe to make certain that it
runs freely, feeding a little thin oil through
the sparking plug hole from time to time
while so doing.
This brings us to the concluding item,
namely, the carburetter.
Making the Carburetter
The carburetter parts are so small that
photographs do not clearly indicate the
methods of machining, but; although small,
the parts are, if tackled properly, fairly
simple to machine when broken up into a
proper sequence of operations.
Commencing with the body casting of
Fig. 4.-The complete engine. part 1, catch in the chuck by means of the
appropriate chucking boss to machine the
hole for the jet tube.
See that the short
boss at the front runs
true before centre
drilling. Face the
front of the boss
down until it is only
h in. proud of the
small web running
across the bottom,
drill a hole (No. 24
drill) slightly deeper
than in. to the lips
Fig. 5.-Various parts of the carburettsr. of the drill, and
counterbore at the
mouth to A in. diameter and depth.
Remove from the chuck, cut off the
chucking boss flush with the top of the
casting and re -chuck by means of the
bottom boss. Set the casting to run true,
face the front down until the length over
the small boss, previously machined,
measures if in. Centre drill and drill a fin.
diameter hole to a depth of not more than
in. to the lips of the drill. Bore out
cleanly to 4 in. diameter and in. deep,
leaving a square corner. Drill the bottom
of the hole out a shade deeper with a fin.
diameter drill, ground to an included angle
of about 150 degrees. Set the top slide
round to 45 degrees and bore out from the
corner of the I -in. hole to form the valve
seating. Carefully spot up the bottom of
the hole with the point of a centre drill, and
drill a A -in. hole to a depth of 4 in. With a
fine boring tool face the bottom of the 1- in.
bearing housing home on to the crankcase breaks through. Continue facing with care
and hold in position with a couple of fin. until the point of the tool is projecting
nuts. Rotate the crankshaft until the through A in., leaving the bottom boss
supported by a bar formed by the web.
Drill the A -in. hole and face the flange
looking from the tail end of the shaft, and lugs to suit the studs in the cylinder. The
arrest the piston at a point,A in. before the 14 -in. slot controlling the throttle opening
top of the stroke.( Hold the balance weight is made in accordance with the enlarged
in this position and slack off the cam portion of the print. Cut off the remaining
adapter nut with the fingers. Now turn the chucking lug to length, and drill a hole
cam adapter in a clockwise direction until through the boss to hold the wire spring
the points are just about to break. Lock that maintains the head of the jet screw in
up the cone nut finger tight and remove the adjustment with a No. 64 or A -in. drill.
shaft and housing from the crankcase Drill the No. 70 hole through from the
(Fig. 2). Tighten the cone nut up hard by seating to the jet tube hole; it must be
holding on to the crank web in the vice. covered by the coned face of the valve.
 June. 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 425

FINISHING OUR SPEEDBOAT

This Month We Put the Final Touches
to Our Fast Motor -boat Streamlinia,
the Construction of Which Has Been
Dealt With in Preceding Articles

gives the boat a flattering appearance of

length. Do not carry this line right to the
stem, but leave room for the name Stream-
linia in letters f in. high. A transfer of this
name can be obtained from Bassett-Lowke,
or you can do it yourself with gilt paint.
The blue line can also be improved by
finishing off at the stern with a gilt arrow-
head, as shown on the drawings published
in the March issue. This gives Streamlinia
a remarkably professional appearance.
Now we come to the deck, which is
marked out, following the hull shape, to
represent planking, as is the general
practice with this type of boat, and certainly
looks well. You can mark this out with a
sharp pointed tool held close against a
template made to the shape of the deck,
or better still with a carpenter's gauge.
This is first set f in. in and a line marked
Showing " Streamlinia under way. right round the deck. Then set it at in.
and again mark to the shape of the hull
BY this time I expect you are well There are many quick -drying enamels on down each side, taking care not to run over
acquainted with all the mechanical the market, but in boat work it is our the line at the after end. So you continue
details and have completed the heavier experience that the longer an enamel takes resetting f in. in from each line previously
work, but finishing off is quite as important, to dry, the longer it wears. The enamel marked, until the deck planking is com-
and makes just that difference between an used on the Streamlinia model we have built pleted flush with the line of the deck-
amateur and a professional -looking boat. is Ripolin, but you are at liberty to choose house.
Amateurs often remark on the fine finish the colour and brand you prefer. After this, both sides of the deck should
of commercial models, and wonder how it is be given two coats of copal varnish, for it is
achieved, but it is not a difficult matter if a Enamelling the Boat necessary to varnish the underside of a
few simple rules are followed. The enamel should be brushed on with a steam model to prevent any steam saturat-
In the case of Streamlinia, I think it is fairly stiff brush, and if it is " worked " well, ing into the wood, with the obvious result
best to remove the steam plant before will flow out to a beautifully smooth finish. of warping.
finally painting the hull, as the inside needs
to be well covered, and it is easier to work
on the bare hull than to try to paint round
steam and exhaust pipes.
Give the inside two good coats of enamel.
Warm brown is a useful shade and will clean
up better than most colours after a run.
Assuming that the outside of the hull has
had four coats of lead paint, sandpaper this
down to a smooth finish, and stop up any
rough places with putty, which must be
allowed to harden before painting.
The Deck -house and Roof
Now apply a coat of white under -coating,
which should be brushed out very evenly.
Besides the hull, you may also give the
deck -house and roof a layer of under-
coating, but in painting them, be careful
not to leave any " runs " at the window
corners, as these will show badly on the
finished surface.
Let this coat dry for at least twenty-four
hours, and before you apply another, make
this test. Lightly sandpaper the hull,
deck -house and roof with a fine grade (say
No. 1). If there are any signs of the paint
" pulling up " (that is to say, if it is at all
soft under the surface) you will know it is
not yet ready for I'l co ding, until this has Marking out the deck with a carpenter's gauge.
thoroughly dried out. You cannot hurry
this job of painting. Many a marine model Two coats of enamel are advisable, sand- Assembling the Parts
enthusiast knows the tragedy of peeling papering between each coat, and when the At last all the parts are completed and
enamel, one of the consequences of hasty enamel is quite dry you can proceed to put painted, and we now begin assembling.
daubing on the decorative line. First put back the plant into the hull,
After another coat, the boat is ready for With a pencil, mark a neat line + in. down screwing it down firmly. Next fix the
enamelling. The sides will be white, and from the top of the hull, and then another deck -house to the deck. This should be
the bottom of the hull warm brown, the in. below this. Fill in carefully between screwed on from the underside of the deck,
same colour as you are using inside the these lines with blue enamel, and this forms keeping the inside of the house flush with
hull. a very pleasing break in the hull line, and the edge of the hole cut into the deck. In
 426 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
this operation it will be found necessary to say from 40 to 60 lbs., give her a first into the cylinder. Occasionally draw out
drive the screws in at a slight angle, but run. the burners from the firebox and renew any
this is made easier if the holes are first Any helm trouble can then be corrected. wicks which have become charred.( They
drilled at the required angle. should be bunched out of the top of the
At an early stage two small holes were The Steering burners a little to get a good flame, but
made in the deck -house roof. Now the It is a peculiarity of V -bottom hard chine make sure they go right down the tube so
enamelling is complete you can put on the hulls that they will keep a perfectly straight they can pick up the spirit as it flows down.
ferrules. Pencil in the two outlines of the course with no rudder on, but as soon as a Streamlinia has been tested in all weathers,
pressure gauge and steam valve holes and rudder is fitted, they become very sensitive. on a calm sunny day and in a wind when
cut them out with a coarse fretsaw. The
ferrules can then be pushed in. After
painting you may find that the two small
wood blocks, which position the deck -house
roof, fit tightly, but rubbing with sand-
paper will ease this.
Next come the small fittings, such as
bollards and flagstaffs. These should be
mounted on the places indicated, with the
special pins provided. The flags flown are
the burgee at the bow and the red ensign
astern, unless the " commander " of the
boat is a naval reserve, when he may fly
the blue ensign.
The complete deck is now ready for fixing
to the hull, and should be screwed on with
Fin. brass screws (steel screws are used for
the under -water work, but brass ones look
better on the deck) all round the edge, but
it must not be glued. It is sometimes
necessary to take off the deck, and if it
is glued you will find you require a new
one.
Next the rudder should be pushed up into
the tube, and the tiller arm fixed, and then
we are ready for the final test.
Do not try to get up steam with the model
out of the water or the result will be
blistered paint underneath.
Light the burners, with the model on the
bank if it is difficult to reach in the water,
but immediately you have seen they are
burning correctly, put her in. Keep the Painting the hull of " Streamlinia."
boat as level as possible, so that you do not
upset the level of the spirit. You will find A little experimenting with this will soon give she tossed about like a " hove -to " trawler,
once she is in the water she will never roll you what a sailor calls the " feel of the helm," but never has she given trouble with either
or pitch sufficiently to matter. and you will be able to send Streamlinia just lamp or engine, and she always makes a
Another little hint which may be welcome , where you want. She will certainly make good consistent run of from twenty-five to
to model -boat owners is never lift the stern a good show in steering competitions. thirty-five minutes at a speed of anything
of a model to clear a weed -fouled propeller. The maintenance of Streamlinia is from 7 to 8+ knots.
When you lift the stern the bow goes down. simple. After each day's running, dry and These tests were made in the winter and
Take her right out. It is safer, and can be clean the model inside and out. Fill the early spring, so there is every hope that
done just as easily. displacement lubricator with clean oil and she will give better performances during
When you have raised steam sufficiently, give the engine a few turns to draw the oil summer running.

Perhaps the most popular type of electric the refrigerant usually employed is sulphur
washer is known as the agitator type. In INSTALLING HOUSEHOLD dioxide gas, which is subject to pressure in
construction this type of washer consists of ELECTRICAL DEVICES the compressor driven by the motor, and
the usual type, of tub mounted to a sub- cooled by a current of air produced by a
stantial frame with feet and accommodation (Continued from page 411) fan, also operated by the motor. This
for the wringer at the top. At the base of process liquefies the gas and when passed
the tub is the agitator, usually in the 50°, and the air to be dry and pure, and to the evaporating unit, it evaporates and
nature of a metal dolly carrying three or to
free from dust and dirt. All these conditions so absorbs heat from the food storage
four blades and so constructed and con- are fulfilled by the electric refrigerator. chamber in which it is fixed. Following
nected to the motor that it oscillates from Refrigeration is the process of cooling, this, the vaporised gas is drawn into the
50 to 80 half turns per minute. The and is based upon the fact that all gases, compressor and reliquefied, these operations
actual power transmission from the motor when subjected to sufficient pressure and being automatically repeated. The motor
(which is not universal) may be either belt - cold, become liquefied and liberate their operating the compressor is either belt -
drive or direct -shaft drive. Conversely, when the pressure driven or direct -coupled, and is controlled
For operating the wringer a direct drive latent heat. by a thermostat, thus maintaining the
is taken from the motor separately through Hours predetermined temperature necessary for
a housing at the side of the tub, and TYPE.
Approx. Watts
Con-
running
for id.
the storage, that is to say, the motor is
equipped with gearing for wringing from 11.P.
sumed. at ld. automatically switched off when the tem-
the washer to the sink or tub. The wringer per unit. perature falls below 40° and switched on
may be used either independently or again when the temperature reaches 50°.
together with the washing action. Sewing motor . 41(7 50 20 Remaining examples of fractional horse-
It should be noticed in this example of Mixer and beater . A 100 10 power motors for use in larger establish-
fractional horse -power motor use, the Polishing motor . f 200 5 ments include potato peelers, meat, food
complete washer and motor frame are Stimulator . . + 250 4 and vegetable choppers, and dish washers,
earthed, a three -pin plug and three -core Washer and wringer + 300 3+ but space does not permit to deal with these.
cable being necessary. Refrigerator . - * 250 10 In the centre column is appended the
Electri.: Refrigeration
consumption in watts, operating hours for
is reduced and the liquid gas evaporates one unit, and the approximate horse -power
Electrically - operated refrigerators for heat is absorbed from the surroundings, for the motors described above.
domestic use are now becoming a standard resulting in a lowering of the temperature Referring to figures for the refrigerator, the
appliance in the all -electric house. The in those surroundings. ten hours is not the running time of the motor,
requirements for the ideal preservation of In the refrigerator operated by a frac- but the operating hours of the refrigerator,
food is a maintained temperature of 40° tional horse -power motor (not universal), the motor only running intermittently.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 427

namiliZtimr.N!,

Fig. 6.-Diagram of automatic setting of points by trains.

