1.

Introduction

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) belongs to the family Alliaceae and genus Allium, and is a shallow
rooted vegetable crop (CSA, 2014). The genus Allium, which belongs to the family Alliaceae, is
diverse and comprises about 750 species; but only seven of them are widely cultivated in
different parts of the world. Of these, the species important in Ethiopia are onion (Allium cepa
L.), shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.) and leek (Allium
ampeloprasum L.). The first three are diploid with the basic chromosome number of 2n=16
whereas leek is tetraploid with 2n=32 (Jones, 1990; Currah and Rabinowitch, 2002). Garlic is an
ancient crop originated in Central Asia (Bodnar et al., 1997 cited in Zakari et al., 2014).The
alliums are distributed widely throughout the temperate, warm temperate and boreal zones of the
northern hemisphere (Brewster, 1994).It is one of the oldest cultivated vegetables and the second
most widely produced Allium next to onion (Shiferaw, 2014).The species has been already
grown and consumed in ancient Egypt and Rome (Rekowska and Skupien, 2007). According to
Goldy (2000), evidence of garlic cultivation can be found as far back as 3200 BC in Egypt and it
continues to be an important part of Mediterranean, European and Asian diets as a food item, as
well as a medicinal plant used to treat a variety of ailments. Garlic is grown globally buy is
China is by far the largest producer of garlic, with around 20 million tons grown annually
accounting for over 81% of world output. India (4.6%) and South Korea (1.4%) follow, with
Egypt (1.2%) on fourth place. Ethiopia is the seventh producer in the World by producing
222,548 tons annually (FAO, 2015). Garlic is grown for its edible bulbs, which are composed of
a number of cloves. The bulbs can be eaten fresh, cooked in various ways, processed into a
dehydrated product, or saved for the seed to be planted later (Hannan and Sorensen, 2001).The
crop has been grown for culinary, medicinal, and religious purposes for several millennia
(Brewster, 1994Hannan and Sorensen, 2001).Garlic takes one of the top places among
vegetables contributing to the maintenance of good health of humans. It is a natural antiseptic
and had used in the First World War (Gene, 2009).Not surprisingly, in view of its strength of
flavor, it is used primarily as a condiment rather than a bulk foodstuff (Purseglove, 1992). The
crop is a good source of income for many farmers in many parts of the country and earns foreign
currency by exported to Europe, Middle East and North America (DARC, 2006), (Getachew and
Asfaw, 2000; CACC, 2002) and proved to be income generating activity for farmers, especially
for those who have limited cultivated land or small holder farmers (FAO, 2006). In terms of
production, garlic is ranked second after the onion and it is grown for its pungent flavored bulbs
and used world-wide to season foods (Brewster, 1990; Valadez, 1992). Garlic produces unique
flavors savored by almost all of the global culture (Havey, 1999). Garlic's volatile oil has many
Sulphur containing compounds that are responsible for the strong odor, its distinctive flavor and
pungency as well as for its healthful benefits (Salomon, 2002). In Africa, Ethiopia was third in
the area (10,690 ha) after Egypt and Algeria, second in production but fourth in productivity with
9.63 t ha-1 which was far below Egypt (24.36 t ha-1), Kenya (23.87 t ha-1) and Niger (10.64 t
ha-1) in 2011 (FAOSTAT, 2013). In Ethiopia garlic produced mainly as a spice crop for
seasoning of foods and for its medicinal values. It is widely cultivated around home gardens, but
nowadays, its production is practiced in some large farms. In Africa, Ethiopia was third in area
(10,690 ha) after Egypt and Algeria, second in production but fourth in productivity with 9.63 t
ha-1 which was far below Egypt (24.36 t ha-1), Kenya (23.87 t ha-1) and Niger (10.64 t ha-1) in
2011 (FAOSTAT, 2013). A range of factors may contribute to the low productivity of garlic. In
many areas characterized by low and erratic rainfall and crop water stress, lack of available
nutrients is frequently the limiting factor next to the soil water. Besides, lack of soil water
diminishes nutrient availability by reducing microbial activity, which is responsible for the
liberation of N, P and S from soil organic matter (FAO, 2003).

Garlic production in Ethiopia was increased from 6,042 ha in 2001/02 to 21,258 ha of land in
2012/13 with a total production increment from 79,421 to 222,548 tons of bulbs. The crop is
produced mainly in the mid and high lands of the country (Getachew and Asfaw, 2000; CACC,
2002) but its productivity was decreased from 13.20 to 10.47 t ha-1 (CACC, 2002; CSA,
2012/13). In many parts of the country, garlic crop yields are low due to a number of
constraints, among which lack of balanced nutrient supply, poor soil fertility, weed infestation,
diseases, and moisture stress are the major ones (Shiferaw, 2014). In addition, Improper cultural
management practices, lack of enough soil moisture and lack of improved varieties are attributed
to this lower yield. Mulching is an important technology which decreases the loss of soil water
through evaporation and conserve soil moisture thus reduces the irrigation requirements,
increasing root development, promote faster crop development, reducing weed attack and induce
earlier harvest of crop (Vavrina and Roka, 2000; Mahajan et al. 2007; Singh, 2018) but along
with organic amendment resulted better yield performance. In soil management relationships,
mulching has been reported to influence organic matter content, activity of microorganisms,
availability of soil nutrients, control of erosion, soil compaction and regulating soil temperature
(Stowell, 2000; Grigg et al. 2006). Mulching improves the soil environment for increasing crop
growth, development and yield. Rhee et al. (1990) showed that organic amendment and
mulching increases the efficiency of applied N fertilizer by reducing leaching and evaporation
loss of nutrients. Different types of mulches including dry grass and polythene significantly
increased the growth and yield of garlic (Islam et al. 2002; Singh, 2018). It is important to
investigate the effect of mulching on the growth performance of garlic.
1.1. Statement of problem

In Ethiopia, garlic crop is one of the most important vegetables produced by small hold farmers
mainly as a source of cash income and for flavoring the local stew ‘wet. The crop is believed to
be more intensively consumed than any other vegetable crop. It is used for domestic
consumption and for spice purpose. In Ethiopia garlic crop yields are low due to a number of
constraints such as lack of improved variety, inappropriate disease and pest management and
poor agronomic management practice particularly farmers have little awareness about the
importance of mulching materials. In Ethiopia most of the time farmers did not use mulching
materials in their farms for garlic production. Mulching materials have a great role to minimize
the evaporation of water from the plant and reduce light intensity that affects the seedling of the
plant. No mulch garlic has greater chance to be affected with diseases and insects and also when
there is no mulch the garlic will losses its moisture content highly; it affects the growth of the
seedling (sajiapon genes et al, 1989).

