UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Hydraulic and Water Resource

Engineering
Hosting Company: Gondar small scale Irrigation Company
Final Internship Report
Executive summery
This report is an outcome of the exercise conducted during my internship period in Gondar small
scale Irrigation Company This was an opportunity for me to put in practice the theoretical knowledge I
had gathered during my four years of study at University of Gondar.

During the completion of this internship report different necessary methods and procedures from
these; interview of concerned bodies of the company, company documents revisions, company
manuals and operation sheet formats reference etc. Using these sources I have compile this final
internship report through detail explanation.

The first part of report, described the background of my hosting company including the history and
objective of the company, its main product and service and the overall organization flow of the
company as well as general description of the project.
The second part of my report, is explains the overall internship experience I have gained during my
practical period. I started by telling how I get into the company, in which section of the company I
have been working in and the work piece I have been executing. I also explained clearly what the
general workflow in our section look like.

The third part, there are some introduction about head work which describe the function of diversion
headwork, location of project area. I tried to explain criteria for selection types of weir. Next, I briefly
explained planning and hydraulic design of head work. Lastly, I tried to describe design of broad crest
weir.

The fourth part of my report, is discussing about the challenges I have faced during my internship
period. I explain briefly the challenges and the taken measurements to overcome these challenges.

The fifth part of my report, explains about the overall benefits I gained from my internship in terms of
improving my practical skills, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills, leadership
skills, upgrading my theoretical knowledge and work ethics.

Finally, the report finalized with deals about conclusion and recommendation of the project.

CHAPTER ONE

1 INTRODUCTION
Irrigation is one of the improved technologies that increase production by efficient utilization of
water resource irrespective of rainfall availability; it is to meet this objective that this small scale
irrigation project is identified. The main economic base for the area is agriculture, in which both crop
production and animal rearing is practical.
Most of Ethiopian’s cultivated land is under rain feed agriculture due to spatial and temporal in
rainfall distribution and lack of water storage, there is not enough water for most farmers to produce
more than one times per year and hence there are frequent crop failures. As a result of dry spells and
droughts, in this part of the region is phenomenon.
For such problems irrigation is vital solution for agricultural leading economy to ensure sustainable
food security. That is why Irrigation becomes a common practice in our farmers with different scales.
Traditionally farmers try to divert different water sources by constructing a barrier across the river
with local material and traditional ditches to convey to their farm land so as to support the rain feed
agriculture and they are trying to cultivate more than one time per year.
Since they are using their local knowledge, they cannot keep the contour line of the land and canal
bed slope which is not proportional. Most of the main canal rout is earthen, so percolation and seepage
problems affect the capacity of the command area to be irrigated. The other problem is that the
construction is being carried out every year with local materials; that the farmers should maintain the
structure every year.
Therefore to increase command area and irrigation efficiency as well as to address a number of
beneficiaries, to improve traditional irrigation practices by incorporating canal infrastructures; we can
overcome percolation and seepage water losses. Constructing permanent structure has a significant
effect in alleviating every year maintenance cost and labor expenses. Hence constructing different
canal crossing structures for easy irrigation water application to the irrigable land are modern
irrigation practice, and also the beneficiaries have to cover the operation and maintenance

1 Background of hoisting company

1.1.1 Brief history of the company
The Amhara National Regional State Irrigation Small Scale water resources development bureau
(ANRSBoWRD) is one of the governmental developmental organizations established to improve the living
standards of peoples of the region with respect to food self-sufficiency, water shade management, and
water supply and sanitation projects by use of water and land resources.
Central Gondar Water Resource and Development Department is one of the departments which occur in
Amhara national regional state water resource and development bureau. From 1994-1999E.C it was under
Agricultural and Rural Development Department as water desk. Then, from 1999 E.C still now it becomes
North Gondar Water Resource and Development Department branch office still. This branch office has
established with the following core process.

 Planning, monitoring and evaluation unit/process

 Water resource management core process
 Water supply and sanitation core process
 Irrigation and drainage study and design core process
 Mining Resource &Development Core Process
 Energy Resource& Technology Promotion process
Currently (CGWRDD) water supply is supervised by city council of Bahiar Dar, the Amhara national
regional state government and the federal government is understood not to hold any direct ownership. It is
somewhat unclear as to how this is organized. The office water service is organized as an autonomous
public organization under the administration of the town. The office has responsibility for the production,
transmission, distribution and sale of potable and sufficient water to the town.
1.2 The main products and service of the hosting company
This is the department that stands tries to avoid poverty and hunger, to address water coverage and
water quality of the zone 100%, to insure food security, to create job opportunities for non-employers
and to bring sustainable development by performing the following activities.

From irrigation and drainage study and design core process points of view:

 It performs study and design works of small scale irrigation scheme to cultivate command
area twice and more per year

 Irrigation construction
From water supply and sanitation core process of
 Identifies and selects potential water source areas in north Gondar zone.
 Study and design work of the water distribution system.
 Super vision and supporting work in different construction activities like reservoir, during
well drilling and spring development.
 Water quality and risk assessment work.
 Operation and maintenance work of non –functional water institute
 It collects data of different water institute, metrological data, measure seasonal and perennial
discharge of surface water source /river/
 supply drinking water in quality &quantity
 operating and maintenance
 To make water supply service potable, permanent, reliable by increasing the capacity of the
correlated demand progressive demand
 Water supply constriction

From mine and energy core process point of view

 It identifies and delineates potential areas of different type of mines.

  It prevents over use of different mines and it also creates job opportunities for non - employers.
 It also performs promotion supply and distribution works of different technologies Associated
with energies like solar energy and biogas technology.
Generally the department is a part of water resource and development bureau executes law and rules of
the federal/ministry of water supply, energy and water resource development bureaus. It also gives
long-term and short-term trainings for expects in all division of the department by collaborating with
water resource and development bureau.
1.3 The main Customers of the company

 Local Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) and governmental organization

 Different woredas and kebeles which occurs in central Gondar zone as a whole
 Contractors
 Local artesian
 Woreda town water supply and sewerage services
 Amhara national state water resource development bureau.
 City municipal
 Governmental organizations and institutes
 Non-governmental organizations and institutes
 Private sectors and Individual
1.4 Objective of the company

 Improve water supply of the town.

 provide good quality drinking water in sufficient quantity to the resident of the town
 To improve the shortage of water supply in town through safe, potable and adequate water
 To make water supply service potable, permanent, reliable by increasing the capacity of the
scheme correlated to the progressive demand.
1.3.Overview of the company

The objective of the project to maximize the crop production and to ensure food security through the
people and also used to product forage for animals that lives around the project area
 This is the department that stands tries to avoid poverty and hunger, to address water coverage and
water quality of the zone 100%, to insure food security, to create job opportunities for non-employers
and to bring sustainable development by performing the following activities.

