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, L~~'V\~N~LUm\lt11::iitl1::'Uelli11
, :.e1ttLL1nL;lJEl1';1LfltlLL'U'U spontaneous

. generation L~ LL~';J::Lfifl1 u,J1-\J1!:tl!:L1~1t1Uf" Lrlflu1:3.J1tu.~3.i~1f111 3,000 a1UUlJ1LLa1

A ...... ..: ... ~ tl ..1 0 'I tl ... ....... t !!'\'! I...... I ...... t .........
L3JEJ'lJ1~LL 1f1L13-.IL f1fl"lJ\UJ1LL~1 R1111!:'Ylfl1'U1tl LW.f1fl'lJ1fl'U'Uf1 LlJIJElJl ft'1'U·l119l\4\.Lf11J11~'U1m1

R'U~El nuf!EJll1Ltlui "ii.;1~.fu~1

fl.fl. 1957 Sidney w. Fox l~Ylfi~El-\JLEJ1n1~a::iHu (4~LUU«11e\4n7~) lJ1Yntl~n1mLflil. ,

71ll nu l~«,,. 1 vuJii«n1~fla1u1 tJ,-Y\ut ui"1

fl. fl. 1961 Dr. Melvin Calvin l.1'Y11n11'Ylflftfl-\Jfl~1tJnu Stanley L. Miller LLfl~11-41-\JR

LL n~3J1L ,Y1 ttl t.l11n!J11 t~w17t11::nau,.,~1t.J'1Jiltl~Wul ""i "i1:n1fl UElfi';J1n~u!T"1.1w11~

o to~ ..1 'I ..: ••~ ""' to~ -.. A 11t I • ...,. ( Vl ... l.. ..,.., )
'Yl1'V\~1'Ylft'::RIJ~~\I-.l1"" LUR -\J3:l'lJ1flEl f1fl1tl ';l\llft-\Jfi111JL'V\'U11 El""fl1 tJ'11 111J Lufi\1'1J1fl
El1 ';IL ntl';l1 f1Elil 'U'Yl;tlft'11 l~n1ii~i-\J\11'ULL~::,l -\JLL 1fi~EJIJ~L \1\ln::«IJ~~:;yh L~L flfl '~
~1tJf1113Jn11'V\U1"1JEJ-\J1'Ylu1fl1«flf1 '14LL-nu"'h" 'l J~n1.:tt"u111,,u, ~ina Lflii
.... A A 1 li I ~ tl -.. tl ._, ... o a .....
LL~::'lJ11'Ylr.J1 LIJEJ IJ1 ::3J1~fi111J1L 'V\ft1'UL "111~1 f1ULLft1 fl1';Jft''U'U1!-J1Uf11 1 f11L Ufl"lJEl"1f1fl
8

~ .

14 131 103
..1 .: .- t -. .1. . ...,. t ..,. ~ ..,. ~ .4
't1L~1J1:ft'1Jth1 LL~:ft'Tl1~f1Tl"nn-L1-4Lnfl,~L'VUJ"fl1"L~tJ1 t.J1::1.11m 2,000 ~1'UU1.11LL~1 LlJfl
...... .: A ,I ~ 1 ...... "-' .al ~ 'I I ..,I I "-' 'i.ol ~~
"!119lLL1f1L 11.1Ln~-n~L~1 91El1J1-;J::1J11911'U')f11n'l~::u,eJtJ ') b'U'n1"1::tJ::L 1~1'Yl~1'Uli1'U'U~1'U ') u

11.4n~1tJLU1-4i ~iii'ifl"!rt\flfi1" 'J 9111J~ctn•mJ"i1~u1 n1 1 ~ "-;J::'~n~111 i1 u,~1,Ya11~u,1 n1 1

ou8 o~ -=~~
Dlfl1J,'U,8~fl11flli'U~,f)~,flfl (Evolution of Life)
. I

tl\l,~m1unuluu-;J-;nj~L~Th
'I
i"ii~i",r"~~1tJrieJ"fl't.J1::neJu,fu,1J~li1'ULU'U~19l'Yl1"
'IJ "' 'I
.... t .:' t
Lfll.I'Yl\lft'\4 \4El f111 flU UtJ\11.1 f111tJUtJU 11
._. .al A ._. I 1~ n 'JbU,~fl ~flU'Yl';l::1J'n191L
I ...1 ..,. ........ ·.... ~ t
n~-nu, UU,
..,. I

';) ::1JLL91~1 ~LL~::

.

ft'11LflijL 1.47t.J-nEJ\IEl::91El1JL 'Yh~u, ~\I~UL ~eJ\111iL~tJ1Tl'Uf111n1L U~-neJ";ifl~t.btJLb 1f1-neJ"l~n

'IJ
... it "" 'J ~ ·"" t "-' ~
1\ILU\4L 1El\1111't1';1 ::~1ft 'U b~'Yl11 'U11 tr19l~ 1 Elft'1 1Lflll bu, 1::~ 'Ufl ::91 Elli'U 'U1.11t.J1:: n El 'U nu-nu,
I 0, A ._. """ "-'

'I

LU1-4;i"'~El~1\l',.

...
flEl
...1 !"'I .... "" ..,.
1 ::tJ::'YlL u'U 11~'U1 f111'Yl1"Lflll (Chemical evolution)
...1 !"'I .... "" ..,.
1::tJ::'YlLIJ1-411~U1n11'Y11"'211111~ (Biological evolution)

3.1
~"
11fti'Ulfl11fll~lfUJ
... (Chemical Evolution)

';11nn17fl1flti1u1m1fltJEnfl'v~ctnn11'Yl1"i'YltJ1fl1«flfL~eJncu11

BI 103 15
 . ~

tt1JJa1fltJ flEl
.
1:u:~ 1 LrlEl~nL'V'JJii11El~ 1anu·h~th'I';J\4~1\41tJL ~ditJtJ~ n;tJ1'Yl1~Lflij~'"1ttLLa1
El:fiElJJ1JEl~1r1fiLU1
, ~ :A ~tJnflaJJ~11a
, nEJtJ-;,::'ti1tJ1i
'U iiJ r;;tJ1.le ri'" LnfiL tJ'"a-,,-tJ,.:: neu'Yl1~Lflij
~
ti\4JJ1
1fltJEl:fiEllJ~El~1r1fl\1Ltl1fl7L ';)'"l)f... ~Lu\4El::flEJ1J'Yl1Eh1
!"I . ""' \1 ~ I • .,,........... ""'
L1 L'"n1 7'Yl1uLJ n7tJ13.J1 n'Yla'fl
, . 'I

L~El,;1tJ~fi,1tJ1 riuEl::flEllJ~El-lElEl n~L ~'" lilL iJ'"le~1

H- 0- H'----. H 20 (water)

LdEl,;1tJ~ n;tJ1n1JEl::fiEllJ1JEl~' 'l-41'Yl7:L ';J\4 '~~UlLTl1en'LLEllJ 11JLi1tJ '

,..H
H-:- N , -----. NH 3 (ammonia)
H

H
I
H- C- H ~ CH4 (methane)
I
H
r
, fl'U1 ., . I ,x AI I f'l . :'i , · ~ ...
ua:n1CJf~1-3 '1 L11i:l1'U1l:u n rUtlJ ua: Lu'UU11tJ1n1tl'Ufl-3Li:lnLU1: v:uu L1Vn

tYfl11:'Ufl-31J11tJ1n1tl'tiEllflJlan~flif-h reducing atmosphere

u ~ ~!:> ~ ...... ... u ... ~... '
1l1011i:lOJ1'U'Vl1-3Pl111f11tY~1 nr~nm 1i1N1YltJ1 LLi:l~Lfl1J 'U01YltJ1f11U~1L'lffl11

. la nLu1: tJ :'lfu fl11l ii tYn 1'VH111WLoU'U yt i1 if111-1 ·1 fl tJ n11 fl n 1!11 fl 11 Lfl11 ~ ,.(~ 1-3 '1 YfU11L'U

fi11'W q...t'UV-3'WU11ii,fltr1 tllCJfLltllJllJ LUtJ LLi:l~n1trJSii L'Vl'U ag1uUfl1'Wyt LiJULn a"tr1 LL;j-3
AI ' u 3
u1~ntJag1luVJn1uu

16 -BI 103
 ...
(1) U1fl1~ (sugar) (2) n~LSJl'Eli'U (glycerin)
(3) n7~,1J~'U (fatty acid) (4) n7~El:ij1cu (amino acid)
(s) 1~7ij~cu (pyrimidines) (6) ~11'U (purines)

Bl 103 17
 0~
H

I'? ~
~N
I
H H H-
.
c-o-
I
H
H 1-1-C-0·- J.l _ HHHH HH 0
I I I I I l I I I I ~
H-0-G-C-C-C-C-C-0-H 1-1:-o- o- H H-C...:..c-C-C- -----C-C-C.
J 1 I I I I l I 1 I I I 1 '-
H H 0 .~ H H ti H H H H H H 0-H
I
. H
slucose glycerln fcsttyacid

I
c
H R 0 N; ' C-
'\. I # 1 II
N-C-C -c c-
H/ ~ . 'o-H '- N /
amino acid pyrimid\nes purines

L3JL~ ~~"1Jeh'1~1~1~t11: nnu~1tJD:~Elil"lJEl~1i1~ln 1~1L ~'" f) f) nsnL~\4 LL~~fiTl'UEl\4

A d !T "
~11th:nautJ'l:Ltlfll41~1~l4U'ULU\.U~'1l4'V\l4~"1JEl~Ell4fl1tJft11Ynnfl11 ~'U LtlL~'lfl (carbohydrate)
:' ,;:.., f.: I A