MODEL ELECTRIC RAILWAYS By E. W. TWINING

An Automatic Control and Signalling System
IT was stated in the last article that the to the other coil, which opens the points to going to happen ? One of them, the first
leads from the coils of the point -operating the main. The other ends of the windings which reaches the contact rail, will operate
solenoids would be taken to two-way of both coils are tee'd into the feeder cable. the points : what will the other do ? Well,
switches on the control panel. This was for A circuit is completed through one of the it will be stopped. In Fig. 4 it is seen that
moving the points as required by the coils by the passage of the selector over on the up trailing point rod there are con-
operator of the system. If, however, they either the right-hand or the left-hand con- tact leaves E, which render the third rails,
are to be worked by the trains themselves, tact ; the current passing through running behind the points, dead according to the
automatically, the current to the coils must rail No 1, through frame of engine, selector positions of the points ; so if a train on the
obviously be derived from other points roller or brush, contact rail, solenoid coil, main up line reaches its contact rail before
where the circuits can be opened and closed feeder cable and back to battery. another train on the branch, the latter
by the passage of the trains. cannot proceed because the current supply
In the case of both up and down lines, Point Selecting on Up Lines is cut off. Now, if the main line train did
short contact rails will be provided over A reference to Fig. 6 will show that these no more than move the points for itself, the
which will pass either rolling brushes, spring points are trailing and they must be capable branch train could never start again, so,
brushes, or flat shoes attached to and not of being operated from two positions : one after the passage of the main train over the
insulated from the frame of the locomotive on the up main line, and one on the up points, that is to say, after it has cleared the
or motor coach bogie. But the arrange- branch. The contact rails are to be placed next section, it is necessary that it should
ment of these contact rails will be different at the entrance to the sections which return the points to their original condition.
in the case of the up lines from that on the include the points or at the ends of the This it does by means of the restoring con-
down lines, because the conditions for preceding sections. Actually, the exact tact rails which are shown at the left-hand
operating are by no means the same. positions do not matter so long as they are end of Fig. 6. These rails are connected up
Point Selecting on Down Lines far enough back, yet not too far, but they to the opposite coils of the solenoids to those
should be approximately the same distance approaching the points, and so the same
For convenience we will consider that the from the points. In each case a ramp is brush or roller which actuated first one
down lines are those involving facing points, necessary, placed just before the contact solenoid coil will, through the restoring
and that trailing points are on the up lines, rail, the object of which is to ensure that the contact, actuate the other coil. The points
as was shown in Fig. 4. selector on the engine is down on the correct will therefore move over for the branch up
The arrangement of contact rails for the side required to touch the contact rail. ' train and the branch third rail will again
moving of facing points is, perhaps, some- The reader is here referred to Fig. 7, become alive.
what the more simple matter, although two which shows the rocking selector on the
rails are needed, but the selecting gear on train, the contact rails and a profile of the Point Selector on Train
the train requires to be pre-set, manually, ramp. Alternative arrangements of the This apparatus may be fixed on any part
before it starts on its journey from the mechanism are shown, but these will, for of the front of the train, the locomotive, the
terminal station or from some other con- the moment, not be considered. The point tender or motor coach, as the case demands.
venient point. Details of this gear will be to be brought out is that the selector can At A the contact rails are shown inside of
described presently. rock to either side, and an examination of the running rails with the ramps outside.
In Fig. 6 the layout of the tracks is Fig. 6 will show that on the up branch and The rocker must be spring controlled, and
repeated from Fig. 4, but all relays, electrical up main lines (at the right-hand end of the this control is, at A, by a cam fixed above
gear and circuits are omitted except those drawing) the ramps are placed on opposite the rocker with a spring -loaded roller
which concern the operation of the tongues sides of the contact rails. Suppose now pressing upwards upon it. At B the con-
of the points. The two contact rails for the that two up trains are approaching the tact rails are outside with the ramp, or
down facing points are shown 'between the points, one on the main and the other on ramps, between. The control is by a toggle
running rails, one on either side of the third
the branch, one or both of them may have gear, also spring loaded. This pattern
rail, but they can quite well be placed out- the rocking selector set over on the wrong control is perhaps the better of the two.
side the running rails. Their lengths, side for making the required contact, the At C the contact rails and ramps are between
which will, of course, be equal, will depend ramp, therefore, is needed to correct this, the wheels, which makes the neater arrange-
upon the scale or size of the railway ; at and, if it is not already down, bring the ment ; here the ramp operates on the
least 6 in. will be advisable for 11 -in. or brush or roller on to the contact rail. If it rollers which are also the contact makers.
I fin. gauge. is already on the correct side the ramp D shows a profile of the ramp with the
The left-hand rail is connected to the coil simply does nothing. position of the same relative to the contact
of the solenoid, which puts the points open We have just supposed that two trains rail. In setting out the curvature of the
to the branch line, and the right-hand rail are approaching the points ; now what is ramp care must be taken to make the angle
 428 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
of rise of the top surface not too sudden or
the shock may tend to lift or overturn the
vehicle. An even greater length and smaller
angle than that shown will be all to the
good. The spring control, too, should not
be too powerful.
A New Design for Electric Locomotive Motor
The sectional sketch, Fig. 8, shows an
idea which the writer has had in mind for
some years, and which seems to be specially
applicable to very small scale railways,
such as the now popular " 00 " gauge,
where it is difficult to make a motor of
sufficient size and power and yet get it
within the limits of the dimensions of the
locomotive with ordinary steam outline
It will be obvious from the drawing that the
" boiler " and the return piece under the
axles form a horse -shoe magnet with a 4
comparatively large armature between the
poles. These poles swell out to accommo-
date the armature and form what is .-/ a.
normally the wide firebox of a Pacific type cc
engine. U
The magnet portions would, of course, be cc Cs

machined from cast steel, the upper half -

RAMP
finished after hardening and magnetising POITIT CONTACT RAIL 3512 RAIL

with lagging bands, etc., and enamelled.

Boiler mountings might be in brass knocked Poircr COtITACT PAIL
into holes prepared for them.
If an electro-magnetic motor is preferred
the boiler barrel may have a core only and P77777A
be wound as a coil ; in other words, have a
field winding : reversing would then be Fig. 7.-Automatic point setting apparatus.
done by changing the direction of current
through this field winding. Famous Models
This locomotive, as an electric motor, has a particular prototype, that it is not strictly
been registered as a copyright design, and a model but a toy and, therefore, is not It is a very great pity that so few people
must therefore not be manufactured on a included as a fourth class. ever think of making models of engines
quantity production basis except by which have long been scrapped; engines
arrangement with the writer of these The Three Classes which made railway history. For instance,
articles, but no objection will be raised to a Each of the types of models under the of one could count all the models in existence
private individual making such a motor to mentioned above have Daniel the famous 8 ft. singles, designed by Sir
the design for his own use. their uses. Of the perfect scale model it Great Western- Gooch for the broad gauge of the
Railway, on the fingers of
may be said that the chief purpose it serves one hand. Or again, there are the splendid
is to hand down to posterity tangible bogie singles of Johnson's design on the
FACTS ABOUT MODEL records of what was done in railway engin- Midland, and Dean's on the Great Western,
eering before steam locomotives became a to- say nothing of such beautiful machines
LOCOMOTIVES thing of the past. Models of the second as the 8 ft. 2 in. singles of the Caledonian,
class, although they may be most useful and Stroudley's 0-4-2 and 2 -2 -2 -types of
and are certainly charming, are perhaps the the London, Brighton and South Coast.
BROADLY speaking, apart from differ- least commendable of the three, since they Of class two it may be said that, if the
ences of size, model locomotives may are, after all, but imitations of something scale is large enough, the models may per-
be divided into three classes. First, which has been done before in full-size form useful work of hauling and of amusing
there is the perfect scale model intended, practice, and possibly, also, a number of children, but generally the scale model is
perhaps, for placing in a glass show -case times on model form. The third class may not sufficiently strongly built to give a
and which purports to be a facsimile of be sub -divided into (a) models to demon- heavy draw -bar pull.
either an existing prototype or a possible strate something new in the way of design,
prototype. Next we have the working or (b) models built primarily for hard work.
. model which also follows prototype design Of exhibition models little more needs to be MODEL AEROPLANES
by scale, but is modified to suit the require- said. Their construction is to be most
ments of working conditions, and, thirdly, strongly recommended, but to be really
AND AIRSHIPS
we have the free-lance design, which is useful in the years to come the builder By F. J. Camm
probably original and follows no prototype. should aim to select something for repro- 96 Pages, 120 Illustrations
Then there is the working engine which, in duction which is out of the common, or I I- or 1/2 by post from Geo. Newnes Ltd.,
general, departs so much from actual else, if he chooses a type which everybody 8/1 I Southampton Street, Strand, W.C.2.
practice, except as regards a somewhat is modelling, his workmanship and finish
similarity of form and colour of painting of must be of the very highest quality.

A
olimr Noir
OMMI1
z/v. Avz z tv,

Fig. 8.-A new design- for an electric locomotive motor.

 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 429

MODEL
°@ifEcK0
TOPICS
American Balsa Wood Model
THE illustrations on this page show how
truly realistic are models made of balsa
wood. Scale model aircraft built in this
way are extremely popular in America, and
these models, built from. materials and
designs supplied by the Cleveland Model
and Supply, Inc., of 1866 W. 57th Street,
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A., show the great
degree of realism which can be obtained.
Kits for making such models are obtainable
from the English firm-Model Aircraft Sup-
plies, whose address will be found in the
advertisement pages. Materials are also
available from A. E. Jones, Ltd., another of
our advertisers. It is difficult to tell the
models from their prototypes. A well detailed Cleveland model of the U.S. Navy Boeing Fighter.
Perfect Models speed. The duration of this model is bottom right-hand corner is of a model of the
In America, scale model aircraft has twenty seconds. The photograph at the U.S.A. Martin Bomber, with the covering
removed to show the details. The two pro-
jecting motor spars behind the nacelle are
quickly detached and the spaces are filled
in with covered blocks for exhibition pur-
poses. Wide -bladed propellers are used for
flight of course, the scale propeller for
exhibition only.
The Practical Mechanics Petrol -driven "
Monoplane
I hope to be able to include next month
the preliminary article on the Petrol Engine
Monoplane to which I referred last month.
The design is completed and the construc-
tion well in hand. Any modifications which
I find after test to be necessary I shall, of
course, incorporate.

A Cleveland model of the mystery aeroplane which is

capable of flying at a very high speed. Its usual
duration is about 20 seconds.

reached a very high degree of perfection,

and there are hundreds of firms catering
for the needs of model makers. You may
obtain dummy engines of all the power units
used in aircraft, scale model propellers,
panted wheels, model bomb dropping devices,
model dashboards and all of the insignia in
the form of transfers further to add to the
realism of the finished product. America,
however, is far behind us in the construction
of power -driven models, and only a few
American aero-modellists seem to be
interested in this branch of the hobby. It
is difficult to find a reason for this since
many American units, such as the Brown
and the Wall, are available.
The photograph at the top of this page
shows a Cleveland model of the U.S. Navy
Special Boeing fighter, and indicates the
wealth of detail which is built into the
model. The photograph below it is of the
American, a mystery aeroplane which is Showing a partly finished Cleveland model of a Martin bomber. When flying the model, the two
reputed to be capable of extremely high projecting motor spars behind the nacelles can be easily detached and the spaces filled in with blocks of wood.
430 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935

AN ENTIRELY NEM/' PUB4.ICATION

'C'11(1,k5k The 5 volumes are

bound in full Blue
Moroquette. This
AA 1)4N: binding is oil, acid
and water -proof so
that the books may
VON.Oat be used freely in
the Workshop, etc.,
without risk of
damage.