 From irrigation and drainage study and design core process points of view; it performs
study and design works of small scale irrigation schemes to cultivate command areas
twice and more per year.
 From mine and energy core process point of view

 It identifies and delineates potential areas of different type of mines.

 It prevents over use of different mines and it also creates job opportunities for non-
employers.
 It also performs promotion supply and distribution works of different technologies
associated with energies like solar energy and biogas technology.
 To cultivate climate change.

Generally the department is a part of water resource and development bureau executes law and
rules of the federal/ministry of water, irrigation, energy and water resource development bureaus. It
also gives long-term and short-term trainings for expects in all division of the department by
collaborating with water resource and development.
 Department head

secratary

water Energy Irrigation planning

water supply core process managment technology
core process
department
secratary
head
secratary
surveyer mechanic
irrigation
engineer secratary
water technician
engineer electician

geologist
socio-
economist secratary

surveyor

secratary technician

agronomist
geologist
1.5.Different divisions of the company

Zone water resource development department

Planning, monitoring and evaluation unit/process
Water resource management core process
Water supply and sanitation core process
Irrigation and drainage study and design core process
Mine core process
Energy core process

Customers of the company

Zone population
Local Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) and governmental organization
Contractors
Local artesian
Woreda town water supply and sewerage services
Different woredas and kebeles which occurs in Centeral Gondar Zone as a whole

CHAPTER TWO

2 Overall internship experience

I had been working in small scale Agricultural and Rural development in Con

Based on the new curriculum, I was doing internship for one full semester at Centeral Gondar Smal
Scale Irrigation ,Water Resource and Development Department (CGWRDD). I have gained a lot of
understanding and experiences on practical application of water construction in a well-organized and
effective manner. While I was staying there, I have got several opportunities to visit project frequently
to observe the progress and to see the related activities. Within a fourth month stay in this
organization, I have spent ample time with site engineers, office engineers and quantity surveyors with
sufficient orientation and practical involvement on the site and office work.

In this report, I have included insights that I have gained during the internship time both site and
office work knowledge. Off course it is difficult to report all what I have seen, though I have tried to
highlight the main points.
I had been working in Small Scall irrigation Project in Construction part .

2.1 The work flow of the department looks like;

Data collection from field by different discipline

 Agronomical data collection

 Geological data collection
 Socio-Economical data collection

 Surveying data collection.

2.2 Procedures and methods

 Metrological data collection from metrology station.

 Surveying data collection from geologist.
 Agronomic data collection from agronomist.

2.3 Challenges

 Due to Shortage of cars and disallowance of the head, I was not lucky to visit the project site.
 Shortage of computers and internet access in the enterprise.
 Supervisors were busy and unfortunately they went to site so, they couldn’t advise properly.
 There is no finical support from the computer.

 In the site there is uncomfortable weather condition.

 Lack of office and office materials.
 Lack of construction safety wears.

2.4 In order to overcome the challenges I have been using

 I was using different materials like softcopy and hard copy
 Trying to make the machineries to be maintained as fast as possible.
 By asking my supervisors
 I tried to use my own materials
 Work efficiently to any task given by my supervisor.
 To wake up early and used different transportation mechanisms.
 Following carefully while the workers do measurement.
 CHAPTER THREE
3 FEATURES OF THE PROJECT
1. Project name: Gabikura diversion weir Irrigation Project
2. Name of the stream: Gabi Kura
3. Location of the weir site
North: 0312593 East: 1381651 Altitude: 1892
Zone: North Gondar Woreda: Dembia
4. Hydrology
Design rainfall (Pd): 85.79 mm
Catchment area: 43.012km2
Longest flow path length: 10246.3m
Design flood (Qp): 120.05m3/sec
5. Diversion Weir
Weir type: Broad crested weir
Height: 2.4m
Gross crest length: 19m
Weir crest level: 1891.59m.a.s.l
6. Outlet
Irrigation and drainage systems Infrastructure
Command area size: 21.5 ha.
Type of soil of the command area is dominantly clay
Design discharge of the main canal = 30.28 l/sec
7. Project cost

general item 27300.00

Weir 723097.52
canal and flume 464629.494
total project cost 1215027.01
vat 15% 182254.052
contgjency 10% 121502.701
over all project cost 1518783.76
command area 21.50
cost per hectare 70641.105
3.1INTRODUCTION
3.1.1 Back ground
The Amhara National Regional State (ANRS) is one of the largest regions in Ethiopia. It
extends within a geographical coordinates of 90 29’-140 0’ North latitude and 360 20’-400 20’
East longitude. The total area of the region is estimated to be 170,152km 2. The administrative
structure of the region consists of zones, woredas, urban administrations and kebeles. Among
the woredas nearly half are moisture deficient, characterized by high variability of rainfall;
environmental degradation, drought, famine and population pressure.
Amhara Region is one of the regions in the country with vast potential for irrigation
development. The region has abundant water resources, all of which is generated within its
own territory. The region is endowed with four river basins having a total potential area of
more than 0.57 million ha, however, till very little irrigated commands were developed by
modern and traditional irrigation (ABoWRD, 2005).
In Ethiopia, under the prevalent rain-fed agricultural production system, the progressive
degradation of the natural resource base, especially in highly vulnerable areas of the highlands
coupled with climate variability have aggravated the incidence of poverty and food insecurity.
The major source of growth for Ethiopia is still conceived to be the agriculture sector. Hence,
this sector has to be insulated from drought shocks through enhanced utilization of the water
resource potential of the country, (through development of small-scale irrigation, water
harvesting, and on-farm diversification) coupled with kstrengthened linkages between
agriculture and industry (agro-industry), thereby creating a demand for agricultural output. In
line with the above, efforts have been made by the government and NGO’s like AGP to
improve the situation in the country in areas of irrigation, watershed management, etc.

The majority of the rural people in the region depend on rain fed agriculture for their
livelihoods. Farmers earn their livelihoods from the available land resources while
manipulating elements of the natural environment. Most farmers in the region do not use
improved technologies or inputs. Both crop and animal production are carried out according to
centuries old traditions. As a result, agricultural production in the country has remained at a
subsistence level and is highly influenced by occasional and frequent droughts and other local
conditions. Therefore, irrigation plays a major role in sustaining and achieving higher food and
fiber production to satisfy the increasing demand for food. Hence, it is the right time for the
Amhara National Regional Government to initiate integrated agricultural development program
in the region, with the aim of increasing agricultural output which can be achieved through
better agricultural practices and intensified irrigation systems within the context of a sound
environmental management. On this basis, the EIA study is carried out to identify impacts and
to propose possible mitigation measures or enhancement mechanisms of the Gabikura
diversion irrigation scheme.