... ... :'I A ...... ..I ~ ..... !T \'1 A . .. I ~

n~L6Jl'El'll4 (glycerin) Lul4ft11Dl4fl'ltJflf1~1tJn'Ufl11 btl LtJL~1'Yl fiB u7:nEJ'U~1tJEJ:~EJ3J
"VJ 'f A II" A al A d I
11El~1i1~
, Ltl L~1L~l4 EJEln6Jl'L~l4 LL~:fl1'l'UEll46Jl'~u1n~~:3JEJtJ
~
3 EJ:~EJ3J

fi'l~,"lJ~\4 (fatty acid) l4EJn~1n~:ijEJ~~El3J"lJEl~1i1~lfJ

't
1~,-L~\4 LL~:DflniBL~l4LLa1 tf~ij
II" I~ I
EJ:~EJ3J"lJEl~1i1~fi11'UEJUEltJ~~LL~ 2-20 D:~Elll
't . ~
A'f fl'l .. I A ..... ...~... \'1 'f . ...: "VI .. I
n'l~EJ:3J b\4 (amino acid) LuU~11u1: nB'UElUfl7tJfl3JEJ:~El3J11El~ bU_b fl'lL ~UL ~11 Lu~1 n

1n 1~1L~'" BBnsnL~'" LL~:Y~TfuBl4 LfluEJ:~EJll"1JB~1u1 fl7L~l4~:iunuB:~EJ1111B~1tlLfi7L~l4

Lih4'V\~EJ:ii1l4 (amino group-NH 2 ) l4Eln~1n~l4 ~1l41l4EJ:~EJ3J"1JEl~fiTf'UEJl4tJ~ij1~l4~1l41l4
I ""' .J ... !'I ~ d !'I ~~
~1~ ') n\4 LL~:n11Ln1:LntJ1"1JEl~EJ:~El3J"1JEl~fi11'UEll4El1~~:Lul4LWl4fl1~ 'V\'lflLul41.:J'U'l1~'Un Li'l

lv(iij~u (pyrimidine) n.,u 'W1;'U (purine) LU'Ufl'UV1;Va'11~~\1~11fl'HtY;'1-:J 'lfU~

LU'U1-:JU'l'I~u 1~v1vi;iJ~'ULU'U1-:JL~V1 ua:V.1iuLiltn.:J~ ,

18 BI 103
 'I ' .I ~ ~ !'I' - 4111 ~ :.. .r ... ... ~ ... \1.,1 ..1 ~/
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LL 'V\~"~~1li~Lt""1'-'L~U Tl,1J1'-' fi11UQrl,tJ1dij 2 LL 'V\~" LL 'V\~"LL 1' OflEJ fi1"El1flflrJ LL3J-;h ,f'-'

~e"""11enL11'-~~""'"1f1u';J::u"rf,wi&tatr\lil~we"il"~"'1~n1tin"111 LLfii""w'h" 'l ';11n

u~u "'t ~-. ~-A ... o
""'11
A f(
fl1"El1'Ylflll L1f'U
I
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f(
(ultraviolet) 1' "ft'LEJ fi'lf (X-ray)
.
LL~:: 1' "11El1'-'1';J'Yl::~ ,
'Yl::~1"\1' "11ilt1fi1" 'J nw1li11tl';J::~"N1'Ull1'UL11'-1~'-'~"1111ti
I ~ I ..1 \1 .., I ~ -'\1 ... •I .. _,.. _,.. I .
LL'V\~"~~""1'ULL'V\~"'Ylft'EJ" LfiLL0~~""1'-''Yl Lfl';J1flu110~fi11'nL ~1U~1J ~1~1 Uel::
tl7::';11 rJw1tA"e~l "Un~11,El"L11'-I'V\11£ln~t.lnf1~11Ltl'-'u,.,.ll1n1fl,e" l~n l 'UtJf'ltt'"
, , , , ,
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I . ~ !"I ""' ...
111 1'111 fi'ULu'UEJ'-''Yl1llft'11' Lfl
\1 tol

.'! J ... A ... ... A A ... .r ...... A ·\. f( I

L'UL 1 EJ",El" n1 1111Jfl1,El"El'-''-''Yl1'llft'1 1LL~1L nf!EJ'U'Yl1llft'1 1''-' 11'U fi1'Ylll1fl1 ft'fl1''V\ ~1li'Yl1'U

... zO conta!nrng or~anic

~ompoun~s at end oi
~~per11T1enta: run

.flll't S-2 Utl~~fl11'rl~tH)~'UtH Stanley L. Miller

BI 103 19
 <~.JEl1';1~'ltl1~11
-- 'I
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·... ~~ A ..... A ..... 1,: A ~A A .....

n"U~'"dJ'Utl1 1U1 :nEJ'UEl'\.t'YI1tJ LL~:tl11El'U'Y11tJL 'V\~1'U';1:Ln~tl:tlllll1fi~'UL "HltJ ') tlT~El'U'YI1tJ .

~L n~~\4L'U1 :tt::LL1 n ') tt tJ.J 11Jijfl11llSJf'Usnen~,'\, 'UEl.JtlU1: fiEl1Jll1 nt~1tJll'nLLfln.Jn1 :~'Ufl~1ll
..1 ... .,. ... .· . I I ,: ~~ ..1 0 'JI a I I aJ..I "I 'J " ' A . . A ~ \1 "'
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~
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A I :: ..... ... A I
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A

' 'I 'IJ 'IJ 'IJ 'I 'IJ

tteiTU1tJL~Ln~tl~nitnn1111ll~1~El.JDUY17U«11,r.J 6 11\l~~'" n~11flEl ,

1llL~n~~El.J~1~1~';1:11.llfl~LEl.JL,j1Ltlu1t~L~n~
'I 'I
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flt14~ll~fl1'11
'I
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~~L U'Ufl1 f1u 1 nL~ 1'YIL eliuL~tJ1 "'"

n~L6J1eJ1u 11ll~1nun1fl1 ~lTu Ln~Ltl'U1 ~lTu (fats)
n1~EJ:ii1u 113..1~1nu Ln~Lilu1ti,-Ylu ~protein) LLf1Liie.J~1tJn1fleJ:ii1mi~~,.1fl'l.J«11.J
~1'11 ') nutl1:ll1t14 24 11iL~ ~.JYhLVt1tJ,-fiu~EJUll1nll1tJ'V\~1tJ'lfilflLL~:ijfl11llSJf'UsneJU~El.J
'IJ
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Ln"L 11~\4 1tJ1nl4"1JiL~ttL 1tJnl1L~U16J1~ (enzyme)

I A ... l'a I VI A.,.... A ... t "' VI a I Q.- :;' aI
~1Utl11El'U'YI1tJu1:L1l'YI-~~'l1lfl'ULL~:cw111-4'UU';1:L~1 ~u113Jn'UU1~1~LL~:«1'lu1:neJu

eJiLu'YI1£1ffijEJdlu~1
'IJ
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.
(phosphat~) 1c;iLilcu«11LVtlJ
1~iii~u"1Jn1f'WEJ«L'W~
. 'IJ
Liun11
I ~ ~'i: IIJ G'
A ,: r' . ... A I . ...
(pyrimidine~sugar-phosphate) LL~Yl.JtlEl.J"lJ\.tfl'UEJl';)L 'ltJn"lJEl113J ') 11 U1f?fJ t8 tnn (nucleotide)

LL~:1'"~1~U~El1l1 iL1fl~1EJ1 Yl~L 'V\~1d';1:3J1111l~Tri1 L'V\1t~L~~~ij~u1~1Vtqj~un+lL~llDn

, I loo' • ,
... ...VI"'... I ... ~ ...
L1tln~11Yl ~~\411 n'ifi'U1flfJ8fl (nucleic acid)
I' a I..I aI ... ..1 'I ~ ,: ~~ \1 VI "'
'V\91'I n1 1 t"\4fl11llt' u ~tJ'ULL u~'I1 1Yl1'11Lflll'YIL nfl ~ 'U 1:tJ:Yl«1ll'-tbu'I.-L ~~EJ:LL n13J ~"
I · A
\ El1';1 tl 1Ub
I 'I •

sugar + sugar polysaccharide

fatty acid + glycerin fats ·

amino acid + amino acid ·protein

purin }
+ sugar + phosphate nucleotide
py'rimidine '-- .

nucleotide + nucleotide nuclck acid

I.