1.2. Objectives
1.2.1. General Objectives
To evaluate the effect of different mulches on garlic growth parameters in fiche condition.

1.2.2. Specific objective

 To select the best mulching materials for the growth performance of garlic.

Hypothesis
 Ho: Mulching has no effect on growth performance of garlic.
 H1: Mulching has an effect on growth performance of garlic.
 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Background of the Crop

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of main vegetable crops and it has been used for flavoring,
soup, sausages and salads, in addition to its medical value (Ahmed et al., 2010). Garlic is an
aromatic herbaceous plant and the second most widely used Allium after onion (Bose and Som,
1990). This crop is extensively cultivated in many countries of the world including Bangladesh
as a popular spice crop. Garlic is a rich source of carbohydrate and phosphorus (Rahman et al.,
2007). The average yield of garlic in this country is only 5.21 t/ha (BBS, 2012). The poor yield
of garlic may be due to the lack of inadequate soil and water management practices with
reference to soil water shortage in the soil profile. Successful garlic cultivation largely depends
on the optimum cultural management practices. These include judicious manuring, efficient use
of residual soil moisture and mulching. However, a considerable amount of fallow land in
Mymensingh area can be brought under garlic cultivation through utilization of residual soil
moisture as well as application of reduced supplemental irrigation. But the common practice of
garlic production in the dry lands of this area is to make a good tilth of soil and maintain soil
moisture near field capacity. So, it is vital to compare farmers’ practice of growing garlic under
dry land conditions with that of the wet land conditions in the lowland area. However, little work
has been done to test the feasibility of garlic production by conserving soil moisture through the
management of tillage and mulch practice. So, the present investigation was carried out to
observe the effect of tillage and mulches on the yield and yield contributing characters of garlic.

2.1.1. Environmental requirements and cultural practices

Garlic grows best within the warmer geographic areas receiving 600-700 mm annual rainfall
with a mean monthly growing temperature ranging from 12 to 24 0C (Libner, 1989). Excessive
humidity and rainfall are detrimental to both vegetative growth and bulb formation. The crop is,
therefore, normally grown in low rainfall areas with irrigation during the early vegetative growth.
In most areas, elevations ranging from 500-2000 m above sea level (masl) provide suitable
growing conditions, particularly during dry periods (Tindall, 1983). Any soil that produces onion
will do well for garlic production (Libner, 1989). Fertile, well-drained sandy or silt loams with
organic matter added to improve water holding capacity are preferred (Tindall, 1983; Libner,
1989; Rice et al., 1990; Rubatzky and Yamaguchi, 1997). Soil pH ranging from 6 to 7.2 is ideal
(Libner, 1989).

The garlic bulb consists of numerous cloves, which are the main economic organs for
consumption and propagation. Although bolting occurs sometimes, seeds do not form (Brewster,
1997; Rubatzky and Yamaguchi, 1997; Etoh and Simon, 2002). While it is possible to propagate
garlic sexually, all of the garlic commonly grown is propagated vegetatively from cloves of the
bulb. The cloves should be planted right side up with base down (Rubatzky and Yamaguchi,
1997). Bulbs stored for planting should be maintained between 5 and 10 0C (Libner, 1989).
Medium to large cloves should be selected as planting materials being detached individually
during planting from fully matured and well-developed bulbs (Mahmood, 2000). Garlic is often
planted in raised beds for ease of digging, good soil drainage, and reduction of soil compaction
(Bachmann, 2001).

Garlic cloves require a period of 6-8 weeks of cool weather after planting to vernalize the plant so
that it will form bulbs (Brewster, 1997; Rubatzky and Yamaguchi, 1997; Dickerson, 1999).
Garlic is known to be thermo-photo-sensitive crop and its vegetative growth and bulb
development are greatly influenced by growing environment (Rahim and Fordham, 1988). New
cloves develop from the lateral buds in the leaf axils of foliage leaves of the clove used for
propagation. Manipulation of growing environment by cultural practices has the potential to
improve yield (Haque et al., 2003).

Bulbing occurs as in onion, with lengthening of the photoperiod and increasing temperature up to
25 0C. However, in the case of garlic, during the clove formation period, bulbing is influenced by
the temperature of the stored dormant cloves as well as during plant growth before clove
formation begins (Libner, 1989). As soon as bulbing starts, leaf initiation ceases. For highest
yields, therefore, the cloves must be planted early enough to permit the development of large
vegetative plants during the short cool days of late winter (McLaurin et al., 2004). Proper bulbing
is therefore a function of adequate growth, vernalization and subsequent growth under longer
days. Bulb and clove size is related to the amount of vegetative growth that takes place before
bulb and clove initiation occurs. Yield and quality of garlic bulbs vary with climate, region,
altitude, soil type and pH, cultural practices and variety of garlic (Engeland, 1991).

The garlic plants are ready for harvest when the tops begin to dry out and collapse. Indices for
maturity are softening of the main stem above the bulb and the yellowing of 75% of the leaves
(Dickerson, 1999) before they are completely dry. After harvest, the bulbs should be cured or
dried for 8-10 days before either marketing or storage to prevent deterioration (Tindall, 1983).
When the outer skins are dry and crispy, the garlic is ready for storage or sale. Largest mature and
best-formed bulbs may also be braided into garlic ropes. This coiled braided garlic, which is
hanged at a place away from heat and light, may be used for the next planting (Drost, 2004). The
yield potential of the plant depends upon the amount of vegetative growth before bulbing
commences. This determines optimum clove storage temperatures, and associated growing
temperatures and changing day length. After curing, garlic can stay 6 to 7 months without
damage if it is stored at 0 0C and 65 to 70% relative humidity. Good air circulation is essential for
long shelf-life of garlic.
2.1.2. Moisture requirement and role of mulching

Water needs are critical since rooting depth in garlic is shallow; therefore, soil water should be
maintained near field capacity during most of the growing period with an even and consistent
supply of water (Drost, 2004). The most critical stage for watering is during bulbing. Lack of
irrigation or rainfall during this stage will result in smaller bulbs and earlier maturity. Some
studies indicated that 60% reduction in yield has been associated with water stress (Miko et al.,
2000). It is also sensitive to water logging (Rubatzky and Yamaguchi, 1997) and prefers a slightly
moist but not wet soil. If it stays too wet, diseases such as fungus root rot and blight can set in.
Garlic needs to be protected from those diseases by giving it the growing conditions it likes and
avoiding those conditions that lead to problems.