The design and study of Gabikura irrigation project under modern irrigation scheme will
enable the farmers to use the available water and land resources efficiently and get themselves
food secured by increasing productivity. Designers have identified the weir site location by
choosing at different sites depending on geographical /geomorphological and geological
condition of the rive.
Gabikura irrigation project will enable the farmers of the project area to positive economic
change and improve their life standard by producing different crops using advanced irrigation.
The project is designed for the development of an irrigable land of 21.5 hectares.

The design and study of Gabikura irrigation project under modern irrigation scheme will
enable the farmers to use the available water and land resources efficiently and get themselves
food secured by increasing productivity. Designers have identified the weir site location by
choosing at different sites depending on geographical /geomorphological and geological
condition of the river.

Gabikura irrigation project will enable the farmers of the project area to positive economic
change and improve their life standard by producing different crops using advanced irrigation.
The project is designed for the development of an irrigable land of 21.5 hectares.

3.2 problem statement and justification

Problems
o Excavation depth without recommended
o Retaining wall construction is simply constructing without zero elevation to the ground.
o Under sluice gate is no provided
o Canal off take site is providing without its operating head.
 o Downstream retaining wall length is less than with its apron length.
o Transportation system from the farmer area to the site.
Solution for the problem
o By using a profile for the canal and the weir foundation is redesigned its dimension
then after excavated
o Retaining wall is constructed to the embankment until it comes zero elevation.
o During design the under sluice is not provide but when come to construction the
supervisor engineer is provide the under sluice gate because without it the weir body is
not functional.
o During construction the canal operating head should be add because of the driving the
water to the off taking canal.
o The downstream retaining wall should be increasing its length to the minimum of the
apron length to protect the scour.
o The woreda committee and kebele committee meet and solve the transport system and
then the construction material is transported.
3.3 Objective of the project
Other benefits that can be expected from the project are:
 Efficiency of water use improvement;
 Improved local nutrition/food security gains;
 Improved management of scarce natural resources (land and water);
 Rationale for the intensification and modernization of small-holder agriculture and rural
lifestyles.
 The engineering study and design enables the realization of the project by the provision
of engineering structures that will allow the appropriate abstraction of the river water
for delivery in to the identified irrigation fields of the study area. Hence, this
engineering design is specifically targeted to:
 Hydrologic requirements of the project and engineering structures;
 The formulation of sound and stable structure, with necessary provisions that allow
safe, easy and low-maintenance operation in the service life of the project;
 Prepare working Analyze drawing.
3.4 methodology
3.4.1Location
The Gabikura diversion small scale irrigation scheme is one of the proposed irrigation
developments in Amhara national regional state, North Gondar Zone, Dembia Woreda,
Buasmano kebele. Gabikura is referenced about in the south 3km from the road Azezo Asphalt
road passing to Chilga. The elevation of project site is 1894m a.s.l at the point of the top river
rich.

Fig 1 location of site map.

3.4.2 Hydrology
3.4.2.1 Climate
As usual, the proposed project has no any meteorological station in it. And the
meteorological data required for the design of the project are obtained from the nearby
station, Gondar meteorological stations found at about 25km air distance from the project site
that have same agro-ecological conditions. Then the design storm analysis was done by
taking 24 years (from 1983-2006) consecutively recorded daily heaviest rainfall data of
Gondar station from NMSA.
The project area is found in Woina-Dega agro climatic zone with minimum and maximum
temperatures of 13˚c and 26.6˚c.
3.4.2.2 Design flood analysis
Small scale irrigation project designers and planners are faced with lack of good data on the hydrology
of the stream/river system that will be their water source and on local weather and climate conditions.
Stream gauging stations are virtually non-existent in remote rural areas of Ethiopia. Therefore, design
and analysis of structures that has to be constructed on the river, estimation of flood magnitude is an
important task. This can be done using different techniques depending on the data available. For this
particular case, there are no river flow data and hence the flood estimation is done using the rainfall
data and applying SCS Curve Number method.
3.4.2.3 Design Rainfall computation
Based on the data of 24hr peak rainfall given in Table 2.1 the design rainfall, RF, is computed
using Gambles’ Extreme Value Method.
 Table 3.1 Rainfall data analysis arrangement

Wuibul
Descen Formula
Max RF ding Rank (Xi- Y= log (R/(N+1))
S.No. Year (xi) Order (m) X')^2 xi (Y-Y')^2 (Y-Y')^3 *100
1 1983 65.4 72.3 4 206.28 1.816 0.014 0.001624 16.667
2 1984 43.9 70.5 18 50.94 1.642 0.003 -0.000172 75.000
3 1985 47.8 69.4 14 10.48 1.679 0.000 -0.000006 58.333
4 1986 47.1 65.4 15 15.50 1.673 0.001 -0.000016 62.500
5 1987 41.3 63 19 94.82 1.616 0.007 -0.000553 79.167
6 1988 51.3 60.2 10 0.07 1.710 0.000 0.000002 41.667
7 1989 47.9 58.3 13 9.84 1.680 0.000 -0.000006 54.167
8

1990 63 54.3 5 143.10 1.799 0.010 0.001040 20.833

9 1991 52.8 52.8 9 3.11 1.723 0.001 0.000015 37.500
10 1992 36.8 51.3 23 202.71 1.566 0.017 -0.002310 95.833
11 1993 54.3 51.1 8 10.64 1.735 0.001 0.000050 33.333
12 1994 40.1 48 22 119.63 1.603 0.009 -0.000854 91.667
13 1995 30.9 47.9 24 405.52 1.490 0.043 -0.009008 100.000
14 1996 45.5 47.8 16 30.66 1.658 0.002 -0.000064 66.667
15 1997 72.3 47.1 1 452.09 1.859 0.026 0.004182 4.167
16 1998 40.7 45.5 21 106.86 1.610 0.008 -0.000692 87.500
17 1999 48 45.3 12 9.23 1.681 0.000 -0.000005 50.000
18 2000 58.3 43.9 7 52.74 1.766 0.005 0.000309 29.167
19 2001 41 41.3 20 100.75 1.613 0.007 -0.000619 83.333
20 2002 60.2 41 6 83.95 1.780 0.007 0.000543 25.000
21 2003 69.4 40.7 3 337.18 1.841 0.021 0.002944 12.500
 22 2004 51.1 40.1 11 0.00 1.708 0.000 0.000001 45.833
23 2005 45.3 36.8 17 32.92 1.656 0.002 -0.000074 70.833
24 2006 70.5 30.9 2 378.79 1.848 0.023 0.003386 8.333
Sum 1224.9 2857.8 40.753 0.206 -0.0003
  Mean 51.04 119.08 1.698 0.009 -0.00001
  Stdve 11.15 139.8 0.095 0.011 0.00238
  Cs -0.016
Max. 72.3
Min. 30.9
Table 3.2 Data quality test

Case 1 If Skewness (Cs) < -0.4 check for lower outlier

Case 2 If Skeweness (Cs) > +0.4 check for higher outlier
Case 3 If Skewness (Cs), -0.4<CS< +0.4 check for both outlier

In our case Cs = -0.016 i.e. between -0.4<Cs< 0.4 so check for both higher and lower outlier.

