Physics p2 Essay

Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]
PAPER 2 SECTION B & C (ii) Explain why the hovercraft

moves with constant velocity in
CHAPTER 2 terms of the force acting on it
[4 marks]
1. Diagram 9.1 shows the effect of a man falls from a
high position to the ground without opening the (c) Diagram 9.4 shows a canoe
parachute. Diagram 9.2 shows a man with the same
mass falls from the same height when the
parachute is open.
Diagram 9.4
You are required to give some suggestions to
design a canoe which can travel faster and
Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.1 safer . Using the knowledge on motion,
forces and the properties of materials, explain
(a) (i) What is the meaning of free fall? the suggestions based on the following
[ 1 mark] aspects:
(i) the surface of the canoe
(ii) Based on diagram 9.1 and Diagram (ii) the shape of the canoe
9.2, compare the acceleration, the rate (iii) the material of the canoe
of change of momentum and the time (iv) the material of the canoe
of impact. (v) the material of the canoe
Relate the rate of change of momentum [ 10 marks ]
with the time of impact to make
deduction on the relationship 2. Diagram 9.1 shows a car and a lorry stopping at a
between the acceleration and the rate red traffic light. When the traffic light turns green
of change of momentum. as in diagram 9.2, the car is found to move ahead
[ 5 marks] of the lorry.
(b) A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air

which is trapped underneath it, as shown
in Diagram 9.3. The trapped air reduces
the friction. The hovercraft starts from
rest and as it starts, the propeller
produces a forward force until it reaches Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2
a constant velocity .
(a) What is meant by mass?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Based on diagram 9.1 and 9.2, compare the

masses of the vehicles and their ability to
speed ahead. Relate the mass of the vehicle
and the way it can start moving from rest to
deduce a concept in physics with regard to the
motion of objects.
Diagram 9.3 State the physics concept.
(i) Sketch a velocity-time graph to [ 5 marks ]
show the motion of hovercraft.
http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin

(c) Based on the physics concept stated in (b), (i)

explain why a driver lurch forwards when a
car he is driving comes to a sudden stop, (ii)
describe and explain a method which can
overcome the situation in (c)(i).
[ 4 marks ]
Diagram 11.2 Diagram 11.3
(d) Diagram 9.3 shows a water rocket made from
an empty 1.5 litre plastic soft drink bottle by (a) Name the physics principle involved which
adding water and pressurizing it with air for makes the ball on the other far end is knocked
launching. away from the others.
[1 mark]
(b) Explain, in term of momentum and energy transfer,

why the ball on the opposite end is knocked away
from the others.
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 11.4 shows five designs of ‘Newton’s

Cradle’, P, Q, R, S and T, with different
Diagram 9.3 specifications. You are required to determine the
The objective is to keep the rocket in the air as most suitable design to make the ball at the end
long as possible. Using the appropriate swings up to higher level and at bigger speed. Study
physics concepts, suggest and explain suitable all the five designs from the following aspects:
designs based on the characteristics of (i) The arrangement of the balls
(i) the acceleration, (ii) The type of material used to make the balls
(ii) the shape (iiii) The number of string used to hang the balls
(iii) the structure (iv) The position of the ball to start the
(iv) the buoyant force (upthrust), oscillation
(v) the stability of the motion, to improve
the water rocket.
[ 10 marks ]
3. Diagram 11.1 shows ‘Newton’s cradle’ which

consists of five identical balls suspended in a row
from a wooden frame by wires.
Diagram 11.1
When the ball on left end is pulled aside (Diagram
11.2) and allowed to fall, the ball on the far end is
knocked away from the others with the same speed
as the first ball (Diagram 11.3).

4. Diagram 9.1 shows the initial and final position of

a student sliding down a slide. Diagram 9.2 shows
the initial and final position of the same student
sliding down the slide from a different initial
position.
(a) (i) What is the meaning of gravitational

potential energy of the student?
[1 mark]
(ii) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.

Compare the initial position of the
Diagram 11.4 student and the speed of the student on
Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your reaching the final position.
choice.. Relate the speed of the student on
[ 10 marks] reaching the final position with the
energy gained by the student to make a
(d) In a game, a 50 g white ball of speed 0.8 m s- deduction on the relationship between
1 hits a 30 g red ball at rest . If the white ball the initial position and the energy
stops after the collision, calculate; gained.
(i) the velocity of the red ball after the [4 marks]
elastic collision.
(ii) the change of the momentum of the (iii) Name the physics principle that explains
white ball. the situation in (a)(ii).
(iii) the impulsive force acting on the [1 mark]
white ball during the collision if it is
stopped in 0.05 seconds.
[5 marks]

(b) Diagram 9.3 shows a baby sleeping in a Diagram 11.1

cradle. The cradle is made to oscillate (a) When the paper clip is removed, the balloon
between position P and Q through the propels forward.
equilibrium position O. (i) Name the principle used in the
propulsion of the balloon.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Explain what makes the balloon

propel forward.
[ 4 marks ]
(b) The balloon moves with an initial velocity of

-1
4 ms . Then it decelerates for 2 seconds and
finally stops.
(i) Sketch a velocity-time graph for the
Diagram 9.3 motion of the balloon.
(i) State the changes in energy that occur when (ii) Calculate the deceleration of the
the cradle swings from P to O, and then balloon.
from O to Q. (iii) Calculate the distance travelled.
(ii) After some time, the cradle stops oscillating. [ 5 marks ]
Explain why. Diagram 11.2 shows four racing cars , P , Q ,
[4 marks] R and S, with different specifications. You are
(c) Diagram 9.4 shows an archer getting ready to required to determine the most suitable car to
shoot an arrow towards a target board from a complete in the Formula 1 Summer Race.
far distance. When he releases the arrow, he
observes that the arrow falls short of the
target.
Diagram 9.4
Suggest and explain how he would be able to shoot
the arrow to hit the centre of the target board,
based on the following aspects:
(i) The strength of the cord
(ii) The force constant of the bow
(iii) The material used for the bow
(iv) The design of the arrow
Diagram 11.2
(iv) The way the arrow is aimed at the target
[10 marks]
Study the specifications of all racing cars from
the following aspects:
5. Diagram 11.1 shows a balloon taped to straw. (i) The shape of the car
(ii) The ridges on the tyres
(iii) The engine power
(iv) The material for the body of the car.
(v) Explain the suitability of aspects. Justify
your choices.
[ 10 marks ]

6. (a) Diagram 9.1 shows two identical feeding done to enable the machine to lift a car
bottles floating in liquid P and liquid Q easily in a workshop.
respectively. The feeding bottle floats You can emphasise on the following
because the net force acting on the bottle aspects in your modification;
is zero. (i) method so that only small force
is applied at piston A
(ii) component to control flow of
liquid in the hydraulic jack
(iii) component in the hydraulic jack
to lowered the car
(iv) size of pistons
(v) type of liquid used
[ 10 marks ]
Diagram 9.1 7. Diagram 9.1 shows a hydraulic lift used to raise

loads Q and R.
(i) What is the meaning of net force?
[ 1 mark]
(ii) Using Diagram 9.1 compare the position of

the bottles in liquid P and liquid Q. Compare
also the weights and the buoyant forces that
are acting on the bottles in liquid P and
liquid Q. Compare the density of liquid P
and liquid Q.
Relate the position of the bottle and the
(a) (i) What is meant by pressure?
density of liquid to deduce a relevant
[1 mark]
physics concept.
[5 marks]
(ii) A force of 100 N is used to push
down piston P and able to raise
(b) Diagram 9.2 shows a simple hydraulic
piston Q and piston R. With
jack.
reference to Diagram 9.1
compare the pressure acted on piston
Q and R, the cross sectional area and
the force produced at the piston Q and
piston R.
Relate the cross sectional area of the
pistons with the force produced on the
pistons.
Name a physics principle relating the
Diagram 9.2 cross sectional area and the force
exerted on pistons Q and R.
Explain how load M can be lifted and [5 marks]
give a reason why the cross sectional area
of piston A is smaller than the cross (b) Diagram 9.2 shows a cross section of an
sectional area of piston B. aeroplane wing. The wing help the aeroplane
[4 marks] to be lift up when the plane speeding along
the runaway.
(c) The simple hydraulic jack in Diagram 9.2
is not suitable to use to lift a car in a
workshop.
Using suitable physics concepts, explain
the required modification that need to be
Name the shape in Diagram 9.2 and explain

how the aeroplane can be lifted up to the air.
[4 marks]
(c) Submarine is used to move underwater. [ 10 marks ]

Using suitable physics concepts, explain
how you can design a basic structure of a (d) Diagram 11.2 shows oil drum floats
small submarine so that it can be used for stationary in water. The density of water is
an underwater exploration. -3
The design should include the following 1000 kg m .
aspects:
(i) the material and thickness of the wall,
(ii) shape of the submarine,
(iii) able to submerge,
(iv) the equipments to detect underwater
obstacles and depth
[10 marks]
8. Diagram 11.1 shows a submarine floating in sea

water due to the effect of buoyant force.
Diagram 11.2
Calculate
(i) The volume of the oil drum immersed in
water.
[ 2 marks ]
Diagram 11.1 (ii) The buoyant force acting on the oil drum.
(a) What is the meaning of buoyant force? [ 2 marks ]
[ 1 mark ]
(iii) The mass of the oil drum.
(b) Explain how a submarine is able to [ 1 mark ]
submerge into deep sea water.
[ 4 marks]
(c) You are asked to investigate the

characteristics of four submarines shown in
Table 11.1.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic
of the submarines and determine the
submarine which can travel faster, stay l
onger in deeper sea water and able to carry
more crew.
Give reasons for your choice.
9. Diagram 11.1 shows an aeroplane. Diagram 11.2 characteristic and suggest the most suitable
shows a cross section of the aeroplane’s wing. wing to be installed with the body of the
aeroplane.
[ 10 marks ]
10. Diagram 11.1 shows the air balloon which is used

as a weather balloon to carry a radiosonde
instrument for collecting data about the
atmosphere. The weather balloon rises up in the air
due to Archimedes’ principle
Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.2 (a) (i) State Archimedes’ principle.