The soil moisture requirement of garlic is influenced by several factors such as crop variety, soil
type and environmental factors. If the moisture content of the soil at the root level is below 50%,
it is time to water the garlic (www.gourmet garlic gardens.com.2005). Watering has to be
interrupted when the plants start to mature (tops fall over) during the last week or two before
harvesting as it is easier to pull or dig garlic out of fairly dry soil than mud, and the garlic will
store better. Excess water as the crop matures causes bulb splitting, delays curing and may cause
storage problems (Drost, 2004).

Mulching is one of the good cultural practices for the favorable manipulation of microclimate by
reducing evaporation loss of rainwater and overhead irrigation water. Therefore, it can be a vital
factor in improving water use efficiency (Erenstein, 2003), moderating soil temperatures and
minimizing excessively fluctuating temperatures in the winter and early spring (Rosen et al.,
2006). Mulching affects the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil by increasing
soil organic matter; the overall conditions being good for soil, nutrient and water conservation
(Lal, 1980), thereby good for plant growth. Different kinds of mulching materials under different
soil and climatic conditions are shown to increase plant growth and yield and bulb size of onions.
Such effects are attributed to the capacity of the mulch to conserve soil moisture (Abdel, 1990;
Adetunji, 1994; Vavrina and Roka, 2000). At the same time, it has a distinct advantage of
smothering weeds, which account for about 79-89% bulb yield loss (Ahmed, 1991), due to their
severe competition with crops for water and nutrients.

As regards to the crop yield response to mulching effects, results are variable. Straw mulch has
been reported to increase yields of sorghum (Bhaskar, 1985), decrease castor bean yield and have
no effect on pearl millet (Venkateswarlu et al., 1986). Black polyethylene mulch increases yield
of onion (Suh and Kim, 1991), and shallot (Kebede, 2003). Garlic plants grown under black
polyethylene, water hyacinth and straw mulches produced yields of 8.0, 5.70 and 5.48 t/ha,
respectively, which were 39.0, 36.6 and 31.4% higher than the control (4.47 t/ha) (Hossain et al.,
2007). The effect of mulch depends on its composition and colour, the amount applied, the timing
(season) of application and the rate at which the mulch decomposes (FAO, 2003).

Polyethylene mulch has been used in vegetable production for enhanced early yield, weed
control, reduced nutrient leaching and favorable soil temperatures and moisture (Bhella, 1988).
Kebede (2003) conducted an experiment on the response of shallots to mulching and N
fertilization and found 75 and 25% yield increase of black plastic over the control during short
and main rainy seasons of 1999, respectively. He also observed an increase of plant height by 21
and 42% over the control in using straw and black plastic mulch, respectively. Hochmuth et al.
(1991) reported that black mulch increased the yield of medium, large, and extra-large short-day
onion bulbs compared to bare ground culture.

Haque et al. (2003) conducted an experiment to study the effects of natural and synthetic mulches
on yield of garlic and found significant variation among the different mulches (black
polyethylene, transparent polyethylene, water hyacinth, sawdust and rice husk) with respect to
morphological characters, yield contributing characters and yield of garlic. Higher number of
cloves per bulb (31.83) was produced in black polyethylene mulch. Mulch induced yield increase
of garlic was also reported by Baten et al. (1995) and Hossain (1996). The yield increase with the
water hyacinth mulch may be attributed to soil moisture conservation, recycling of plant nutrients
and stimulation of microbial activities (Haque et al., 2003).
Similarly, Hossain et al. (2007) reported significant variation among the different mulches (black
polyethylene, straw, water hyacinth and no mulch) with respect to plant height, number of leaves
per plant, fresh and dry bulb weight, diameter of the bulb and yield. It was observed that the
different mulching materials highly influenced the plant height and bulb diameter of garlic (Iroc
et al., 1991). Karaye and Yakubu (2006) reported significant effect of mulching on leaf number
per plant in garlic which is in conformity with the works of John (2000) and Umar et al. (2000) in
onions but disagreed with that of Ibrahim (1994) who reported insignificant effect of mulching on
leaf number per plant of garlic.

2.1.3. Mulching and weed growth

Bulb yield losses in garlic due to weeds have been reported to reach 79-89% (Ahmed, 1991).
Mulching using rice straw was observed to suppress weed growth effectively in garlic and onion
(Ibrahim, 1994; Umar et al., 2000). Black mulch effectively inhibits the weed growth by
intercepting nearly all incoming radiation, whereas clear mulch absorbs only 5% of short wave
length, reflects 11%but transmits 84%of it (Schonbeak, 1999). Rajablariani et al. (2012) obtained
84-98% reduction in weed biomass in tomato with plastic mulches.
 3. MATERIAL AND METHOD
3.1. Description of the Study Area
The study was conducted at fiche Salale University research demonstration site. The
experimental site lies on an altitude of about 2750 m.a.s.l and is located at latitude of 9◦48”N and
longitude of 38◦42”E which is found 112 km far from Addis Ababa city. Fiche district is
characterized by a highland agro-ecological zone which has a cold condition with annual average
temperature of 16.5◦C and average rainfall of 1150 mm year -1. The soil type of the study area is
clay with pH of 6.4 (Sara et.al. 2015).

2.2. Experimental Material

Local garlic cultivar was used for planting as a test crop for the experiment which is widely
cultivated in the study area. Different mulching materials like Black polyethylene mulch, white
polyethylene mulch, grass mulch and a control with no mulch were used as experimental
materials. Blended NPS fertilizers were used as per the recommended rate of the crop uniformly
in all treatments.
2.3. Treatments and Experimental Design

The experiment was conducted by using randomized complete block design (RCBD), which
consists of Four treatments (black polyethylene mulch, white polyethylene mulch, grass mulch,
no mulch/control) with three replications. The plot size was 2m length and 1.2m width consisting
4rows with 15 plants per row which comprised a total of 60 plants per plot; the clove was planted
at a space of 30 cm x 10cm between rows and plants respectively. The spacing between plots and
blocks was 0.5m and 1m respectively.