20 BI 103
 .-=1 !"'1 -.I A _. C' A II 1 A -.,.. C' _.
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I .t... .I 0 G.< ... ... ... ...
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- - G.< • I 1. I ... G.< ... ...... .t

L;un11 U7f'1n1n1zl1nu (nucleoprotein) .l~Liitt~nL«3J~1V\3J~u3J1 tiwuul~11Ltlu~ms3Ju~

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Bl 103 21
 """~ A!l
3.2 1lf»tUlt111Yil~'Vllll'n (Biological Evolution)
""" VI"'I !"I ..d AQ.oo ..4 0 ...... A
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... !"I .. 1 , r-l A ~ """""'""'""" ""'

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BI 103 25
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26 BI 1,03
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BI 103 21
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A

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Round 1 :. Formation of H20, CH 4 , NH3

Round 2:
monosaccharides
glycerin
fatty acids
amino acids
pyrimidines
purines

Round 3: monosaccharides + monosacchat1ides • polysaccharides

fatty acids+ glycerin • fats, lipids
amino acids+ amino acids ------. proteins ,. ._----.-----• enzymes
pyrimidines }
. +sugar+ phosphate - - - - • nucleotides
purmes . .
nucleotides + nucleotides - - - - • nucleic acids

Round 4.: nucleic acids +proteins------.·-----. nucleoproteins

reproduction
mutation··
nutrition
coacervation (aggregation)

\
28 BI 103
Round 5 : nucleoproteins +organic shells _ _ _ _ _ _ __,. early cells
synthesis "----v--'
growth
development
division
internal control
fermentation C02

by product
Round 6 : early cells - - - - - - • chlorophyll

\ parasites
l
photosynthesizers
eaters
saprophytes
chemosynthesizers

sugar,

02 by product

/
Round 7 : oxygen revolution 02 + methane ------'1... C02
02 + ammonia N2
02 + oxygen • 03, ozone
02 + metals ores, rocks
02 +:organisms ... aerobic respiration

Bl 103
I
29
 .c:l•
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(Organization of Life)

(Physical Organization of Protoplasm)

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BI 103 31
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32 BI 103
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BI 103
 Semi,...meable Membrane

..•....•..'.·t··. e~r.·i;~·
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.
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34 Bl 103
 (Chemical Organization of Protoplasm)
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BI 103 35
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4 '
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, ';J1ruLiit.J 1fl"1Je;J~11~ n1t1 ~

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(diffusion) ·

36 BI 103
B'U'n;tlt1'11.flltJ1cu lt.h lfiYiDltYJ (Organic Compounds in Protoplasm) ,
.... '

tntJ1 u 1 tJ 71flvH~1 wa.lua n-;n n-;,:ih.t 1u~: w1,. DUu'Yl16~:~1tJtJ::tJuatJLL~1 u-\lii

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1. fl1f1ultJLfl'l'Yl (carbohydrate)

2. l 1lll'U (lipid or fat and oil)

3. 1tJ,-f1u (protein)

tn11 tJ 1ul~1fl (Carbohydrate)

..1 VI !'1'1 "" .,. ...1 .. 1 ~
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'I
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Elf.lnLtlu 3 ti7:Ln'Yl flf.l

BI 103 37
 ...
0 ... ... I
...
0 ... • ... I
...
0 ' 'ilol ..
'U1fl1~ diose lJ 3 eJ::fleJlJ L'H.Jn11'U1fl1~ tric;>se lJ 4 eJ::fleJlJ L'HJn11'U1fl1~ tetrose LL~::fi11J
... I
...
0
5 eJ::fleJlJ L'HJn11'U1fl1~ pentose

Poi,.h where bomls

1\o•it been broken

Wolet
~

C6 Hn06 C,H, 10 6 - - - . CuHu0 11 + H 20

Gluc01e Fruc!o,e . Sucro'e Woler

llll1 4·3 .
uer~~ luaana11tHtnilu,II~1YIUa'::n111lui·u.Ui~·uu1u
. ; ' '

i1Elth"1JEl"~1fl1~ m'onosaccharide l~LLn ~1fn~n~ Lf'lff (11lucose) ,I1fl1~~'lf'ILflR

, . ~ ~

· (fructose) ~1fl1~n1LL~f'ILflR (galactose)

:r '""
LU'U~1fl1~'Ylth:neJtJfl1tJ monosaccharide 2 'V\lJlJ1711JnU
' A fit . t; I '-'
2. Disaccharide 'V\'Hl Double sugar
. . ~

LfltJ1in11'Yl1"Lf'lij~L;tJn11 condensation ~~~:fnuJ1eenJJ1 1 LlJL~n~

, i",lcuRfl1LliL~n~
~ ,

38 Bl 103
 fl1EI~1'11JEI'I~1fl1~ disaccharid~1.fu.ri li1fl1~'Yl11tJ (sucrose) ~1fl1~llEI~ lflR (maltose)
~1fi1~LL~fl lflR (lactose)
I o ' ~ , . .., ''t ~
\ ,1'11111~llt1./f1811 disaccharide 0118{/ 'U'W1fl Oligosaccharide 'H'18 Compound sugar
f II I I . I
-4 '5/ 0 ~ ~ ""' "' 'J Sl I ~ Sl 'f ~ "'
7Nl u uu 1fl 111 nl118tft11Ufl 1il:1llflf1fl 7 ''H monosaccharide nn 11F18f11 oligosaccharide '" nllflflfl 7

?H' monosaccharide 2 Tulnnnl1Un

9
oligosaccharide ffui1 disaccharide O?ll,fln11H ,'J Tulnnn
9
,
-ot 1 Sl "'7"
l'1Dfl11trisaccharide f11llflflfl1 fl 4 t1./lt1Qfll'1Ufl tetrasaccharide
'r -ot v-ot!fJ
fi~UluUfiU
")

Lih~flTflu1uL~7'Yl~ljlllL~~~l~qj111n. tJ1:nEJu~1tJ monosaccharide

3. Polysaccharide
111fle:JL~fill riuuu7m.Jit'u~ul11L~ n~ .Yh1~'tj~1~1l'n l11L~ n~R ""~1ui1 1~u1n ft'fl1lllL~ n~L;Juu·
'I 'I \1 \1 ' 'I

t~tJ,r1Lt111 (C6Hw0 5)n t~u~ n ~ll1tJn'IL~-n~1'U1'UL~ll1~ 'J rfl~

fl1fi~1'11Jfl'l polysaccharide L~LLn LLU'I 1uri"lf {plant starch) LLU'IL n~ lflL';)'UL 'URfll
(animal starch L,Y'ULLU'I 1u~fltJ'U1'173J) L6Jf~~\1 1~« (cellulose L,Yu L~fln7::~11Y) L~n6Jf'Yliu (dextrin)

LL~::Lfl~'U (chitin Lan'ULtJ~fln~3Jfl1LL3J~'1) Ltlouc;lu

,,sr,.. (Lipid or Fats and Oil)

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ft'T~tJ7::nfi'Uft'fi'1"11U~3..11713Jnu ~fl n1~ l -n3Ju (fatty acid) 3 t~L~n~
'I
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1 13JL~fl~
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A1itulliLVl,'Yl 1 ni'a.~ L'J'i'cw~\1\11~A11a.!i'EJ~LcW~h1 4.1 nLfiUFifieJitfh,fow, ,
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fl113JR3J~Ulffl~1~ 1 n~;~riul -n3Ju L7tJnft'11DU'Yl16L~~1U11 · "fl'tJJiulvfH 7yJYu ·· <fats 9

derivative) J'll -n3T'UbL~:fi'U~Ulf-nEJ'IL -nlTuU713JL 7tJn11 L~tl~ (lipid) 1~tl~'Yln"11U~ft'13J17t1~:~1tJ

'I 'I

1ui1vl1~::~1tJL~~~1tJ"11i4~ t1iu er~nfiHfl~ ~L'Ylflf fl~fi17Y-Jfl:f3JLL~tL'l1~'U fl1vl1~:~1tJ

L'V\~1UL1un11 "~1~::~1r/l-n3Tu" (fats solvent) .
L ~tl~EJ1 ';JLLtJ nfl EJ nf113J ~n,;.m::-nfl~ R1 7~3..1111 1: nflu L~L U'Uft'13J"W1 n ·fiEJ
1.
... d
i ft iJ ~Wlf-3!~£.11 (Simple lipid
A
~7fl True fats) Lu'U
::I .., ~I .d.... I .. . VI
L~u~'Yl3JLLflli1flfl171Jfi'U LU ~7L';J'U
t
'I

LLL~:flfl n~L ';l'U,L vh,Xu L~LL nl GJJ'V\7 EJ3Tu (fats) ~13-Tu (oil) LL~:ft'1 7Yi1 n~~" (wax)

Bl 103 39
 2. 1atJ~wi-nh~nnu (Compound lipid) LiJ'Ul~tlf!L~~L~tl1~ii'fi"1~V\7ElV\llll1~'U1~1JiLtl
, I 'I 'IJ 'I

3J1711lt!Vfl1tl L1i'U i:iV\3Jtll43J~n,.tl~tiR~~tJ;fi 1n~ l '"1 'Yl'lL';)\4 V\1El'fi"1~ri13J:t1'ULU'U~'"

\1 I \1 'I 'IJ 't 'I .

R1'l'Yi1nlllfiLLri ~flR 1~l~tlflt'"l,JLLtl~ L\4Rllflo\l lfl~ 1fll~tltl LL~:l~ 1tl1ti,-'Yl'U

d' , Ql tJ
':tl ~ ~I ...
I ..1 A ... tl fit ..1
3. D~ ffU 1i'U D ~ ft fl (Lipid derivative) LJJU \ ~lJilL 1J o\1Lflti1V\ 1 tl L1J ~ 1:: n fl 'U0~13J'Yl

LtJauuutl~~lt11flutl~n7u1mo\ILflii R1'l'Yi1ntt\~'LLri n1t1l-nJu (fatty acid) RLflEl'lEl~ (sterol ~~LtJ~ ·

'I"" A tl .. ... """ ..... !"I
fiUL V\~ LV\Lft''UL~Elf!L 71_:fl'Ufl'U U~: O'l :~~ LV\Le.tf~ftL nfi3J:L 'l ~) ft'Lflfl 'lfltlfl (steroid ·LlJ'U
t; fit' ..

w1 ,-tJ,.: nfl'U1'"~1il u~:LtJ'l-lflo\lflu'l: n~'U~fl~trfli13JULVifl)

1u1Yiu Protein
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t;

fl1f'Ufl'U lu lfl'lL';)'U flflniBL,u LL~:l u 1 ,,.L,u 1flu~r1fll

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(amino radical- NH2) n1flfl::ij1 uiifltl'IJ