OVER

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SPECIALIST
CONTRIBUTORS

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ILLUSTRATIONS
4 FOLDING PLATES

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to Proficiency OVER 1,900 PAGES

IN Electrical Engineering advancement and success come
to the man who is best equipped to tackle and understand
the multifarious jobs and problems he may encounter.
This new and up-to-date work will help you to acquire the
necessary combination of theoretical and practical knowledge.
It is invaluable alike to the Student and to the practising
engineer. It shows the approved methods of dealing with
every type of work, from the installation, erection, wiring
and maintenance of an electrical plant for a small house to
that of a large factory replete with the most up-to-date
equipment. In addition, the most modern applications of
electricity, including sound -film reproduction, wireless, etc.,
are fully dealt with and the work contains a great deal of
most valuable data which cannot be found in any other
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Send for the illustrated prospectus-and judge for yourself !

PRACTICAL
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 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 431

SMALL TOOLS AND CUTTERS

This Article Deals with Standard and Special Types of Tools, also their Use, Maintenance and Methods of Making
SMALL tools are an essential part of run on for the required distance and wound form of three screws passing through the
all mechanical engineering equipment, back to the start again, further cuts taken side of the holder; the centre one being
whether the work engaged upon is large until a full' thread is formed. Oil is used as a pointed to an angle of 60 degrees, seats into
or small. The uses for them are, however, lubricant for steel, and as the thread ap- a countersink in the mouth of the slot and
greater in smaller work and model making proaches complete formation, it is advisable the other screws, arranged at an angle of
in general, for whereas in the prototype to break the chips by occasionally reversing 45-60 degrees on either side, are flat ended.
the direction of rotation as the die is being
fed downwards, in order to prevent portions
tearing out. It may be mentioned that the
front of the dies are relieved and this is
the part where the cutting take place.
Also the dies are assembled in the stock
in such a manner as to permit both sets
of markings to line up. After much use the
leading edges of the thread lands become
rounded and can be restored by careful
grinding and stoning. Special dies are Fig. 6.-Button
comparatively simple to make. A pair of
Fig. I. -A split ring die. Fig. 2.-Die blank. tool steel blanks slightly larger than the Mouth of Countersink die.
patterns are made to fit the stock. Secure Fig. 5.-Backing off for die" lead."
parts are of such dimensions as to permit in position and drill a correct sized tapping
being machined by lathe or borer, the hole (exactly equal to the core diameter of Pressure applied by the centre screw opens
same parts in the model, owing to small the thread) through the centre of the the slot and the side screws locking down
scale reduction, call for different treatment blanks on the parting line. Proceed to on to the edge of the die maintain the
as regards machining, and the model finish as for a ring die as regards lead, adjustment under cut. Naturally, when
maker is forced to rely upon the use of tapping, land and -relief, but file the butting a closing action is necessary the adjustment
small tools to perform the same operations. is effected by slightly withdrawing the
Such tools include drills, reamers, dies, centre screw and tightening the side screws.
taps, and all kinds of cutters, and it is Ring dies are obtainable as standard in
proposed to deal with the various types, the commonly -used thread systems. Whit-
their uses, methods of using and keeping in worth, B.S.F., B.A., Metric, etc. The dies
condition. Although many of the tools are are made in several sizes as regards outside
standard productions, it frequently happens diameter, in the following range : in.,
that a tool or cutter of a special nature is 4 in., 1 in., I* in., 11 in., etc. The
required. As a matter of fact, in many maximum size of thread that the dies in
cases, the use of a special tool, even for each range will cut is restricted by the
jobs that may be regarded as machinable diameter of the die, and this point requires
by other methods, is desirable on account watching when purchasing ; as, for in-
of accuracy and time saving, particularly Fig. 3.-The die blank Fig. 4.-The holes elongated stance, the largest size of thread in the 1 in.
where several identical articles are wanted. drilled. to provide" spring." diameter range is diameter. While
While it is true that in most instances, such a die is suitable for thread correction
providing that a certain amount of dis- faces to length after tapping and reproduce or running down purposes, it is, in the
crimination has been used regarding the the cutting edges and chip spaces on these writer's opinion, too weak to give reason-
machining treatment, the time saved will faces to the pattern. able service (particularly if the thread form
more than compensate for that lost in is deep) for thread cutting and the next
making the tool or cutter, in others the Ring Dies larger size should be selected. The most
intricate character of the work may make The pattern shown in Fig. 1 is known as a popular range of dies for threads up to k -in.
the use of such cutter indispensable. Thus ring die. These may be either solid or diameter is the # in. size, and for a set of
the fact emerges that an apparently diffi- split for adjustment, but with both types a Whitworth, small sizes or B.A. threads is
cult machining operation may be rendered full thread is produced at one screwing, the handiest.
easy by the provision of certain tools or and where split, the amount of movement If a greater range is required, say from
cutters, and, therefore, the greater part of obtainable is only sufficient to permit a diameter, it is preferable to use
each article will be devoted to information thread being produced within a few two different diameters of die to cover the
concerning the making and using of special thousandths either way of correct size. As range, as the die holder will be too massive
tools. previously mentioned, various methods of for sensitive control on the small sizes. In
Threading Dies obtaining the adjustment exist, but in all use the die must be started true with the
Of all small tools, the greatest diversity cases the difference lies only in the manner work, or a drunken thread will result and a
of types or patterns occurs in those used in which the slot is opened and closed. lead filed truly on the end of the bar will
for the production of screw threads. In- Where the adjuster is incorporated in the greatly assist in this direction. Care must
cluded among these are engineers' pattern, die, it is in the form of a taper pin or screw be exercised in attempting to correct the
ring, solid, button or acorn, spring, chaser acting in the slot or a jack screw tapped die for squareness with the work by apply-
and full mounted types. Of the adjustable through the side of the die and bearing on ing unequal pressure to the stock handles,
dies different makes of ring dies vary as to the opposite wall of the slot to force it as, if only one or two threads have been
the method of adjustment. open. Dies in this class are tempered so cut, the mouth of the die is very liable to
that the natural spring of the tool steel chip badly. Once this has happened the
Engineers' Pattern tends to close the slot when the adjuster is die is ruined for cutting clean threads.
These dies, although still manufactured,removed. When the cutting edges become dull
are what may be described as an old- The die illustrated requires provision after repeated use, a certain amount of
fashioned type. They offer certain advan- to be made in the holder for the purpose of re -sharpening can be done in the larger
tages inasmuch as they withstand severe effecting adjustment. This may be in the sizes with a round oil stone and in the
service, and also the amount of smaller sizes by lapping. This is
adjustment (over or under size) is done by filing down a suitable
practically unlimited. A full piece of brass rod to such diameter
thread cannot be cut at one screw- that it will seat on both flanks
ing, and in use the adjusting adjoining the thread in the chip
screw is slacked back to permit slots. The lap thus formed is
the rod or part being screwed, suitably driven and charged with
entering completely between the grinding paste. Each cutting edge
halved dies. After closing the dies Fig. 7,-Blank for hollow Fig. 8.-Hollow mill for Fig. 9.-Hollow mill is dealt with in turn by passing
hard on to the job, the thread is mill. cutting brass. for cutting steel. the chip slot over the lap and
 432 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
applying pressure to the die to force the Harden and temper in the usual way and similar nature where the use of a suitable
lap towards the centre. draw the temper further to a dark blue hollow mill will be invaluable. As its
behind the spring hole by holding the die name implies, the hollow mill is really an
Making Special Ring Dies against a red-hot piece of bar iron. The end milling cutter with a hole through the
A cast steel blank is prepared in accord- bar at the top of the slot is removed by centre. The size of the cutter is determined
ance with the size of die in use. When grinding on the corner of a sharp wheel. by the centre hole, a On. diameter cutter
drilling the tapping hole, select a drill that The foregoing remarks apply equally as producing work of that diameter. In use
will allow the tap to cut a full thread and well to solid dies in which the slot is omitted. the cutters are held in line with the work,
see that it is drilled square with the face and fed on to it, the work only revolving.
of the blank, Fig. 2 showing this first stage. Button Dies To start the cutter it is essential to taper
Carefully tap the hole, and with a centre Another form of die is seen in Fig. 6, and the end of the bar to an included angle of
drill, countersink on one side until the is a type very suitable for lathe use. The about 60 degrees, the front end of the
mouth of the hole equals the diameter of the blank is made to the shape shown and is taper being made slightly smaller than the
thread. The reverse side is also counter- held on the small diameter. The thread size of the hollow mill. For preference the
sunk, but only slightly to break the sharp extends for a depth proportionate to tapering is done with a cutter similar to a
edge and run the tap through again to corresponding sizes of ring dies, the back hollow mill, with the teeth arranged round
remove any burrs. Now refer to Fig. 3 of the tapping hole being counterbored to the face of a 60 -degree countersink.
before commencing the next stage. This clear the thread. After tapping, the teeth Resharpening is carried out by stoning the
operation consists of drill- front edges of the teeth,
ing the holes to form the which should have a back
chip spaces which break the slope of 5 degrees. If
thread up into the cutting grinding becomes necessary
edges. the cutting edges must
The blank shown is all be level when finished,
drilled with four holes for but excessive grinding will
this purpose, but the actual increase the cutting
number will depend on the diameter as the hole is
size of the tapped hole in back tapered.
the blank. This is a point
that may be explained in Making Hollow Mills
the following manner : To Fig. 10.-Useful die holder. The largest special
provide ample strength and hollow mills likely to
to ensure that the finished die will cut are filed on radial lines. Follow the same be required can be made from blanks
freely, the finished thread, lands (width of rules regarding land and relief given for or in. diameter, x 1 or 11 in. in length,
thread left standing between the gaps) are ring dies. Button dies have an advantage respectively. Turn and face the blank and
made proportionate to the diameter of the in the fact that they are easily sharpened at the same setting drill the centre hole
thread in close approximation to the ratio by grinding on the flat face of each tooth. slightly smaller than the required size.
of 1 : 4. Thus the lands of a die to cut A left hand die is cut in the opposite Taper ream from the back with a standard
}-in. diameter thread would be about difection to that shown. j: -in. per foot taper reamer, until the small
* in. in width. With a thread that is end or front is opened out to correct size-
larger in proportion to the outside diameter Spring Dies Fig. 7 shows a blank in section. Mark
of the blank it might not be possible to Spring dies are a varied form of the centre lines across the face at right angles
drill four holes large enough in diameter to above type, the difference being that the to each other. Cut the teeth according to
give a sufficiently narrow land, in which blank is tubular. The teeth are cut deeper the nature of the material to be worked,
case five holes may be drilled. On the and are supported at the front by an en- straight fronted for brass as in Fig. 8, or
other hand, where the thread is small, it circling split collar. While possessing the with a rake of 10 degrees for steel as in
may be more advantageous to drill only properties of the former type these have an Fig. 9, the fronts of the teeth in both cases
three holes of larger diameter. When this added advantage in the fact that adjust- being smoothly finished on the radial
course is adopted it is not always necessary ment is obtainable through the agency of lines. File the backs of the teeth to leave
to drill the " spring " hole, and in the case the split collar. parallel lands wide, and back off at
of j -in. and dies having three holes, 5 degrees. Harden and temper in the usual
the aim should be to leave the wall of the Full Mounted Dies way and stone the fronts, and tops of the
die with a minimum thickness of ifff in. teeth.
However, in all cases the procedure is Made in the larger sizes only, these dies
the same, and will be dealt with on the' lines themselves are similar to engineers' pattern, Holder for Dies and Hollow Mills
of Fig. 3. After selecting a drill that will but each pair of dies is mounted in a round
give what is required, mark off and drill collett at the bottom of which is a guide A useful holder for making small bolts
four equally spaced holes on a pitch circle accommodating the correct diameter of and screws on a centre lathe is seen in
diameter that will bring the edges of the material screwed. This guide serves to Fig. 10. A plain plug is turned taper at
holes very nearly into the top of the thread. keep the dies in line and square with the one end to fit the tailstock, a hole being
Immediately below one of them drill a rod. The thread is cut in one screwing, drilled in the front end to clear long pieces.
smaller hole for springing. Next elongate and adjustment is by means of a screw The holder portion is bored to slide on the
the chip holes with a fine round file until bearing on the end of each half die. plug and counterbored in the front to take
they run into the thread sufficiently to a die or hollow mill. Time will be saved
give the correct land, as shown in the lower Chaser Type by having a separate holder for each class
half of Fig. 4. Saw a slot opposite to the Usually mounted with a guide also, this of In tool.
spring hole from the inside, extending to type of die is provided with four flat chasers. and use a piece of bar is held in the chuck,
within A in. to A in. of the edge. The All of the chasers adjust simultaneously by the end tapered as described. Feed
small bar of metal that is left acts as a tie,
and will do much to overcome distortion means of a coned ring operated by two the hollow mill with the tailstock screw
while hardening. As the actual cutting of pairs of screws. Here again is a type which until the required length has been stripped
down, the knurled body being held while so
the thread takes place on the mouth of the covers only the larger threads. doing. Slide, the hollow mill and holder
die it is necessary to relieve the counter- Hollow Mills off the plug and substitute the die and
sunk portion of each land to form a cutting holder. Again holding the knurling, the
edge. Do this by filing the rear edge of One Of the most ticklish jobs on a lathe die is fed forward by sliding along the plug
each lower than the front with a suitable is that connected with the turning of small and when the face of the die is approaching
sized fine crossing file. An enlarged view diameters, and where the length of the close to the shoulder, the holder is released
(Fig. 5), which, by the way, is for a R.H. work in proportion to the diameter is great, and allowed to run round with the work.
die, will explain what is meant better than it becomes by ordinary means an extremely Such an attachment on small work will
text, but avoid doing this operation with a difficult task. It is such jobs as the making pay for the work involved in no
round file, as a weak tooth will result. of small special bolts, screws, or parts of a time.