2.4. Experimental Procedure

 First site selection was done.

 Then leveling and bed preparation was done.
 The seed was sown in prepared bed with mulch.
 Watering was done.
 Weeding was also done once in a week.
 When the seedlings start to show leaves, its height and leaves numbers was taken.
 Data was taken from 5 plants from each plot.
 Finally collected data was subject to analysis of variance and statistical significance was
employs to compare and construct means at 5% level of significance.

2.5. Collected data

 Days to maturity
 Plant height
 Leaf number per plant
 Leaf length

2.5. Data Collection

The growth parameter data was collected during the field experiment by sampling plants
randomly from the two central rows of each plot except days to maturity which was determined
on a plot basis. The following parameter was recorded on ten randomly taken plants from each
plot of no mulch, grass mulch, white polyethylene mulch and black polyethylene mulch. All data
pertaining to growth, yield components. Accordingly, the following data was collected. Ten
plants will be selected randomly form each plot in such a way so that the border effect could be
avoided.

Days to maturity: Days to maturity was the actual number of days from the day of transplanting
to the time when 70% of plants’ foliage fall down and when plants show neck fall in the field
experiment (EARO, 2004).

Plant height (cm): plant height was measured in centimeter from the soil surface to the tip of
matured leaf in the plant at maturity by a ruler.

Leaf number per plant: is the mean number of leaves produced by sampled plants and was
calculated by dividing the total number of leaves counted from the sampled plants to the number
of sampled plants to get mean leaf number per plant.

Leaf length (cm): The length of three leaves per plant (from upper, medium and lower) was
measured at maturity by using a ruler and the average leaf length was taken.

Data Analysis
The data for the experiment will be analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for RCBD;
using statistical appropriate software. Mean comparison will be done using least significance
difference (LSD) 5% probability level statistically. All the statistical analysis will be carried out
using SAS statistical software. The significance levels will: not significant (P > 0.05), significant
(P < 0.05), and highly significant (P< 0.01).
REFERENCE

Abdel, C.G., 1990. The influence of mulching on irrigated and non irrigated onion cultivations.
Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 22: 25-33.

Abu-awwad, A.M., 1999. Irrigation water management for efficient water use in mulched onion.
Journal of Agronomy Science, 187: 1-7.

Acharya, C.L. and P.D. Sharma, 1994. Tillage and mulch effects on soil physical-environment,
root-growth, nutrient-uptake and yield of maize and wheat on an alfisol in north-west India. Soil
and Tillage Res., 32: 291–302

Adetunji, I.A., 1990. Effect of mulches and irrigation on growth and yield of lettuce in semi-arid
region. Biotronics, 19: 93-98.

Adetunji, I.A., 1994. Responses of onion to soil solarization and organic mulching in semi-arid
tropics. Scientia Horticulturae, 60: 161-166.
Ahmed, H., 1991. Effect of weed on growth of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Weed Sci. Abstract,
39(6): 230.

Aleksieve, N., 1989. Garlic growing in plastic greenhouse. Ovoshtar, Gradinari konsevy prom,
70: 13, Horticultural Abs., 60: 923, Abs., 8038.

Amal, K.R., A.A.A. Muhsi, and M.A.H.I. Khan, 1990. Effect of different mulches on the growth
of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Bangladesh J.Bot., 19: 56-60.

Asiegbu, J.E., 1991. Response of tomato and egg plant to mulching and nitrogen fertilization
under tropical conditions. Scientia Hortic., 46: 33-41.

Babaji, B.A., 1994. Effect of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilization on growth and yield of
garlic. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to the Post-graduate school. ABU, Zaria.

Bachmann, J., 2001. Organic Garlic Production. http://attra.ncat.org/.

B. Mirshekari, H. R. Rajablarijiani, M. Agha Alikhani, F. Farahvash, and V. Rashidi, Evaluation

of biodegradable and polyethylene mulches in sweet corn production, international journal of
agriculture and crop sciences, vol.4, no. 20, pp. 1540-1545, 2012.

Baten, M.A., B.S. Nahar, S.C. Sarker and M.A.H. Khan, 1995. Effect of different mulches on
growth and yield of late planted garlic (Allium sativum L.). Pakistan J. Sci. Res., 38: 138-141.
Bhaskar, K.S., 1985. Effect of straw mulch and antitranspirant on growth and yield of sorghum
(SPV-233): a note. Ann. Arid Zone, 24: 171-174.

Bhella, H.S., 1988. Tomato response to trickle irrigation and black polyethylene mulch.
J.Amer.Soc.Hort. Sci., 113(4): 543-546.

Black, A.L and B.W. Greb, 1982. Nitrate accumulation in soils covered plastic mulch. Agron. J.
54: 366.

Brewster, J.L., 1994. Onions and other vegetable Alliums. CAB International, Walling ford, UK.
236p.

Carter, J. and C. Johnson, 1988. Influence of different types of mulches on eggplant production.
Hort Science, 23: 143-145.

Central Statistical Agency (CSA), 2006. Agricultural Sample Survey 2005/2006. Report on Area
and Production of Crops (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher season). Addis Ababa, July, 2006.
Statistical bulletin 361, Volume I.

CIMMYT. 1988. From Agronomic Data to Farmer Recommendations: An Economics Training

Manual. Completely revised edition. Mexico. D.F.
Cottenie, I., 1980. Soil and plant testing as a base for fertilizer recommendation. FAO soils
bulletin No.38/2, FAO, Rome Itally.

Dickerson, G.W., 1999. Garlic production in New Mexico. College of Agriculture and home
Economics. New Mexico State University.

Drost, D., 2004. Garlic Production for the Gardner. http://extension.usu.edu/.

Duranti, A. and L. Cuocolo, 1989. Chemical weed control and mulching in onion (Allium cepa
L.). And garlic (Allium sativum L.) .Advances in Horticultural Science, 5: 7-12.