. [1 mark]
(a) Name the shape of the cross sectional of the
aeroplane wing. (ii) Explain why a weather balloon that is
[1 mark] rising up in the air will stop at certain
altitude.
(b) The aeroplane can be lifted up when flying . [4 marks]
due to a difference in pressure of the air
between the upper and bottom sides of the (b) Diagram 11.2 shows four hot air balloons
wings. P,Q,R and S with different features. You
(i) Explain how this difference in are required to determine the most
pressure is produced. suitable the most hot air balloon which is
[ 3 marks] able to carry three or four people to a
higher altitude in a shorter time.
(ii) Name the principle involved in your
answer in (b)(i).
[ 1 mark ]
(c) Table 11 shows characteristic of four designs

of the aeroplane wings.
Table 11
You are requested to choose the most suitable

wing to be installed to the body of an
aeroplane.
By referring to the information given in Table
11, explain the suitability of each
Diagram 11.3
(i) By neglecting the mass of the balloon,

calculate the mass of helium gas in
the balloon.
[2 marks]
(ii) Calculate the buoyant force which

acts on the balloon.
(Density of air is 1.3 kg m-3)
[3 marks]
11. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the heating

curves obtained when 50 g and 80 g of the solid
substance are heated respectively. The melting
o
point of the substance is 78 C.
Study the characteristics of all the four hot air

balloons from the following aspects: Diagram 9.1
- The size of the balloon
- The number of burners
- The type of the fabric of the balloon
- The temperature of the air in the balloon
Explain the suitability of the aspects. Justify your
choice.
[10 marks]
Diagram 9.2
(c) Diagram 11.3 shows a balloon which
contains helium. The volume of the balloon (a) (i) What is the meaning of melting point?
is 1.2 m3. Density of helium gas is [1 mark]
3
0.18 kgm- .
(ii) Based on the information and the observation
on Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the
mass, the time taken to reach the melting
point and the time taken by the substance to
change into liquid completely.
Relate the mass and the time taken by the 12. Diagram 9.1 shows a boy pouring hot coffee into a
substance to change into liquid completely to make cup. The hand of the boy is not scalded by the
a deduction on the relationship between the mass coffee droplets that are spattered from the kettle.
and the latent heat of fusion absorbed by the Diagram 9.2 shows hot coffee spilling over and
substance. getting onto his hand and his hand gets scalded
[5 marks] because of the higher heat capacity in it.
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the phenomenon of sea

breeze.
(a) What is meant by heat capacity?

[ 1 mark ]
(b) (i) Observe Diagrams 9.1 and 9.2.

Compare the temperature of the
Diagram 9.3 coffee, the mass of
the coffee droplets spatters on his
Using the concept of specific heat capacity, hand and the coffee from the kettle
explain how the phenomenon of sea breeze spills on it, and the injury to the
occurs. hands.
[4 marks] State the relationship between the
mass of the coffee and the injury that
(c) Diagram 9.4 shows a design of central heating occurs.
system used in cold country to heat and keep [ 4 marks ]
houses warm.
(ii) State the relationship between the heat
capacity and the mass.
[ 1 marks ]
(c) Diagram 9.3 shows a radiator of a car
Diagram 9.4
Suggest and explain how to build a house

central heating system which can function
effectively based on the following aspects:
Diagram 9.3
(i) The specific heat capacity of the
Water is used as a cooling agent in a radiator.
liquid
Explain how water is used
(ii) The boiling point of the liquid
[ 4 marks ]
(iii) The properties of material used for
transmission pipe
(iv) The size of the fan used to blow
the heat from radiator
(d) You are required to give some suggestions to (c) Table 11 shows the design of five torchlights
design an efficient thermometer to be used in P, Q, R, S and T.
physics laboratory.
Using your knowledge about heat and
properties of materials, explain how to built a
thermometer which can function effectively
based on the following aspects,
(i) Strength of the thermometer
(ii) Choice of the thermometric liquid
(iii) Sensitivity of the thermometer
(iv) Design of the thermometer so that the
scale can easily be read.
(v) Melting point and freezing point of
the liquid
[ 10 marks ]
CHAPTER 5
13. Diagram 11.1 shows Ali standing at the side of a

pond. Ali can see the image of the fish and the
image of the dragon-fly in the water as shown by
the ray diagram.
Table 11
You are asked to investigate the characteristics of
the five torchlights shown in Table 11. Explain the
suitability of each characteristics of the torchlight
Diagram 11.1
and determine the torchlight which can produce a
(a) (i) What is the meaning of virtual image?
strong parallel beam of light.
[1 mark]
[10 marks]
(ii) Explain how Ali can see the image of
the fish and the image of the dragon-
14. Diagram 11.1 shows two convex lenses, P and Q,
fly. State the phenomenon of light that
used in an astronomical telescope. The focal length
is involved in each case.
of P is 40 cm and for Q is 10 cm
[4 marks]
(b) (i) Calculate the angle and . θ α

[ Refractive index of water is 1.33 ]
[4 marks]
(ii) State one characteristic of the image of

the dragon-fly.
[1 mark]
Diagram 11.1

(a) What is the meaning of focal length of lens ? (iii) State the characteristics of image formed
[ 1mark ] in the camera
[1 marks]
(b) By using suitable apparatus, explain how the
focal length of both lenses can be estimated.
[ 4 marks ] 15. Diagram 11.1 and 11.2 show two photographs
captured using two lenses with different focal
(c) Diagram 11.2 shows an arrangement of lenses length.
to construct a simple astronomical telescope
using lens P and lens Q.
(a) (i) What is meant by focal length?

[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Using Diagram 11.1 and Diagram

Diagram 11.2 11.2, compare the thickness and the
focal length of the lenses. Explain the
You are asked to investigate the arrangement relationships between the thickness
and characteristics of the lenses used to and the power of the lens.
construct the simple astronomical telescope as [4 marks]
shown in Diagram 11.3.
(b) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a lens
with a power of + 5 D.
(i) An object is placed 30 cm in front of a
lens with a power of + 5 D.
[ 2 marks ]
(ii) Calculate the distance of the image.

[ 2 marks ]
(iii) Calculate the magnification of the

Diagram 11.3 image
[ 1 mark ]
Explain the suitability of the arrangement and
each characteristics of the lenses and (c) Diagram 11.3 shows an astronomical
determine the arrangement which can produce telescope. An astronomical telescope is used
the brightest and sharp image at normal to view very large objects like moon.
adjustment.
(d) A camera has a convex lens of focal length 5

cm is used to capture an object of 1 m in
height and 4 m from the camera.
(i) determine the image distance from the
camera
[2 marks]
(ii) Calculate the height of image Table 11.1 shows the characteristics of four
produced in the camera different simple astronomical telescopes.
[2 marks]
Calculate,
(i) the refractive index of the water in the
pool.
(ii) the apparent depth of the image.
[5 marks]
(d) Diagram 11.2 shows a glass window which

opens outwards at an angle θ.
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of

the telescope and determine the most suitable
telescope to be used to observe very far object.
Give reason for your choice.
[ 10 marks ]
16. Total internal reflection occurs when light travels Diagram 11.2 Diagram 11.3
from a denser
medium to less dense medium and the angle of Diagram 11.3 shows the side view of the
incidence is greater window. If rays of sunlight incident on the
than the critical angle. window undergo total internal reflection at
(a) What is the meaning of critical angle? points like X, direct sunlight would not be
[1 mark] able to enter the room and it would be cooler.
Four designs P, Q, R and S of the window are
(b) (i) Write an equation to show the available and are designed such that it can be
relationship between the critical opened at a maximum angle of θ.
angle, c, and the refractive index, n, of Table 11 shows the characteristics of the glass
a medium. used and the angle θ of each design.
(ii) Use the equation in (b)(i) to explain

why total internal reflection is easier
to occur in diamond than in glass.
[ Refractive index of glass = 1.5,
refractive index of diamond = 2.4 ]
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 11.1 shows a ray of light from an

object at point P at the bottom of a swimming
pool travelling from water into the air.
Table 11
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of

the glass and the size of the angle θ and
determine the most suitable design to be used so
that the room would be kept cool during the day.
[10 marks]
Diagram 11.1

17. Diagram 11.1 shows a stamp collector examines a (d) You are given a convex lens. Describe how
stamp using a magnifying glass. the power of the lens can be determined.
State the relationship between power and
focal length of a lens.
[5 marks]
18. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the identical

objects located at different positions in front of
identical concave mirror. Real images with
different sizes are produced.
Diagram11.1
Table 11 shows characteristics of four types of

magnifying glass
(a) (i) What is the meaning of real image?

(ii) Using Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2,
compare the object distance, the size of
image formed and the image distance.
Relate the position of the object distance
and the size of the image formed to make
a deduction on the relationship between
the object distance and the magnification
scale.
[ 5 marks ]
Table 11 (b) Diagram 9.3 shows a photograph of a concave
mirror producing upright and magnified
(a) What is meant by the focal length? image.
[1 mark]
(b) You are requested to choose the magnifying

glass to be used by a stamp collector to
examines the stamps.
By referring to the characteristics given in
Table 11, explain the suitability of each
characteristic and suggest the most suitable
magnifying glass to be used by a stamp
collector.
[10 marks]
Diagram 9.3
(c) A student is using a magnifying glass M to
observe a small ant at a distance of 2 cm. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of
(i) Calculate the image distance. the image formed as shown in Diagram 9.3.
[2 marks] (c) Diagram 9.4 shows a ray diagram of a
slide projector.
(ii) Determine the linear magnification of
the image of the ant.
[2 marks]

(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the structure of a simple

camera.
Diagram 9.4
The slide projector is needed in your school
hall. You are required to modify the slide
projector so that it can produce clearer
image and can be seen by 800 students.
Suggest and explain based on the following (i) Explain how the camera is able to capture
aspect: the image of a distant object.
(i) The power of the bulb used. [ 3 marks ]
(ii) The position of the bulb from the
concave mirror. (ii) State the range of the object distance
(iii) The curvature of the concave mirror. where the image formed is sharp.
(iv) The position of the slide from the [ 1 mark ]
projector lens.
(v) Position of the screen from the (c) A student is given two convex lenses , R and
projector. S. The focal length of R and S are 20 cm and
[ 10 marks ] 5 cm respectively. Suggest and explain how to
build a microscope which produces a sharp
19. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show light rays from image and magnified image based on the
two identical objects passing through two identical following aspects:
convex lens. Both lenses produce real images. F is (i) Arrangement of lenses
the focal point for the lens. (ii) Position of object
(iii) Position of the first image
(iv) Distance between two lenses.
[ 8 marks ]
(d) Suggest two modifications that need to be

done to the microscope to produce a bigger
final image.
[ 2 marks ]
(a) (i) Name the phenomenon involved.

[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.

Compare the object distance, the size of
the image and the power of the lens.
Relate the size of the image with the
object distance.
[ 1 mark ]
20. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the parallel (i) State the function of the eyepiece.
rays of light directed towards the convex lenses J [1 mark]
and K. Both the lenses produce real images. F is
the focal point for each lens. (ii) State the characteristics of the image
formed by a microscope.
[3 marks]
(c) You are given two convex lenses S and Q of

different focal length. Lens S has a longer
focal length than lens Q.
(i) Using the two lenses above explain
how are you would make a simple
astronomical telescope.
[4 marks]
(ii) Suggest modification that need to be

done on the telescope to produce
clearer and bigger images.
[6 marks]
21. Diagram 9.1 shows a light ray passing through

from air into water. Diagram 9.2 shows a light ray
passing through from air into glass.
[Refractive index: Glass= 1.50 , Water=1.33]
(a) (i) What is meant by focal length?
[1 mark]
(ii) With reference to Diagram 9.1 and

Diagram 9.2, compare the thickness
of the lenses and the effects it has
on the refracted rays to make a
deduction regarding the relationship
between the thickness of the lenses
and their focal length.
[5 marks]
(a) (i) Name the phenomenon of light as
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the ray diagram of a shown in Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.
simple microscope. [ 1 mark ]
(ii) What is the meaning of refractive

index?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.