A FASCINATING NEW HANDBOOK! POWER -DRIVEN MODEL AIRCRAFT By F. J. CAM M

96 Pages. 130 Illustrations. Containing Instructions on building patrol, conoressed.a.ir, and flash -steam engines, and all types of modals or them.
1/- or 1/2 by post from GEORGE NEWNES LTD., 8-11 Southampton Street, Strand, London, W.C.2.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 433

The address of the makers of

The " Hohner " Chromatic Harmonica
READERS who have heard Larry
Adler's entertaining broadcasts and
recordings will be interested in this instru-
ment. The ingenious variable key control
enables the player to change key and gives
the same flexibility of performance which is
obtained from a violin or piano.
The harmonica is made in two models-
the " Chromonica," which supplies half -
notes and has forty tuned reeds, while the
" Super Chromonica " has three complete
chromatic scales and forty-eight tuned
reeds. The prices are 68. 6d. and 108. 6d.
respectively, post free. [123]
Noise -free Wireless Reception
THE use of short waves for television
and sound reception necessitates a con-
siderable degree of freedom from man-made
VARIABLE KEY CONTROL
The " Hohner " chromatic harmonica. in place of the knocker striking plate under
the handle. [126]
static for satisfactory reproduction. This
does not, of course, take into account the A New Drydex Battery
desirability of providing noise -free recep-
tion of existing short-wave broadcasting
stations, of which there are a large number, has been introduced by Exide Batteries to
many possessing good programme value. cover the range of 60, 100, 108 and 120 volts
Overseas listeners now look to the short and to replace the corresponding " Red
wavebands for radio entertainment, especi- Triangle " range.
any device described below
will be sent on application
to the Editor, PRACTICAL be rid of
MECHANICS 8-11, Southamp-
ton St., Strand, W.C. 2.
Quote number at end
of paragraph. Inferiority
Complex, Fear,
Nerviness, Shyness,
of the calculating cylinder only is used for
the logarithmic scale of numbers, and the Mind -Wandering,
remaining portion carries other scales.
Thus, in addition to multiplication, divi-
sion, proportion, continuous
powers, roots and logarithms, the natural
fractions, Indecision,
Self - Consciousness
TAKE UP PELMANISM
develops the qualities that
PELMANISM
make for Success, such as:-
Courage Reliability
Perseverance Cheerfulness
Self -Confidence Concentration
Business Acumen Salesmanship
Boucher' s co-ordinate calculator. A Reliable Memory
Pelmanism eradicates the negative
and logarithmic values of trigonometrical qualities that hold one back, such as
functions of any angle can be determined by Timidity Indecision
inspection with the same accuracy as in Unnecessary Fears Forgetfulness
numerical computation. Also, the pro-
ducts, quotients, etc., of these functions by Pessimism Depression
lengths or mimbers, integral or fractional, The Worry Habit Shyness
are obtained with equal ease, rapidity and The Inferiority Complex
precision. The device is obtainable in a Satisfy yourself as to what Pelmanism
mahogany case, complete with a book of can do for you. Send to -day for a free
instructions, and costs £7 108. [125] copy of
Bakelite Letter Plates
EXTREMELY neat in appearance, these
" The Science of Success,"
letter plates, in moulded bakelite, are in the pages of which you will read the
substantially constructed and are a novel story of Pelmanism,.and, more fascinating
and labour-saving fitment for the " Ideal than fiction, the stories told by Pelmanists
Home." Moulded with precision, they are themselves of how their lives have been
obtainable in walnut, oak, mahogany and changed beyond their fondest hopes by
black finishes, and cost 58., post free. If Pelmanism, stories of prOmotion, increased
incomes, of greater enjoyment of life.
required, a bell -push may be substituted
The Pehnan Institute,
130 Pelman House, Bloomsbury Street,
London, W.C.1
dry battery, known as the MAKE YOUR APPLICATION TO -DAY
ANEW
Drydex Challenger " super capacity, Send in the coupon below and we will send you,
absolutely free, the 48 -page book, "The Science of
Success." You owe it to yourself to find out more
about this world-famous Course of Training.
OMNI NNW 11Mg !NM .1111

