ABOUT :

• I have done my Engineering from Pune

university.
• I have been associated with field of
UPSC for past 6 years.
• I have an experience of UPSC CSE
Exam, CDS Exam.
(Appeared for SSB twice), UPPSC.
• 4 year experience of teaching for
UPSC Exams.
Mr. Alok Ojha
 TOPIC
Non cooperation movement and
Swarajists or Swaraj party.
AKOUS
AKOUS AKOUS
 NON-COOPERATION
MOVEMENT
 Demand or Causes
 Annulment of Rowlatt Act, remedying the
Punjab wrong i.e. British govt should express it’s
regret on the happenings in Punjab, particularly
in Amritsar(Jallian Wallesh Bagh massacare).
 Remedying the Khilafat wrong .British govt.
should adopt a lenient attitude towards Turkey.
 Satisfying nationalist urge of swaraj by offering
a new scheme of meaningful and substantial
reforms.
 Home rule movemert started by Tilak & Besant set the stage
for Non-Cooperation movement.
 Economic hardships due to world war-I was another imp reason.
India’s indirect participation in the war caused a lot of
economic hardships to people.
 Launching of the movement
 When British refused to accept any demands of congress ,an all party
conference was help at “Allahabad”in 1920 and prog of boycott of govt
schools, colleges & law courts was approved.
 Congress met in a special session in sept. 1920 at Calcutta & agreed to start
non-cooperation movement.
 Non-cooperation movement was finally launched by congress in “Nagpur
session” of 1920 Presided by Vijaraghvachariar under leadership of M.K.
Gandhi.
 Important changes in Congress
 Earlier object of congress was to attain self govt. by constitutional & legal
means.
 The new aim of congress was attainment of swaraj by legitimate and peaceful
means.
 “Congress working committee” of 15 members was set-up to lead congress
from now onwards.
 “Provincial congress committee” on linguistic basis were organised. Bring
close the masses by vernacular languages.
 Ward /Taluka committees were created .
 A hierarchy of village ,Taluka & district level committee was to be created so
that congress reaches to the grass-roots.
 Number of delegates were to be fixed in proportion to the population.
 Many groups of revolutionary terrorist of Bengal also pledged support to
congress program.
 At this stage, some leader like Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant ,G.S.
Kharpade, B.C. Pal left the congress as they believed in constitutional & lawful
struggle while some others like Surendra nath Banarjee founded “Indian
National liberation federation”.
(I) Negative programme
 Surrender of titles & honorary positions.
 Resignation of members from nominated seats in local bodies.
 Boycott of govt. or semi govt schools, colleges, courts.
 Boycott of elections held under Govt of India Act, 1919
 Boycott of foreign goods.
 Refusal to attend govt or semi-govt functions.
 Refusal by military ,clerical & labouring class to offer
themselves in Mesopotamia.
(II) Positive programmes
 Establishment of national school & colleges.
 Establishment of private arbitration courts knows
as Panchayats all over india
 Popularisation of “swadeshi” & “khadi” by reiving
hand spinning & hand weaving.
 Devp of unity b/w Hindu & Muslims.
 Removal of untouchabilty & other measures for
Harijan welfare and emancipation of women.
 Spread of Movement
 Gandhi accompanied by Ali brothers undertook a nationwide tour.
 About 90,000 students left govt school & college and joined National
schools & colleges which cropped up during this time.
 Various educational institution such as Jamia Milia at Aligarh, Bihar
Vidyapeeth cropped up.
 These educational institutions were organised under leadership of Acharya
Narendra Dev, C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai, Zakir Hussian, Subhash Chandra
Bose.
 Many eminest lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, JawharLal Nahru, C.R. Das, C
Rajgopalachari, Saiffudin kitchlew, Vallabh bhai Patel, Asaf Ali, T.Prakasam,
Rajendra prasad gave up their practice.
 Heaps of foreign cloth were burnt and their imports fell by half.
 Picketing of shop selling foreign liquor and of toddy shops was undertaken at
many places.
 “Tana Bhagat” sect of Bihar boycotted liqour.
 In 1921 the AICC at its session in Vijaywada directed the congressmen to
concentrate for next 3 months on collection of funds, enrolment of members
and distribution of charkhas.
 “Tilak Swaraj Fund” was raised which collected over 1
crore rs in 6 months.
 Women gave up their jewellery for fund.
 Khadi soon became a symbol of freedom.
 “Congress Volunteer Corps” emerged as parallel
police.
 In Midnapore dist of Bengal, a movement was led by
Birendranath Sasamal, against Union board of taxes.
 In Assam strikes in the plantations, steamer services,
Assam-Bengal Railways had been organised. “J.M. Sen
Gupta” was a prominent leader in these strikes.