Engeland, L., 1991. Growing Great Garlic: The Definitive Guide for Organic Gardners and Small
Farmers. Filaree Farms, Okanogan, WA. 226p.

Erenstein, O., 2003. Small holders conservation farming in the tropics and sub tropics: a guide to
the development and dissemination of mulching with crop residues and cover crops. Agriculture,
Ecosystem and Environment, 100 (1): 17-37.

Escaff, G. and U.A. Aljaro, 1982. Two trials on the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on garlic
Agricultural Tecnica. 42: 143-147, Chile.
Etoh, T. and P.W. Simon, 2002. Diversity, Fertility and Seed Production of Garlic. pp. 101-117.
In: Rabinowitch, H.D. and L. Currah (eds). Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances. CAB
International, Wallingford, UK.

Fikreyohannes, Gedamu., 2005. Effects of Clove Weight and Plant Density on the Bulb Yield and
Yield Components of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) In Awabel Woreda, Eastern Gojam Zone. An
MSc Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Alemaya University. 57p.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2003. Optimizing soil moisture for plant production.
FAO soils Bull. 79: 22-23. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,
2003.

Rabino-Witch, H.D. and Currah (eds), Allium crop science: Recent Advances. CA Walling ford,
UK.

Gajri, P.R., V.K. Arora and M.R. Chaudhary, 1994. Maize growth responses to deep tillage,
straw mulching and farmyard manure in coarse textured soils of North West India. Soil Use
Manage.,10: 15-20.

Getachew Tabour and Asfaw Zelleke, 2000. Achievements in Shallot and Garlic Research.
Report No. 36. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
Haque, Md. S, Md. Rezaul Islam, M. Abdul Karim and M.D. Abdul Halim Khan, 2003. Effects
of Natural and Synthetic Mulches on garlic (Allium sativum L). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences,
2 (1): 83-89.

Hochmuth, G.J., R.C. Hochmuth, E.A. Hanlon and M.E. Donley, 1991. Polyethylene mulch
affects yield of sweet onions in Florida. Suwannee Valley Ag. Res. Educ. Cent. Res. Rpt., 91-
112.

Hossain, M.I., 1996. Effect of mulches and different manuria practices involving equal cost on
the growth, yield and storability of garlic. MSc Thesis, Dept. Horticulture, Bangladesh
Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Hossain, A.K.M.M., M.J. Islam, F. Khanam, U.K. Majumber, M.M. Rahman and M. saifur
Rahman, 2007. Effect of mulching and Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Garlic at Dinajpur
in Bangladesh. Asian J. of Sciences, 6(1): 98-101.

Ibrahim, A.I., 1994. Effect of grass mulch and plant spacing on growth and yield of garlic.

Iroc, A., L.C. Sisson and P.P. Solidum, 1991. Effects of different mulching materials on garlic
(Allium sativum L.). Bulletin Penelitian. Horticultura, 7: 104-108.

John, T., 2000. The physical properties of mulches contributing to weed suppression. ARS
Publication, USDA Agricultural research. USA. pp. 1-2.
Karaye, A.K. and A.I. Yakubu, 2006. Influence of intra-row spacing and mulching on weed
growth and bulb yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Sokota, Nigeria. African Journal of
Biotechnology, 5(3): 260-264.

Kibreab, T. and N. Hiramburama, 1981. Garlic bulb yield as influenced by irrigation and
nitrogen. Thai .Agric. Sci., 14: 319-332. Abs. In Trop. Agric., 8: 90-91, Abs., 39629.

Kilgori, M.J, M.D. Magaji, and A.I. Yakubu, 2007. Productivity of Two Garlic (Allium sativum
L.) Cultivars as Affected by Different Levels of Nitrogenous and Phosphorus Fertilizers in
Sokota, Nigeria. American-Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci., 2(2): 158-162.

Korejo, N.A., 1984. Effect of NPK fertilizers application on garlic Tandojam: Sindh Agriculture
University, M.Sc.Thesis.

Kusomo,S. and D.D. widjajanto, 1973. The effect of large bulblets used as seed on the yield and
quality of garlic. Bulletin Horticultural Tjahort, 10:16-20.Horticultural Abs.,46:102-103, Abs.
1063.
Lemma Dessalegn and E. Herath. 1994. Agronomic Studies on Allium. pp.139-145. In:
Horticultural Research and Development in Ethiopia. 1-3 December, 1992. Institute of
Agricultural research and food and Agricultural Organization. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ahmed, M. E. M., A. A. El-Aidy, A. A. Radwan and T. Sh. Abd El-Bary. 2010. Response of
garlic plants to humic acid and different application methods of potassium fertilizer. Minufiya J.
Agric. Res. 35 (6): 2159 – 2175.

Lemma Dessalegn, 2001. Introduction to vegetables. In Aberra, D. and D. solomon (compliers).

Training manual on horticultural crops production technologies. Vol. II (Vegetables). Ethiopian
Agricultural research Organization, Melkassa research Organization centre and world vision
Ethiopia, Melkassa.

Libner, N., 1989. Vegetable production van Nostrand Rein hold, New York, USA. 657p.

Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral Nutrition of higher plants. 2nd Ed. Academic Press, London.

Menezes, S.M., D.E. Navais, H.L. Sontos and M.A. Dos,1974. The effect of nitrogen fertilization,
plant spacing and mulching on yield of garlic cultivar Amarante. Revista Ceres,21:203-211.

McLaurin, W.J., D. Adams and T. Eaker, 2004. Garlic Production for the Gardner.
http://extension.usu.edu/.
Metasebia M. and Shimelis H., 1998. Proceedings of the 15 th annul Research and Extention
Review Meeting, 2 April 1998. Alemaya Research Center. Alemaya University of Agriculture
Ethiopia. pp. 216-235.

Miko, S., M.K. Ahmed, E.B. Amans, A.M. Falaki and N. Ilyas, 2000. Effects of levels of
nitrogen, phosphorus and irrigation interval, on the performance and quality of garlic (Allium
sativum L.). J. Agric. Environ.,Vol.1.No.2.

Miller, R.W. and R.L. Donanue, 1995. Soils in our environment. (7 th ed.). Prentice Hall,
Englewood cliff. pp.261-281.

Mahmood, N., 2000. Horticultural crops production. 459p

Moodie, C., Smith, D., and Mc Creerry, R., 1954. Laboratory manual for soil fertility.
Washngton State College, Monograph, 31-39.