ally in tropical zones, as these waves are The tappings are I TO THE PELMAN INSTITUTE,
singularly free from atmospheric static the same as in the 130 Pelman House, Bloomsbury Street, I
(which is not curable). In city areas, "Red Triangle " London, W.C.1
however, man-made static is prone to affect series, and the Please send me a free copy of " The Science I
short-wave reception to perhaps a far only difference. in of Success," containing full particulars of the
greater extent than is generally supposed. New Pelman Course.
Electrical interference which affects the
receiver is usually created by local electrical NAME
appliances or machines and is mostly picked
up on the aerial and downlead. To over- ADDRESS
come this difficulty you should use the
Goltone " Metocel ' low -loss air -spaced
screened cable, a 20 -ft. length of which
costs 138. 44. This cable reduces to a Occupation
minimum most electrical noises from out- Alt correspondence is confidential
door devices, and is well worth a trial. mme =
[1241 PELMAN (OVERSEAS) INSTITUTES:
PARIS: 8o Boulevard Haussmann. NEW YORK:
A Useful Calculator 271 North Avenue, New Rochelle. MELBOURNE:
396 Flinders Lane. DURBAN: Natal Bank Chambers.
AN extremely 'useful device for the A neat and attractive bakelite letter plate. CALCUTTA: roa Clive Street. DELHI: ro Alipore
mathematician is the co-ordinate calcu- Road. AMSTERDAM: Damrak 68. JAVA: Krom-
lator shown on this page. About one-third (continued on page 435.) houtweg, 8 Bandoeng.
 434
FOR STUDENTS' LABORATORIES
Complete range of CHEMICALS in Bottles from 3d. each.-
Extensive selection of APPARATUS, including Beakers.
Flasks, Graduated Ware, Condensers, Retorts, Balances, etc.
SPECIAL PARCEL OF APPARATUS.
1 Flask. flat bottom 150 c.c.. 1 Beaker, spouted 100 c.c., 3 Test
Tubes 4 in. x in., 1 Thistle Funnel 20 cm., 3 ft. /
Glass Tubing, 1 Rubber Cork 2 holes, 4 inches Rub-2 f Post
her Connection Tubing, 1 Glass Stirring Rost. 6
Free
(Scientific Dept. A.) 60 HIGH STREET,
BECK STOKE NEWINGTON, LONDON, N.16
Write for Catalogue-FREE.
HUMATAGRAPH
(Hygrometer)
Indicates the humidity of the
air with scientific accuracy.
Models for the home and indus-
trial purposes. Matt Black,
25/-; Chromium plated. 28/-.
Pocket model in case, 14/6.
C. L. BURDICK MFG. CO.
40-44 HOLBORN VIADUCT
LONDON, E.O.I.
MAN ! Read THIS !
I positively GUARANTEEto give
you Robust Health, Doubled
Strength and 10-25" more muscle
in 30 days or return your money
in full. The famous STEBBING
1 -in -1 Coarse consists of four
great coursesin one,yeteosts only
5/- poet free. It has been proved
ill The most effective HEALTH
and ENERGY System ever de-
vised; 12) It quickly builds NOR-
MAL WEIGHT and VIRILE
MANHOOD; (3) It develops a
Strong Will, rigid SELF-CON-
TROL; and (4) It includes an
amazing SUCCESS and PER-
SONAL MAGNETISM Course.
Complete Course, 5/ -
No extras, no appliances to
Pupil S. Davey (London) purchase.
Farther details sent privately, under plain, sealed cover.
LIONEL STEBBING, STEBBING INSTITUTE,
Dept. C.P., 28 Dean Road, London, N.W.2.
Sold In 6d. and If- tins at all Cycle
Accessory Dealers, Tool Shops,
Ironmongers, etc.
Write for your free 3r4,1, " to
SY-1V0- BURNETTLE°
_ protective and decorative finish to alumi-
GREAT WEST ROAD, ',..:A.7,ZETj.7
HOUNSLOW 0 7 6
PXONE
HEIGHT
I GUARANTEE to increase your height In 12 days or return
your money! Amazing new discovery nets upon growth glands,
spine, joints, etc.. and adds 2-5 inches to your heignt man.
ently. Guaranteed harmless. Increased my stature 4 inches
in under 5 weeks. Hundreds of testimonials. Full course 5/..
Particulars free. P. M. M 0 RLEY,
8 BREAMS BUILDINGS, LONDON, E.C. 4.
WEBLEY AIR PISTOLS
Marvellously
accurate for
target practice.
No license required to purchase.
Senior 45/., Mark 1 30/-,
Junior 20/, Entirely British.
Write for List. WIBLIY & SCOTT LTD.,
108 WEAMAN STS 1ST, BtRMINDUAM, Eno.
NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935
A Handy Pocket Kit
EXTREMELY well -finished, this pocket
kit, containing a two -bladed knife, a
9 -in. folding rule and a pair of callipers, will
appeal to every " Practical Mechanic."
Each tool fits into a separate compartment
of the wallet, which is easily slipped into the
vest pocket. The set illustrated costs 6s.,
A Review of the Latest Devices for the Amateur post free, but various combinations of tools
Mechanic. The address of the Makers of the Items men- may be obtained. [132]
tioned can be had on application to the Editor. Please
quote the number at the end of the paragraph. SMALL SCREWDRIVER
A Universal -Tap Wrench
\.
CAPABLE of holding taps up to h in., the
chuck pattern wrench shown dispenses
with the necessity of having several different
sizes of holder. It is of British manufacture
and costs 28. 9d., post free. [129]
The Alumilite Process
ONE of the most interesting and impor-
tant of modern additions to metal
finishing is to be found in the possibilities
opened up by the Alumilite Process, which F I LE
provides a special protective and decorative
finish for aluminium produced articles, with "41 ---LARGE SCREWDRIVER
the enormous added advantage that it per- An extremely useful knife for the wireless enthusiast's
mits, if desired, the finishing of aluminium tool -kit.
in colours. The process is operated in this
country by Messrs. Alumilite, The Thames A Universal Cleanser
Factory, Rainville Road, Hammersmith,
London, W.6, and its exhibition at the A PREPARATION has made its appear-
recent British Industries Fair attracted ance on the market which is described
outstanding attention. as a universal cleaner for glass, concrete,
Something of the catholicity of applica- machinery, greasy clothes, etc. It is
tion possessed by the process may be mixed with water in various stated pro-
gathered from the fact that it is now applied portions, according to the work to be carried
to aircraft engine parts, aircraft propellors, out. It is free from caustic and has six to
outboard motors, novelties of all kinds, eight times the strength of soda. There
architectural work, builders' hardware, is no injurious effect on fabric or skin and
toilet goods, household appliances, toys, it is extremely economical in use. It is
cameras, and a thousand and one other supplied in 7 -lb. bags at 3,c. 6d., larger
quantities costing proportionately less. It
is known by the trade name of " Spotless."
[133]
Soldering Simplified
EVERY practical -minded man knows of
the uses of Fluxite, and now there is the
new Fluxite gun to simplify its operation
still more.This gun is a neat and handy
contrivance, always ready to put Fluxite
on the soldering job instantly. A little
pressure places the right quantity on the
right spot, and one charging lasts a con-
siderable time. The gun also projects
grease into bearings, etc., and is used for
A universal tap wrench. grease like an oil can for oil. It is clean in
use and only costs is. 6d. [134]
articles in which there is aluminium to be
protected and rendered more decorative. (Continued at foot of next page.)
The Alumilite Process is a commercially
proved electrolytic method of applying a
nium and its alloys, either in plain finish or
in a large range of highly lustrous colours.
Articles produced from aluminium sheets,
sand castings, drop forgings and extrusions
are successfully treated by the process, with
marked good effect.
The plain Alumilite coating is dielectric,
and a number of electrical manufacturing
companies are experimenting with alumi-
nium wire and ribbon, treated with Alu-
milite, for special purposes. [130]
A Radio Knife
knife illustrated will be found an
THE
extremely useful accessory for the radio
enthusiast's tool -kit. Of sturdy all -metal
construction, it incorporates two screw-
drivers-the larger being useful for general
purpose work and the smaller one handy
for grub -screws, adjusting trimming con-
densers, etc. A file (always useful in radio
work) is included besides a strong cutting
blade. The price is 4e. 3d., post free. [131] A useful pocket tool -hit for the handyman.
 June, 1935
THE LATEST NOVELTIES
(Continued from page 433.)
dimensions is the increase from 24 in. to
3* in. in height, but the capacity of the side temperature may be read at a glance.
" Challenger " is approximately 33]i per The instrument is of copper and heavily
An 'ngenious outdoor thermometer which can be
screwed on to the window pane as shown, and will give
accurate readings.
cent. greater-the comparative figures,
when discharged at 10 milliamps, three hours
per day, seven days per week, to 0.75 volts
per cell being : " Red Triangle," 159 hours ;
Challenger," 211 hours.
The maximum recommended discharge
rate is 12 milliamps. The retail prices are :
Type Super 60, 60 volts, 5s. 6d. ; Type
Super 100, 100 volts, 9s. Type Super 108,
108 volts, 9s. 6d. ; Type Super 120, 120
volts, 10s. 6d. [127]
An Outdoor Thermometer
T is sometimes necessary and always
interesting to know the temperature out- an ordinary watch,
side as well as inside the home. By and has a dial on
screwing the " Rototherm," illustrated on
NEW TOOLS, GADGETS & ACCESSORIES
(Continued from page 434.)
A Novel Razor -blade Sharpener
TWO hardened steel balls are employed
in this sharpener. By holding in an
upright position and drawing the razor
blade lightly two or three times between
the steel balls a new, keen edge is given to
the blade, whilst a safety trigger prevents
the blade from coming down too far and
cutting the fingers. The sharpener, which
is suitable for any type of blade, costs
18. 3d., post free. [135]
An Efficient Electric Drill
A STURDY and thoroughly workman-
like tool for the workshop is the Uni-
corn electric drill which is now on the
market. The powerful electric motor (for
A.C. or D.C. working) suits the following
voltages : 100-110, 200-220, 230-250.
An ingenious razor -blade sharpener.
NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS
this page, on to the window frame the out-
chromium plated to withstand exposure to
the weather. The price complete with
bracket and fixing screws is 4s. 9d., post
free. [128]
A Pocket Calculator
AS can be seen, the pocket calculator on
this page is similar in size and shape to
an ordinary pocket watch, and can easily
be slipped into the vest pocket. It
equivalent to a 10 -in. slide rule, and has
calculating scales on both back and front.
Those on the front dial give logarithmic
numbers, sines and squares, or square roots.
Those on the back give scale of equal parts,
cubes and cube roots. It costs 17s. 6d. [129]
A pocket calculator
which is the size of
both sides.
spondence Schools have helped thoughtful
and ambitious men to acquire the training
gears are accurately hobbed to ensure long they
life and enclosed in a strong, grease -tight urgent than ever, this world-famous institu-
metal housing, incorporating substantial tion
Why not permit us to show you the way to
greater security and larger earnings ? Our
expert advice is free. Write to -day.
A handy
pocket
screwdriver.
All
bearings. The armature shaft is of ground
alloy steel, and the main shaft is fitted with
a Hoffman ball thrust -bearing. The keyless
chuck, of robust design, has a capacity up
to 1 in. drills. (The use of larger drills
invalidates the six months' guarantee.)
The switch is in a convenient position.
Current consumption, using f -in. drill on
mild steel, is 175 watts. The price (all volt-
ages), complete with flex and bayonet cap
adapter and earth wire, is £2 15s. [136]
A Handy Pocket Screwdriver
THE sketch on this page shows a handy
little gadget in the form of a combined
screwdriver, having four blades of different
width, mounted circumferentially for the
sake of compactness. Its price alone is 3d.,
but in some stores it is sold complete in a
case, in which case the price is 6d [137]
435
_
V'' OM,
IIIIIN
I VW
I MOO
is
Things are happening to -day
which vitally affect you !
If you are about i8, perhaps you are
getting settled in your chosen work and
already feeling the strain of competition for
a better position. If you are in the 40's,
your family responsibilities are near the
peak, the necessity for money is tense-
and younger men are challenging your job.
And men of the ages between i8 and 45 face
similar problems, in one form or another.
The most valuable employment security
to -day is the security a man creates for
himself-in himself ! Through training, he
is able to adapt himself to new conditions,
to utilise experience without being handi-
capped by habit ! He masters jobs and
makes new jobs. He meets emergencies-
and is not overwhelmed by them. And
this is an age of emergencies.
For 44 years the International Corre-
need. To -day, with this need more
offers greater opportunities than ever.
...COUPON FOR FREE BOOKLET...
INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS,
LTD.,
Dept. 95, International Buildings, Kingsway,
London, W.C.2
Please send me your booklet containing
full particulars of the Course of Correspond-
ence Training before which I have marked
X. I assume no obligation.
[Accountancy DMarine Engineering
[Advertising DMechanical Engineering
DAerenautical Engineering DMining Engineering
[Architecture [Motor Engineering
DBookkeeping OPlumbing
DBuilding DRadio
[Chemical Engineering DRailway Equipment and
Running
OCivir Engineering OSalesmanship
[Draughtsmanshi,) Dateam Engineering
[Electrical Engineering DTextiles
DEngineering Design DWoodworking
DExaminations, state which c 0.110.11,
The I.C.S. teach wherever the post reaches, and have
a wide variety of courses of Study. If, therefore, your
subject is not in the above list, write it here.
Name Age
Address
 436 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS
GOOD IDEAS-
are often rejected because of uncon-
vincing drawings
Let us prepare attractive illustrations Club Reports for inclusion in this feature should not
which will convey your idea quickly and exceed 250 words in length, and should be received not
clearly to Manufacturers, Editors, later than the 12th of each month for inclusion in the
Agents, etc. subsequent month's issue.
We specialise in Patent Office and Techni-
cal drawings of all descriptions. THE SHEFFIELD AND DISTRICT MODEL AERO
Write or 'phone ns at CLUB
HIGH HOLBORN HOUSE, A MODEL Aeroplane Flying Competition will take
HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.1. " place on Sunday, June 23rd, the following events
Hot. 8638
taking place :-
(1) Biplane Fuselage Pusher Type Model R. 0. G.
(minimum Sight of 90 seconds). Longest Duration.
Motive power can be Rubber, Compressed Air, Petrol,
etc. (except spring motors).
Your Height increased (2) Climbing Contest, R. 0. G. Longest Duration.
in 14 days or money Any type Fuselage Model. Rubber motive power.
Fuselages must comply with the S. M. A. E. formula.
BE TALL
increase and new energy.
back. The amazing
Stebbing System soon
brings 3-5
The first, original. and
inch"
(3) Hand -launched, any type of Fuselage Model.
Longest Duration.
The above events are Open Contests, with an
entrance fee of sixpence each entrant.
the one GENUINE GUARANTEED Height Increase A Silver Aviation Medal will be presented to the
System. Recommended by Health and Efficiency. Winner in each event, and a Bronze Medal will be given
Complete Course, 5/., or Booklet tree, privately, as second prize in event (3) providing sufficient entries
forthcoming.
STEBBING SYSTEM, Dept. M.P., 28 Dean Rd., London N. W.1. Further particulars and flying ground, time of com-
mencement, etc., may be obtained from the Competi-
tion Secretary, Mr. C. F. W. CUDWORTH, 25 Randall
Street, dlighflelds, Sheffield 2.
Explore the Fascination of THE PARK MODEL AIRCRAFT LEAGUE
THE objects of the League are: To encourage and
' develop the sport of building and flying model air-
PERSONAL MOVIES craft, to instruct and assist the novice, to help one
another and generally to foster the spirit of friendship
and co-operation amongst Model Aero engineers as a
We carry a wide range of whole and especially amongst the Juniors.
inexpensive tine -cameras, pro. Flying meetings take place every week -end (weather
permitting) on Mitcham, Tooting and Wimbledon
jectors, films and accessories to Commons and also at New Malden. The Organisers
aid your selection, including are also willing to start Groups on other grounds and
to give the benefit of the League's central organisation,
June, 1935
Frequent competitions, meetings with other clubs
and outings to places of interest, such as visits to
Aerodromes, Aircraft works, Exhibitions, etc., are
arranged during the season. In the winter months
there are various lectures and social meetings arranged
at short intervals.
All types of Model Aircraft are catered for, flying
and non -flying Model Aeroplanes, Airships, Balloons,
Gliders, Seaplanes, etc. There is an entrance fee of
Is. ad., which includes Official Badge, membership
card, rules, etc., and the annual subscriptions are as
follows : Patron members, 108. ; Senior members, 58. ;
School members, 28. ad. ; Provincial members, 28.
Full details may be obtained from F. H. DILLISTONE,
Hon. Secretary, 112 Rodenhurst Road, Clapham Park,
S.W.4.
INSTITUTE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
ON Wednesday, April 24th, a visit was paid to
Kirkstall Electricity Pnwer Station, Leeds. After
seeing the coal- drying and grinding plant, we were
shown the automatically -fed boilers, the various
accessory plants, the turbo -generators, and finally, the
switch -room and transformer house.
On Saturday, May 4th, a meeting was held, at which
Mr. W. Stone gave a lecture, illustrated by experi-
ments, entitled Pyrotechnics."
On Saturday, June 1st, a meeting will be held, at
which Mr. R. Robson will give a lecture on " Rocketry,"
and on Monday, June 17th, we hope to pay a visit to
Thorne's Toffee and Chocolate Works.
The pnglish section of our Correspondence Section
has now a sufficient membership, but we still have
room for some overseas members. Those interested
should write to D. Mayer, 20 Rollin Park Rd., Leeds S.
STREATHAM COMMON MODEL RAILWAY CLUB
JUNE 7th and-Sth are the dates of our Fourth Annual
Exhibition, which we are holding at 70 Conyers
Road, Streatham, S.W.16 (the Waterworks) from 6.30
p.m. to 9.30 p.m. on the first day, and 2.30 p.m. to
9.30 p.m. on the second day. We hope that a large
number of friends will be able to visit us, and we are
arranging many attractions, including a ride on a
passenger -carrying railway round the grounds, a length
of about an eighth of a mile. Tickets of admission,
price ad. each, can be obtained from the Secretary now.
The Rocket, our quarterly magazine (June issue), is
now ready, and can be obtained at. the Exhibition,
price 4d., or through the Secretary, price 5d., post free.
A full account of the Exhibition held at the Central
Hall during Easter week is given, together with hints
on building models, reports of visits, etc.