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fl1'lo\11J1fl
0 --

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16 ·LtlflfL.;ut1-nflo\I,I1\-'\Unfi1 t \UJ1-\I n1ii1 · U1Yl\.I.R11J11 nLtJ;u'"1tJLil'Ufl1f1 'UltrLfl'l'YlLL~::

1
VI ... VI t;t; 1 ... VI ....... VI ... .: -
VI ... ...: rtf - tl VI t; A
L-nli'U Lflfl1tJ u1n'UtJ1ntt';l:: Lllllft' UJllfll~'" \llll'lft' Uf1Ro\ILV\~1'U';J:Lnfl"J.J'U LfiUJfl tl'l'Yl'U
I 1 ..
R~1tJfl1't'\1flLfttJR111ViltJ
1uln'U,i'1luLLtJnflflnl~LiJ'U 3 tJ-:r:Lnnfia

1. lu1iluai~a~tr1 (Simple protein) Lilu1 thfi'U~LrlflLLtJnR~1tJLL~1';l::l~n,.f!a:ij1 u\-'\7fl

..1... -1
ft'1'l'YlLOfl';l100'lflfl:lJ UL'Yl1UU ft1fltJ1-\IL1J" L11-n11
.t ... I I VI• VI•
L"J.JLLfl~
..... 'I,.-. fit
e.tf111 LU'U1Lftflfl L£J'U "J.J\4 n1::~n

40 BI 103
 If·

( tiClff

I
NH;

Nume .·lhhn•,·iation R

Alanine :\1 \ CH~ Neutr.tl

:'IIH

.Arginine AIHi NH~ C- NH- CH2-CH2 CH~ llask

A'paraginc ASP NH~ NH~-CO- CH2- :'lleutral
A'pank adJ ASP COOH- CH2- Addie
Cy,teine CYS SH- CH2- Addie
<ilutamk ackl (i[LJ COOH- CH2- CH:! Acidic
<ilutaminc tiLU NH2 NH2- CO CH2· CH2 [\;cutral
Glycint.· Gl.Y H- Nl'Utral
Hi"t idim· HIS H· c c CH2- Hask
N ~
I
H
\ II
c
H
hokudne ILU: CH2 -CH2 CH Neutral
I
CH,
Lcudnc LEU CH:\ CH- Cf:"l:! :-.Jeutral
I
CH.,
Lysine LYS. NH2 CH2 CH2- CH~ CH2
Methionine MET CH2· s CH2- CH~ · Neutral
Phenylalanine PHE
0 CH2 Neutral
Proline PRO Neutral
Serine SfR CH20H- Neutral

(t(
Threonine THR CH3-CHOH Neutral

Tryptophan TRY CH2 Neutral

II
c H
'

I
H

Tyrosine TYR H0VcH 2 Addie

Valine VAL CH3- f'H- Neutral

I
CH3

- CH~. <H COOH

*The structure of proline does not fit the prototype. It is as follows; CH 2 1

'CH2- NH

BI 103 41

\
 2. 1tJ,;iuti~t.l1~tltltJ (Compound protein v;7a Conjugated. protein) Lth.~1tJ,-Yiu~tJ,-::nau
t11tJ I ""' .... """ ""' ...~ ...... 11"111'Yl1.t
" 1"u"H1\.LL1J-3LiltJ1113JntJR17'Yl2H1J I ""' I
~2.d1JEl-3R11'Ylll
...~ ......L1J11,.u7'Yl\.L\.LL7tJfi11
I ""' J'.. I
prosthetic

group ~tJL'UU1tfl~tJR1JEl-3L6Jf~:~ tu,!1'Ull 11JLLt1-3 n1~t1n

'U
t5u naf111u .

3. tllfcW~tf-uo~1t11fl'U (Derived protein) Lilu1 U1Vl\.L~l~111nn11R~1tJ1JEl-31U7Vl~

....
L1J-3LiltJ1
...1 A ....
~ 1 ElL 1J-3u7::nau n~13J
.. I .:: A ""'
n1 7 R~1tJVI 7 ElbfftJR1l1~1JEl-3
1.u7'Yllh~\.Lb
I ""' ..~ A ~ \1 ~ ..oar ""'
nt11J\.L Ltl LiltJu';l1ltJ

9i1-3 6J L"..iu fl11ll'lau LL«-3 ~~-3-31un~ ·LL~:~tJ~n1tJ1'Yl1~Lflii

"''I ""'""~~
fl1~'UlfUltlfl (Nucleic Acid)

111tJtu1tJ,-1~~~1«miltJL\l.~1::ar.h-3fl·ou1L1m"1Lfl~tJw~i.r;hiHtJ,-Vi't.LL~-3u7::nau1Jitt1
.J
~\.L-3El~3J1fi
I I 1 .. I ""' ~
u7'Yl\.L\.L\.Lt1El\.L1fl~
A A ""'1 1 .. I ""' . . A A " \1 ~ .. I ""'
El u7'Yl\.L (nl}cleoprotein) 6Jf-3UJDLLt.Jfift~1tJLL_~1';J:: Ltl Lu1'YlU

L;-3L~tJ1nu prosthetic group f1a n1t1il1t1aefl (nucleic acid) n7t1il1flOOfltt<Uul~11LU\.Lff11.Lti1tity

.... 'I
u~::lltJ'YltJ1'YlLUn11t111~1J1~3J1n.
0 ""'""'

n1t1il1fl~~flLU\.LR11~U'Yli t!~ii1llL~ ~~1~qj tJ7::nau~1tJ~\.huciou~ -3L i tJ n11

il1fl~1al 'Yl~ (nucleotide) 3J1113Jriu il1fl~1a1 'Yl~tJ1::nau~1tJ 8\.Llf~~ElRL

'I'U
~~(PO~) ~1~~~
pentose (C 5) LL~::LtJR'Ylll
...l .... \1 1
L\.L 'Yl1L11\.L (nitrogenot!lS
""' t
Base) il~\.L\.LL3JEl~1111m1
A A 1iltJR1u1l::L~\.L
.I \1 fit
Lil11
i; I

• 'I

n1t1il1fl~~fiLU\.Lff11U1::nauL ~-3SJfEl\.L~L n~~1nil1fl~1a' 'Yl~~~1tJ ') ~lbtJ3J1L~Elllfl_El nuL \.L

""' ""' ...1
~n1Ym::t1-3111~'Yl- 4-5

42 Bl 103
 • o:l ... 1 I I 1 t1 "'o "~ ~~ "'o
Ribose nucleic acid "'"El Ribonucleic acid "'1ElL 'HJn ~tJtJEl11 RNA LL~ri1'U1~1~'U'Ubu'U'U1~1m

ttrilfl desoxyribose n1flil1fla~fl~~;un11 Desoxyribose nucleic acid 'V\1 El Desoxyribonucleic

acid "';ElL;tJnlitutJEJ11 DNA (fi1111J1-3LftlJL;jtJ'U~ElJ1~l1~l1 deoxyribose ~-lrln~El-:l'rY-lft'Eh'Jfi1)
\1 .
I . .I A ~ .I .,1 tl ~ I ~ ..1
'"Eln~1n DNA ~:~1-3~1n RNA ~~'U~~El-lU1~1~~lJ1u1:nEJUU~1 tJ-3~1-lnU~

DNA tl 1:nEJ1J~1tJL1JW
II
4 ~"fl
.. ..
flEl £J:fl'UU (adenine) fi1U'U (guanine) b'D' ~'D''U (cytosine)
...... ~ ... VI 1 ... '
Ll~::
, ... I tl II ...... ~ ... VI
1r1J" (thymine) W1U RNA 1:nt1u~1tJ EJ:~uu n1uu b'D' ~'D''ULL~:~11'D'~ (uracil)
1 ... ..
... II .I I .... ~ VIti ~ I VI i.-
DNA lJ"''"1~Cl1U~Elfl~n~m:~1-l~Utrn11lJ';J1fiU11~U1~ b tJ-31U~n'V\~1U b~
'I . 'I 'I 'I \1 .

~h'l-1. RNA 3l'YI1l'1fiLM!11rl\Jn1'Ufi'1\1tt.hfi·'l-f.LLt1::.J1~EJ!l'YI~£lL~'l-ftl!fai !61!1-rufDi1l\1'i11n DNA

n1~il1fla~fl,ro3 DNA LL~: RNA iJu~U1~LL~:11fiiU1n11L~tJ1rl1Jfl1LiL~"lJEl-li-l~;l~
~1~ ~l rA'n ~ 11 LL ~1t 'l-f.IJIEJ'l-1.~1-ft ~\1LFI,!I et l1~A n ~1 J e 1-ftn trul tJ'YlU'Y11'\;t,L YJ EJ FJ11a.J
.t d
L!l1b'\IEJnFI1\1'YI'l-ft\1
"" d