M.W. Schonbeck, weed suppression and labor costs associated with organic, plastic, and paper
mulches in small-scale vegetable production, J. sustain. Agri., vol. 13-33, 1999.

NSL, July, 998. Soil condition and fertility status of the Agarfa multipurpose farmers training
farms Addis Ababa Ethiopia

Olson, S. Cole, V.Watenabe, F., and Dean, L., 1954. Estimation of available phosphorousin soils
by extruaction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Cerculation No. 939.
Patra, D.D., M. Ram and D.V. Singh, 1993. Influence of straw mulching on fertilizer nitrogen
use efficiency, moisture conservation and herb and essential oil yield in Japanese mint (Mentha
arvensis L.). Fert.Res., 34: 135-139.

Rahim, M.A. and R. Fordham, 1988. Effects of storage temperature on initiation and
development of garlic cloves (Allium sativum L.). Scientia Horti., 37: 25-28.

Rahman, M.S. and M.A.H. Khan, 2001. Mulching-induced alteration of micro-climatic

parameters on the morpho-physiological attributes in an onion (Allium cepa L.). Plant
Production Science, Bangladesh., 4: 241-248.

Rice, R.P., L.W. Rice, H.D. Tindall, 1990. Fruits and vegetables production in warm climates.
Macmillan Education Ltd. Hong Kong. 486p.

Rosen, C., B. Roger, F. Vince, H. Bill, T. Jim, B. Cindy and W. Jerry, 2006. Growing Garlic in
Minnesota. www.extension.umn.edu.

Rubatzky, V.E. and M.Yamaguchi, 1997. World Vegetables. Principles, Production and nutritive
values. Second edition. Chapman and hall. International Thomson Publishing New York. USA.
843p.

Ruiz, S.R., 1985. Rhythm of nitrogen and phosphorus absorption and response to NP nutrition in
garlic. Agricultural Tecnica, 45: 153-158.
 Sadaria, S.S., Malavia, D.D., Khanapara, V.D., Dudhatra, M.G., Vyas, M.N. and Mathukia, R.K.
(1997). Irrigation and nutrient requirement of garlic (Allium sativum L.) under South Saurashtra
region of Gujrat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 67 (9): 402-3.

Shock, C.C., J.H. Hobson, M. Seddish, B.M. Shock, T.D. Stieber and L.D. Saunders, 1997.
Mechanical straw mulching of irrigation furrows: soil erosion and nutrient losses. Agronomy
Journal, 89: 887-893.

Shock, C.C., L.B. Jensen, J.H. Hobson, M. Seddigh, B.M. Shock, L.M. Saunders and T.D.
Stieber, 1999. Improving onion and Market grade by mechanical straw application to irrigation
furrows. Hort Technology, 9: 251-253.

Sims, W.L., U.C. Davis, T.M. Little, A. Emeritus and R.E. Voss, 2003. Growing Garlic in
California. http:// vric.ucdavis.edu/. UC Davis, Vegetable Research and Information Center,
2003.

Singh JV, Sirohi AK, Kumar HS. 1944. Effect of different levels of nitrogen on the growth and
yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Agri Scie Diges Karnal. 14: 149-152.

Sovovo, M. and Sova, P. (2004). Pharmaceutical importance of garlic. (Allium sativum)

Hypolipemic effects of in vitro and in vivo. Ceska Slov Farm, 53(3); 117-123; Obtained from
htt[://garlicistorlovers.com.

Suh, J.K. and Y.B. Kim, 1991. Study of improvement of mulching culture method in onion. I.
Influence of mulch materials and times on growth and yield. Res.Rpt.Rural Devel. Admin. Hort.,
33: 31-36 (CAB Abstr.No.940304264).
 Tindal, H.D., 1983. Vegetables in the tropics. The Macmillan press Ltd, Hong Kong. 533p.

Tisdale, S.L., W.L. Nelson, J.D. Beaton and J.L. Halvin, 1995. Soil fertility and fertilizers (5 th ed.).
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.Newyork. pp.109-229.

Umar, M.S., C.O. Muoneke and M.D. Magaji, 2000. Effect of intra-row spacing and mulching
materials on growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.). Nigeria Journal of Agriculture and
environment. Vol.,1.No.2.

Vanderwerken, J.E. and D.Wilcox-lee, 1988. Influence of plastic mulch and type and frequency
of irrigation on growth and yield of bell paper. Hort. Sci., 23: 985-988.

Vavrina, C.S. and F.M. Roka, 2000. Comparison of plastic mulch and bare ground production and
economics for short day onions in a semi-arid environment. Hort. Technology, 10: 326-330.

Venkateswarlu, J., K.P.R. Vittal and S.K. Das, 1986. Evaluation of two land configurations in
production of pearl millet and caster beans on shallow red soils of semiarid tropics. Int.
Agrophys., 2: 145-152.

Wien, H.C. and P.L. Minotti, 1987. Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Uptake of Transplanted Fresh
market Tomatoes As affected by Plastic Mulch and Initial Nitrogen rate. J. Amer. Soc.Hort.Sci.,
112(5): 759-763.

www. gourmet garlic gardens.com. 2005. The Growing of Garlic. Gourmet Garlic Gardens.
www.saratogagarlic.com., 2005. Garlic Facts

Yeshi Muluneh, 2003. Influence of Bulb Size and nitrogen Application Rates on Growth, Yield
and quality of shallot (Allium cepa L.var. ascalonicum) on Alemaya Vertisol. An M.Sc. Thesis
Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Alemaya University. 80p.

Yohannes Uloro, 1994. The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulphur on the yield
and yield components of Enset (Ensete ventricosum W.) in south east Ethiopia, Ph.D.
dissertation. Institute of Plant nutrition, faculty of Agriculture. Justus Liebig University, Giessen,
Germany.

Amir J, and Sinclair TR (1996). A straw mulch systems to allow continuous wheat production in
an arid climate. Field Crops Res., 47: 21–31.

Anderson DF, Garisto MA, Bourrut JC, Schonbeck MW, Jaye R, Wurzberger A, and De
Gregorio R (1995). Evaluation of a paper mulch made from recycled materials as an alternative
to plastic film mulch for vegetables. J. Sustainable Agric., 7: 39–61

Amberber Wasihun (2013). Effect of Mulching on Moisture Conservation and Yield of Snap
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Under Drip Irrigation System.