X=
∑ RF =
N 51.04mm
−

√ ∑ ( X i− X )2 1224 . 9
σ n−1=
( N−1)
=
√ 24−1
=11.15

∑ Y =40.75mm
−
Y=
∑ Y = 40. 75 =1. 698
N 24
−
∑ (Y −Y )2=0 . 21
−

∑ (Y −Y )3=−0. 0003
−

√ ∑ ( Y i−Y )2 0 . 21
S y=
( N −1)
−
=
√ 24−1
=0 .096

N ∑ (Y i −Y )3 24∗0 . 0003
C s= = =−0 . 016
(N −1)( N −2)S 3 ( 24−1)(24−2 )∗(0 . 096 )3
y

3.4.2.4 Check for variance

 After checking the outliers, the data should be checked for variability. For variability the
formula used is α =¿
Where,
δn-1 = Standard deviation
N = Nr of recorded data and α = Standard error < 10% the data is Acceptable.
α =¿Acceptable.
Therefore the data shows no variability, reliable and adequate.

3.4.2.5 Tests for Outliers

Outliers are data points that depart from the trend of the remaining data. The detention or
retention of these outliers can significantly affect the magnitude. As shown from the above
calculation the station coefficient of Skew ness is between -0.4 and 0.4, then test for both
higher and lower outlier should be considered. To detect the outlier the following frequency
equations were applied.
− −

Higher outlier Y h =Y +K n S y & Lower outlier Y l =Y −K n S y

Table 2.2 parameters to test outliers

Parameters Values log transferred Remark
Coefficient of skewness, Cs -0.016
Standard deviation σ n−1 11.15
σy 0.09
Mean Xm 51.04
Ym 1.70
From table Kn of 24 year is 2.55
−
Y m = mean of data in log unity
K n = from table for sample size N
−

Higher outlier Y h =Y +K n S y= 1.7+2.55*0.09 = 1.939

Depth = 10YH
10^1.939= 86.97 > 72.3 it is OK!
The largest recorded value (72.3mm) is less than higher outlier (86.97). Hence, there is no
higher outlier.
−

Lower outlier Y l =Y −K n S y = 1.7-2.55*0.09 = 1.457

Depth = 10YH
−
10^1.457= 28.622 < 30.9 it is OK! Y m = mean of data in log unity
K n = from table for sample size N
−

Higher outlier Y h =Y +K n S y= 1.7+2.55*0.09 = 1.939

Depth = 10YH
10^1.939= 86.97 > 72.3 it is OK!

The largest recorded value (72.3mm) is less than higher outlier (86.97). Hence, there is no
higher outlier.
−

Lower outlier Y l =Y −K n S y = 1.7-2.55*0.09 = 1.457

Depth = 10YH
3.4.2.6 Design rainfall analysis
After checking the consistency of the data for higher and lower outlier of the data, all the 24
years data is obtained as representative for the analysis .The probability of occurrence of
maximum probable rain fall is estimated by Gumble method.
Y T −Y n
− K T=
X T =X +K T σ n−1 Where Sn

[(
Y T =− ln ln ( ))]
T
T −1
.Where Y n = Reduced mean in Gumbl’s Extreme Value
Distribution for N sample size from table
S n = Reduced standard deviation in Gumbl’s Extreme Value Distribution for N sample

size from table

T=Return period, for diversion 50 years
 Sn-1= standard deviation of annual rain fall
−
X = Mean of all values annual rain fall
For sample size N=24

[(
Y T =− ln ln ( T T−1 ))]=−[( ln (ln ( 5050−1 )))]=3. 902
N Yn Sn
24 0.529 1.082

Y T −Y n −0.529
−
KT= = 1.082 = 3.118 and X T =X + K T σ n−1 = 51.04+3.118 x
Sn

11.15= 85.79

Table 3.3 maximum storm values for different return periods (T)
T(Return Y T −Y n −
K T= YT X T (mm )= X + K T σ n−1
Period) Sn
2 -0.150 0.367 49.366
5 0.897 1.500 61.046
10 1.591 2.250 68.779
20 2.256 2.970 76.196
30 2.639 3.384 80.464
40 2.909 3.676 83.472
50 3.117 3.902 85.798
60 3.287 4.086 87.694
70 3.431 4.241 89.295
80 3.555 4.376 90.681
90 3.665 4.494 91.902
100 3.763 4.600 92.993
 100
90
Maximum Storm (mm)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Retun period

Figure 3.2 Return period

3.5 Literature review

3.5.1 What mean river diversion head works?

A diversion head works is a structure constructed across a river for the purpose of raising water
level in the river so that it can be diverted into the off taking canals. Diversion head works are
generally constructed on the perennial rivers which have adequate flow throughout the year
and, therefore, there is no necessity of creating a storage reservoir. Diversion head works
differs from a storage work. Storage work is constructed on the river for the purpose of
creating a large storage reservoir. Diversion head works there is very little storage on the
upstream side.
3.5.2 Site Selection
After the finding of different alternatives for diversion structures at different sections of the
river no another option is existed at upstream or downstream of the traditional axis, based on
different criteria the diversion site is selected on the site of traditional weir site. This is done to
get stable river cross section, to minimize idle canal, low weir crest length & to get sufficient
head for the command area with economical structures without affecting the existing water
balance. Looking the availability of natural construction materials and considering the river
features and the height of the weir, a weir that can be easy for construction with economical
section is considered. Based on these factors a cyclopean weir type is selected for Gabikura
irrigation project and the risk of river bolder crushing the edges of the weir can be minimized by
allowing boulders to flow smoothly in a 19m reinforced concrete cupping of the cyclopean weir
were provided. The River has got straight and hard rock bed at the downstream of the headwork
site. The weir needs of providing u/s and d/s apron or energy dissipater.
3.5.3 Availability of Construction materials
The availability of construction materials that are required to build the proposed diversion and
canal structure were assessed in quality, quantity and distance from the project site during field
work. Based on this, masonry stones are available in sufficient quality and quantity with in
 10km radius but from Gang river (River available b/n Bassano kebele and Chilga woreda)
around 8Km away from the site.

3.5.4 Objective of a diversion head works:

 To rise the water level at the head of canal.
 To form storage by constructing dykes on both the banks of the river so that water is available
throughout the year.
 To control the entry of silt into the canal and to control the deposition of the silt at the head of
the canal.
 To control the fluctuation of water level in the river during different seasons.