Compare the refractive index, the density and
the angle of refraction of light ray. Relate the
density of medium with the angle of refraction
to make a deduction of the relationship
between the density of medium and the
refractive index.
[ 5 marks ]
Diagram 9.3

(c) With the aid of ray diagram, explain how a (iii) Observe Figure 10.1 and 10.2. Compare
man shoots a fish in water so that he hits the the wave patterns produced by the
target. spherical dippers. State the relationship
[ 3 marks ] between the distance of two coherent
sources and the separation / distanceof
(d) (i) You are given two pieces identical two consecutive nodes or antinodes
o 0
prism with internal angle 45 , 90 and lines.
0 [ 10 marks ]
45 and two converging lenses to make
a binocular. (b) Sonar technique can be used to determine the
Using the material stated above, explain distance between two positions. Ultrasonic
how you are going to build a simple wave is used in this technique.
binocular. (i) What is sonar?
[ 6 marks ] [ 1 mark ]
(ii) Suggest modifications need to be done (ii) Explain why using ultrasonic wave is
on the simple binocular to produce better than just ordinary sound waves.
brighter and bigger image. [ 2 marks ]
[ 4 marks ]
(iii) A marine researcher wants to use
ultrasonic sound to determine the depth
CHAPTER 6 of the ocean bed. Explain how he can do
so.
22. Diagram 10.1 and 10.2 show wave pattern [ 7 marks ]
produced by the vibration of two spherical dippers
on the water surface set to be at different distances.
23. Diagram 12.1 shows the pattern of sea waves when
approaching the beach.
Diagram 10.1
Diagram 12.1
(i) Name the wave phenomenon shown in

Diagram 12.1.
[1 mark]
Diagram 10.2
(ii) Explain in terms of the wave phenomena in 12
(a) (i) What is the wave phenomenon shown in (a)(i), why the water waves follow the shape
diagram 10.1 and 10.2? of the beach as it approaches the shore.
[ 1 mark ] [4 marks]
(ii) Explain why the water level in the ripple

tank must be at constant depth during the
experiment.
[ 4 marks ]

(b) The beach in Diagram 12.1 will be used as a - the location to keep the boat
place where fisherman boats are kept. - material used for the retaining wall
- the height of retaining wall
- size of slit
Explain the suitability of the location and the

characteristics of the retaining wall and determine
the most suitable design to keep the boat safely.
[10 marks]
(c) Diagram 12.3 show a pattern of wave formed

-1
when the water waves with a speed of 6 cm s
propagates from a deeper area to a shallow
region in a ripple tank.
Deep area Shallow area

λ = 0.8 cm λ = 0.5 cm
Diagram 12.3
Calculate:
(i) the frequency of water waves at the
deeper region
(ii) the speed of the water waves at shallow
region.
[5 marks]
24. A student carries out an experiment to investigate a

water wave phenomenon using a ripple tank.
Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show the pattern
obtained on the screen of the ripple tank when two
vibrators, S and T, are vibrating simultaneously.
You are assigned to investigate the design for the

location to keep the boats and the characteristics of
the retaining wall as shown in Diagram 12.2 based Diagram 10.1
on the following aspects:
Diagram 10.3
Diagram 10.2
Suggest and explain improvements to the
(a) (i) State the reason why the depth of water sound system and transmission of the sound
in the ripple tank must be uniform. so that spectators all around the stadium can
[1 mark] hear the announcement clearly.
Your answer should cover the following
(ii) Name the water wave phenomenon that aspects:
is being investigated. (i) The number of loudspeakers
[1 mark] (ii) The position of the loudspeakers
(iii) The amplification of the sound
(iii) State the amplitude of the wave along the [6 marks]
nodal lines.
[1 mark] (d) The loudspeaker used in (c) is as shown in
Diagram 10.4
(iv) Using a suitable diagram, explain how a
nodal line is formed.
[2 marks]
(b) Observe Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2.

(i) Compare the distance between vibrators
S and T.
[1 mark]
(ii) Compare the distance between adjacent
nodal lines.
[1 mark]
(iii) Compare the wavelength of the water

waves.
[1 mark] Diagram 10.4
(iv) State the relationship between a and x. Explain whether D and L should be big or
[a = distance between the vibrators, x = small so that sound from the loudspeaker can
distance between adjacent lines] be transmitted over a longer distance.
[2 marks] [4 marks]
(c) Diagram 10.3 shows the plan of a football

stadium. When an announcement was made
using only one loudspeaker, spectators at
positions such as P, Q and R could not hear
the announcement clearly.

25. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show the pattern

of interference using coherent sources of water
waves.
Diagram10.4
Using the appropriate physics concepts,

suggest and explain the modifications that
Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2 have to be done to reduce the noise pollution.
The modifications should include the
(a) How does constructive interference occur? following aspects:
[ 1 mark ] (i) Materials used for floor, ceiling and wall.
(ii) Finishing for table and countertops.
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2, (iii) Solution for large windows
compare the distance between the two (iv) Dining space design
coherent sources, wavelength of the [ 10 marks ]
propagating water waves and distance
between two consecutive antinodes.
[ 4 marks ] 26. Diagram 10.1 shows a tuning fork vibrating near a
microphone. The sound waves detected by the
(c) Relate the distance between the two microphone are displayed on the screen of a
coherent sources with the distance between Cathode -Ray Oscilloscope (CRO).
two consecutive antinodes. When the tuning fork is struck harder , sound
[ 2 marks] produced is louder and the sound waves produces
are shown in Diagram 10.2.
(d) Diagram 10.3 shows tourists at a beach
observing the sunset.
Diagram 10.3
Using physics concepts, explain why the

tourist can still able to see the sun even Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
though it has already set.
(a) What is the meaning of longitudinal wave?
(e) Diagram 10.4 shows a restaurant in the town [ 1 mark ]
of Seremban. The restaurant is always
packed with customers and always noisy. A (b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,
student and his parents often visit the (i) Compare the amplitude of vibrations of
restaurant to enjoy a pleasant dinner. The tuning fork.
restaurant in Diagram 10.4 is not suitable for (ii) Compare the peak values a1 and a2of the
a quiet evening and they decided to suggest waves displayed by the oscilloscope.
a few modifications to the restaurant owner. (iii) Relate the amplitude of vibrations of
tuning fork to the peak values.
(iv) Relate the peak values to the loudness (a) What is the meaning of the labeled “6V, 24
of the sound produced. W” on the filament lamp?
(v) Hence, deduce the relationship between [1 mark]
the loudness of the sound and the
amplitude of the wave. (b) (i) Observe Diagram 10.1and Diagram 10.2.
[ 5 marks ] Compare the reading of the ammeter and the
brightness of the filament lamp M and N.
(c) Explain how the sound wave is used to [2 marks]
determine the depth of an ocean.
[ 4 marks ] (ii) Observe Diagram 10.3 and Diagram
10.4. Compare the thickness of coiled
(d) You have been assigned as a consultant to wire of the filament lamps.
assemble a speaker system to improve the [1 mark]
acoustics of a school hall. Using the
appropriate concept explain how the (iii) Relate the brightness of the filament
installation of the speaker system and the lamp with the thickness of coiled wire
other modifications that can improve audible to make a deduction on the relationship
sound. In your explanation , elaborate on the between thickness of coil wire and the
following aspects: heat produced by the filament lamp
(i) Distance between two stereo speakers. [2 marks]
(ii) Wall and floor finishing
(iii) Power of the loud speakers (c) Diagram 10.5 shows two types of plug for the
(iv) Positioning of speakers and electric kettle that can be connected to the
microphones. electric supply. Diagram 10.5(a) uses two pin
[ 10 marks ] plug, while Diagram 10.5(b) uses a three pin
plug with an earth wire.
CHAPTER 7
27. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show two circuits.

Each circuit contains an ammeter, 4 cells, rheostat
and a filament lamp labeled 6V, 24 W. Diagram
10.3 and Diagram 10.4 show the thickness of
coiled wire of the filament lamp M and N,
Diagram 10.5(a) Diagram 10.5(b)
respectively.
Explain why a three pin plug is more
suitable compared with a two pins plug.
[4 marks]
(d) Diagram 10.6 shows a water heater used to

boil water.
Diagram 10.6
Filament lamp M Filament lamp N Using appropriate physics concepts, suggest

Diagram 10.3 Diagram 10.4 and explain how to build a water heater which
can boil a larger quantity of water faster ,

more efficient, and more safety based on the

following aspects;
(i) type of material used for the heating
element of the water heater
(ii) shape of the heating element of the
water heater
(iii) melting point of the heating element of
the water heater
(iv) rate of rusting of the heating element of
the water heater
(v) additional component used for safety
when the water boil
[10 marks] Table 12
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the
28. Diagram 12.1 shows a hair dryer labelled 240 V, four metals and determine the most suitable metal
500 W connected to a three pin plug. to be used as the fuse wire. Give
Diagram 12.2 shows the fuse in the three pin plug. reasons for your choice.
[10 marks]
(c) The hair dryer is Diagram 12.1 is switched on.

(i) Calculate the current flowing through the hair
dryer.
(ii) State whether the 0.5 A fuse is suitable to be
used in the plug.
(iii) Calculate the energy used by the hair dryer
when it is switched on for 10 minutes.
Diagram 12.1 [5 marks]
28. Diagram 12.1 shows a typical circuit on a

household electrical appliance that using a fuse.
Diagram 12.1
Diagram 12.2
(a) What is a fuse?
[ 1 mark ]
(a) State two properties of the material of the heating
element in the hair dryer.
(b) Explain the advantages o parallel circuit in a
[4 marks]
house wiring system.
[ 4 marks ]
(b) (i) What is the meaning of the label 0.5 A on the
fuse?
(c) An immersion heater its specifications of
[1 mark]
240V , 500 W is used to boil water. The
efficiency of that immersion heater is 85.
(ii) Table 12 shows the specification of a few
(i) What is meant by 250 V, 500 W?
metals to be used as a fuse wire.
[ 1 mark ]

(ii) Calculate the electric current that passes CHAPTER 8

through the immersion heater.
[ 2 marks ] 29. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show two
identical electromagnets, X and Y. The current
(iii) Calculate the output power of the flow in electromagnet X is 2 A and the current
immersion heater. flow in electromagnet Y is 3 A.
[ 2 marks ]
(d) Fuse takes some time to melt or blow. A fast-

blowing fuse is required to protect
semiconductor equipments which cannot
stand high current surge for too long. When a
fuse blows, sparking may occur and produces
high temperature. The fuse wire is placed in a
sheath or catridge as shown in Diagram 12.2 Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
to prevent its sparks from causing damage.
(a) What is the meaning of electromagnet ?
[1 mark]
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2,

compare the amount of iron filings attracted,
Diagram 12.1 current flow and the magnetic field strength of
the two electromagnets.
Table 12.1 shows the specifications of five Relate the current flow with the magnetic
fuses tat can be used to protect a field strength to make a deduction on the
semiconductor device. relationship between magnetic field strength
and the amount of iron filings attracted in this
situation.
[5 marks]
(c) Diagram 10.3 shows an electromagnet crane.
Table 12.1
Determine the most suitable fuse to protect a

240V, 2000 W semiconductor material device.
Study the specifications of all five fuses based on
- The thickness of wire
- The rating of fuse
- The catridge type
- The melting point Explain how the electromagnet crane can be used
Explain the suitability of the aspects and justify your to lift scrap metal.
choice. [4 marks]
[ 10 marks ]
(d) A man needs an adaptor to charge his
handphone as shown in Diagram 10.4. The
transformer inside the adaptor is used to
reduce the 240 V alternating current (a.c) to
12 V direct current (d.c).