 There were many local struggles such as Awadh Kisan
Movement (UP), Eka movement (U.P.),Moplah Revolt,
Malabar, Sikh agitation for removal of mahants in
Punjab.Alluri Sitaramraju organised tribals in Gumsur
district and linked with non cooperation movement.
 Movement was weak in Bombay Presidency where people were morning on
demise of Tilak. Gandhi magic did not work there.
 Defiance of forest laws became popular in Andhra Pradesh.
 People in various parts of country happily joined no tax to Govt. movement.
 In 1921 Prince of Wales arrived in India. He was welcomed with strike in
Bombay by volunteer corps.
 Hartal was observed national wide on the eve of arrival of Prince of wales.
 Last Phase of the movement
• Higher echeleons form congress rank were pressuring to start civil
disobedience movement.
• Gandhi was under immense pressure.Ahmedabad session presided by C.R.
Das who was in jail and acting president was Hakim Ajmal Khan appointed
Gandhi as sole authority on issue.
• On Feb 1, 1922, Gandhi threatened British govt to launch civil disobedience
from Bardoli (Gujrat) if-
a) Political prisoners were not released.
b) Press control were not removed.
• The movement had hardly begun, before it was brought to an abrupt end.
 Chauri Chaura incidence
• Chauri chaura was a small village in
Gorakhpur dist. of Uttar Pradesh.
• The police here had beaten up leaders of group of
volunteers campaigning against “liquor sales” &
“High food price” and then opened fire on the crowd which had come to
protest in front of police station.
• Crowd torched the police station with policemen inside.
• These policemen who tried to flee were thrown back into fire.
• 22 policemen were killed in the violence.
• Gandhi immediately announced withdrawl of the movement.
• Leader like Motilal Nehru & C.R. Das were against suspension of
movement only due to spordiac incidents of violence.
 Govt response
• Some leaders such as Madan Mohan Malviya & Mohammed Ali Jinnah
interceded with Viceroy Lord Reading to find solution to detoriating situation.
• Viceroy agreed for a Round table conference but Gandhi demanded release of
all prisoners associated with khilafat movement as a pre-condition.
• Volunteer corps were declared as illegal.
• Public meetings were banned.
• In 1922 Gandhi was arrested and sentenced 6 years in jail.
• Going to jail become a “badge of honour” for nationalists.Press was gagged.
 Why Gandhi withdrew movement.
• Gandhi felt that people had not fully learnt non-violence.
• Movement was also showing signs of fatigue.
• Govt seemed to be in no mood for negotiations.
• Central theme of agitation-khilafat question dissipated soon.
• People of Turkey also rose under Mustafa Ataturk and deprived Sultan of
political power.
• Turkey was made a secular state and European style of legal system was
established in Turkey and extensive rights were granted to women.
• Education was nationalised, agriculture & industries developed in Turkey.
• In 1824 caliphate was abolished
 SIGNIFICANCE OF NON
COOPERATION MOVEMENT
I. Negative outcomes
• Gandhi’s idea of swaraj was not achieved in 1 year.
• Boycott of education institutions was not accepted by many leaders such as
Lala Lapat Rai.
• Some leaders did like the way NCM started, some did not like the way NCM
was conducted and most of them did not like its withdrawl.
• There was shock for people of Punjab who were waiting for some wonders to
happen.
• Zamindars, Capitalist, industrialists did not take part.
II. Positive outcomes
• Movement was essestially a peaceful & non-violent protest against British
govt in india.
• Congress became a party of common man.
• It was real mass movement with participation of different sections of Indian
society such as workers, peasants, students, teachers, women
• Movement demonstrated willingness of masses to participate and sacrifice.
• Charkha & Khadi become system of Indian nationalism.
• Gandhi was able to realise real picture of India. He believed that real power
lies in rural areas not in urban areas.Hindu-Muslim unity was observed.
• It transformed Congress from deliberative body to action oriented
organisation.
 SWARAJIST / SWARAJ PARTY
 Birth of Swaraj party.
 Sudden withdrawl of non-cooperation movement
shocked many nationalist.
 Debate started among congressmen on what to do
during transition period.
 One section led by Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das,
Hakim Ajmal Khan, N.C. Kelkar, Vithalbhai Patel,
Hussain shaheed Suharwardi wanted to end boycott of legislative councils &
participate in 1923 elections held on lines of GoI Act,1919 to wreck the working of
council from within.
 In other words they wanted to “end or mend” the councils.
 They were called as “pro-changers”
 Pro-changers wanted entry in legislative councils and were came to be known
as swarjists
 Other section advocated concentration on constructive work, continuation of
boycott & non-cooperation.
 They were called as “No-changers”.
 “Gaya session” of INC was organised in 1922 & was presided by C.R. Das, who
was leading the pro-charger.
C.Raj Gopalachari was leader of no-changer.