3.6 COMPONENTS OF DIVERSION HEAD WORKS

In a head work the diversion weir is the main structure, it is very essential to know various
parts of it before carrying out the actual design of the weir. The common components are:
 Weir body
 Divide wall
 Under sluice
 Canal Head Regulators
 Retaining wall
 River training works, such as marginal bunds, guide banks
 Upstream and downstream apron
3.6.1 Weir body
One of the main purposes of weir is to raise the level and divert the direction of the water in
dry season. It is constructed across the river. By considering the availability of construction
materials and there is no as such risky boulder in the river if masonry is provided abroad
crested masonry weir is selected. The following structure is constructed to protect the weir
from failure due to surface water flow.
 Cutoff:-the u/s cutoffs provided to protect the main structure against failure
 Upstream apron; It is provided to protect the main structure against scour.
3.6.1.3 Weir Type Selection
The type of weir for my case is chosen to be broad crested weir. The reason for these is the
following:
 Because of weak bearing capacity of the soil.
 Foundation at the site appears to be suitable for such type of weir.
 Cross-section of the river at some interval upstream and Downstream of the weir.
3.6.1.4 Shape of the weir
The shape of the weir is selected based on the existing conditions of the site, design
considerations, ease and practicability during the construction time. Hence, a broad crested
weir with inclined downstream face is preferably selected for smooth transition of silt load
without damaging the intake structure that could be expected.
Sharp crested, broad crested and ogee are some of the weir crests shape. They differ in
hydraulic efficiency, economy and convenience in construction. Based on materials used for
Gabikura small scale weir is a Cyclopean concrete.
3.6.1.5 Length of the weir
The weir length has to be designed to allow the design flood to safely discharge over the weir
and is governed by the physical feature of the site. Width of the river could be the natural river
channel width, or it could be widened or contracted depending on the flow condition of the river
flood. The length of the weir for deep and confined river with stable banks should be
approximately equal to the actual width of the river at the design discharge. However for
shallow and meandering river, the minimum stable width of the river should be taken as the
Lacey’s perimeter P=4.75 √Q
P= 4.75*120.05^0.5=52.04
Where Q is the design discharge (m3/s) and P is width of the weir (m)
For small and self-contained river, the Lacey’s formula is not applicable as it yields highly
exaggerated parameter i.e. L= 0.5*P
L= 0.5*52.04= 26.02m but the actual weir length is L= 19m

3.6.1.4 Discharge over the weir

3.6.1.5 Water depth on the crest
The head-discharge equation for the flow over the weir crest:
Qo =C Lo H e3 /2 He= (Qo/(CL o))3/2
He= (120.09/(1.7*19))3/2 =2.4m
Where
Qo = Design discharge of the weir
C = Coefficient of discharge (1.705 for broad crested type of weir)
Lo = Length of the overflow section of the weir
He = Specific energy over the crest of the weir
The approach velocity head, Ha has been computed using the following formula:
H a=H e −H d
 Where, Hd = design head (excluding the velocity head) over the weir crest
The approach velocity head can also be expressed in terms of approach velocity:
v a2
H a=
2g
Q Q
v a= =
A Lo ( h+ H d )
Q2
H a=
2 g L o2 ( h+ H d )2
Where, h = height of the weir
The value of Hd and Ha can be computed by trial and error from the foregoing two equation
of Ha
The upstream and downstream water and energy level become:
U/S HFL = Zo + h + Hd
U/S TEL = U/S HFL + Ha
D/S HFL = Zo + D3
D/S TEL = D/S HFL+ hd
vd2
h d= Where
2g
Zo = Elevation of river bed at the weir axis
D3 = tail water depth corresponding to the design discharge
hd = velocity head in d/s side

3.6.1.2 Divide wall

The divide wall is a masonry or concrete wall constructed at right angle to the axis of the weir.
It is constructed parallel to the direction of flow of river to separate the weir section and the
under sluices section to avoid cross flows. On the upstream side, the wall is extended just to
cover the canal head regulator and on the downstream side, it is extended up to the launching
apron. If there are under sluices at both sides, there are two divide walls. Consequently, the
divide wall height is limited to the weir height.
The main functions of the divide wall:
 It separates the ‘under-sluices’ with lower crest level from the ‘weir proper’ with higher crest
level.
 It helps in providing a comparatively less turbulent pocket near the canal head regulator,
resulting in deposition of silt in this pocket and, thus, to help in the entry of silt-free water into
the canal.
 It helps to keep cross-current, if any, away from the weir.
 3.6.1.3 Under-sluices
Based on the maximum amount of discharge that has to pass through the under sluice, a sluice gate is
provided. The discharge passing through the under sluice is determined by the discharge formula for
broad crested weirs considering the under sluice as a broad crested weir.

The main functions of under-sluices are:

 To maintain a well-defined deep channel approaching the canal head regulator.
 To ensure easy diversion of water into the canal through the canal head regulator even during low
flow.
 To control the entry of silt into the canal
 To help scouring and the silt deposited over the under-sluice floor and removing towards the
downstream side.

3.6.1.4 Canal head regulators

The canal head regulator is located on the right side of the weir body. The purpose of this
regulator is for delivering the maximum irrigation water desired for the command area by
controlling the amount of flow in to the main canal. The gate of the off take canal is to be
vertical sheet metal (trash rack) of 0.6m x 0.6m for closure of the opening space providing
some extra dimensions for groove insertion.

The main functions of regulators are:

 When the water level in the parent channel is low, they help to raise water level and feed the
off take channels to their full demand in rotation.
 To regulate the discharge into the off-taking canal.
 To control the entry silt into the canal
 To completely shutout the high flood from entering to the canal.

3.6.1.5 Retaining wall (guide wall)

The main purpose of this wall is to avoid overflow during over topping. And also it is used to
retain the earth and water pressure without overturning and sliding. This retaining wall is
constructed with in masonry. By considering the water load and soil load, the retaining
structure is vertical in front side and sloppy in the back sides of the structure for the purpose of
stability and construction simplicity.

The function of retaining wall:

 It protects the weir from the effect of scouring and erosion. k
 It provides a straight approach towards the weir.
 It controls the tendency of changing the course of the river.
 It controls the velocity of flow near the structure.

3.6.1.6 Upstream and downstream apron

Apron
Apron is a flat structure like floor of the weir which is constructed to control the seepage effect
on the head work structure. The dimensions of apron depend on different factors such as; soil
type (capacity permeability), seepage effect, condition of flow and others. It has to be flat in
shape. It is constructed filling with concrete (1:2:3) ratios that mean one cement, two sand and
three gravel ratio with water.
The Functions of an upstream apron are:
 To protect the upstream river bed from being eroded by the approaching velocity
 To increase the length of percolation path this consequently lowers the uplift pressure under
the weir.
The functions of downstream apron are:
 Used principally to protect the downstream bed from erosion due to turbulence of the high
velocity flow.
 Serves as a part of total length of the energy dissipater.