ATTRA (2001). Organic garlic production; National Center for Appropriate Technology under a
grant from the Rural Business-Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture AR.USA.

Adetunji IA (1990). Effect of mulches and irrigation on growth and yield of lettuce in semi-arid
region. Biotronics, 19: 93-98.
A. Ayalew, D. Tadesse, Z.G. Medhin and S. Fantaw (2015). Evaluation of Garlic (Allium
sativum L.) Varieties for Bulb Yield and Growth at Dabat, Northwestern Ethiopia; Open Access
Library Journal, 2: e1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101216, accessed date February 23,
2016.
Ahmed H (1991). Effect of weed on growth of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Weed Sc. Abstract,
39(6): 230.

Asiegbu JE (1991). Response of tomato and eggplant to mulching and nitrogen fertilization
under tropical conditions, Scientia Hortic., 46: 33-41.

Brewster JL (1994). Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums. CAB International, Wallingford.

Boja M (2006). Evaluation of straw and plastic mulch on water use efficiency of drip irrigated
pepper. MSc Thesis presented to the school of graduate studies, Haramaya University, 44-47 (In
press).

Bachmann J (2001). Organic Garlic Production, http://attra.ncat.org/; accessed date February 19,
2016.

Brewster JL and Butler HA (1989). Effects of N supply on bulb development in onion (Allium
cepa L.). Journal of Experimental botany, 40: 1155-1162.

Brewster JL (1994). Onions and other vegetable Alliums. CAB International, Walling ford, UK.
236p. Central Statistical Agency (CSA) (2006). Agricultural Sample Survey 2005/2006. Report
on Area and Production of Crops (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher season).

Addis Ababa, July, 2006. Chien SH and Menon G (1995). Agronomic evaluation of modified
phosphate rock products Fertilizer Research, 41: 197-205.
Carter J and Johnson C (1988). Influence of different types of mulches on eggplant production.
Hort science, 23: 143-145. Central Statistical Agency (CSA) (2006).

Agricultural Sample Survey 2005/2006. Report on Area and Production of Crops (Private
Peasant Holdings, Meher season), Addis Ababa, July, 2006, Statistical bulletin 361, volume I.
Central Agricultural Census Commission (CACC) (2002). Report on the preliminary result of
area, production and yield of temporary crops (Meher season private peasant holdings). Part II.
Ethiopian Agricultural sample Enumeration, 2001/2002: Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, Central Statistical Authority; Addis Ababa.

Central Agricultural Census Commission (CACC) (2003). Statistical report on socio-economic

characteristics of the production in Agricultural households, land use, and area and production of
crops; Part I. Results at Country Level; Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration, 2001/2003
(CACC) Federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Authority Addis Ababa.

Carter J and Johnson C (1988). Influence of different types of mulches on eggplant production.
Hort science, 23: 143-145.

Delahaut KA and Newhouse AC (2003). Growing onions, Garlic, Leeks, and Other Alliums in
Wisconsin: A guide for fresh-market growers; University of Wisconsin system Board of regents
and University of Wisconsin Extension, cecomerce.wisc.edu.

DARC (Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center) (2006). Garlic Production Management.

Debrezeit Agricultural Research Center, Leaflet (Amharic Version), Debrezeit, Ethiopia.

Daisley LEA, Chong SK, Olsen FJ, Singh L and George C (1988). Effects of surface applied
grass mulch on soil water content and yields of cow pea and egg plant in Antigua.

Duranti A, and Cuocolo L (1989). Chemical weed control and mulching in onion (Allium cepa
L.). And garlic (Allium sativum L.) Advances in Horticultural Science, 5: 7-1.

Ernestine O (2003). Small holders’ conservation farming in the tropics and sub tropics: a guide
to the development and dissemination of mulching with crop residues and cover crops.
Agriculture, Ecosystem and environment, 100 (1): 17-37.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2003: Optimizing soil moisture for plant production.
FAO soils Bull. 79: 22-23; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome,
2003.
FAO (2004). The market for non-traditional agricultural exports. FAO commodities and trade
technical paper 3.

Fikreyohanis G (2005). Effects of Clove Weight and Plant Density on the Bulb Yield and Yield
Components of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Awabel Woreda, Eastern Gojam Zone. An MSc
Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Alemaya University. 57p.
FAOSTAT (2013). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; http:
//faostat.fao.org/ site/567/ Accessed on January 20, 2016.

Gebrehaweria T (2007). Effects Of Mulching, Nitrogen And Phosphorus On Yield And Yield
Components Of Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) At Alshaday, Eastern Zone Of Tigray, Northern
Ethiopia

Goldy R (2000). Producing Garlic in Michigan, Michigan State University Extension. Gene, B.,
2009: Garlic Huntington College of Health Sciences, Literature Education Series on Dietary
Supplements.

Getachew T and Asfaw Z (2000). Achievements in Shallot and Garlic Research. Report No. 36.
Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization, Addis Ababa Ethiopia.

Gajri PR, Arora VK and Chaudhary MR (1994). Maize growth responses to deep tillage, straw
mulching and farmyard manure in coarse textured soils of North West India. Soil Use
Manage.10: 15-20.

Geiger SC, Manu A and Mationon A (1992). Changes in a sandy Sahelian soil following crop
residue and fertilizer additions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56: 172-177.

Hossain MI (1996). Effect of mulches and different manuria practices involving equal cost on
the growth, yield and storability of garlic. MSc Thesis, Dept. Horticulture, Bangladesh
Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Huber GL (2003). Medicinal Uses of garlic in history. Texan nutrition Institute Vol. 5: pp 28-30.

Hossain MI, Ahmed SU, Alam KS and Rahman SL (1998). The impact of mulches and manures
on growth and yield of garlic. Bangladesh J. Agri. Res., 23: 115-126.
Hossain AKMM, Islam MJ, Khanam F, Majumber UK, Rahman MM and saifurRahman M
(2007). Effect of mulching and Fertilization on Growth and Yield of Garlic at Dinajpur in
Bangladesh. Asian J. of Sciences, 6(1): 98-101.

Hannan RM and Sorensen EJ (2001). Crop Profile for Garlic in Washington; Washington State
University, Pullman.