Using the knowledge of a transformer and

rectifier, suggest and explain how to built an
adaptor which can be used to charge the
handphone.
(i) The type of transformer
(ii) The ratio of number of turns in
primary coil to the number of turns in
secondary coil
(iii) The type of core
(iv) The electronic component that should
be connected to the output of the
secondary coil
(v) The material of wire used
[ 10 marks ] [10 marks]
(d) Diagram 12.3 shows a 12V, 48W bulb lights

30. Diagram 12.1 shows a simple transformer. up with normal brightness when it is
connected to a 240V main supply through a
transformer.
Diagram 12.1
(a) State the transformations of energy involved
in Diagram 12.1.
[ 1mark]
(b) Explain how the transformer works

[ 4 marks] Calculate:
(i) the output voltage of the transformer
(c) You are asked to investigate the design and (ii) the number of turns of the primary coil
the characteristic of four transformers shown (iii) the efficiency of the transformer .
in Diagram 12.2.Explain the suitability of
each characteristics of the transformer and
determine the transformer which can be use as
an ideal transformer.

31. When a current flows through the solenoid it

produces a magnetic field and then becomes
electromagnet.
(a) What is a meaning of electromagnet ?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Diagram 12.1 shows a graph of number of

paper clips attached, n against current, I, for
a solenoid.
Diagram 12.1 (d) Diagram 12.3 shows a model for transmission

of electrical power. The resistance of the
(i) Based on the graph, state the transmission cable in the model is 30Ω.
relationships between n and I .
What can you conclude about the
strength of electromagnet?
[ 2marks]
(ii) State two physical quantities that affect

the strength of electromagnet? Diagram 12.3
[ 2marks] (i) Name a type of conductor that is most
suitable to be used as transmission cable.
(c) You are asked to investigate the design and [ 1 mark ]
the characteristics of four alternating current
generators shown in Table 12.1. (ii) Calculate the current that flows
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of through the transmission cable
the alternating current generators and [ 2 marks ]
determine the alternating current generator
which can supply a large direct current to an (iii) The power loss due to heating effect
electrical component S shown in Diagram of the transmission cable
12.2. [ 2 marks ]
Diagram 12.2

32. Diagram 12.1 shows a bulb labelled 12 V, 24 W is 33. Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show how
connected to the output of a transformer. The induced current are produced in solenoids
efficiency of the transformer is 40%.
(a) (i) Name the type of transformer.

[1 mark]
(ii) Explain the working principle of the
transformer.
[4 marks]
(b) Calculate
(i) the current flow in the secondary coil.
(ii) power input in the primary coil.
[5 marks]
(c) You are asked to investigate the design and

the characteristics of four transformers
shown in Diagram 12.2.
(a) What is meant by induced current?

(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and 10.2,
compare
(i) The number of turns of the
solenoid.
(ii) The deflection of the
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of galvanometer pointer.
the transformers and determine which transformer (iii) The rate of cutting of the
has the highest efficiency. magnetic flux.
Give reasons for your choice (iv) The magnitude of induced
[10 marks] current produced.
[ 4 marks ]
(c) Using Diagram 10.1 and 10.2
(i) Relate the number of turns of the
solenoid and the rate of cutting of
the magnetic flux.
(ii) Relate the rate of cutting of
magnetic flux and the
magnitude of the induced current
produced and hence.
[ 2 marks ]
(d) Name the physics law involved.

[ 1 mark]

(e) Diagram 10.3 shows a simple step-up (a) What is meant by electromagnetic
transformer induction?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 ,
compare
(i) The number of conductor wires.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) The deflection of the galvanometer
pointer.
[ 1 mark ]
(iii) Relate the number of conductor and
the rate of cutting of magnetic flux.
[ 1 mark ]
(i) Explain why step-up
(iv) Relate the rate of cutting of magnetic
transformers are used in the
flux and the induced current
transmission of electricity?
[ 1 mark ]
[ 2 marks ]
(v) Name the physics law involved.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) You are required to modify the
transformer in Diagram 10.3 so
(c) Diagram 10.3 shows the structure of a
that it can use as an efficient
generator. Explain how the generator can e
laptop adapter with output of
used to produce electricity.
18.5 V of direct current. Your
suggestions and explanation
should be based on the
following aspects:
- Type of the core used.
- materials and diameter of the
wire used.
- Ratio of the number of turns
in the primary coil to the
secondary coil.
- The arrangement of the
primary coil and the secondary
coil.
- The numbers of diodes used. [ 4 marks ]
[ 10 marks ]
(d) Diagram 10.4 shows the cross section of a
34. Diagram 10.1 shows one insulated conductor moving coil microphone which converts one
which is moved downwards in a magnetic field. form energy into another.
Diagram 1.2 shows three insulated conductors
which are moved downwards in the magnetic field.
When sound vibrates the diaphragm , the

attached voice coil moves and cut the

magnetic field and generates a small electric

current in coil.
Using the appropriate concepts in physics ,
suggest and explain suitable modification or
ways to enable the microphone to detect
sound effectively and generate bigger
current based on the following aspects:
(i) The thickness of diaphragm
(ii) The strength of the material for the
diaphragm
(iii) The number of turns of coil
(iv) The diameter of the coil wire
(v) The strength of magnet
[ 10 marks ]
35. (a) Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 shows two

identical electromagnet, X and Y .
Diagram 10.3
Explain how the circuit breaker works.

[ 4 marks]
(i) What is meant by electromagnet? (c) Diagram 10.4 shows an a.c generator
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2

compare the current flow, the amount of iron
filing and the magnetic field strength of the
two electrodes. Relate the current flow and
amount of iron filing attracted by the
electromagnet and the magnetic field
strength..
[ 5 marks ]
(b) Diagram 10.3 shows a circuit breaker.
Diagram10.4
(i) Explain how the generator works to

produce alternating current..
[ 4 marks ]
(ii) Explain the modification that needs to

be done on the generator and the
external circuit to enable the generator
to be a d.c generator and produce
more current.
[6 marks]

CHAPTER 9
36. As a research engineer in a factory, you are asked 37. A semiconductor diode is an electronic device
to investigate the characteristics of several made by joining pieces of p-type and n-type
substances in order to produce semiconductors semiconductors. n-type and p- type
with better conductivity. semiconductors are produced through the doping
(a) What is meant by semiconductor? process
[1 mark]
(b) Name two types of semiconductors. Explain

the differences between this two types of
semiconductors
[5 marks]
(c) Table 12 shows the characteristics of five

substances P, Q, R, S and T.
(a) What is the meaning of doping?

[1 mark]
(b) Using Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 ,

compare the connection of diode to the dry
cell, the lighting of bulbs and the reading of
ammeter. Relate the lighting of bulbs with
the connection of diode to the dry cell to
make a deduction regarding the relation
between the current flowing in the circuits
and the connection of diode to the dry cell..
[5 marks]
Table 12
(c) Box Y contains four identical electronics
Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the component for full wave rectification.
substances to be used in the production of a
semiconductor with better conductivity and
determine the most suitable substance to be used
Give reasons for your choice
[10 marks]
(d) An extra high voltage (EHT) supply gives 4

kV across the anode and the cathode of a
vacuum tube.
(i) Name the process that occurs.
[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the velocity of the electron

when it reaches the anode tube. [ mass Diagram 10.3
-31
of electron , m = 9.1 x 10 kg, charge On Diagram 10.3 draw the electronic
-19
of electron, e = 1.6 x 10 components in the circles provided.
[3 marks]
(ii) A capacitor is placed across the output
to smooth the current. In Diagram
10.3, draw the wave form produced .

Explain how a capacitor is used to 38. Diagram 10.1 shows a transistor circuit. Diagram
smooth the current. 10.2 and Diagram 10.3 show the transistor circuit
[4 marks] with different microammeter reading
and milliammeter reading.
(d) Diagram 10.4 shows a circuit with a
transistor that acts as an automatic switch.
LED will light up when it is dark.
Diagram 10.1
Diagram 10.4
A technician wants three fans labelled 240

V, 100 W in a room to be automatically
switched on when the room is hot.
Suggest modifications that can be made to
the circuit in Diagram 10.4 so that the three
fans can be automatically switched on when
the room is hot based on the following
aspect:
State and explain the modifications based on
- The electric component to replace
light dependent resistor in the circuit.
Diagram 10.2
- The position of electric component.
- he used of relay switch in the circuit..
- the arrangement of the three fan.
- electric component to protect the
transistor
[10 marks]
Diaragm 10.3
(a) What is the meaning of transistor circuit?

[1 mark]

(b) (i) Using Diagram 10.1, compare the 39. (a) What is meant by a semiconductor?
microammeter reading and the [ 1 mark]
milliammeter reading.
(ii) Using Diagram 10.2, compare the (b) Diagram 12.1 shows a full wave rectifier
microammeter circuit.
reading and the milliammeter reading.
(iii) Using Diagram 10.2 and Diagram
10.3, compare the change in
microammeter reading and the change
in milliammeter reading.
(iv) Relate the microammeter reading,
milliammeter\ reading and deduce a
physics concept for base current , Ib
and collector current, I in a transistor
c
circuit. Diagram 12.1
[5 marks]
(i) Draw the waveform of a full wave
(c) Diagram 10.5 shows a transistor circuit is rectification.
used to light up a bulb at night. [ 1 mark ]
(ii) What modification can do on the
circuit in Diagram 12.1 to smooth the
current?
[ 1 mark ]
(iii) Draw on Diagram 12.1 the
modification you suggest in (a)(ii).
[ 1 mark ]
(iv) Draw the smoothen current.