3.6.1.6 Apron and cut-offs

Hydraulic structures such as dams and weirs may be founded on an imperious solid rock
foundation or on a pervious foundation. Whenever, such a structure is founded on a pervious
foundation, it is subjected to seepage of water beneath the structure, in addition to all other
forces to which it will be subjected when founded on an impervious rock foundation. The
water seeping below the body of the hydraulic structure endangers the stability of the
structure and may cause its failure either by piping or direct uplift. Hence seepage and uplift
calculations are required to determine the lengths of upstream and downstream cut-offs
required (subject to scour considerations) in relation to the length of the structure, and to
determine the floor thicknesses required at various places.
Depth of downstream cutoff below the river bed,
d2 = 1.5R-y3
Depth of upstream cutoff below the river bed.
d1 = 1.25R-(h+Hd)
Where, y3 = DSHFL – River bed.
Table 3.2 cutoffs and apron volume estimation
Aprons          
3
upstream apron m 9.5 19 1 0.5
 downstream apron m3 51.3 19 3.6 0.75
cut off          
upstream apron m3 13.3 19 0.5 1.4
downstream apron m3 31.35 19 0.75 2.2

3.7 Weir Height Determination

Designers have seen the following major factors in determining the weir crest level:
 Maximum command area elevation
 Sluice gate elevation

Table 3.3 Weir Height Determination procedures

No REQUIRED DATA VALUE UNIT REMARK
1 Minimum river bed level 1889.19 M  
2 Average river bed level 1890.759 M  
3 Water depth in the Main canal, D (RS) 0.20 M From MCD
4 length of main canal from the head regulator to 500 M From survey
the 1st off-take (RS)
5 Bed slope of the main canal, So 0.001 m/m From MCD
8 Peak irrigable land level in the command area (RS) 1892.46 M From topo survey

11 Design discharge from hydrology QD = 120.05 m3/s From Hyd

12 Head loss across the field = 0 M Assumed
13 Head loss across head regulator = 0.100 M Assumed
14 Head loss at the Turn out = 0.050 M Assumed
15 Operational head losses 0.050 M Assumed
  OUT PUT      
2 Head loss along right side MC, hf 0.50    

3 Therefore, Weir Crest Level (WCL) (RS) 1892.09 M  

5 Bottom intake level (RS) = Max. command level 1891.59    
+ HL along MC
7 Weir Height 2.558    
 9 Available driving head (for right side Main canal) 0.50 M Ok!

3.7.1 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF THE WEIR

3.7.1.1 Flow over the Weir crest

3.7.1.2 Crest Length
Lacey’s regime width,P=4.75*√Q=4.75*√120.05m3=52.04 m.
After multiplying reduction factor, Le= 0.55*P = 0.5*38.3=26.02m
But the actual river section width of the over flow section of the river is = 19m is used for the
entire analysis because lacey’s theory not full fill the Gabikura river type of cross-section.

3.7.1.3 Discharge over the weir section

 Design peak discharge, Q=120.05m3/s.

 Total over flow river section width=19m
 Coefficient of discharge for Broad crested weir, C=1.7
2 /3 2/3
Q 120 .05
 Head over the weir crest,
He= (
1 . 7×L ) ( =
1 . 7∗19 ) =2. 4 m

 River bed level = 1889.19 asl

 Weir top level, = 1889.19 +2.558m=1891.748m
 U/s Total energy level, UTEL=1893.989m amsl.
 U/S HFL = River bed+ Weir height+ Hd
From He = Hd + hav, assume Hd = He and do the following trials to get hav
He = Hd+Hav; Hav=Va2/2g where Va = Qp/A = Qp/(L*(h+Hd)) therefore
He =Hd+(Qp/(L*(h+Hd)))^2/2g then by trial and error Hd = 2.31m
Ha = 2.558m –2.31m= 0.248m
⇒ Ha = 0.248m
 U/S HFL = River bed level+ Weir Height +Hd = 1889.19m +2..558+2.31= 1894.06m
 D/S HFL= U/S HFL- Afflux, assume afflux =0.85m
To estimate the D/S HFL
 D/s HFL= 1894.06m -0.85=1893.21m
3.7.1.4 Top & bottom width of weir
According to the Bligh’s formula, top and bottom width of the weir body is determined as
follows
Top width (b) =He/√(G-1), where He= water depth above the weir Crest, G=Specific weight
of weir body=2.4 for masonry,
b=2.4/√(2.25-1) =2.29m adopt top width =1m
Bottom width (B) =(b+0.8H) where H= weir crest height
B = (2.29+0.8*2.4 =4.21m but adopt 2.5m
 Provide economical dimension for b=1m and B=2.5 m top and bottom width respectively,
which will be tested for adequacy during stability analysis (the dimension were change based
on it’s stability analysis).
3.7.3 Upstream and downstream Impervious Floor
the weir axis cross section is fully rocky (sound) since the foundation is impervious but
provide a nominal Impervious Floor on both upstream and downstream parts then no need of
constructing downstream impervious floor. It is based on the dimension of jump length.
Jump Length, Lj= 5*(Y2-Y1) = 5*(4.66-4.26) = 2m,
Since the river bed material is not sound rock and it needs to provide Stilling basin to protect
the d/s toe of the weir body from scouring and to make smooth transition flow to
downstream, provide a Nominal apron of 1m and 3m at upstream and downstream sides
respectively by removing jointed materials. The floor is constructed with a depth of 0.5m C-
20 concrete at top of the floor.

3.7.4 Hydraulic jump Computation

D/s sides, so as to protect the scouring of the bank due to the formation of jumps, and not to
flow the river out of river bank in high flood cases.
The length of wing walls is determined based on the length of Jump, and it is calculated as
shown below.
• Weir/intake crest length = 19m
• Weir height = z = 2.558m
• Pre-jump depth = y1
• Post -jump depth = y2
Neglecting losses between point A and B and considering similar datum
z + He = y1 + Ha but, He = 2.4m
When the tail water rating curve is lower than the sequent depth (Y2) for all discharges, the
hydraulic jump forms at certain section downstream of the toe.
3.7.5 Stability Analysis of weir
3.7.5.1 Upstream and Downstream stability analysis
Stability analysis is carried out to see the already determined weir/intake section is safe against
overturning, sliding, tension. The stability analysis is carried out considering the effect of the
following forces.
• Water pressure
• Weight of the over flow weir/intake section and Sediment load.
The extreme load combination is the case where the head is at crest level of the weir and there
is no flow over the weir/intake (static case)

Conclusion: From stability analysis, the designed weir section is safe and to be economical,
Provide 1m top width and 3.5m bottom width.
 3.8 Design of Weir Protection / RCC
In order to avoid cracking and shearing of the weir, apron and under sluice during
overflowing and incoming of boulders, RCC of thickness 200 mm was provided with proper
capping. The nominal reinforcement is taken as 0.15% of the concrete cross sectional area
per meter width.
 The minimum reinforcement area is taken as 0.90% of the strength of steel.