Ibrahim AI (1994). Effect of grass mulch and plant spacing on growth and yield of garlic.

Iroc A, Sisson LC and Solidum PP (1991). Effects of different mulching materials on garlic
(Allium sativum L.); Bulletin Penelitian. Horticultura, 7: 104-108

Jamma B (1998). Soil Fertility Replenishment Initiatives in Western Kenya: Soil Fertility
Management Workshop 21-23 April, 1998.

John T (2000). The physical properties of mulches contributing to weed suppression. ARS
Publication, USDA Agricultural research. USA. pp. 1-2.

Jones TL, Jones US and Ezell DO (1977). Effect of nitrogen and plastic mulch on properties of
Troup loamy sand on yield of “water tomato”. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 101: 265-273.

Karaye AK and Yakubu AI (2006). Influence of intra-row spacing and mulching on weed growth
and bulb yield of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in Sokota, Nigeria, African Journal of
Biotechnology. 5(3): 260-264.

Kebede W (2003). Shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum) Responses to Plant Nutrients and Soil
Moisture in a sub-humid Tropical Climate, Doctoral, Thesis Swedish university of Agricultural
Sciences, Alnarp, 2003.

Lamont WJ (1993). Plastic mulches for the production of vegetable crops. Hort. Technology.

Lippert LF, Takatori FH and Whiting FL (1964). Soil moisture under hands of petroleum and
polyethylene mulches, Proc.Am.Soc.Hortic.Sci. 84: 541-546.

Lal R (1980). Crop residue management in relation to tillage techniques for soil and water
conservation. In: Organic recycling in Africa. FAO Soils Bulletin No. 43. FAO, Rome. 72p.

Libner N (1989). Vegetable production; van Nostrand Rein hold, New York, USA. 657p.
Mike R. (2008). Garlic production, Ward County Extension Agent.

Mandefro Ch and Shoeb Q (2015). Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Water Productivity
of Garlic (Allium

DD, Ram M and Singh DV (1993). Influence of straw mulching on fertilizer nitrogen use
efficiency, moisture conservation and herb and essential oil yield in Japanese mint (Mentha
arvensis L.), Fert. Res., 34: 135-139.

Purseglove SW (1992). Tropical Crops, Monocotyledons. Vol. 2, Longman Group Ltd., London,
20-140.

Rekowska E and Skupien K (2007). Influence of Flat Covers and Sowing Density on Yield and
Chemical Composition of Garlic Cultivated for Bundle-Harvest: Vegetable Crops Research
Bulletin, 66, 17-24, http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-007-0003-y; accessed date February 13,
2016.

Rice RP, Rice LW, Tindall HD (1990). Fruits and vegetables production in warm climates,
Macmillan Education Ltd, Hong Kong. 486p.

Rubatzky VE, and Yamaguchi M (1997). World Vegetables, Principles, Production and nutritive
values 2nd edition Chapman and hall; International Thomson Publishing New York. USA. 843p.

Sisson and Solidum PP (1991). Effects of different mulching materials on garlic (Allium
sativum L.). Shah SSH, Ahmad SB, Shah SHH 92015). Mulching Effects on Water
Productivity, Maize Yield and Soil Properties in Bed and Flat Sowing Methods, Intj.plant& soil
science. 8(1): 3-4.
Sarolia DK and Bhardwaj R (2012). Effect of Mulching On Crop Production under Rainfed
Condition. [Suh JK and Kim YB (1991). Study of improvement of mulching culture method in
onion. I. Influence of mulch materials and times on growth and yield. Res.Rpt.Rural Devel,
Admin. Hort., 33: 31-36 (CAB Abstr.No.940304264).

Sullivan DM. Brown BD, Shock CC, Horneck DA, Stevens RG, Pelter GO and Feibert EBG
(2001). Nutrient management of onion in the Pacific North West; A Pacific North West
Extension Publication, PNW 546p.

The Federal Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistics Authority Agricultural Sample Survey
(20013/14). Report on Area and Production of Major Crops.

Umar MS, Muoneke CO, Magaji M.D (2000). Effect of intra-row spacing and mulching
materials on growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.), Nig. J. Agri. and envi., 1(2): 29-39.

Vavrina CS and Roka FM (2000). Comparison of plastic mulch and bare ground production and
economics for short day onions in a semi-arid environment. Hort Technology., 10: 326-330.

Wien HC and Minotti PL (1987). Growth, Yield, and Nutrient Uptake of Transplanted Fresh
market Tomatoes as affected by Plastic Mulch and Initial Nitrogen rate. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.,
112(5): 759-763.

Yohannes U (994). The effect of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and sulphur on the yield and
yield components of Enset (Ensete ventricosum W.) in south east Ethiopia, Phd. Dissertation;
Institute of Plant nutrition, faculty of Agriculture, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.

Wolde T (2014). Effect of Mulching and Nitrogen on Weeds, Yield Components and Yield of
Garlic (Allium Sativum L.) At Agarfa, South-Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. MSc thesis
submitted to Haramaya university, Ethiopia.

Bhuiyan, M.A.K. 1999. Effect of planting time, mulch and irrigation on the growth and yield of
garlic. M.S. Thesis, Department of Horticulture, BAU, Mymensingh. pp. 56-59.
Bose, T.K. and M.G. Som. 1990. Vegetable Crops in India. Published by B. Mitra and Naya
Prokash, Calcutta, India. pp. 583-601.

FAO, 2002. Report of Food and Agricultural Organizations of the United Nations, Rome, Italy,
51:155.

Rahim, M.A. and R. Fordham. 1988. Effects of storage temperature on the initiation and
development of garlic cloves (Allum sativum L.). Scientia Hort., 37: 25-38.

Uddin, M.A. 1997. Effect of mulching and fertilizer management practices on the growth and
yield of garlic. M.S. Thesis, Department of Horticulture, BAU, Mymensingh. p. 31.

BBS. 2012. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning.

Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

Bose, T. K. and M. G. Som .1990. Vegetable Crops in India (1st edn.), Naya Prakash, Calcutta,
India, Pp. 583-601.

Rahman M. K., M. A. Rahim and M. S. Alam. 2007. Effect of planting time and mulch on
growth and yield of garlic. J. Agrof. and Env. 1(1): 79-81.