,
many genuine bargains in wherever there are a number of model flyers who would Secretary : L. J. Ling, Brooke House, Rotherhill
like a club. Avenue, Streatham, S.W.16.
secondhand apparatus. May we
send you our free lists and
literature ? Approval. Easy book is well qualified to speak on this
subject, having carried out researches into
payments. Part Exchange.
+ BOOKS Worth all matters connected with ship types. The
present volume is, in fact, a companion to
THE AMATEUR CINE SERVICE LTD.
52 WIDMORE ROAD, BROMLEY, KENT.
%,] READING his British Ships Illustrated, in which he
Phone or Wire Ravenabourne 1926.
dealt authoritatively with merchant ships.
Warships of all types, from big battle
cruisers like H.M.S. Hood to small ska 133
like the Harrier are illustrated, and their
CASTING MOULDS British Warships Illustrated
main particulars as regards armament,
Make your own lead soldiers, animals, machinery, and so on, tabulated in con-
Indians, etc.
Illustrated Catalogue free. A. C. HARDY, B.Sc., F.R.G.S., venient form. A description of British
J.Toymoulds,18 Kenyon St., Birmingham A.M.Inst.N.A. 3s. 6d. net. A. and C. warship types in general shows how the
L'Y
Black, Ltd., Soho Square, London, W.I., various classes of fighting ships have been
95 pages. The writer of this well -illustrated evolved.
FOR DURATION FLYING merely indicate whether a battery is fully
build THE LINCOL ITEMS OF INTEREST charged, partly charged or discharged, but
this method is obviously vague, and a wise
We quote an extract from a letter
recently received :- person will prefer amore accurate diagnosis.
" Fine flying-one flight 5 mins. 23 secs. The Science of Success The single float of the " Neverstick " hydro-
I had ten flights, total flying time readers of PRACTICAL MECHANICS meter adjusts its height between the two
30 minutes."-K.B.E., Yeovil. THOSE
who wish to make a successful start in extreme positions in exact proportion. The
Specification : 36 in. span, all Balsa tissue business should take advantage of the surrounding glass tube has a four -point
covered, weight 2 ozs. Blue Print with revised and enlarged Pelman course. Pel- guide keeping the float perfectly central,
instructions, 2/9. Our latest. English manism strengthens and expands your which, combined with the projections on
Turned Balsawood Wheels, 2 in. dia- mental powers in every direction. A great the float bulb, prevents sticking or leaning.
meter, 10d., I in. diameter, 8d. feature of the course is that there are no An extra large resilient rubber bulb is fitted.
classes to attend. Half an hour a day is The full -charge, half -charge and empty posi-
MODEL AIRCRAFT SUPPLIES LTD. given to the study of one of the fifteen tions are clearly indicated on the float,
171 New Kent Road, LONDON, S.E.1. Little Grey Books," which are printed in which is also graduated from 1,000 to 1,300
a handy pocket size. Their enlarged course specific gravity. Packed in a strong case,
is offered to students of Pelmanism without with full instructions for use, the price is 3s.
any increase in the fee already charged for
HAVE YOU A RED NOSE P the course. Write for particulars to 130 A Correction
Send a stamp to pay postage, and you will Pelman House, Bloomsbury Street, W.C.1. OWING to a printers' error the article
learn how to rid yourself of such a terrible in our April issue on " How an Es?,a-
affliction free of charge. An Accurate Hydrometer lator Works " was credited to the Otis
Address in confidence- A HYDROMETER, known as the Elevator Company. This should have read
P. TEMPLE, Specialist, Neverstick," will prove ideal for the Waygood Otis Ltd., .who very kindly sup-
" Palace House," 128 Shaftesbury Avon ue,W.1 accurate testing of wet batteries. Reliance plied the photographs and technical infor-
(Est. 30 years.) is sometimes placed on hydrometers which mation.
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 437

There was a young

fellow named Roy
MONEY Always useful-since
quite a boy ;
MAKIN As he grew older-
He learned how to solder-
Using FLUXITE--AND THE
REVIEWED GUN --what a joy !
See that FLUXITE is always by you-in the
BY OUR house-garage-workshop-anywhere where
simple speedy soldering is needed. Used for
PATENT EXPERT 30 years in government works and by the
leading engineers and manufacturers. Of all
--in tins, 4d., 8d., 1/4 and 2'8.
TESTING FLAT SURFACES rendered useless on failure of the lamp Ironmongers
Ask to see the FLUXITE SMALL -SPACE
" I propose by the use of a mercury tube filament.
to determine, at a glance, the accuracy of (b) It would not be possible to obtain a SOLDERING SET-compact but substantial-
supposed flat surfaces. When the mercury valid Patent for making model boat hulls complete with full instructions, 7:6.
is evenly disposed along the tube it makes con- from bakelite in place of metal or wood. Ask also for Leaflet on CASE -HARDENING
tact with two leads attached to a small lamp. Generally speaking, no invention is required STEEL and TEMPERING TOOLS with FLUXITE
Thus when the lamp lights the surface under to substitute a known material for another
equally well-known material.
test, will be level. The whole thing can be
made from bakelite. When one has taken (c) The broad idea of independent front -
wheel spring for motor cars is not novel.
THE FLUXITE GUN
out a Provisional Protection are they com- is always ready to put
pelled to follow it up with a full Specifica- It may be that the particular arrangement Fluxite on the soldering job
tion ? " proposed to be employed is novel, but it is instantly. A lath pressure
places the right quantity on
The proposed construction of level is not possible to express any opinion since no the right spot and one charging
of construction are given. It is not lasts for ages.
thought to be novel and forms fit subject - details
matter for protection by Letters Patent. usually necessary to have a model con- The Gun also serves for
The details given of the invention are structed of an invention, drawings being grease as an oil -can does for
sufficient, together with rough par- oil. Price 118.
somewhat meagre, but it is presumed that usually
the invention consists in the use of mercury ticulars to enable a reputable Patent Agent ALL MECHANICS WillHAVE`
within a tube as a connecting link between to draft the required specification.
two contacts in its ends, so that when the A PENDULUM MACHINE
tube is placed on an even surface the mer- " I thank you for the advice given me last
cury is so arranged with respect to the con- month,
tacts that an electric circuit will be com- enlighten and would be pleased if you would
FLUXITE
me a little further concerning the IT SIMPLIFIES ALL SOLDERING
pleted in which is included a lamp, bell or same matter, which I will try to explain more
other signalling means. WRITE FOR FREE ROOK ON THE ART
When an inventor has applied for a fully. The single pendulum machine (sketch OF " SOFT " SOLDERING-Dept. P.M.
was the original idea. This
Patent with a Provisional Specification, enclosed) FLUXITE LTI)., DRAGON WORKS, BERMONDSEY ST., S.E.I

there is no necessity for him to follow it up machine

were sold
was made in France and a few
in England, but the idea was not
by the filing of a Complete Specification patented here. It has since been made and
unless he desires to obtain a full Patent. sold by an English firm without any protec-
It is not thought that the above invention
has very much chance of being a commer- tion whatever. What I want to know is this,
(1) Could this English firm prevent me from
An Absorbing Hobby
cial success, particularly as it would appear making this same machine ?, (2) Could I
that the inventor would have to seek out- obtain some measure of protection for it ? Another fascinating
side assistance in marketing his invention. (3) If I could not obtain protection for it as
A NUMBER OF INVENTIONS
it stands, would it be possible if I were able model to build is the
to add some slight improvement ? Inciden-
" I should be very pleased if you could tally, as I mentioned in my last query, the
tell me whether it would be possible for me, double pendulum machine (sketch enclosed)
STUART
living in Egypt, to patent an invention in is the patent of the English firm mentioned Centrifugal
England, and whether, in your opinion, the above, but is a much later idea than the
following inventions have any commercial single one. I think from your reply you Pump.
value, and, if so, are they patentable ? thought the double pendulum machine was
" (a) A flashing electric lamp worked the original and the single pendulum a
by a switch actually inside the bulb, which is recently suggested alternative idea. This is
operated by the heat from the filament. not so." (R. N., Leeds.) For a
" (b) Bakelite model boat hulls which (1) The English firm making the single
would be lighter and could be given a better
shape than metal or wooden hulls : also, as pendulum weighing machine in this country fountain or
they would require no paint, they would be could not prevent you, nor anyone else,
cheaper to produce in quantity. from making it here provided the facts in waterfall.
" (c) A New Method of independent front - connection therewith are as stated.
wheel springing for cars. (2) It is not possible for you, or for any-
" If any of these inventions are patent- nowelse,
one to Patent the machine which has Complete set of Castings and all
able, would it be necessary to have a model one can make,public
become
use or
property, so that any-
sell it without let or materials, including instructions 6/6
constructed, or would a drawing be suf- hindrance.
ficient ? " (R. W., Egypt.) (3) It would be possible for you to obtain Finished Pump - - 20/ -
It will be quite possible for the inventor, protection for an improvement on the single Electrically driven - - £4 : 7 : 6
though living in Egypt, to Patent an inven- balance machine, provided the improvement
tion in England either in his own name or actually is an improvement, i.e., serves some
in the name of a friend resident in this useful purpose. You will, of course, under- Full description of this and all
country as a communication from him. stand that any Patent you may obtain for Stuart models in the new Catalogue
In reply to the specific queries :- the improvement will only cover the
(a) It would probably be possible to machine with that improvement and will No. 3, just out, 72 pages, profusely
obtain a Patent for the particular construc- not give you any right to prevent others illustrated, 6d. post free.
tion of the flashing electric lamp, but it is making or using that machine if they omit
not thought that such a construction is your improvement. The writer certainly
likely to be successful commercially, since understood from your previous enquiry that
the same effect could probably be more the double pendulum machine was the STUART TURNER LTD.
readily obtained outside the lamp, in which original idea and that the single pendulum
case the switching of engines would not be machine was a suggested improvement. HENLEY - ON - THAMES
 438 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS June, 1935