Hence, A steel per unit length = RCC Thickness / Minimum percentage of steel area in %
= 90/fy% = 0.3 , where fy steel strength in N/mm2 and fy =300N/mm2
= 200mm/0.3 = 600mm2
Spacing (S) = (ast/A steel)*1000) where ast = πD2/4 =3.14*142/4 =153.86 then,
Spacing (S) = (153.86mm2/600 mm2)*1000=256mm.
Therefore the actual provided steel area is 600 mm2/m i.e. > 461.58 , so Provide
reinforcement bars Diameter 14mm @ 250mm C/C in both directions, which has yield
strength of 300 N/mm2 for both weir and apron cupping. This capping detail is provided for
the weir and apron the design drawing for further information.

3.8.1 Cupping canal outlet level and hydraulics of intake

The head regulator is provided on the left side .The sill level of this head regulator is fixed from
different angle observations. The main conveyance system is more than 500m which passes
along contour alignment. Hence this level is fixed based on the optimum route alignment and
the maximum irrigated command level including minor and major losses criteria. Based on this
condition, the sill level is fixed to be at 1889.09m which is calculated as:
Outlet sill level (RS) = Crest level of the weir (for RS) – Water depth required
= 1891.59m - 0.3m = 1891.29m
The minimum command area is determined by the minimum flow of the river. But the canal
capacity should be determined for maximum command area and the corresponding discharge.
In this case the outlet capacity is fixed considering maximum duty and command area.
Outlet capacity = Duty x command area
Where, maximum duty for 18 hr irrigation = 1.26 l/s/ha
Command area (Right side) = 21.5ha.
Outlet capacity = 1.26 L/s/ha x 21.5ha =27.04 L/sec, Say 27 L/s. so in order to not lose water
the capacity of out let is acceptable.
3.8.2 Structural design of off-take canal

The off take is to be vertical sheet metal of 0.6 m x 0.75m for the closure of the opening space.
Providing some extra dimensions for groove insertion. Gross area of sheet metals for the under
sluice gate will be 0.7 m x 0.8m (allowing 5 cm insertion for grooves). The grooves are to be
provided on the walls using angle iron frames at the two sides of the gate openings. The gate
(sheet metals) is provided with stiffening angle irons. A vertical raised gate is designed for the
head regulator. Since the gate is a simple Shatter Gate it can be operated easily by farmers.
0.5
kp a2
 Thickness of gate was calculated by t= (
100∗δ ) where,

t = thickness of the sheet metal (cm), P = Hydrostatic pressure (N/cm2),

K = Non-dimensional factor
a = minor support length which related with k and its valu was taken as 1.
δ = Bending Stress in flat Plate, (N/cm2)
3.9 Breast Wall and Operation Slab
A vertical raised gate is designed for the head regulator. This gate slides over the breast wall
using spindle during opening and closing. These gates are easily operated manually because the
gates have not heavy weights during opening and closing. So that operation slab is not provided.
Providing operation slab for these small sized gates is un-economical. But under sluice needs an
operation slab. For easy operation of this gate, operation slab is provided. The size of the
operation slab is fixed from the point of construction and free movement. Breast wall and
operation slab are considered to be reinforced wall. Their thickness is simply determined from
point of construction rather than the imposed load. The thickness required for the imposed load
is not less than nominal value 15cm. thickness considered in this design case is 20cm and
minimum reinforcement area is also used. Area of steel per 1 meter width is given by
A steel = Pmin% of steel *W*t where Pmin% = Minimum percentage of steel area in % =
85/fy% and fy = steel strength in N/mm2, fy = 300N/mm2
Pmin% =85/300 = 0.28%
As = Pmin% *t = 0.28%*200*1000 =566.67
Spacing= 1000*as/As, as = 3.14*d2/4 =3.14*(12)2/4 = 113.04
= 1000*113.04/566.67 = 199.48 say 200mm
Provide reinforcement bars Diameter 12mm @ 200mm C/C in both directions. Which has
yield strength of 300 N/mm2.for both Operation slab and breast wall with minimum
reinforcement cover of 50mm.

3.10 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS DESIGN

3.10.1 Conveyance System

The irrigation water is diverted from Gabikura River by constructing diversion weir and
conveying the water commonly through lined canal leading to field canals; and finally irrigation
takes place mostly in furrow. The conveyance system consists of two main canal on both the
left and right side of the river. The right side canal proposed to irrigate total command area of
21.5ha for dry/second irrigation season. The main canal starts from Water abstraction site on
right side and conveys water for a length of 0.5km lined and 0.51Km continues earthen canal on
RS side. This main canal is aligned along contours and supplies to unlined earthen canal that are
aligned following the contour of the command area. Surface irrigation is the method of
application.
3.10.2 Design of the canal system
Flow Depth and Section Capacity
The lined main canal was designed with rectangular x-section by using Manning's Formula:
1
Q= A R 2/ 3 S1 /2 Where;
n
Q = discharge (m3/s)
R = Hydraulic radius (a ratio of flow area, A to wetted perimeter, P)
S = Hydraulic gradient
n= Manning's roughness coefficient, n=0.018 is adopted for the masonry lined canal.
A=b*d
P= b *2* d, Here the value of bed width and depth of the canal was obtained from the
existing canal by measurement during field survey.
3.10.3 Main Canal
The main canal is designed for a discharge of 30.28 l/s. Appropriate slope is provided for the
canal section and the Hydraulic computation of the main canal.

3.10.4 Off takes (Turn out)

Off takes are used to direct water from supply canal into Field canals; usually these structures
consist of an inlet, to convey water beneath the canal bank and outlet. These are provided to off
take water from main to field canals and Turn outs was set at chainge 0+125m and 0+375m at
the main canal.

3.10.5 Design of Road Crossing Structures

On the main canal three road crossing structure is provided (i.e. the place where the main canal
crosses the foot path at center line chain age of 0+565m). The road crossing structure is a
rectangular box covered by reinforced pre cast concert slab. The slab is nominally reinforced
with 10mm @ 150mm c/c spacing. The width of the box is the same as that of the bed width of
the respective canal bed width and its length is taken as 15m. The drainage culvert is necessary
to drain out the flood flowing along this road and rectangular box type hole is required with the
capacity to pass the coming discharge. Similar to the road crossing structures the drainage
culvert is covered by reinforced concrete slab and the slab also used as the bed for main canal.
3.10.6 Field Canals
Field canals are supplied water from main canals through turnout structures. The design of field
canals in the case of this project is insignificant b/c of the following reasons:
 The farm lands/blocks are fragmented and small in size so that field canals
 Their hydraulic parameter is too small.
 Farmers have a potential to construct field canals along their block boundary; to do not loss
fertile land.
From these reasons a designer have designed and shows the position and layout of field
canals on the command area for farmers and left the dimensions and actual construction
alignments for farmers themselves. The field canals will be constructed by the farmers and
remove while they plough the irrigation field. For the next irrigation, they can easily
construct again.