[ 1 mark ]
Diagram 10.5 (d) The door of the lift is fitted with a light
transmitter and a detector which is a light
Explain why the bulb light up at night. dependent resistor (LDR). If the LDR
[4 marks] detects light, the relay switch is activated
and the lift door will close.You are asked to
(d) Suggest the modifications need to be done to investigate the circuit of the lift, and design
the circuit in Diagram 10.5 so that it can suitable circuit to close the door of the lift, if
function as automatically fire alarm switch there is no people in front of the lift as
that needs high voltage. shown in Table 12.
Explain your suggestions base on the
following aspects:
(i) The electrical components that are
needed to replace any components in
the circuit
(ii) The position of these components in
the circuit
(iii) The electrical components that is
connected to the output transistor
[10 marks]

(iii) Calculate the frequency of the current.

[ 2 marks ]
(e) Sketch the trace of CRO screen of the same

current if the time-base is off
[ 1 mark ]
CHAPTER 10
40. Radioisotopes can be used as tracers to detect leaks

from pipes underground. Diagram 12.1 shows a
leak that occurred in an underground water pipe.
Table 12
Explain the suitability of the characteristics in Diagram 12.1

Table 12 and than determine the most suitable (a) What is meant by radioisotopes?
circuit for the door of the lift. Give a reason for [ 1 mark ]
your choice.
[ 10 marks ] (b) With the aid of diagram, explain how
radioisotopes can be used to detect the
(d) Diagram 12.2 shows trace of CRO screen location of the leakage as shown in Diagram
when a potential different connected on it. 12.1.
The Y- gain setting is 2 V / div and time- [ 3 marks ]
base is set to 0.1s / div.
Diagram 12.2
(i) What type of current that is connected
to the CRO?
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) What is the peak-voltage of the c

urrent?
[ 1 mark ]
(c) Table 12.1 shows the characteristics of five four hours and the results are shown in
radioisotopes. Table 12.2.
Table 12.2
Table 12.1 (i) Name the source that has the shortest
half-life?
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the [ 1 mark ]
radioisotope and determine the most suitable
radioisotope to be used in detecting the leak from (ii) The experiment continues until the
pipes underground. time is 6 hours.
Give reasons for your choice Calculate the number of particles
[ 8 marks ] emitted per minute from source K.
[ 2 marks]
(d) Diagram 12.2 shows the decay chain of
Radon-222. 41. Diagram 12.1 shows a Geiger Muller tube (GM
tube) an a rate meter which are used to detect
radioactive radiation.
Diagram 12.1
(a) What is meant by radioactivity?
[ 1 mark ]
(i) What is the number of neutrons in Rn-
(b) Explain how the GM tube is able to detect
222?
the radioactive radiation.
[ 1 mark ]
[ 4 marks ]
(ii) Write an equation to show the decay
(c) Radioactive material is also used in smoke
of Rn-222 to Po-218.
detectors. You are assigned to study the
[ 2 marks ]
characteristics of some radioactive materials
and the type of logic gates used in the smoke
(iii) Determine the number of alpha
detector shown in Table 12.1.
particles and beta particles produced
in the decay.
[ 2 marks ]
(e) A lab assistant measures the number of

particles emitted per minute from two
different radioactive sources K and L. The
measurements are repeated each hour for
42. (a) Diagram 12.1 shows a system used in a

factory to ensure the volume of guava juice
in a bottle is uniform.
The radioactive source, radiation detector

and counter are used to detect the volume
of guava juice. The radioactive source
contains a radioisotope.
(a) What is meant by a radioisotope?
[1 mark]
(b) Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of five

radioisotopes P, Q, R, S and T.
Table 12.1
[ 10 marks ]
As a factory engineer, you are required to
(d) (i) Copy and complete the equation for
determine the most suitable radioisotope that
the radioactive decay shows below by
can be used by the system to ensure the volume of
writing the appropriate numbers in
guava juice is uniform.
box provided.
Study the characteristics of all 5 radioisotopes and
explain the suitability of the aspects.
Determine the most suitable radioisotope and give
the reason for your choice.
[10 marks]
(c) Table 12.3 shows the reading of the rate

meter for 6 bottles through detector and
radioactive source .
(ii) Calculate the mass defect in kg.

[ 2 marks ]
(iii) Calculate the energy released.

[ 2 marks ] (i) State one detector that is suitable to be
used purpose.
[ 1 mark]

(ii) Based on table 12.3, which bottle

shows the least volume of juice and
state the reason for your answer.
[3 marks]
(d) In a radioactive decay series, Uranium-238

decays to become Radium-226 by emitting
alfa and beta.
Determine the values of X and Y?
[5 marks]
-END-

CHAPTER 2
Question No. 1 (d)

Design or Explanation/reason
(a)(i) The object falling under the force of gravity only way
(a)(ii) The acceleration Diagram 9.1 larger than Diagram 9.2 Acceleration Smaller mass The smaller the mass the smaller its
The rate change Diagram 9.1 more than Diagram 9.2 The time inertia. Therefore the rocket will
impact Diagram 9.1 more than Diagram 9.2 accelerate faster.
When the time impact is smaller, the rate change of Shape Nose cone // To improve the aerodynamics of the
momentum Bullet shape rocket.
When the acceleration is large, the rate change of momentum on top of the
is large is large body
Structure The bottle Serves as the propulsion of the water
filled with rocket//The air pressure propels the
mixture of rocket skyward (upward)
water and air
Buoyant force Equipped The parachute increases the surface
(upthrust) with area of an object so it has more
parachute contact with the wind, which
decreases the speed of the object
(due to air resistant)
Stability of the Fitted with Helps to stabilize the water rocket by
(b) (i) motion fins spaced lowering the centre of pressure
equally (gravity)
(ii) The force forward = friction around the
The resultant force is zero rocket body.
The object move with constant velocity
(c) Question No. 3
modification reason (a) The Principle of Conservation of Momentum / Energy

The surface is smooth Reduce water resistance (b) When the ball on one end is pulled up and let to fall, it strikes
Aerodynamic Reduce friction the second ball which is at rest and comes to a dead stop.
The momentum of the ball becomes zero as its velocity is zero.
Low density Lighter
The Principle of Conservation of Momentum states that in a
Big peddle Increases the force
collision between two objects the total momentum of the objects
strong Not easy to broke down
in the system remains unchanged.
The energy and momentum from the first ball is transferred to
Question No. 2 the second ball and then transmitted through the balls at rest to
the ball on the other end.
(a) Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Because the momentum and energy is maintained in this system,
(b) the ball on the opposite side will move at the same velocity as
the ball that were in initial motion
Lorry Car (c)
Mass Mass of the Mass of the The balls touch each This will reduce losses of energy which
lorry is bigger. car is smaller. other will reduce the speed of the balls
Ability Takes longer Easier//faster Steel balls are hard and produce highly
to speed time to speed to speed The type of material
elastic collision. Energy can easily
ahead ahead. ahead. used to make the balls is
propagates through the intermediate
Stopping Harder//slower Easier//faster steel
balls.
(from to stop moving. to stop Two strings used to This string arrangement restricts the
rest) Takes longer moving. hang each ball balls’ movements to the same plane.
time to stop Takes shorter High position of the ball, high potential
moving. time to stop the position of the ball energy and will change to high kinetic
moving. to start the oscillation energy. The last end ball will swing at
bigger speed.
(c) (i) The inertia of the driver maintains the forward motion The most suitable design is Q because the ball s touch each other,
when the car stops suddenly. made from steel, use two strings attached to each ball and the initial
(ii) Wearing a seat belt: position of the ball is high.
Restrains the body of the driver from being thrown (d) (i) m1u1+ m2u2= m1v1 + m2v2
forward//inside or outside the car. (5)(0.8) + (3)(0) = 0 + (3) v2
It slows down the forward movement of the driver when v2 = 1.33 ms-1
the car stops suddenly (ii) m1v1 - m2u2 = 0 – (0.05)(0.8)
= -0.04 kgms-1
(iii) Impulsive force = -0.04 / 0.05 = 0.8 N
Question No. 4 CHAPTER 3
(a) (i) Energy due to height
(ii) Initial position of the student in Diagram 9.1 is higher Question No. 6
The speed of the student on reaching the final position in
Diagram 9.1 is higher (a) (i) Sum of two or more forces to produce one resultant force.
The higher the speed of the student, the higher the energy (ii)
The higher the position , the higher the energy gained 1. Bottle in liquid Q floats lower
(iii) Principle of Conservation of Energy 2. Weight and the buoyant force are equal and the same in
(b) (i) elastic potential energy to kinetic energy and both cases.
gravitational potential energy 3. Density of liquid P is higher.
elastic potential energy and kinetic energy to 4. As the density of liquid decreases, the lower the bottle
gravitational potential energy floats.
(ii) due to damping 5. When density of liquid decreases the volume of liquid
work done against air resistance // displaced increases to produce the same buoyant force.
loss of energy due to the extension and compression of (b)
the molecules in the system 1. When force is applied to piston A
(c) strong // high strength 2. Pressure is produced and transmitted uniformly throughout
it won’t break easily the liquid towards piston B // Pascal’s Principle
high force constant 3. Pressure multiply by the surface area of piston B will
store higher elastic potential energy produce the output force that lift load M.
strong // high strength // any suitable material 4. Cross-sectional area of piston A is smaller than piston B to
it won’t break easily produce large output force.
thin // aerodynamic // streamline (c)
less air resistance
slightly above the target Suggestion Reasons
the path is parabolic / curved/downward // due to free fall Fix a long handle on Small force can produce
motion piston A bigger force /torque to press
piston A
Question No. 5 Equip the hydraulic jack Liquid can flow in one
with valves direction and does not back
(a) (i) Priciple of conservation of momentum flow
(ii) Air expels at high velocity Use released valves Liquid flows back to the
Produces momentum backwards / to the left storage reservoir
Causes thrust of momentum forward/ to the right Piston A is made To produce large output
With same magnitude of force but in opposite direction smaller // piston B force.
(b) (i) bigger.
Oil as liquid Does not evaporate easily //
does not flow out easily//
prevent from rust.
Question No. 7
(ii) a=v–u (a) (i) Force per unit area
t (ii) Pressure on piston Q = pressure on piston R
=0–4 Cross sectional area of piston Q < Cross sectional area of
2 piston R
= 2 ms-2 Force acted on piston Q < force acted on piston R
(iii) s = 1 2 The greater the area, the greater the force
(4) (2) Pascal’s principle
2
= 16 m (b) aerofoil shape
(c) The air speed on the upper surface > the air speed on the lower
Characteristics Reasons surface.
Shape – Inverted aerofoil High pressure at top // greater The pressure on the lower surface > pressure on the upper
downward force//high stability surface.
Different in pressure produce lift force.
Ridges on tyres -none Less friction during motion
(c)
Engine power -high Greater forward thrust
Material light and stiff Does not break easily on impact Design Reasons
Water pressure increase with
I choose S Thick wall
depth
Because shape – inverted aerofoil , ridges on tyres –none, engine Increase mass / can submerge
power –high and material light and stiff High density material
easily
Strong material Does not break easily
Aerodynamic shape Reduce water resistance
Ballast tank To increase or reduce weight
Sonar transmitter and
To estimate distance and depth
receiver
= 11000 N
Question No. 8 Direction of force : upwards
(a) Upwards force cause by weight of fluid displaced by an object
when the object is immerse in the fluid. Question No. 10
(b) Valve release air from ballast tank. (a) (i) Buoyant force equal to weight of fluid displaced
Sea water flooded ballast tank (ii) Volume of air displaced equal to volume of a
The weight of water displaced is smaller. balloon
Buoyant force < Weight of the submarine Density of air decreased as a altitude increase
(c) Weight of displaced air become smaller
Choices Reasons At certain height weight of displaced air equal to
The volume of ballast To produce bigger buoyant force weight of the balloon
tank is higher / easy to rise up / can carry (iii)
greater weight inside Large balloon
More number of air Can stay longer time under the To produce bigger buoyant / up thrust // Increase the
tanks cylinder carried water / Can rise and submerge volume of the air displaced
many times / more air supply for Low density of gas filled in the balloon
respiration of crews Lighter
Can withstand higher Safe when the submarine Synthetic nylon
maximum water submerge very deep in the sea / Light-weight, strong and air-proof material
pressure The body will not break due to Low mass of radiosonde instrument
high water pressure To produce a bigger upward resultan force
The suitable shape of Less water resistance in the R is choosen
submarine is motion / can move faster Large ballon/low density of gas /synthetic nylon /
aerodynamic low mass of radiosonde instrument
Submarine X
Because the volume of ballast tank is higher, more number of (b) (i) mass = density x volume
air tanks cylinder carried, can withstand higher maximum water m=0.216kg
pressure and the suitable shape of submarine is aerodynamic. (ii) V= 1.2m3
(d) (i) V = 0.2 x 0.8 m= 1.56kg
= 0.16 m3 = 15.6N
(ii) B = Vρg = 0.16 x 1000 x 10
= 1600N
(iii) mass = 1600 ÷ 10 = 160 kg Question No. 11
(a) (i) Buoyant force equal to weight of fluid displaced
Question No. 9 (ii) Volume of air displaced equal to volume of a
(a) Aerofoil balloon
(b) (i) The shape of cross section of the wing causes the speed Density of air decreased as a altitude increase
of airflow above the wings to be higher than the speed of Weight of displaced air become smaller
airflow below. At certain height weight of displaced air equal to
When the speed of moving air is higher the pressure is weight of the balloon
lower. (iii)
Hence air pressure below the wings is higher compare to
above the wings. Characteristics Explaination
(ii) Bernoulli’s Principle Large ballon To produce bigger buoyant /
(c) upthrust // Increase the
volume of the air displaced
Use 2 burners // Many To produce bigger flame //
burners heat up the gas in the
balloon faster
Synthetic nylon Light-weight/ strong /air-
proof material
High temperature of Reduce the density /weight
the air in the balloon of the air in the balloon
Hot air balloon Q is Large balloon, use 2 burners
chosen / many burners, use
synthetic nylon and has high
temperature of the air in the
balloon.
(b) (i) mass = density x volume