PREFERRED
and SPECIFIED
by Mr. F. J. CAM M for the
GENET Midget PORTABLE
B. T.S. COIL
Once again Mr. F. J. Camm
prefers, uses and exclusively If a postal reply is desired, a stamped addressed envelope must be enclosed. Every query and drawing which Is
sent must bear the name and address of the sender and be accompanied by the coupon appearing on page iii of
specifies B.T.S. Coils. You cover. Send your queries CO the Editor, PRACTICAL MECHANICS, Geo. Newnes Ltd., 8-11 Southampton
should follow the expert's lead Street, Strand, London, W.C.2.
. . , with no other coil will your
A QUESTION OF PRESSURE gether after about half an hour's churning,
Midget Portable be
EXACTLY as Mr.
Camm's original.
/ " An air compressor, where the effective
piston area is 10 sq. in., is acted upon with a
thereby producing visible lumps of milk -fat
which we call butter. The thin fluid which
Type No. H.M.C. 9 total pressure of 150 lb. to force air into a
reservoir. If the effective area of the valve
remains after the separation of the butter-
fat is called " buttermilk?" It is the re-
into the reservoir is 1 sq. in., at what pres- mainder of the milk from which all the
- ALSO SPECIFIED - sure will the valve in the reservoir refuse to butter -forming particles of fat have been
B.T.S. L.F. TRANSFORMER open ? " ( J. M., Glam.) removed.
With regard to your query, it is not The reason why the churning of the milk -
Concentrated efficiency is the keynote of this cream results in the formation of butter is
13.T.S. Quality Component, also USED and possible to give the details you require.
exclusively specified by Mr. F. J. Upon reflection, you will agree that the not difficult to grasp when we realise that
Cams for the Genet Midget Port -
able. Type No. T.T.T. 4'6 pressure at which the valve of the com-
pressed air receiver or container will just
each fat globule in the milk or cream is sur-
rounded by a sort of skin. It is this skin
FROM ALL DEALERS. refuse to open is not dependent upon the which is broken down by the churning,
If any difficulty, send direct.
aperture of the container, the diameter and after which all the tiny globules of fat unite
stroke of the compressing piston or on other together, forming butter.
similar factors, but, as was pointed out in A book on refrigerators is obtainable
our previous reply, is dependent almost from Messrs. Cassell & Co., La Belle
B. T.' S. wholly upon the spring tension of the valve
which closes the air container. (It is also
dependent to a slight extent upon the type
Sauvage Yard, E.C.4.
ESCAPING FROM THE EARTH
Short Wave and Television Specialists " I beg to disagree with the paragraph
of valve used, upon the physical formation
BRITISH TELEVISION SUPPLIES LTD. of the air receiver or container and upon the concerning Cyrano de Begerac in Escaping
BUSH HOUSE, Dept. "Pr.M.," LONDON, W.C.2 actual position of the container.) from the Earth ' in the current issue of
Now the spring tension of the valve will Practical Mechanics.' In the play, Cyrano
very with temperature, use and design, thus Begerac,' by Edmund Rostand, who
de
making it very difficult, nay, almost impos- obtained his information from Cyrano's
sible, to work out accurately the internal books, Cyrano says definitely that he did not
ELECTRADIX pressure of the receiver at which the valve copy the stupid eagle of Regiomontanus, or
" BIJOU" direct -coupled will refuse to open. To work out this figure the timid pigeon of Archytas.' He further
ELECTRIC PUMPS for even roughly, however, requires some know- states that he copied nothing which had been
A.C. or D.C. mains. Centri- ledge and statement of the type of valve and done before (this includes Daedalus's idea of
fugal, all -bronze pump, en-
its normal tensional strength. wings). Instead he invented seven methods
closed motor. 3 ft. lift, 120 to which were undoubtedly very clever for the
i5o gals., 6 ft. jet. For cooling,
circulating, bilge or .sump, HOW A CREAM SEPARATOR WORKS middle of the seventeenth century, and to us
fountain garden pool, or fish " Will you kindly explain the principle on they have certainly an amusing touch ! The
pond. With 5o yds. twin which the ordinary cream separator works, seven methods are as follows :-
rubber cable and ironclad switch, 57/6.
MOTOR BLOWERS or Exhausters. Strong iron
and how the cream scum ' affects the " (1) Since the sun sucks up the dew in
body 3' fan outlet, direct coupled to motor. A.G. 220- thickness of the cream. Also, what occurs the morning, it would presumably suck
v., 65/ -; no -v. D.C., 45/-; D.C. 220-V., 55/-. in the cream when it is agitated to produce Cyrano up with it if he wore a harness of
FIELD TELEPHONES for Stadium or Summer butter ? glass bottles filled with dew (this is probably
festivities messages, 60/- pair. Unbreakable warfield " Is there any practical way for an what he is doing in the picture you show).
cable, 50/- mile.
PUBLIC ADDRESS AMPLIFIERS with Micro-
amateur to make a refrigerator ? " (C. R., " (2) The meaning of this method is a
phone and Loud Speaker for A.C. or D.C. mains, £12. South Africa.) little obscure, but I think he intended to use
Highest quality speech and music at a low price. There are several types of cream separa- a vacuum in a cedar box to lift him up.
BINOCULARS Ex W.D. Prismatic 55/-; Field tors. Usually these appliances work on the " (3) Here he uses a mechanical grass-
Binocs., 40/-; Opera size, 15/-. following principle :- hopper ' to start him off and is then aided
TELESCOPES, Navy Gun ze 17/6; Hand spotting, A metal bowl or cylinder is provided. further by successive firing of rockets from
25/-; Stick Periscopes, 34" mirror, 6d.
EDISON AND NIFE Heavy Current Storage Cells at This rotates at a high speed, being worked the machine. (The origin of the rocket
a quarter of makers' prices, either by hand or, as is now more usual, by plane ?)
ELECTRADIX RADIOS being coupled to an electric motor. A tube " (4) Smoke has a tendency to rise.
218, Upper Thzmes Street, London, E.C.4. passes into the bowl or cylinder. Down Therefore a globe filled with enough of it will
Telephone Central 4651. this tube the milk is poured into the re- lift a man off the earth.
volving bowl. Owing to centrifugal force " (5) According to an old French legend,
the heavier milk is flung to the sides of the the sun sucks up the marrow of bulls at cer-
bowl or cylinder. The lighter portion of the tain seasons. Cyrano conceives the idea of
milk (i.e., the cream) remains near the centre annointing himself with bull's marrow at the
MICROFU GOLD FILM FUSES of the vessel and rises to the surface, from right time.
" (6) Cyrano sits on an iron platform and
20 Stock Ratings. which it is subsequently removed by hand.
Type F.2, suitable for Mains The " cream screen," as it is sometimes then hurls a magnet up into the air. The
sets. 500m/A blows at 1 amp. termed, acts as a sort of grader for the iron immediately follows the magnet, and
Specified for the cream, allowing the lighter cream to pass when it catches it up Cyrano simply throws
Resistance 14 ohms, 260 volts
D.C. Now available 2 m/A
through it freely, but obstructing the heavier up the magnet again. ' On peut monter
"GENET" 4/., 1 m/A, 4/6.
cream.
Type F.2, suitable for Battery ainsi indefiniment.' (Cyrano thinks this is
MIDGET sets. 150 m/A blows at 300
m/A. Resistance 74
In the making of butter by the agitation the best method, and I quite agree with him !)
of cream -milk in a churn, all the little fat " (7) Since the moon attracts the sea to
PORTABLE Voltage 280 Volts D.C.
FUSES 6d. HOLDERS rd. globules in the milk are broken up by the form tides, Cyrano thought that by sitting on
violent movement imparted to them by the the beach after a bathe in the sea the moon
MICROFUSE" LTD., 4 Charterhouse Bldgs., wooden " dasher " of the churn. All the would attract him also ! " (E. H., Kent.)
Roswell Rd., London, E.C.I. 'phone:CLF 1049 .+ --moo
fat globules, therefore, become joined to- (Continued on page 440.)
 June, 1935 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS 439

A 25 YEARS' OLD CHALLENGE

STILL UNACCEPTED
Like others in the profession of remedial and constructive physical culture, I
claim the method I represent to be superior to any other, but with one very
significant difference, which is the following challenge that I have published
broadcast throughout the world for the last 25 years.
A. M. SALDO.
" I (Monte Saldo) am prepared to prove before any tribunal of
Medical Men in open court or discussion that

MAXALDING
is the most convenient, the most simple, the most complete and the
most effective method of Mental and Physical training ever
discovered."
SUCCESS HAS CROWNED MY EFFORTS
A GENTLEMAN, whose unretouched photograph is reproduced herewith, and who was instructed
by mall to the U.S.A., wrote :-
" Jan. 12, 1935. Mr. A. Monte Saldo,
" I have followed the Maxalding Muscle -Control Course which is a necessary addition to my
daily physical culture regime. Success has crowned my efforts in the attainment of a powerful
and symmetrical physique. Thanks to Maxalding. Once more, I close with the sincerest regards
from your most enthusiastic pupil and friend. G. N."
LITTLE YOUR SYSTEM HAS TO FEAR BY
WAY OF COMPETITION
A GENTLEMAN, Aged 40 (District Police Inspector), who began Maxalding at the beginning of
the present year, reported during February :-
" I received your second monthly series of lessons and have worked them in with the first. I
find the exercises very beneficial and experience a distinct toning up of the muscular and nervous
systems. For men working in the tropics the system is an ideal one, and means a complete loss
of the usual semi -jaded, tired -out sensation experienced from time to time. I think you should
find a useful field to explore amongst the Colonial Civil Servants, who often have to take their
exercise when and how they can. Personally I have found an improved torso development showing
itself, especially in the pectoralis, deltoids, biceps, triceps and trapecius areas, and a well-defined
improvement in breathing capacity. Whoever worked out these exercises seems to have exercised
the most extraordinary ingenuity backed by years of experience and personal knowledge. Com-
pared with some foreign physical culture series I have seen and experienced, there is little your
system has to fear by way of competition. S. B."
This gentleman reported again during April :-
" I am glad to report a sustained physical development in relation to biceps, triceps, pectoralis
and latissimus-dorsi muscles, and a continued improvement in poise, carriage and good health.
The possibility of constipation occurring is now entirely eliminated. S. B."
I AM VERY SATISFIED
A GENTLEMAN, Aged 28, Clerk, began Maxalding a' the beginning of April, 1935, with the
object of curing Constipation, Nervous Debility,
Liver -Sluggishness and Fatigue. He reported on
May 2nd, 1935 :-
" I am happy to tell you that at the end of this,
MAXALDI NG IS FULLY DESCRIBED I N
my first month of Maxalding, I can feel a marked
improvement for good in my general condition of
health, but what I am really delighted with is the "NATURE'S WAY TO HEALTH"
fact that every morning since commencing your a 20,000 -words illustrated publication, published at 11- net. But one copy will
course I have been able to secure the bowel -action be sent to any interested inquirer, living i any part of the world,
naturally. My chest-seems to be developing
already.-I think you will gather that I am very
satisfied with my first month of your course, and
I am looking forward to my next set of exercises."
Testimonials guaranteed genuine, un-
solicited and verbatim under forfeit of
£50 to this magazine.
ANY OBLIGA TION-
Kindly use the coupon or send a letter giving details of
your present condition of health and desires in the way
MAXALDI NG
has never during its 25 years' existence sent out a
of improvement, and mention your
NAME, ADDRESS, AGE
single stereotyped lesson or treatment. Each case
is dealt with on its own merits. No ridiculous
AND OCC UPATI 0 N-
claims have ever been made, and all evidence I will then send you a copy of the trea-
published is true, and all photographs are of tise together with a personal letter
genuine pupils and not ancient or defunct athletes. dealing with your case.
Maxalding will not double nor treble your strength A. M. SALDO.
in thirty days, nor increase your height by inches
in weeks. But you can, through Maxalding, applied
to meet your needs, attain and retain your full
physical and health possibilities. No apparatus,
patent foods nor drugs are used or required, any
more than our supermen require them. We have
men to -day as perfect as at any time of the world's
history. They are products of natural living.
MAXALDING HAS PUBLISHED MORE
CONCRETE EVIDENCE IN THE WAY OF
UNRETOUCHED PHOTOGRAPf S AND UN-
SOLICITEDibTESTIMONIALS BURIN: THE
LAST 25 YEARS THAN ALL TMc OTHER
METHODS COMBINED. Verb. Sap.
 440 NEWNES PRACTICAL MECHANICS
REPLIES TO QUERIES AND ENQUIRIES
PATENTS, DESIGNS (Continued from page 438.)
AND TRADE MARKS It is quite true, as you point out, that,
A VALUABLE GUIDE ON INTERNATIONAL according to his biographers, Cyrano de
PROTECTION OF INVENTIONS. Bergerac formulated at least five or six
100 Pages - - Post Free, 6d.
schemes for flying through the air. It will
The TECHNICAL ADVERTISIN 3 AGENCY be appreciated, however, that, without
253 (D) Gray's Inn Road, London W.C.1 making the article in question a purely his-
torical one, or without going to great lengths
PRACTICAL HINTS ON PATENTING include a description of Cyrano de Bergerac's
upon the matter, it would be impossible to
June, 1935
A DOCTOR TELLS
IN a new book about the Human rodv, a medical
man unlocks a treasure house of uncommon know-
ledge-hitherto inaccessible to the " nian in the
street." His lively narrative style and his flair for
presenting unusual facts in an easy -to -visualise way
enable him to describe dramatically every lea.ure and
function of the human organism.
" KNOW THY BODY 55

