Three-Phase Induction Motor

Part-05

Shadhon Chandra Mohonta

Assistant Professor
1 Dept. of EEE, RUET, Rajshahi.

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Reference Books
.

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Torque Under Running Conditions
Let, the rotor at standstill have per phase induced e.m.f. E2,
reactance X2 and resistance R2. Then under running conditions
at slip s,

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Torque Under Running Conditions
Running torque, Tr  E2 I2 cos 2  I2 cos 2 ( E2  )
sE 2 R2 sE 2 R 2
    2
R 2 + (sX 2 )
2 2
R 2 + (sX 2 )
2 2 R 2 + (sX 2 ) 2

KsE 2 R 2 K1sE 22 R 2
= 2 = 2 ( E 2  )
R 2 + (sX 2 ) 2
R 2 + (sX 2 ) 2
It may be seen that running torque is:
(i) directly proportional to slip i.e., if slip increases (i.e., motor
speed decreases), the torque will increase and vice-versa.
(ii) directly proportional to square of supply voltage ( E2V,
constant).
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Torque Under Running Conditions

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 Maximum Torque under Running Conditions
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KsE 2 R 2 K1sE 22 R 2
Tr = 2 = 2 ............(i )
R 2 + (sX 2 ) 2
R 2 + (sX 2 ) 2

In order to find the value of rotor resistance that gives

maximum torque under running conditions, differentiate exp. (i)
w.r.t. s and equate the result to zero i.e.,
 ( )
dTr K1E 22 R 2 R 22 + s 2 X 22 − 2sX 22 (sR 2 )
= =0

ds R 2 + s X2
2 2
( 2 2
)
or (R 2
2 )
+ s 2 X 22 − 2sX 22 = 0
or R 22 = s 2 X 22 or R 2 = sX 2
Thus for maximum torque (Tm) under running conditions:
Rotor resistance/phase = Fractional slip × Standstill rotor
reactance/phase
SCM, AP, EEE, RUET 11/3/2020
 Maximum Torque under Running Conditions
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Slip corresponding to maximum torque is s = R2/X2

Putting R2 = sX2 in eq. (i), we get
Ks 2 E 2 X 2  KsE 2 R 2  KE 2  KsE 2 
Tm =  or  or Tm =  or ....(ii )
2s 2 X 22 
2
2R 2  2X 2  2R 2 
Substituting value of s = R2/X2 in eq. (i)
K1 (R 2 X 2 )E 22 R 2 K1E 22
Tm = 2 =
R 2 + (R 2 X 2 ) X 2 2X 2
2 2

3 3 E 22
Since, K1 = , we have Tm =  N-m
2N s 2N s 2X 2
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 Maximum Torque under Running Conditions
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It is evident from the above equations that:
(i) The value of rotor resistance does not alter the value of the
maximum torque but only the value of the slip at which it
occurs.
(ii) The maximum torque varies inversely as the standstill
reactance. Therefore, it should be kept as small as possible.
(iii) The maximum torque varies directly with the square of the
applied voltage.
(iv) To obtain maximum torque at starting (s = 1), the rotor
resistance must be made equal to rotor reactance at
standstill.
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Torque-Slip Characteristics
The motor torque under running conditions is given by;
KsE 2 R 2 K1sR 2
Tr = 2 = 2 ; if E 2  , constant.
R 2 + (sX 2 ) 2
R 2 + (sX 2 ) 2

If a curve is drawn between the torque and slip for a particular

value of rotor resistance R2, the graph thus obtained is called
torque-slip characteristic. Fig.
shows a family of torque-slip
characteristics for a slip-range
from s = 0 to s = 1 for various
values of rotor resistance.
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Torque-Slip Characteristics
The following points may be noted carefully:
i. At s = 0, T = 0 so that torque-slip curve starts from the
origin.
ii. At normal speed, slip is small so that sX2 is negligible as
compared to R2.
So, T  s /R2 ... as R2 is constant.
s
Hence torque slip curve is a straight line from zero slip to a slip
that corresponds to full-load.

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Torque-Slip Characteristics
iii. As slip increases beyond full-load slip, the torque increases
and becomes maximum at s = R2/X2. This maximum torque
in an induction motor is called pull-out torque or break-
down torque. Its value is at least twice the full-load value
when the motor is operated at rated voltage and frequency.
iv. To maximum torque, the term 𝑠 2 𝑋22 increases very rapidly
so that 𝑅22 may be neglected as compared to 𝑠 2 𝑋22 .
𝑇 ∝ 𝑠Τ𝑠 2 𝑋22 ∝ 1Τ𝑠 …….as X2 is constant.
Thus the torque is now inversely proportional to slip. Hence
torque-slip curve is a rectangular hyperbola.

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Torque-Slip Characteristics
v. The maximum torque remains the same and is independent
of the value of rotor resistance. Therefore, the addition of
resistance to the rotor circuit does not change the value of
maximum torque but it only changes the value of slip at
which maximum torque occurs.

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 Effect of Change in Supply Frequency in Torque
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and Speed
Large frequency changes often take place on isolated, low-
power systems in which electric energy is generated by means
of diesel engines or gas turbines. Examples of such systems are:
emergency supply in a hospital and the electrical system on a
ship etc.
The major effect of change of supply frequency is on motor
speed. If frequency drops by 10%, then motor speed also drops
by 10%. Machine meant for 50 Hz causes problem when
connected to 60-Hz. Everything runs (60-50)×100/50=20%
faster than normal. So, we have to use gears to reduce speed.
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Full-Load Torque and Maximum Torque
Let 𝑠𝑓 be the slip corresponding to full-load torque, then
𝑠𝑓 1
𝑇𝑓 ∝ and 𝑇𝑚 ∝
𝑅22 +(𝑠𝑓 𝑋2 )2 2𝑋2

Tf 2s f R 2 X 2 2s f R 2 X 2 2as f
 = 2 = = 2 2
Tm R 2 + (s f X 2 )2
(R 2 X 2 ) + s f a + s f
2 2

Where a = R2/X2 = resistance / standstill reactance per phase

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Starting Torque and Maximum Torque
R2
Ts  2
R 2 + X 22
1
Tm 
2X 2
Ts 2R 2 X 2 2R 2 / X 2 2a
= 2 = =
Tm R 2 + X 2 1 + (R 2 / X 2 ) 1 + a 2
2 2

Where a = R2/X2 = resistance / standstill reactance per phase

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?
1. Derive the equation of rotor torque under running
condition?
2. When the torque under running condition is maximum and
also find the maximum torque under running condition?
3. Describe the relation between torque and slip with net
diagram.
4. Find the relation between (a) full-load torque and maximum
torque (b) starting torque and maximum torque
5. Example: 34.10 – 34.23 (Book: B. L. Theraja)

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