The most suitable wing is Y.
m=0.216kg
Because it has a shape of cross section which is upper side is
(ii) V= 1.2m3
longer than the bottom, large the area of the wing, the low
m= 1.56kg
density of the wing materials and the high the difference in = 15.6N
speed of air.
(d) (i) P=F/A
F = 400 x 50
F = 20000 N
(ii) Resultant Force = 20 000 – 900(10)
CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5
Question No. 12 Question No. 14

(a) (i) The temperature in which a solid substance change to (a) (i) Cannot be shown on screen
liquid at atmospheric pressure (ii) Incident ray from the fish refracted / change direction at
(ii) The mass of substance in Diagram 9.1 < in Diagram 9.2 B.
Time taken to reach the melting point in Diagram 9.1 < Refraction
in Diagram 9.2 Incident ray from the dragon-fly reflected by water
surface at A.
Time taken by the substance to change into liquid
completely in Diagram 9.1 < in Diagram 9.2 (b) (i) Reflection θ = 90o – 30o
The greater the mass the longer the time taken by the = 60o
substance to change into liquid completely. sin α
1.33 =
The greater the mass the greater the latent heat of fusion sin 40o
absorbed α = 58.75o
(b) In daytime the sun warms the land to higher temperature than (ii) Virtual / same size / same distance / laterally inverted
the sea. (c)
The land has a lower specific heat capacity than sea-water.
The air above the land is heated and rises Characteristics Explanation
The cooler air above the sea moving to land. Concave mirror Reflected ray is converging
(c) Bulb at principal focus Reflected ray form a
parallel beam
Aspect Explanation Batteries connected in series Produces larger current
High specific heat Becomes hot faster Copper connecting wire Low resistance / large
capacity of liquid current
High boiling point of Not easily change into Torchlight Q is chosen
liquid vapour because it has concave mirror, bulb at principal focus,
Low rate of rusting Long lasting // not batteries connected in series and copper connecting wire
material easily rust
Strong material Not easily breaks
The size of the fan is To blow large amount Question No. 15
big of heat (a) Distance between focal pint and the optical centre of a lens
(b) 1. The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant object
(infinity)
Question No. 13 2. The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the
(a) The total amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of screen
an object by 1oC 3. The distance between the screen and the lens is measured
(b) (i) 1. the temperature of water droplet = the temperature of 4. Focal length = distance between the screen and the lens
water poured on the hand (c)
2. The mass of water droplets is smaller than water
poured
3. Hand in diagram 9.1 less injured than that in 9.2 Aspect Explanation
4. the bigger the mass , the more injury to the skin Longer focal To produce real, inverted and
(ii) The bigger the mass of an object, the bigger the heat length smaller image
capacity of the object High Produce bigger image
(c) Water has high specific heat capacity magnification
When water in tube pass through the engine it can absorb large Distance = fo Produce image at normal
amount of heat energy + fe adjustment // image at infinity
Once water reach the radiator, the heat of the water absorbed by Bigger More light can enter objective
the fin blade of the radiator . diameter lens // more brighter
The same time the fan in the radiator push the heat out of the J is chosen Longer focal length, higher
car. magnification, Distance
(d) Thermometer is made from- transparent glass that is strong between two lenses = fo + fe
so that it is not easily broken and bigger diameter
The thermometric liquid- chosen is mercury uniformly /
opaque (d) (i) 1 =1 + 1
because it easily expands f u v
The capillary tube is made- narrow and thin 1 = 1 – 1
so that it is more sensitive v 5 400
the shape of the thermometer- is round effect v = 5.063 cm
so that it has a magnifying
high boiling point and low freezing point (ii) h2 = v2
so that it can measure very high and low temperature h1 v1
h2 = 5.063
100 400
h2 = 1.27 cm
(iii) Real , inverted and diminished.
Question No. 16
(a) (i) Distance between optical centre and focal point
(ii) Lens in Diagram 11.1 is thinner
Focal length in Diagram 11.1 is longer
The thinner the lens the longer the focal length
The thinner the lens the higher the power of lens
1
(b) (i)
5
(ii)
20 × 30 600 60
30 − 20 10 1
= 60 cm
(iii)
60
2
30
(c)
- Convex lens
- Image is real and inverted
- Convex lens
- Image is virtual and magnified
- Longer
- must have a lower power
- have the larger diameter
- produce the brighter image
S and Convex lens of objective lens, Convex lens of Eyepiece
lens, longer fo and larger diameter
Question No. 17
(a) angle of incidence when the angle of refraction is 90o
(b) (i)
1
n=
sin c
(ii) 41.8o // refractive index for glass is smaller
24.6o // critical angle for diamond is smaller
The smaller the critical angle, the easier total internal
reflection can occur
(c) (i)
sin 42 o
n=
sin 30 o
n = 1.34
(ii)
1
1.34 =
apparent depth
0.75 m
(d) high refractive index
total internal reflection easier to occur // smaller critical angle
thick
keep cool / cut off more light
low
cut off more heat // reduce transmission of heat
small
critical angle can be easily exceeded // total internal reflection
easier to occur
Q
High refractive index, thick, low thermal conductivity and
small angle θ
Question No. 18
(a) The distance from the primary focus to the optical center Question No. 20
type of lens is convex, percentage of light is high , focal length (a) (i) Refraction
is short and size is bigger (ii) Object distance in Diagram 9.1 < 9.2
(b) It should be convex Image distance in Diagram 9.1 > 9.2
The magnified image can be obtained Size of image in Diagram 9.1 > 9.2
Percentage of light of the lenses should be high Power of lens is same
The image would be brighter and clearer The shorter the object distance ,the greater the size of
Its focal length should be short image.
The power of lens will be high and can be focused at a short (b) (i)
distance
diameter of lens should be large
it is gives a bigger display
the most suitable brand is J
type of lens is convex, percentage of light is high , focal length
is short and size is bigger
(c) (i) 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
1/5 = ½ + 1/v
v = - 3.33cm (ii) Range greater than two focal length ( u ≥2f)
(ii) magnification = v/u
3.33/2 (c) (i)
1.67 times Modification Reason
(d) The lens is directed to a distant object such as tree f ≤ u ≤ 2f Image magnified and real
The screen was adjusted behind the lens until a sharp image
Distance = f0 + fe Eyes are not strained// to get
Formed
normal adjustment microscope
the distance between the lens and the screen measured
25 cm
The power of the lens are determined using 1/f
fo = 10 cm and fe= 20 cm First image is magnified
The shorter the focal length the more the power of lens.
Position of the first Final image is magnified many
image < fe times
Question No. 19 (ii) use less power// longer focal length of eye piece lens
(a) (i) Real image is an image which can be formed / projected Move the object nearer to the focal point (still in between
on a screen. (1F and 2F)
(ii) object distance in 9.1 is shorter than 9.2
Size of image formed in 9.1 is bigger than in 9.2 Question No. 21
Image distance in 9.1 is smaller /shorter (a) (i) Distance from the optical centre to a focal point.
The shorter the object distance, the bigger the size of the
image formed (ii) Lens K is thicker than lens J
When the object distance is shorter, the magnification Light ray is refracted more in lens K than lens J.
scale is bigger. Focal length of lens K is shorter than lens J.
(b) Therefore the thicker the lens, the greater the refraction
of light and with that the shorter the focal length of a lens
will be
(b) (i) As a magnifying glass.
(ii) Enlarge/magnified
Inverted/upside down
Virtual
(c) (i) Choose lens S as objective lens
(c) Choose lens Q as eyepiece
Lens S is placed in front of lens Q
Use higher power bulb Higher intensity of light / more light
The two lenses are adjusted so that they are in normal
produced.
adjustment where distance between the two lenses is
The filament of the bulb is The light ray focuses to one point.
equal to (fo + fe)
at the focus point of the
concave mirror
(ii)
More curvature Increase the intensity.
Modification Explanation
lens between f and 2f To produce real and enlarge / bigger
1. Use low power - Magnification of telescope =
images.
convex lens as the fo
Increase the distance / Larger image produced
objective lens. ,
further away the screen
fe
∴ Low power lens has a longer
focal length, fo ↑, magnification ↑
2. Use high power High power lens has a shorter
convex lens as the eye focal length, fe ↓, magnification
lens
3.Use bigger diameter More light permitted to enter the
of objective lens telescope and a clearer image is
seen
(iii) wavelength produce by the two spherical dipper in
diagram 10.1 is the same as in diagram 10.2
the distance between the two consecutive antinodes
Question No. 22 is greater in diagram 10.1 than 10.2
(a) (i) Refraction the distance between the two consecutive nodes is
(ii) Ratio of sin i / sin r // The ratio of speed of light in greater in diagram 10.1 than 10.2
vacuum relative to that speed through a medium increase in the distance between the two coherent
(b) Refractive index of the glass is higher. source will decrease the distance between the two
The density of glass is higher consecutive nodes or antinodes
The angle of refraction of light ray in glass is shorter (b) (i) sonar is a reflection from an ultrasonic waves. (ultrasonic
The higher the density of medium, the smaller the angle of echoes)
refraction of light. ultrasonic wave has a higher frequency waves , it has
The higher the density of medium, the higher the refractive more energy so it can move further
index. it do not produce noise
(c) (iii) attach ultrasonic transmitter to a ship
use a microphone receiver to detect ultrasonic pulses
direct the ultrasonic pulses from the transmitter to the
seabed
use microphone receiver to pick up the reflected pulses
from the seabed
measure the time taken by the pulses to travel to the
seabed and return
calculate the depth of the water using the formula
v x t
d=
2
Question No. 24
(d) (i) (a) (i) Refraction
(ii) wave move from deeper to shallow area
the wavelength decrease
the speed decrease
the direction of wave bends towards normal
(b)
Characteristics Reason
Bay Wave is calmer
Concrete retaining Stronger/ /
wall lasting
High wall Prevent high
wave
Smaller opening/ Diffraction
aperture / slit of obvious // low
(ii) retaining wall wave energy
P At bay, concrete
Modifications Reasons retaining wall , (c) (i) f = v