3.10.7 Drainage canal

The command area of Gabikura Diversion irrigation project has got narrow and elongated
shape on the right sides of the river. There is no wet land inside the command. The topography
of the farm land has suitable slope to drain natural as well as artificial runoffs even though
there will be no a probability of excess irrigation water because irrigation water a limiting
factor to the command. For the case of natural runoff from the local catchment the main canal
is situated some distance down from the natural hill side (water divide), hence it will have
relatively small runoff catchment, therefore there is no significant amount of runoff and there is
situated nearby gullies for both main canal and field canals. Due to these conditions no need of
designing drainage canals for this project.

CHAPTER FOUR
4 OVER ALL INTERNSHIP BENEFITS

4.1 Upgrading of the theoretical knowledge

Internship program played a major role to the students to be strong enough in upgrading
their theoretical knowledge through practice. It enables them in showing brightly the
application of each theoretical knowledge in the real world.

I bear witness for this in the Gondar Town water supply projects have been beneficiary
in upgrading the theoretical knowledge having some vision in water supply, ground water,
construction materials etc.

I also have enhanced the theoretical knowledge having from supplementary courses like
writing skill, entrepreneurship for engineers and the likes.

4.2 Improving practical skill

As engineering is knowledge of science which can be applied on something valuable
and problem solving; improving practical skill is mandatory for those who engaged themselves
in this career beyond their theoretical knowledge. Therefore; in this four month’s internship
period I have gained the following practical skills.
  A brief knowledge how to construct reservoirs and treatment plants.

 How to select the desired site.

 Building self-confidence.

 The ability to analyze and interpret engineering data.

 The importance of critical thinking.

 How to design water supply project and gathering relevant data.

 The ability to work within a team work properly and peacefully.

 Effective assessment and management of risks, resources and time.

 Written and oral communication skills.

 Maximizing of the commitment with persons and increasing the positive feedback.

 Judging on something difficult in practical works which requires engineering

judgment.

In general acquiring adequate experience which can be used in my future career is the
major once.

4.3 Improving industrial problem solving capability

Interns, who are participated in the internship program, have a chance to observe/take
part in analyzing, organizing and interpreting a complex data in their hosting
company/industry. By doing so, they will improve their capability in managing or solving
industrial problems.

I myself as one of the interns have tried to enhance my capability in solving problems
which were encountered in the project work.

This internship motivates me not to be employee because it enables me to know more

about my career, the real challenges, and ways of business establishment in my profession

4.4 Improving team playing skills

Engineering work requires a team work in order to be done effectively with its own
time. While I was in internship program, I have worked with different persons having different
knowledge, skills and attitudes. Therefore, in this way I have attempted to improve my team
playing skills.
 My team works helping to develop skills and supporting how to interaction with
peoples. I have improved my team playing skill in my internship time.

 Generally I have improved my team work playing skill I was working, going, sharing
and high commitment with other team work I have gained the ability to work to gather
with other workers which increased our efficiency of workers.

 Team playing skill makes me to build my confidence to accomplish my works.

 I was able to gained knowledge sharing idea with other persons.

4.5 In terms Of Improving My Leadership Skills

In my internship I have learned and improved my leadership skill from workers, site
Engineers, especially from my supervisor. He can coordinate, organize and manage things
patiently. So I have learned many things from him, he helped me to enhance my leader ship
skill in the following tasks which are expected from a good leader;

 Being role model to workers

 Motivate and encourage others

 Controlling and organizing things

 Knowing management system

 Laying out action plan

 Being responsible

4.6 understanding about work ethics issues

Ethics can be defined as a rational justification of the right way to live; correct values
as well as correct ways of treating others. It can be viewed in to two ways, Personal Ethics and
professional ethics. Personal ethics include honesty, fairness, Compliant to the law, refusing to
take unfair advantage and so forth. Whereas the professional ethics include: accountability,
integrity, impartiality, transparency and openness, due diligence, avoiding potential or apparent
conflict of interests and the likes. These ethics are very important medium for the peaceful
coexistence of the society and the safety working environment in the project site.

I improved both my personal and professional ethics by working with a smooth

relationship with staff members, with friends and with my supervisor. I learned good
interaction with the employers. The most important benefits that gain are;

 Build motivation and good work habit

  To develop my confidence to do works.

 To develop my personal behaviors.

 Punctuality and critically time management

 Ability to work in the company with partners

 Develop friendship with work partners

4.7 Entrepreneurship skills

First it is very important to define the word entrepreneurship. It is defined as the
process of creating new things and the entrepreneur is a person who creates or invents
something new. But the entrepreneur might not be necessarily creator or inventor. In general
the entrepreneur can be creator or inventor, imitator etc.

During the internship, I have tried to imitate some entrepreneurial characteristics from
those who are professional in the project work.

 Hard working habit

 Decision making capability

 Self confidence

 Innovative approach to risk and so forth

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
The internship semester makes the new curriculum so good to give real practical skills
and make the students familiar to the outside world. Even though there was a gap between the
things which we know in the class with the outside world environment, I got practical work
experiences and benefits at the Central Gondar Small-scale Irrigation Project. Some of the
benefits the internship offered to me include;

 Enables me developing professional contacts, for my future job opportunity

 It helps me in developing greater understanding of my strength and weakness

  The company’s work flow

 Upgrade my theoretical knowledge at school

 Preparation of report

 Knowing the local construction terms

 Knowing working standards

 Leadership skills

 Work ethics

 Team playing skills

During the internship I also develop and enhance employability skills and great sense of
responsibility and personal direction.

It assists me in moving toward my career goals by combining what I had learned,

practical and supervised work experience, and it thus explained the necessity of every student
to undergo this process.

5.2 Recommendation
The problems to be recommended in Central Gondar Small Scale Irrigation Project are the
followings
 Since there is a shortage of transport services in the company the material and
equipment office should work hard to solve this problem.
 There should be enough stationary materials and access computers for the internship
students.
 There should be good health center for the workers with good facilities and qualified
professional person.
 There should be a psychologist in the company who can communicate or advise People.
 The consultants and site engineers should agree in a diplomatic way when there is a problem
on construction aspects.
 The construction should progress to be completed in a desired period.