...lfiUJ'U
... (Vitamin)
. 1mih4Ltl~u~i'tJR11~-lLw11iil1JEJ1'V\11~,:.Ynlmn~~~-l-l1U LL~:Lw1111-ln1tJc;lEJ-ln11
1tniiulU~1'U1WU£ltJlJ1 n LrlElL YltJU rlUDU~itJW1 1~LUUEl1'V\1 1 u~ 11-l fi1tJ";J:"lJ1~lCil1iju
lJJltr m~1flltl~:rnL~Ln~El1fi11~~tl1n~fl1-l ') ~-l;t~11:1Cil1ijurn'V\lt1~ti-3L«1lJLL~:fl1UfllJ ~

n11L ~;qJLtllJ 1~ LL~:fi1U~lJfl11lJLUUU1 n~~El-ln11rl1-31U"lJEl-lEli'tJ1 :~h-3 ') "lJEl-:d1-ln1tJ

a 4lr, .I ~ ..., A . A ~ ~~ ft 4lr, .I A ~ ~~ A .I tl
utlJ"'1LntJ1n1Jfl11lJ~Eh1fi111Cil1lJUU LuUuqJ'V\1~Lfi~"lJU111U1U LuUL 1El-l'Y111tJLL1 -lLL~:

fl1-3n~1:"'1l'nL\4fl111J~1LU'U"lJEl-llCil1iju un1n~Uff1HCilf'Y111U~11'1Cil1ijuiiu~U1'YlLUfi11UEl\Jrl'U
11fi~-3Lflfl~1nn11m~£J1'V\11 (deficiency disease) LL~:1~LHUmLu:111~~,:L~fuiCil1iju~urn1~
lflVn111Uu1:~1\4El1'V\11L~rlni~ti1UCil1lJ~~n1n~t.t1n11
\1

l \4iULtl1JLd£JiJ n11tlU~U'V\ 1 El1'~ni~1ijuo_nU~ L~~u~'V\ it-l~UlJ1 3Tn~ :n1'V\U~~El

\1
... .. ~ !"I .. .... I I 'I .I... ... ... " ~ :X VI """' 0
1mlJ\4'U'UI.u\4~ElEln~1 LL~CiltllJ1 bU1:tJ:'Y11~tJ1n11'Y11-lo.t11LfllJfi11'V\U1lJ1fi"lJU b~lJfi11fi1'V\U~

~El'JJEl-31tnii\4L \4rl1'UEh1LtltJ1rlUrlU~El"lJEl-lff11Lfl~tu ') ~flU~U nu11iltJfhLtl

-•lJ1::lflftlUJI
~ .iJ 'U)JllfltllfltJll'IUJ'U
.d u C\ C\

n11tl'Ufl11L ~tJ1nU'1Cil1iju~ -lLUU 11n qf1UYh L.;L nlil n1 1l~tJ~1-liYltJ1fl1HCilf~u, ...

L~lJ.i'U~1nn11tlU~u1tnih'en. 'V\1Eln1~LLEJHflEJfufl
'
(ascorbic acid) 11iltJ~U111il1~nL1miJu~1U1U
\1

Bl 103 43
 ~ ~ .... A ... .J l I .... A'A ~ ~ ..., .
n1 1f1Ufl11 fl nL 1 fl.JV.U.J'YlfiTHL n n11 n~11tl.Jnfl€1 n11ft.J'ilflH .JL nfl'ilfl.JU1ti'Y1V.11

L1€1"1Jfl\111~'\.t1lnjU'\.t
, ~€1 rl ?n7n (Takaki) ~.J1~LHU€1UU:11
~ . tl1'ltJih:'Y11'\.t,j11~i~v.1flff
lA' o ~ .J .;_ A . ){ A"" ~ ~:rA
flt1LUUU1:~1bb~1
'U
fi11'Yl~:LYUJth~1nt"lJfl\lfl1,1'\11U1:L11'Yl
. '
LU€1 \.UJ V.1€l~n~nn"llu 'Yl\IUL'W€1

UflMluii1 ~di~ 11fiLWUU"n1 (beriberi) 1uu~~1JuL

,
11Yl1'1td1,Y11~i~~~"lJ11~:HtULfftJifl1iiu,
; 'U ~

B 1 v.1€1 11lfl1iju,
'
(thiamine> LL~,rflL«uflLLu:"lliO.JtJflfl~erd~:~1,Jn11~u"Wuifl1iiu
, 'U
LLfinLiju,
'

~'Y11.J~crl1L
'U
~b n~LLU 1~~11. ~~fl'ul1uifl1iiu~.Jl~~T1
-

1u.L~fl.J111~L~tt1nuifl1iiu ijH'"Wr1~~11LLnn11«uL~fl~'U 3 f11 flfl

A vitami~osis V.~1tl~\l ·fff11'Wn11nb~di~n11e:l~u1n~L U71.Jn1ttbdfl.J~1n"ll1~ V.;€1 -

13Jijifl1iiu

Hypovitaminosis V.~1ttii.J H111'W n1 1 m-~difl~UL d€1\1~1 n 1~fuifl1iiUUfltiL nu1 tJ

~
~ tr'laA oi)~A ·Ill...,
tl1R111'Wn11ntb~UU.Ln~u1u .6) ~:_'Y11 bV.bn~ avitaminosis b"
d tr.d A ~ A Ill~ .... A A A Ill
Hypervitaminosis V.~1tltl\l ff111'Wn11nt'Ylbnfl'iiULUD\1~1n b~1·tJ1ft1~U~1nLnu bU
~ .Jifl1iiUU1.J"nit~n11~fuui~1nt~1 nblJUb'J~1U1'\.t~~~ElflU ~:L n~blJUfi~ 1~
U~~uuijn11~U'WtJifl1iiULL~1th:::~1UI,
, 20 "nit~ ifl1iiUL'V\~1dff1~11tlLLU\IDDnfi12J

flm«3Jlffi n11~:~1tt1~dJUHfl.JU1:L11'Yl
, r ,
~€1
1. ifl1iiu~~:~1t1LuJ1 (water s~lubl•~ vitamin) ·~«1~ty1~LLrlifl1iiu B co~plex LL~:
ift1iiu c

2. ifl1iiu~~:~1tJLuJ13TU (fats soluble vitami~) ~«1~ty1~LLrlifl1iiu A, D, E, LL~: K

lA1i1'U B

b~~b~fltlUl1ifl1iiU B blJUff11th:nDtJL~ti\1"15Uflb~ti1L'Yh,fu, LL~luna1fl€1111'Wtll:l

H1 d U1: n€1u'u1:L11'Yltjfl1iiu B ijDtJV.~1ti"11Ui~ ~-lij n1 ~ nTV\'U~~1~tJL v:l3JL~3J~l-t~1Dn
'U . '

44 BI 108
 A A ~ A A ..,j I A A A ...... ... I ~
1~11l'U B1 LU'U1~11J'U'Yl~1Jflel'U1~11l'U B el'U ') 1J"lfel'Yl1\lbfl1J11 Thiamine chloride LUl-L
... ... ..I 'I ~ 0 g.., g.., i) Q; g.., 'I g.., Q; tl .
1fl11lU'Yla:a1tJ Luu1LLa:nn'Yl1a1tJ~1tlf111117Du L ~ ,
u~1 n1:~u L'VIelt11n1u 7:'Yl1UD1'VI1.,

1i'1u1un11~~~~1u11 f11'Uf11ln17n1.:~1u"lJD\I~D1l~~~uerf11lu f11'Uf11ln17L~1~a1ruf11f1u- ·

, , el

luL~7'Yl nT~1\In1ul~fu1~1iiudl&it~u.:~'t'4D ~:n11 ~n17Vr1\11U"lJD\I~D1l~~tl7n~ n1"1J1fl -

... ... ..t
1~11l'U'U~:'Yl1 L'VILn~
0 'I "' ... 17flb'VI'U'U"lf1
~
(beriberi)
...1~11l'U'U'r4'U1J1n
... ..t 'I ..I~ lVI
L'U"lJ11'Yl Lll L~"lJ~~1
1tl7'Yl'U
...
g.., g.., Q; ...

ti7:L1l'Yl
.
LdD 'VIll~ l1l LLa:ij1u~nft'~LLa:~al3! ·

1~1iiu B2 ij~el'Yl1\1Lflij':h Riboflavin fr1'VIlt1~711lnu1~1iiu B1 1unTn~1~a1ty

fnf1 uluL~7'Yl tl1"1J1~1~1iiud~:fi11..;L n~LL~a't'4\"4el\1~111~1'VI\!-\Ielel'U
, (dermatitis) 1~1ii'U.
..t 0 I ... I A A
B 2 'U ~171'U1-\1La1JL7tln111~11l'U G
~ ca; ... ,.. A AA ... .J:..& g,..,j A
Ueln~1n'U'Utl\1111~11l'U B 1f'U~el'U ') Dn'Jf\11l'VI'U1YlL~'r41: flel
A g.., o. I) ~ ca... ft!" "'
A
Niacin 'V\7£1 Nicotinic acid fl1"1J1~~:'Yl1 b'VI~1'VI'U\I'VIti1'U LL~-\1 au'U11J
A A A
Pyridoxin~ 'V\7£1 1~11J'U B6 ,

Pantothenic aid
Biotin
'Cyanocobalamine 'VI7el 1~1iiu B12 tl1"1J1~~:.Yh 1tfra~~~1\l
Folic acid
Choline
Inositol
Para-aminobenzoic acid
... ... ~ ..t ... ,I ..I I Q; VI It! I Q;

1~11l'U B 'Yl\I'VIll~'U 711JL 1t1n11 B-complex ~a'ilel\ID1n17YlLL'U'Uel'UtJ\I Lll 71n!JLL'U"lf~

..~tJ-\ILLfl£1~1
L
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~ .