Objective lens with More light passes high wall and λ
larger through the lens smaller slit = 6
diameter. 0.8
Eyepiece lens with Act as a strong = 7.5 Hz
higher magnifying glass (ii) V= λ f
power // Thicker = 0.5 x 7.5
eyepiece lens = 3.75 cm
Question No. 25
WAVES (a) (i) To ensure constant velocity of water wave / ripple.
(ii) Interference
Question No. 23 (iii) Zero or minimum
(a) (i) Interference of waves (iv) zero // minimum // smaller than the original amplitude
(ii) wavelength depend on depth of water (b) (i) The distance in Diagram 10.1 is higher
increasing/decreasing of depth will cause the wave to (ii) The distance in Diagram 10.1 is smaller
refract (iii) Same
refraction will increase/decrease the length of wavelength (iv) The higher the a, the smaller the x // a inversely
the nodal/antinodal line will be affected Proportional
(c) (i) Increase the number of loudspeakers // use more
Loudspeakers
To produce louder sound // Sound transmitted covers a Suggestions Reason
bigger Loudspeakers are So that the distance
(ii) Placed at all corners // different locations positioned at quite a between consecutive
Cover a bigger area // the spectators around the area can distance away. constructive /
hear clearly destructive interference is
(iii) High amplification smaller.
to produce louder sound // sound can travel further The two main To prevent multiple
Large/big loudspeakers are not reflections
Less diffraction // spreading // sound travels straight positioned opposite
Large/big to each other
Vibrates more air // produces louder sound Fix soft boards/ Reflection effects can be
wooden/ materials reduced
Question No. 26 which are sound
(a) When two crests or two troughs meet each other to form absorbers
maximum amplitude Use thick carpet/ To prevent echo
(b) (i) Distance between two coherent sources in Diagram 10.2 Wooden floor/
is bigger than diagram 10.1 Rubber floor
(ii) The wavelength are the same Assemble a high To produce a high
(iii) The distance between two adjacent antinodal lines in power speaker amplitude of sound wave
diagram 10.2 is smaller than diagram 10.1 system
(c) As the distance between two coherent sources increases, the
distance between two adjacent antinodal lines decreases. Assemble the Wide coverage // the
(d) Refraction of light ray speaker at a high wave is not blocked
Light travels from less dense to a denser medium place
towards the normal / bending closer.
In the observer eyes, the sun is still not setting as they can still
see the image from refraction.
CHAPTER 7
Question No. 28
(a) Distance between focal pint and the optical centre of a lens
(b) 1. The convex lens is aimed/focused to a distant object
(infinity)
2. The screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the
screen
3. The distance between the screen and the lens is measured
4. Focal length = distance between the screen and the lens
(c)
Aspect Explanation
Longer focal To produce real, inverted and
length smaller image
High Produce bigger image
magnification
(e)
Distance = fo + fe Produce image at normal
adjustment // image at infinity
Question No. 27
Bigger diameter More light can enter objective
(a) A wave in which the vibration of particles in the medium is
lens // more brighter
parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave
J is chosen Longer focal length, higher
magnification, Distance between
(b) (i) The amplitude in Diagram 10.2 is higher
two lenses = fo + fe and bigger
(d) (i) diameter
(ii) The peak value, a2 in Diagram 10.2 is higher
(iii) The higher the amplitude of vibration of tuning forks, the 1 =1 + 1
higher the peak value f u v
(iv) The higher the peak value, the louder the sound 1 = 1 – 1
(v) The higher the amplitude, the louder the sound v 5 400
(c) - Use ultrasound v = 5.063 cm
- Ultrasound is transmitted to the sea bed
- a receiver will then detect the reflected the reflected pulses (ii)
- the time taken by the pulse to travel to the seabed and return h2 = v2
to the receiver being recorded, t h1 v1
- the depth of the sea can be calculated using the formula,
vt h2 = 5.063
d=
2 100 400
(d) h2 = 1.27 cm
(iii) Real , inverted and diminished.
Question No. 29 CHAPTER 8
(a) High melting point
Can withstand high temperature / heat // does not melt easily Question No. 31
Not easily oxidized (a) An electromagnet is a coil wrapped around a soft iron core
Can last longer which will be magnetized when a current flows through the coil
(b) (i) Maximum current flowing through the fuse is 0.5 A and demagnetized when the current is switched off
(ii) 1 Low melting point (b) Amount of iron filings attracted in Diagram 10.1 is smaller /
2 Can melt easily less// amount of iron filings attracted in Diagram 10.2 is higher
3 Low specific heat capacity / more
4 Can heat up easily Current flow in Diagram 10.1 is smaller / less
5 Small // current flow in Diagram 10.2 is higher / more
6 High resistance // more heat released // easy to break Magnetic field strength in Diagram 10.1 is weaker
7 High // Magnetic field strength in Diagram 10.2 is stronger
8 High resistance // more heat released When the current is higher, the magnetic field strength is
9 Z stronger, or vice versa
10 Low melting point, low specific heat capacity, small When the magnetic field strength is stronger, the amount of
diameter and high resistivity iron filings attracted is more, or vice versa
500 (c) When current flow through the solenoid, a magnetic field is
(c) (i) produced
240 The (soft) iron core will be magnetized
= 2.08 A The scrap metal attracted to the iron core
(ii) Not suitable When the current is switched off, the soft iron core will be
(iii) 500 x (10x60) demagnetised and the scrap metal falls down
300 000 J (d) Transformer step down
To reduce the voltage from 240 V to 12 V
Question No. 30 The ratio of number of turns in primary coil to the number of
(a) A fuse is a very thin wire, which either melts or vaporizes when turns in secondary coil is 240 : 12 // 20 : 1
too much current flows through it To reduce the voltage from 240 V to 12 V
(b) - A parallel circuit can run several devices using the full Type of core is soft iron core // laminated iron core
voltage of the supply. Soft iron core is easy to magnetized and demagnetized //
- If one device fails, the others will continue running normally Laminated iron core to reduce eddy current
- If the device shorts, the other devices will receive no voltage, Diode is connected to the output
preventing overload damage. To convert alternating current output to direct current
- A failure of one component does not lead to the failure of the Use copper wire
other components. Good electrical conductor // has low resistance // produce low
- More components may be added in parallel without the need heat
for more voltage.
- Each electrical appliance in the circuit has it own switch. Question No. 32
(c) (i) The electrical appliance use 240 V of voltage to generates (a) Electrical energy light energy
500 W of power. (b) (i) 1. When an a.c. voltage is supplied to the primary coil,
(ii) Current = Power/Voltage the soft - iron core is magnetized
Current = 500/240 = 2.08 A 2. The magnet produced varies in magnitude and
(iii) Efficiency = Output Power x 100 % direction
Input Power 3. This causes a changing magnetic flux to pass through
Output Power = 85 x 500 the secondary coil
100 4. Induced e.m.f across the secondary coil is produced.
Output power = 425 W (c)
(d) Aspect Explanation
Characteristics Explanation Soft iron core Easy to magnetized and
Thin fuse wire Less space needed/ to carry a limited demagnetised
electrical current/ less mass hence low Laminated Less eddy current/ reduce energy
heat capacity/ shorter time to heat up to lost
melting point and blow. Thick wire Reduce the resistance/more
current
Ceramic cartridge Can withstand higher temperature Copper wire Low resistance/ reduce the lost of
because sparks created by high voltage, heat
240V can be huge/
Q Soft iron core, Laminated , thick
Fuse rating is 13 A Maximum rating must be higher than wire, Copper wire
normal current.
Low melting point For fast blow/ Melting faster when (d) (i) 12 V
excessive current flow/ Easy to cut the (ii) Np = 240 x 200 = 4000
current flow. 12
R is chosen because Because it has thin fuse wire, ceramic (iii) Efficiency = Po x 100
cartridge, fuse rating is 13 A and low Pi
melting point. = 240 x 0.2 x 100 = 100%
48
Question No. 33 Question No. 35
(a) Magnet produce by current (a) (i) Current produced when the magnetic flux is cut by
(b) (i) Current, I directly proportional to the number of paper conductor.
clips attached, n The strength of electromagnet increases (b) (i) No. of turns of the solenoid in Diagram 10.2 is greater.
(ii) The magnitude of the current / number of batteries (dry (ii) the deflection of the galvanometer pointer in Diagram
cells) 10.2 is bigger / larger.
The use of soft iron core (iii) the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux in Diagram 10.2
(c) High strength magnets is greater.
Larger force acting on the coil (iv) Magnitude of induced current in Diagram10.2 is greater.
High number of turns of coil (c) (i) No of turns increases, rate of cutting of magnetic flux
Larger force acting on the coil / higher electromagnetic increases.
field strength (ii) Rate of cutting increases, magnitude of induced current
Low density material increases.
Coil has smaller mass / lighter (d) Faraday’s Law
Using 4 diodes and a capacitor (e) (i) The greater the transmission voltage, the smaller the
4 diodes to produce full-wave rectification and capacitor current in the power lines.
as a smoother Power loss during transmission due to resistance will be
Y and high number of turns of coil, low density, high smaller. / P=I2R
strength of magnets and 4 diodes and a capacitor. (ii)
(d) (i) Aluminium
240 1. laminated soft iron 2. to reduce the effect of
(ii)
30 core eddy current
3. thick copper wire 4. reduce heat loss due to
=8Ω resistance
(iii) 5. the ratio of turns in 6. to reduce output voltage to
240 primary coil to the 18.5 V
30 number of turns in
secondary coil is < 1
= 1920 W
7. Wind the secondary 8. to reduce the leakage of
coil on top of the magnetic flux
primary coil
Question No. 34
9. 2/4 diodes 10. to produce full-wave
(a) (i) Step-down
rectification
(ii) An alternating current flows through primary coil
The soft -iron core is magnetized.
The magnet produced varies in magnitude and direction.
This causes a changing magnetic flux to pass through the
secondary coil.
An induced e.m.f across the secondary coil is produced.
(b) I = 24/12
= 2A (with unit)
Efficiency = Output power x 100 %
Input power
= 24 x 100
40
= 60W
(c)
Characteristics Reasons
Thick Reduce the resistance of the coil
Soft iron Reduce the hysteresis loss// can be magnetized