- C.R. Das resigned form Presidentship of congress and along with Motilal
Nehru, N.C. Kelkar formed “Congress khilafat swaraj party” or “Swaraj
Party” with C.R. Das as president & Motilal Nehru as secretary.
• There was split in congress.
• Motilal Nehru was leader in Imperial council & C.R. Das in Bengal
for swaraj party
 Arguments from both sides.
I. Swarajists or pro changer’s arguments
• They believed that council entry would not negate non-cooperation but
would be like carrying on movement through other means.
• In a time of political vaccuum, council work would serve to enthuse the
masses and keep up their morale.
• Their only intention to use councils as an arena of political struggle and they
had no intention to use councils for gradual transformation of colonial rule.
II. No – Charges arguments.
• They Argued that parliamentary work would lead to neglect of constructive
work, loss of revolutionary zeal and to political corruption.
• Constructive work would prepare everyone for next phase of civil
disobedience movement.
 Swarajists activity in councils.
• In councils swarajists managed to win 42 seats in central provinces in 1923
elections.
• Later split occued in swarajists on “Responsivist” & “Non-responsivist” lines and
communal lines.
• Death of C.R. Das in 1925, weakened it furher.
• Responsivist section in swarajists like – Lala Lajpat Rai, Madan Mohan Malviya &
N.C. Kelkar advocated cooperation govt. and holding of office wherever possible
to protect Hindu – Interests.
• Responsivits criticised non – responsivists like Motilal Nehru as anti hindu & beef
eater.
• Responsivist participated in 1926 elections again but did not fare well.
• The other section believed in mass struggle i.e (civil disobedience) and withdrew
from Legislature in 1926.
• C.R. Das said “Swaraj is for masses & not for classes”.
 Achievements & Drawbacks of Swarajists
I. Achievements
• They outvoted govt. several times, even on matters of budget.
• They also passed adjournment motions.
• They agitated through powerful speeches on self – govt, civil liberties &
industrialisation.
• Vithalbhai Patel was elected as a speaker of Central Legislative assembly in
1925.
• Defeat a public safety bill in 1928.
• By their activities they filled political vaccum at a time.
• They exposed hollowness of mont-ford scheme.
• They demonstrated that councils could be used creatively.
II. Drawbacks
• Obstructionist strategy had it’s limitations.
• They could not carry on further because of conflicting ideas, which futher
limited their effectiveness.
• They failed to resist perks & previliges of power & office.
• They failed to support peasant’s cause in Bengal and lost support among
muslim members who were pro-peasant.
 Gandhi on swarajists
• In 1924, Gandhi was released from jail due to health problems.
• He favoured no changes but wanted to avoid a disastrous repeat of Surat
(1907).
• So he wanted a concoliation.
• By end of 1924, Gandhi brought the strife B/W no-changes & swarajists to an
end.
• Both the parties signed the joint statement and declared swarajists would
work in council on behalf of and as an integral part of Congress.
• Decision was also endorsed in 1924 Belgaum session of INC presided over by
Gandhi.
• In 1925, C.R Das died & this was followed by Motilal Nehru return to
congress.
 Certain imp facts.
 Rahul Sankrityayan was active leader of non cooperation movement in Bihar.
 When Chauri – Chaura incident took place M.K. Gandhi was at Bardoli
(Gujrat) and planning to start civil disovedience movement.
 “Dr. moonjee” tabled a vote of censure against Gandhi ji for calling off non
cooperation movement at meeting of All India Congress committee held at
Delhi.
 Rabindranath Tagore was opposed to burning of cloths during non
cooperation movement.
He described the act as indecipherable or inexorable waste.
 Gandhi postponed NCM after chauri – chaura incident.
Post ponement was opposed by C.R. Das & Motilal Nehru.
 Veer narsiman led the civil dis obeidence movement in Bombay.
 Muhammad Iqbal.
- In 1930, delivered a presidential address to 25th session of muslim league
(Allahbad)
- Participated in 2nd & 3rd round table conferece.
- His collection of poems is called “Bang-e-Dara” call of marching bell.
- Has written “Sare-Jahan-se-Acha” also known as “Taran-e-Hind”
- He is referred as “spiritual father of Pakistan”
 Kurd
- World’s largest stateless ethnic group.
- After world war-I and defect of Ottoman empire the victorious state in 1920,
treaty of severs (Paris)
- But treaty of Laussane (1923). Which sets the boundary of modern of
modern Turkey, made no provision for Kurdish state and left kurds with
minority status in their respective countries.
 Books Author
Surendra Nath Nation in Making
M.K. Gandhi Hind swaraj
Subhash Chandra Bose Indian struggle
Lala Lajpat Rai Autobiography

 Term imperial preference was applied to special privileges was applied to

special privileges on British imports in India.
 “Hasrat Mohini” proposed to adopt complete independence as goal of
congress in Ahmedabad session of 1920.