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A A ..,j 'J ~ ca... I) ·~ . I ca... A ...1...... t.1 A
Li) 'U1~11J'U'Yla:a1tl L'U b'illl'U 'r4'U3J1n b'U 'Ull L'Utl' b'il ~'U LL~:'r4"1f'Yl1Jft'ft'1JLLft'~'VI7el

LL~-\1 n1'll1~1~1iiud ~:fi11~f11111~1u'Yl1'U'liD-\171-\In1tJa~a" ~1LL..;"l3JijJ1'VI~mau-\l eJDUL'r4~tl

BI103 45
 blindness)
""'lfiUJ'U
""' D

ij;€1'Y11 "Lflij11 Calciferol ~1JLULL'V\~"~"ft1Ji~1iiu A ti1ull1nLTifl~UltlLEI-3LUUifl"lih4

~ltl~tJULLU~\13J1~1nl~tJ~u1:LTl'Yl«Lfl€11El~ (sterol) rh'V\'"1~fi11Jfllln11tlfl~li1J1fiLLfUUtitJJJ
, , ~

bb~~~mrw€1f«1u11\ln1£.J tl1"1J1~i~1iiud~:inL'V\~'W-J, n'l:flnB€1l4flflLti"..:~EJl3JLL~LL1-3

. ntnJJLda. ~ .

ri€1ubutmb~~inn'l~t;~n · ,
'I
·
l~llJlJ E
~~ €1'Yl1\lbflij11 Tocopherol LUUit;~1iilt~crl1tn:I'EJ~liu13J'l..;'LtJu'V\Ju crl1u.Yh l..;'ti1~EIU
bn1~~~~u-:~:w~u~n1~L'V\ittJ1Lb1.iU~~ it;~1iJudYi1JL\.L. V1-D~n;,L;jtJ1 L1J~~~11 Ull LL~:~1al'ou~1f
~ .
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buuit;l1iJu~~u:w1n 1u~n' Vl1'V\U1~~11U«71..:~a-11~'Yl1l-ll~~flLL;j..:~fi1 tl1'll1flitn£iou

d~~r'h 1lXb~eJ~bb~-:J~1i'1 L~m~eJfllnn 'V\7EJL~El~~'V\~'V\~Mi1 (haemophilia) LLa:'Yl1L~LaEI~flnLou
1~u1~~u-l~bb~~
.::IV) :f . d
V' I ~~~ Q-'1tl 1 c' c' .. t ..
fit g;.1 "
1l1nYl b~ n~11:W1U unfln'JYT<il:L'V\\.1. Lfl111l1U LU 1 fl'W~1«1J"lJEl-3Lfjf~~'V\U..:J'U\41Jft11
~1-:~ 6J .~~~:weJJb~mtJuin,-fi~~"il:GJi1£.JL~"1Ju1u,nT7fin..:~L~EJn11~1,...:~~1fl~1Luultlltlt11uii
~ . .

~\l~~ft .J~~ 1lXL6!1~t&'ijfl11:Wu1n~ LL~:ti,.:J~~ 1~..:~ii~1t;~,fu ') «1JJ1'lrt~1'l..:J«tl1Yi"lJEJ..:JnTx~iifl

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~ ~~

(Biological Organization of Protoplasm)

I
G' il~ ..!": G'
4.'1.1 L'11flflllfi~F111U1lf1tl1HUl'11flfl
'II

(Cell and Sll'ttdy of Cell) .

Lsn~~f1EJneJu1u1 1<;}~~1«~ta \lijb~EJu1"~El·~JJEJtJ

..: ..,...,..,. A ""'
, \ L'~~~Ltlu'V\1-i1u1fl,- ""1'1-:~JJ~.,""
I ""
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~ \lij~it;~'Yl n~Ufl"il~ ijL6J1 ~ ~L tlueJ..:JtlU1: nEJ u,r~'Yl1\l 'ltl-11\ILL~:'V\U1~

'I ' - ~

· ~1 ~'i 11 rv ~
..:4 rv A dl ~
u1~ 1~! ~Utf ~ASUu 'Utl11tltl'Hlfl'Utl11lflfJltlUl"UUtCiffti'l
t1 t1

n1 ,-t1 n'JY1b ~£..11 nuLsn~~~'" l.1it.Jfl111lft\4'l ~etJ1~ni1..:~1111\11l1tJ'V\~\1~1 nij nTT

46 BI 103
 .
th::fi~ fn~fl.J';J~'Yl11flULL~1
,
I
unth::il~ f~~11-Jn~el.J';J~'Yl11flU~U1 a!'LUUflf.JLL 1 nfia
oa,.. A
f t
. A
I
~

1 ~
~
d
1f1-J
f) !"1
tl 1::nfltJLL1U1f11~~'Yl
f( Q;

1ffl Hans Janssen LL~::tJiil1"1f1tJ"lffl Zacharias Janssen 11:1JnU~11-J'iiUbUu

~
I

fl. fl. 1590 9la:IJ11utJ fl. fl. 1650 vi£Jfl111'11i1fl1~a Antoni van Leeuwenhoek L~tJfuth .Jn~fl.J1
~

';J~'Yl1
, 1flU'ilfl.J Janssen 1lffiri.J~U LLN11:inttJi1 11-;J~'itfl.JL'V\~11fit~c;h.J 6) LL~::YitJl11u'ilfl.JL'V\~1 ~

L'V\~1~Uii';J~U'Yl7~EltJLUU~1U1U:IJ1n
, LUU fl.fl. 1665 Unl'YltJ1fl1~Cilf"lf11eJ.Jnn~~fl
~ ur Robert
Hooke 1~~171-;JL~uLflEJLJJflflfn~.JLUuLtJaan'ila.J<ilu15fl ~u11LL~u13JLflaL3Jflafn,!u,tJ,-::nau
fl1tJ1ifl"Lv.~tJ:IJL~ n 'J Ltlu~1u1'l.W1 n ~.J'ilfl.J,Ja.JLv.~tJ:1J,!ut1auir1"v.u1 ~.JL1tJ n,Ja.JLv.~tJ:IJLLc;\~'::

tffl\1~~11 L~~~ (cell) ~\1Lth·IJ11~1~~fii'l-bilFl113-lvt3.nErJT~'fl\1L~n 1

n17flufl11tT..:!fl"c;lDLda.Jnu:IJ1L ~atJ 6J lutJ fl.fl. 1835 irnilil1i'YltJ11111~f"Lfl~~a
VI ~~ I 'I .. ~............ t .... ~ ... f) Q; ~ ~ "' ....

Felix Dujardin ~~flU'YitJ11 LUL'D'~~'Yl:IJ1f1CilUU';J:::IJ~11'iiU 6) ~ b~ ~n~nt::fl~1t11U ';J.Jb 1tJn~11

· 111tJLUL'D'~~,!u,-;h sarcode lutJ fl.fl. 1839

irn~11i'YltJ1"1f11LtJiLiitJu (U-;J~UU flEJ L"lf1n~-
1~1::ditJ) ~EJ Evangelista Johannes Purkinje L~ffn~1Cil1eJflU"lJEJ.Jfflil1V.~1tJ1fit~YitJl1111tJ1u

... I co4 G'

L7tJn11 nt]'H[jl"JJtUt (Cell Theory)

1utJ fl. fl. 1846 irn~{)n~fl1~1ilf"lf11LtJfl1~U~fl Hugo von Mohl ~U'YilJl1LUL'D'~~'ilfl.J

A ~
~1f'Yl"'V\~1tJ:IJ
I ... 1.u1I 1Cil'Yi~1~:1JE1~
.. I f) !"I
LUu fl. fl. 1850 Ferdinand Cohn
... !"'I Q;

'D'.JLuuun~{)n~fl1~Cil11111
..

LtJEJ13JUL,YunuL~L~uEJfl11:1JL~u11 1tJ,-11il'Yi~1~mu~"lfLL~:: luilili,!u iiin~m::LL~::a.Jf1tJ,-::nau

L,JuL~tJ1nu fl11:1JL. ~udt~iin11~~,-u
,
11LUUfl11:JJ'il1 "1~tJunilil1i'YltJ1"1f11LtJEJ1~u~a Max ~~

Schultze lu fl.fl. 1861

~ ..
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48 BI103
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BI 103 49
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50 BI 103
 cS ,. """' """'"""' <V
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BI 103 51

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52 BI 103
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BI 103 53
 Cell membrane and Cell wall
Endoplasmic reticulum

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Cell
Cytophism - Organelle Lysosome

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Plastid
Protoplasm
Vacuole

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·Nucleus
· ··{.·. Chromatin - Chromosome
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54 BI-103
 ill'Vf 4-8 UffVI~ Typical cell 'H1fl Generalized cell

BI 103 55
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56 BI 103
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BI 103 67

•
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b'UelLE.lelu1:L11'Yl'ULL'lJ~eJeln L~bu'U 2 "lJ'U~ flel Spidermal tissue nu Cork tissu~

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~

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A A IV
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fit

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58 BI 103
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~ ~

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BI 103 59
 LUUL de:~ L~ e:J ~ 1 L~th'l ~ '11'Yi TV\ U1 ~ "lJ U tl1 tl ~ 1 L~ tl'l1 ff11 LL~: e:J1 ~ 11~~\.L ~ 11l ~
Phloem
"" .. ~ ~tl"" tl ~ I r I ..S A
«'11Lfl11:~"1J't.-L L tl'11ff1't.-L'il1'11 ') 1:ne:Jt'~1t1L6Jl'~~ 4 11\.L~ fle:J parenchyma, fiber, seive tube

LL~: companion cell

!"'J rd... tl I "" ...... A 1 1 ~ ... ;} ..,. ... '!
Seive tube cell Lu't.-LL6Jl'~~'YlliJ 11'11tl11 ti'I13J111'ile:J~LL'ilLlle:J3Je:J1~3J1n"lJU'U1Lfl~tiR~1tt:L't.-L
I 11),.1 "" I

L6Jl'~~'cij=«~1tJc;l1 ltl v-rl'e:~llnuuw;~:Ln~LL iflf111e:~~;iu'Yl11t11 uL6Jl'~~.Yh 1.~11..1,-1'11~~1«3Jnn~u