and demagnetized easily// Little energy used to
be magnetized and demagnetized .
Laminated Make the iron core as insulation.

Eddy current are not able to flow through the
layers of insulation// reduce eddy current
Low// Reduce leakage of magnetic flux

near//shorter
Choose P because copper wire thick, soft iron core, laminated core
and distance is low.
field lines
Induced current flow in the coil.
Question No. 36
The current maximum when the coil cut the magnetic
field at right angle // current decreased (become zero)
when the coil move in parallel with magnetic field lines
The direction of current flow determine by using
Fleming’s right hand rule
After 90o the direction of current in the external circuit
reversed/ diagram
(ii)
Modification Explanation
Change slip rings with To reverse contact with
commutator brushes so that the current flow
in same direction in external
circuit
Use stronger magnet To increase the magnetic field
strength
Use more number of turn for Increase the rate of change of
the coil/ Increase the speed of magnetic field/increase the
rotation induced current
TOPIC 9
Question No. 38
(a) Semiconductors are a group of materials that can be conduct
electricity better than insulators but not as good as metal
conductors
(b) n- type semiconductor
p-type semiconductor
For n-type, majority charge-carries are electrons / minority
charge-carries are positive holes but for p-type, majority
charge-carries are positive holes / majority charge-carries are
electrons
For n-type, the doping substance is pentavalance but for p-type,
the doping substance is trivalance
(c)
Characteristics Explanation
The resistivity at 00C is A current can flow through it
low more easily//
Increasing the conductivity of the
substance
High melting point Not melting at high temperature
The valency of the Valency of 3 is used to make p-
Question No. 37 doping substance are 3 type semiconductor and valency
(a) (i) Electromagnet is a device in which magnetism is and 5 of 5 is used to make n-type
produced by an electric current // temporary magnet semiconductor
made by winding a coil round a soft iron core and Size of the atom of the Can maintain the crystal-line
magnetic field produce when current flow. doping substance is structure of the substance//
(ii) Current flow in diagram 10.2 is more than 10.1 // vice almost the same as the Give good effect in the doping
versa. size of the substance process
The amount of iron filing attracted by iron core in
Diagram 10.2 is more than 10.1 // vice versa. Substance Q is chosen
The magnetic strength in diagram 10.2 is more than 10.1 Because Q has low resistivity at 00C, high melting point,
// vice versa. valency of the doping substance is 3 and the size of the doping
Amount of iron filing attracted increase when current substance is almost the same as the size of the substance
increase (d) (i) Thermionic emission
The magnetic field strength increase when current 1 2
increase (ii) Velocity of the electron, eV = mv
(b) When too high current flow, magnetic field strength become 2
very strong / wire expand
2 x 1.6 x 10 −19 x 4000
electromagnet pull the soft iron armature / pulled to the right v =
by spring P. 9.1 x 10 −31
release the catch, contact separate and current does not flow
When reset button is pressed, spring Q pulls the soft iron = 3.75 x 107 m s-1
armature back to its original position
(c) (i) When the coil rotates the coil cut across the magnetic
(b) (i)
Question No. 39
(a) Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of specific
impurities to semiconductors to increase their conductivity (ii) connect a capacitor in parallel to the output
(b) Diagram 10.1, the p end of diode is connected to negative (iii)
terminal of dry cell // Diagram 10.2 the p end of diode is
connected to positive terminal of dry cell
Bulb in Diagram 10.1 does not lights up
No current flow in Diagram 10.1 // Current flow in Diagram
10.2
The bulb will lights up when the p end of diode is connected to
the positive terminal of dry cell // vice versa
Current only flow in the circuit when p end of diode is (iv)
connected to positive terminal of dry cell or in forward bias
(c) (i) Draw correct symbol and correct direction

(ii) Draw smooth waveform
Capasitors store charge when current flow
Capasitor discharge when current does not flow (c)
(d) 1 LDR is replace by termistor / diagram
2 resistance decrease when temperature increase
3 Termistor is place at R1 and R1 replace LDR / diagram
4 So that V across R1 increase when the room is hot
5 Relay switch replace LED
6 To switch on secondary circuit /to switch on the fan
7 Fans are arranged parallel
8 All fans received 240 V power supply / other fans still
functioning even though one fan did not function
9 Resistor connected to the base of transistor
10 limit the current to the transistor
Question No. 40
(a) (i) Circuit consists transistor, resistor and cell
(ii) 10.1 : Microammeter no reading // 0 A,
milliammeter no reading // 0 A (d) (i) current a.c
(iii) 10.2 : Microammeter has a reading // 1 x 10-6 A , (ii) 4V
milliammeter has a reading // 1 x 10-3 A (iii) T = 4 x 0.1 =0.4s
(iv) Change in microammeter reading small, change in Frequency, f = 1/T
milliammeter reading is bigger = 1/0.4
Ib Increase, Ic increase // Ic depends on Ib = 2.5 Hz
A small change in Ib caused a big change in Ic (iv)
(b) At night resistance LDR increases
VBE increases
Ib increases and switch on transistor
Ic increases and lights up bulb
(c)
Modification Explaination
Replace LDR with termistor To detect heat when temperature
is high Question No. 42
Replace bulb with siren / bell To produce sound (a) Unstable isotopes which decay and emit radioactive particles /
ray
Connect relay switch to output To switch on the siren (b) Radioisotope is injected into the pipe
transistor G-M tube as detector is used to find the leakage
Reading on detector increases when near a leakage
Interchange the position of To increase base voltage / /
(c)
resistor R and termistor voltage across R // base current 1. type of ray is 2. high penetration power
gamma can penetrate through the
Use 240 V power supply Siren is function at high voltage pipes
3. short half life 4. Decay faster and
Question No. 41 detection can be done
(a) Semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity better faster
than an insulator but weaker than a conductor. 5. in liquid state 6. Easy to flow/ dissolve
(d) (i) 136 Question No. 44
(a) Radioisotopes are isotopes which have unstable nuclei.
(b)
(ii)
Characteristics Explanation
Has a long half-life Can be used for a long
(iii)
time hence save cost
3 alpha
Emits beta Can penetrate box and
2 beta
liquid and is less
(e) (i) Source L
dangerous than gamma
(ii)
Solid form Easy to handle and
contain.
Low ionising power Does not change the
state and taste of juice.
20 min-1 Radioisotope T It has long half life,
emits beta, in solid
Question No. 43 form and has low
ionising power.
(c) (i) Geiger Muller Tube

(ii) Bottle E
Rate meter reading is the highest
Most radiation can reach the detector without being block
by juice
4
(d) Correctly stated that α as 2 He
0
Correctly stated that β as −1 e
Working is shown
X=3
Y=2

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Physics 4321 [Paper 2 Section B]

PAPER 2 SECTION B & C (ii) Explain why the hovercraft

(b) A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air

(b) Based on diagram 9.1 and 9.2, compare the

http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin

(c) Based on the physics concept stated in (b), (i)

(b) Explain, in term of momentum and energy transfer,

(c) Diagram 11.4 shows five designs of ‘Newton’s

3. Diagram 11.1 shows ‘Newton’s cradle’ which

http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin

4. Diagram 9.1 shows the initial and final position of

(a) (i) What is the meaning of gravitational

(ii) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.

http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin

(b) Diagram 9.3 shows a baby sleeping in a Diagram 11.1

(ii) Explain what makes the balloon

(b) The balloon moves with an initial velocity of

http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin

Diagram 9.1 7. Diagram 9.1 shows a hydraulic lift used to raise

(ii) Using Diagram 9.1 compare the position of

Name the shape in Diagram 9.2 and explain

(c) Submarine is used to move underwater. [ 10 marks ]

8. Diagram 11.1 shows a submarine floating in sea

(c) You are asked to investigate the

10. Diagram 11.1 shows the air balloon which is used

Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.2 (a) (i) State Archimedes’ principle.

(c) Table 11 shows characteristic of four designs

You are requested to choose the most suitable

(i) By neglecting the mass of the balloon,

(ii) Calculate the buoyant force which

11. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the heating

Study the characteristics of all the four hot air

(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the phenomenon of sea

Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2

(a) What is meant by heat capacity?

(b) (i) Observe Diagrams 9.1 and 9.2.

(c) Diagram 9.3 shows a radiator of a car

Suggest and explain how to build a house

13. Diagram 11.1 shows Ali standing at the side of a

(b) (i) Calculate the angle and . θ α

(ii) State one characteristic of the image of

http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin

Diagram 11.1 Diagram 11.2

(a) (i) What is meant by focal length?

(ii) Using Diagram 11.1 and Diagram

(ii) Calculate the distance of the image.

(iii) Calculate the magnification of the

(d) A camera has a convex lens of focal length 5

(d) Diagram 11.2 shows a glass window which

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of

(ii) Use the equation in (b)(i) to explain

(c) Diagram 11.1 shows a ray of light from an

Explain the suitability of each characteristic of

http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin

18. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show the identical

Table 11 shows characteristics of four types of

(a) (i) What is the meaning of real image?

(b) You are requested to choose the magnifying

http://www.ssijbfizikspm.blogspot.com Prepared by: En Adnan Shamsudin

(b) Diagram 9.3 shows the structure of a simple

(d) Suggest two modifications that need to be

(a) (i) Name the phenomenon involved.

(ii) Observe Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2.