aeronautical formulations. His biographers THE WONDERS WITHIN US

and the development of inventions. By " MEDICUS " 3/9 post paid
seem to agree upon the fact that one of his Absorbing-Revealing-Practical. This remarkable
Sent free on application. propositions was to fly upwards by means book gives a new and vivid understanding of the
THE IMPERIAL PATENT SERVICE of wings to which special incantations had innermost secrets of your make-up. an understanding
been applied. We are unable to obtain any bound to set you on the path to better health. Every
man and woman must read this book.
First Avenue House, High Holborn, W.C.1. references to or confirmation of the state-
Preliminary Consultation Free. ment in Edmund Rostand's play, " Cyrano
de Bergerac," that Cyrano opposed the pro- OTHER VITAL BOOKS
PATENTS, jected method of flying upwards by means The CURE of STAMMERING, STUTTERING,
TRADE MARKS FREE! of wings, feathers, etc. It is fair comment, and Other Functional Speech Disorders, 2/9
AND DESIGNS ADVICE, HANDBOOK however, even allowing for the ignorance of The simple non -operative means which have
AND CONSULTATIONS cured thousands are fully set out in this successful
the period, to say that Cyrano de Bergerac book.
KINGS PATENT AGENCY LTD - was a crank of the worst type, without
/3 T King, c.i.m. a., Pat. Agent 0 Ft. U.S.A. & Can. knowledge of even the elementary principle PERSONALITY: Its Nature, its Operation,
146a Queen Victoria St., LONDON, E.C.4 and its Development. By J. Louis ORTON. 5/4
49 Years L'GRAMS: Deotooic, LONDON.
of anything. It is possible that he was mad. In this popular book the Author explains exactly
References. TEL
1 -1 -,PHONE: Cm 6161. Our article was intended to show that he what Personality is and how it achieves its ends.
has no claim to fame or posterity. Personality can be cultivated, and, once achieved,
rapidly changes one's aspect on life.
AN ELECTRICAL QUERY BETTER SIGHT WITHOUT GLASSES, 3/9
ROSS for HEIGHT, " I would like to have any advice you may The Author cured himself of rapidly approaching
mai, age 10s, games 5 ins. In o wKe. rio Apois be able to give about the following :- blindness, and has embodied his successful methods
21, 5 ins. in 5 mths. antes - No in this book
20. 31 ins. in 16 d ys. Drugs. No " I have a Fractional Horsepower Motor
30.
40,
2 ins. in 4 wks.
11 ins. in 6 wks.
Dieting. which ran very well off D.C. 240 volts. We THE CURE OF INDIGESTION and Other
Increased my own height to 6' 51. Roes system have recently changed over to 240 volts A.C., Digestive Disorders .. 2/9
Hundreds of Testimonials from al! In this new work al. Digestive Troubles are
over the world. Never Fails 50 cycles. Now this motor has lost a consider- dealt with and the successful methods practised
Fee 42 2s. Convincing testimony Ad. stamp. able amount of its power and runs very hot. . by the author are clearly set out.
P.O.B15.
" This motor has bolted -on field pieces, All Prices include Postage. Address all Orders to
L. Malcolm Ross
attached to the case, which apparently is made THORSONS, Publishers, Dept. 111,
of cast iron. I have been wondering if I could 91 St. Martin's Lane, London, W.C.2
drill the case horizontally (the case is about Complete Catalogues of Vital Books free on request
NERVOUSNESS
Every nerve sufferer should send for my interesting book.
in. thick) and place iron wire in the holes.
" Also if the fields could be helped in a
also a copy of " Health and Vigour."

which describes a simple, inexpensive home treatment for similar way by iron filings. I may add that
Self-consciousness, Blushing, Depression, Worry, Insomnia, the field pieces themselves are partially
Weak Nerves, Morbid Fears, and similar nervous disorders.
This wonderful book will be sent in a plain sealed envelope to laminated." (H. B., Liverpool.)
any sufferer without charge or obligation. Write NOW and Cit-NUIAlc AN,./ ONLY
learn how to conquer your nervousness before it conquers you. Both the methods which you suggest are
(Dept. K.D.4), 40 Lmb's
HENRY J. RIVERS Conduit nt., London, W.C.1 impracticable, and actually the machine will CHROMATIC
dent you for
MOUTH ORGAN
always heat up when used on A.C. You can,
however, connect the fields in parallel and 1 /6 Deposit, iquzeitfixfiTeket;0
approved customers. Cash price, 6/6 post free.
SUPER
CHROMONICA
FOR WORKSHOP then put them in series with the armature.
Adjust the brushes slightly to give maximum GUARANTEED the same
GUARANTEED
type of instrument as played by
MODEL
with
AND GARAGE - efficiency. The whole field should be lamin-
ated and not just the poles. The motor will
LARRY ADLER
in his Stage, Broadcast
and Gramophone
three
corn; del e
Chromatic
Scales,
The " Wilco " Electric Grinder incorporates a fan - not be as efficient on A.C. as on D.C. Performances. titulin
cooled 1/50 h.p. induction motor with switch and CURRENT FOR CINEMATOGRAPH This superb HOHNER b as n
carries tine and coarse INSTRUMENT with Silk -lined ea e. 2/ -
grinding wheels. " In the coming season 1 wish to tour its beautiful deep, only deposit, Ouse i.
p,tage. etc. Balsne,
For A.C. 200/221 or with a 16 mm. cinematograph in districts rich, organ tone,
"on be played 2 - weekly (for 5 weeks/
230/250 v. to ap 'cue. d e... -t. mrrs.
where there is no electricity supply. in ANY Key
Crg.-
Price
Paid
" The projector I intend to use will have
either a 750 -watt or 500 -watt (120 -volt) bulb
(all 12 Keys)
including
all S keeps
and Flats,
Cash Price, 10/6 post free.
MODERN MUSIC Sill 10
High Holborn House (P.M
51 High Holborn, 1 ondon, W. C I.
Similar typr and a 120 -volt motor. ex ,ctly as
1/40 h.p. 22/6 s on, w n Piao SPECIAL TUT0111;:",`,T,.=
40 page Cata- " Would a 120 -volt dynamo generating
logue " P.M." 1 electrical horse -power give sufficient
3d. post free. amperage for the purpose, and, if so, would
WILKINSON, it be suitable in every other way? Assuming CURE YOURSELF AS I DID
8 City Rd., London, E.C. I that it would be possible to attach the
dynamo to a light car (Austin 7 or Morris 8) STAMMERING
After qammering terribly for 20 years and (eying
in such a position that the wheel which drives "teachers," schools, and advertised methods without
YOU CAN USE YOUR SPARE TIME the fan in front of the engine could be con- relleLlat last discovered the real cure for tattering and
to start a Mail Order Business that quickly brings you a (which is very simple) and cured m. self.
full-time income. Follow the lead of others who are nected to it so as to drive it at the right stammering
Now no stranger could tell that I haul ever been a Stam-
averaging £02 per week net profits. Get awry from a number of revolutions per minute, would the merer. YOU (or your child) can be quickly cured in the
drudging routine job-join the big -money class.
previous experience necessary. FCW pounds capital only
No engine run steadily enough to keep the cur- same way. Thorough and permanent cure Guaranteed or no
harge. Full particulars will be sent FREE, privately, if
rent from the dynamo sufficiently steady as you mention " Practical Mechanics."-Mr. FRANK F.
needed. No samples or outfits to buy; no rent, rates HUGHES, 7 Southampton Row, London, W.C.1.
or canvassing. New method makes success certain. to give a flickerless picture ? Would the idea
Write to -day for FREE BOOKLET to of running the dynamo off the fan wheel be
BUSINESS SERVICE INSTITUTE, Dept. 53c, satisfactory ? " (W. M., Monaghen.)
ti Carmelite Street, London, E.C.4.
You do not mention the consumption of
the cinematograph motor. You merely DON'T BE BULLIED
/..)
FROST & CO.
Old Compton St., London, W..
state the voltage. It is necessary to know
what current it takes in order to arrive at
Learn to fear no man. The
BEnT self-defence ever in-
vented, namely. JUMBO.
Easy to learn. Send 2 penny
tngmeer,, Too and Model Makers. the final output of the dynamo. In any tanips for BPI., NDID 'LIDS -
T ATM) 1588046, Photo
Model o, all descriptions. case, the 120 -volt dynamo which you have, ARTICLE. Testimonials and
Inventor,, Scale and Advertising. which is delivering 746 watts, would be particulars, or P.O. 1/- for
FIRST PAST of my course.
'a tterns, Castings, or Finished Parts, Small totally inadequate for the purpose you have You will be more than
Stampings ...nd Press Tools. delighted.
Experimental and Repetition Work. in mind. The fan -belt would not drive such Dept P., Blenheim liouse,Bed-
a motor in any case. font Lane,Pelthean,Middleilei.
 Alr

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 The
"P.T.P. THREE"
Inthis outstanding number of
"WIRELESS MAGAZINE and
Modern Television " you will find
exclusive details of a "straight
three" battery receiver built
on a new and improved system.
It employs a highly efficient
combination of high- and
low -frequency pentodes, gives
exceptional selectivity and sensi-
tivity, and sets a new standard of
efficiency of layout combined
with ease of construction.

New Style SHORT-WAVE

"WE ADAPTOR
Read how to build a simple, but highly efficient unit which
*tables excellent short-wave reception to be obtained
when usect in conjunction with any ordinary receiver.
A speciaVfeature of this unit is that it can be
used alotie as a single -valve short-wave receiver!
NM. NM =MI =In MOM 1=110 MIMI

Other splendid contents of the June

I "WIRELESS MAGAZINE and Modern Television "
An Enthusiast's Power Amplifier.
By P. Wilson, M.A. I

"Five Hours Back." I

By L. W. Hayes, of the B.B.C. Engineering Staff.
The Gordon Magnesium Battery. I
Described by R. W. Hallows, M.A. I
I Fading and the Non -fading Aerial.
I
GET IT TO-DAY- I
,By]. H. Reyner, B.Sc., A.M.I.E.E.
Keeping High -frequency Where It I
THE JUNE I Belongs.
I

Wireles
By Marcus G. Scroggie, B.Sc., A.M.I.E.E.
How the Valve Detects and I
Amplifies.
By Percy W. Harris, M.I.R.E. I
First Details of a New West of I
England Regional Station.

Magazine
By T. F. Henn. I
Is the Portable Worth While ? I
By the "W.M." Set Selection Bureau.
AND MODERN TELEVISION More About Television
IV. I Scanning.
By G. P. Kendall, B.Sc.
1

L ._ MI! ,. ..... ,iGeorge

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