\1
l~

,7u1 ti~~~U'11L6Jl'~~ ~U'I1~1't.-L"1J11'11"1Je:J'I1L6Jl'~~11U~d';l:ihit~'l1'il:LL n1 '11YhL~fi11"1JlUi '11~1L~t1'11«:~1 n

,:. ~ 0 .X A .... I It} ..... .... A ...
ti'I1"1J't.-L n11'Yl1'111't.-L "lJe:J'I1 seive tube cell 't.-LL 11e:J nu 11 e:Jtl\1 L't.-Lfl113Jfl1tJfl3J"lJe:J'11L6Jl'~~El
~
n11u~~'t.-L'I1fle:J
..1 !"'I r-='..,. · "' 1'""' "" !"'I rd.,...,...,. . ...,...,. .,.
companion cell 6Jl''11Lu't.-LL6Jl'~~'Yl3J"lJ't.-L1~L~ne:J~'il'ilfitJ sieve ~ube cell LuUL6Jl'~~'Yl3J111'il LL~:ll'lPLfl~tl«

e:~rll~tl'il~e:J~
\i
companion cell i:htl71'11ti11LL'Yl71nmJlun~3J"lJe:J'I1
\1 \1 ~
seive tube cell LL~:~~"e:Jil"nu
'
1~tl
I R ...1 ... I~ "" r
11e:J'I1L~n ') 'Yl3Je:Jtl"lJ1'11~\.L'I1L6Jl'~~
\1
t A . I· ff . A ...1 ... I
'Yl'11 xylem LL~: phloem Lfi~';J1nn11L~tJ'I1L6Jl'~~"lJe:J'I1 lateral m~ristem 111-L~'YlL 'H.tfi11 Vas-
.X I "" t} _., ~ ~ ..S ' .
cular cambium 1~tl cambium U';l:LLtJ'I1'il1 bl'l phloem Ele:Jfi'Yl1~~1\.L't.-Le:Jfi"lJEI"'il't.-L~11LL~: xylem
~ r o ~ It} ,.. 'I ~ ,..! 1 ... o ~ ,.. 'l .: d ,.. ·
L-u1~1~'t.-Ltlfi~1'11"lJe:J"~1'il't.-L LL'il L't.-L~11 LtJL~ti"Liiltl1 L11U~11';11~1fi~f!J1LL~:~11·btJL~ti"Lfltl1 (~11

LtJLLfl~) "1" ') ';l:lllij~e:J xyle~ LL~:'Yie:~ phloem 3Tn';l:'Yle:Jfl~"lJU1Ultl~1tlncu ~"L;tJn'YiD~"HEI"

.X I "" I 0 ...
U 1111 ') 11 3Jfl'Yle:J~1L~tl" (Vascular bundle)
~ A Jt. , I 'I · ~ ~ I;} t
tl 1fi'ilLL~1 cambium ';J:ff"';l1'11 xylem 3Jilfifi11 ph,loem LLa: L't.-Lfi11H11'11L6Jl'~~ L~3J"lJ'U3J1't.-L'U

!1~1~!1EJ\IL'li~~"::~~adti'uA113-I~(;la.Ja~\t~cl!IEl\I~\ILn~aea.~ Yhl~il!1'"1~LL(;ln~1\ln~"'1J.Jq'f)n1~
~~
tl1l~u1LL~:El1~113J1 fiL6Jl'~~';l:ij"lJ't.-L1~L'V\ qj tl1itlLL~:El1'V\11"1J1~LLflaUL6Jl'~~';l:ij"lJ't.-L1f'IL~ n ~"UU
" I " ' '

I 1.'t.-L~11tl't.-L'ilU'Yl3Je:J1~3J1n
... ... " d... ')
I d !"'I J' VI " ... tl ~ ~ "
«11-LYILu'UL't.-LEI Lll .twood) 6]]'" 1:nDU~1tl xylem ~1\.L ') 'cij:~'V\Ufl113J
I
~LL'il fi'il1'11"1Je:J"n11L ';l'lf!JL'iltJ
.... .... 1'il"lJEl" xylem
~ ~· .. !"'I
L~"lf~Lu't.-L 1"111-LRL 'llliLL~:';l1"R~tJfiU
t ... _'!, .... .... ...
L1tln1'1111U LU
t 'I '

Lda13Jd,·h "1'11U" (.annual ring) c;l1EJU1""lJEI"1'11U~L~Ul~fl1~LLnl3Jin LL~:13JLdau.n'l1~1'11 ')

60 BI 103
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MEilSTEMATIC
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cell

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lllft 4-9 l. ,UHt'Uf)lrJf)UUUfiH ...
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61
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.. -c-c ~ ...
4.3.4 l71tllllltl::lJJ8ltJ8fliHcr"1 (Anrmal Cell and Tissue)
.., .. a: .., I - .., .... " I ... 'I .dl .. .: ..i
1 \4Rfl11fl4\1~ El1tn:fl1~ SJ lJfl11lJft~tJ'D"tJ'tHnun nn11'Yl~tJ L\4~11 L'D"~tuu~:L\UJUJEJ

~th: n£JtJLU\4£Jitn::~fl11lJLLfl
' nth~ n\4lJ1 n 'UEl n-;n nti\4Hfl1LL'il~:-ni4tlu~iifl11lJL U~[J'ULL\.l~~
\w~e-ruo~•aaua::~&M'mtt1-na~L'D"fu(aijLiJ'Um.h"lJ1nLwi,~::iiv.u1~fl~1ttfla"n'" L,y'" Lnatlu~ .
n1::tto~Lth ~iD11\4\4n LU\4~\4
X ... I ~ 'I ...... t I~.., .....
\
1fl'l "R11"LL~:;~tln1L
.., ' 0 ...
L\4ElLtJElfl1~' ') 'Yl~tJ L\4Sfl1\4\4E111LLtH Ltlfl1lJ~ n~ru::-nEJ" Utltltlfi ,
• .. ..
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.. ..
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.., ..
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. .. ..
..., I

~ iJ \4 4 tl."J::Lil'Yl flEl L\4E1Lr.JE1~

(Epithetial tissue) L\4E1LtJEln~1lJL\Ul (Muscular tissue) L'UElLtiEl
.: A ~ -~ 'I A ... ..... ... ~
ti"J::ft1'Yl (Nervous tissue) LL~:;L\4DLUE1Lfir.J1n\4 (Connective tissue) L\4fi11flfi~1LntJ1fitJL ''Hl"\4

Lfl';1J()\~\l'nftn~1 n·1V.\4t\'
11.'"\~aijttnJEJ11L dEJLrlEJ.ll" ') LV.~1diifl11lJRlJ'~~~ulf n\4ntJnTl
... ~ .. tJ... . . . ..
Ul.~El\4 LV.1'1S~L \4~n,;m:;LQ~1:11Eh1Rfl1
,J: ..
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i~iiiifl'Yln&JJiltl1:;;i'a"ihi1U1JEJ"'i1"
, fi1tl~~.lEJ nui "LL 1~~mJUE1 ni1 l 'Ui"ii=Aifl~~.
.
- A -~
.. - .. • .., .i.t 'I ... . .... .. t X ... .: ... • .., ... .:- I .... 'I
,
~ttfftRLflr.J1lJLtJEll'\lJL'If~~'Yl1V.\41'YlU L\4~1JLLR:; ft'fl11l\4R~
"1J\4lJ1';J:; lJL\4E1Lt1El'Yl1V.\41'Yl\4L11\4 fi\4 L\.L

if'i'L11L1un11 LdaLrla~ {epith~lial tissue v.1o epithelium) Yi~v.u1~~~1UEJ"n~e1\4~1,71r.J LL~:

~1-eJfi1\1ii,,~a;,~a,,~'"3.11nl~
. 4b~~,~'ll~~L~~L~~'4l~LLn
..,
w1\1u~ L~~t!n'lt~-3LLnaJ
.
Ln~'4 ' '

'Yl1~L~\401V.17 LL~::LUElt~Elir.J1:fh" ') li'"ll1tll4_EJnLL~::ll1tiL \4

Epithelium LLU~E1Elntl1lJin~rn:-nE1"JlJ11"1ti'Lij'"v.~1tJ"nU~ L~U t1'1ij~lJLLU'Uflt\'1rJLLJ.Ju
n"J::Lde~ L1un11 Squamous epithelium ~tJEl~~11JE11tn::~ti~'U~1J,t1 L1.J L1iu 1ia~1.J1n
1V'41~1lln
\1
~Rat1a1v.11 ~.nr~1ia""~ofl ~L~:"'tl'~n,~.;,
.
i1,ij,ti71"LLuu~nu1fln
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"''EJ~nLtt1
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iJ
Cubo/dSI epithelium lJ0~~4 '\.UGifn~rnrt1lfU1Vl'fh N'tf1n11tl"-.1fl1-.1 '1
W o'_.(l_,r , ..: • L. A -4 ~ ' ~ '
LttfULVtl~
.-4
1;vni1 'UUJJ1
~ .. ~ ..t ... "" • " ..1 J!. .: . \'1 I .., f • .... ~I
YlV'4tJ LUV.~Elfl Lfl LL~:L UE1Lr.JEl'Yl'Yl1V.\41'YlR11"1.1JE1L ~fl1J1tl hperm) LLrt: L1J rl1L'1frt~ll~fil;n4:;Lu\4
.. I \'1 ~. A A 0 \'1 "
'Yl1'~\1~L"JtJn11'Columnar epithelium ~tJ Lfl L\4Lr.JEl~n'l::LYn:EJ1~11 LL~::LfJEl~rt1 Lft' columnar
A .. ... l""'tl t,l A .... A ..;. .t I 'I
epithelium tJ1~&JJ\4fllJ1JU~:LElr.JflElij'Yl ~1r.Jtl1 1'UV.U"L 7UfiLUEJ~-n'Ufl\411 Ciliated epithelium ~tJ L\4

"'RDfl~lJ LL~::fiali1 L-llL UElir.J1::L ~flo;\~"

.-A .. - ....... .., .. .. .. ~-
lJLr.JEl~&JJUfl cuboidal LL~: columnar tJ1"1l'Ufl'Yl1YtU1'Ylft11~ il11'\JUJJ1 L'IJ~rtiiJ1'"flUL 'lttn

11 Lttf~l{fialJ (Glandular epithelium) ~1V.\l1~R~1"R17~\4lJ1 L1iuuaf1lJu L5u1'1J3! ~1\41J

~1fl1 ~1R1r.J ' LU'Uil\4 uEJn~1ndv~jjLneltJ1~'I;uflYi1V.U1itL~tJ1ntJn11i'tJfl11lJi'in
\1
1flr.Jn:'I~1U
... ... .... .... I A ... i.... .. A ' A .t... I

tJ1tft1\4n\4ntJtl7:;ft'1'YlR11~R L&JJ\4Lr.JEl~'Yl~D'ltJll1~"HE1~fl1 L'Jf~~LtiE1'41f'UflUL 7r.Jfi11 Sensory

epithelium

62 BI 103
 .fA i1 .K
&lHHfJflfl~llJnHl (Muscular Tissue)

1 uu11<fi1b6lf~~..t..:~~~1tJ"lJu..:~i~i~u
b6lf~~~~fl113J~13J11 rl~"il:'V\~~1 "t~~~~<fi "t~bbn
' '1

b6lf~~n~13Jbdu n11'V\<fi~1"1JeJ..:Jn~13Jbdu (~..:~iiu11bUun1,-rn-:~1u"lJeJ..:Jn~13Jbdu) bn~"il1nn11'V\~~1

"lJeJ-:J1th 1~~~1~aJn1u1 ub61J~~ ~~"1JeJ-:Jn11rh-:~1u"lJeJ-:~n~13Jbdurh 1lXi~1~13J11rlbfl~uu1'V\1L~

1ui~i~n1:<finiu'V\sr-:~,¥u,~..:~ b~u 3JuMrJb11~u

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bdmrlun~13Jbdmbu..:JueJn~13JsrnMru:
~
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L~bUU 3 bbUU ~eJ n~13Jbitun1:<fin

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'V\1u n~13JbiteJ~1tJ (Skeletal muscle 'V\1eJ Striated muscle)
'i.l <!I
n~13Jbum 1tJU
~
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(Smooth muscle) bb~: n~13JbUeJ~1
'i.l
~
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n~13Jb du 1<fitJ~1 L U~1U11-:JtJ11

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fi1 1'V\<fi~1 nb n<fi~13JbbU 1tJ11d n11'V\~~1"1JeJ..:Jn~13Jb duLn~
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'1
"i''..:Jb 1tJnn~13JbUeJ~u~u b~eJn~.eJV\U..:J11buU voluntary muscle
~1un~13Jb du~ n~eJ-:J~U<fi~u b11 "ta..l~13J11rl~11Jfl3Jn11'V\~~1
9
L~ ~-:Jb 1un11 involuntary
muscle
bUun~13Jbdu~U~1tJ~1-:J'V\rt..:J~<fi~~urJr1un1:~n'V\1m5un~13Jbdu
Skeletal muscle
'U 'U

~u<fid~u~th:3J1ru
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4o buufb6lfu@}"1Ju-:JJ1~un~1 b6lf~~~1tl11..:JbUu'Yl1-:Jn1:uun
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u11 'lK1't11u

bb'V\~3J n1u1u~u1bfl~tJ~eJ~'V\&ntJ8u
'U
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'1

"1J11-:Jb6lf~~ ~1eJ~1-:J"lJeJ-:Jn~13Jbdu~1nd"l~bbn bdui~i~u13J1bUueJ1'V\11 (bQ~1:~1u~b1tJn11

~ 'i.l

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~ I

Cardiac muscle bUun~13Jb itufiu1: nuu rlUbUUeJltJ1:'lK11 "il ~1usrnMru:"lJeJ-:Jb6lf~~

'U
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fl~1tJnu
.
,_.
skeletal muscle
I,....,.
~1-:Jnu'Yl
I

cardiac muscle
..,. <!I
3Jbb"lJU..:J'V\1eJ~1"1J1b~eJ3J
A
I
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A!IQ;VIY'i
b~ b~tJ~~eJ~

n1 1U~'V\~~1"1Ju.:J n~13Jb dud "il:b n~~u t~u~ 1 u~b ~1 u-:~btlu i-:~'V\1:~~1b~3Juu~~~u<fi:ni~"1Ju-:J

'1J

i~i ~~"1JeJ..:Jn1 1£j~'V\<fi~1drh 1lXb 111~'1J

n L~ bb~:b 1tJ n11bUun11b~u "1Ju-:J'lK11 -;u

Smooth muscle bUubdmrlu~U1:nuunu~ubUU~U-:J"lJeJ-:JeJltJ1:1l1tJ1u1<fi£J~1LU n~13J

bdu~u<fid~1u11..:~'lK1't11tJbb~~3J n~1..:11J'u-:~ ~ulbfl~tJ~eJ~ 1 5u ~brluiX3Jb6lf~~aJ~~1tJ~1~"1J11..:J

'11 '11 9

bcWtJ..:Jbb~~~b~3Jbrhnu1~£J~~eJ<fi n11'V\<fi~1"1Ju-:~n~13Jbdu~u~dbuu"luu~1..:~i'1 ~ 1<fitJl~fun11

n1:~u"il1
'1
n1:uutJ1:~1'YleJ~ 1 u,ijibb~: ~1 1bfl~
.K A
&~fJ&fJtJtJ-,~Hl'tl (Nervous Tissue)
I ~ ~
<!I Q <!I <;! Q; ,o:i ~ <;! ~Q Ad
b3Jm11rln3J<fiU1<fi'V\1eJrln"lJeJ..:Jbb"lJ-:J~n~-:~3J1'YlU b11"il:3Jfl113J1~m"ilu fl113J1~nu"il:bn<fi"lJU
'U '1/ '1J '11'

1 Ub 1~1~11<fib 113J1 n"ilU<fib'V\3:ieJu

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l1eJ1 n11b~U~Ub n~~U1 UrlUfi~b 'V\~n11nbb
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'1/

BI 103 63
 ~1-J 6J dLL~~f1u1u1~unT·n.t 1"1Jfl.JL denrla'nu~'V\rt.J~L d1L 1t~n':h LdaLrlau'l~~1'Yl (nervous
~ ~ I ~
,:!I ,:!I A .:i I I I' I . .:i ~ 41!1 4 ~ 4 d
tissue) LUmr.Jfl"l1u~u-.u::Lb'Yl'dnfl~l1n~1U"lJfl.J1.1.Jn1m"l1uL~r.J1nuLuflLtJfln~111LUfl ~~El~tl.Jn1d

Yi1.J1Url'<U:: tl 'd::~1.U.J1U rl'Ub dEl tria n~13JL dtJElth.J Ln~;~

Ldmrlau'd::~1'YlU'l::n€l'l.J~1r.Ji1t1/aflzh:::fl7n (nerve cell 'V\1El rteuron) ·3J1'l13JrlU Len'~~

ft I I t;'ft I ~
u'd::~1'YlbL~~::Len'~~u'd:;nfl'l.J~1tl
~
cell body sn'"LuU«1WYl3J
... !"'! I ...l#iiVJ 16' I~ .... ...
~en' ~~~1~3Jtltl~El3JU1LflRtJ«
. 'U

-.u1n cell body -.u~ijLff'u'lmL"lJU.Jb~n 6) riu~Bflfln3J1~13J-;J~fl1.J

'I
6) LffULtJdLLU.JBBnLiJu«El.J~1n

~1 n'V\rt.JLUULffULtl~ij"lJu, 1~iuL 1 tJ n11 Dendrite Yl1'V\U1~L UU'Yl1.Jfund::LL«fl113J1«nL '111ti - 'U 'U

cell body mn~1n'V\rt.JLUULffULr.Jtl11 tJ1.J"l1it~fl1';)ijfl113JtJ11LUU'V'J!f1 L1tJn11 Axon Yi1'V\U1~

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, LUU'Yl1.Jif'-ln'd::LL«fl113Jf~nLL~~~1i.Ja€ln-;J:1n cell body ~13JU"j'n~LL~1 LffULr.J axon ';l:;ijLrlEl

'U '· •

1 "1JaJU~3JEl~ ~U~1tl~~"1Jfl.J dendrite LL~:: axcm -;J::~·LffU LtJ~::Lflti~LL~ElflLUU~1U1U3J1n LffULr.J

'I 'I'U 'U
L'V\~1dt1tJn11 End plate Yi1'V\U1~LiJui1Ln'l:L~r.J1U'l::~1Url'l.J end plate "1Jtl.JL'1i~3u n1'l~~
L~tl1U1::~1UrlU"lJEl.J end plate L1tJnl1 Synapse
Lsn~~u'd:: ~1'Ylu u.J~13JWU1~ n1 1Yi'"l.J1UElB ntuu ~1.n rn n~Yi1'V\u1~fu n1::LL« 2

fl113Jf~n 'U
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I'J,I I ' t.l
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~ A d ~ .
A'U.flUJfUflUl'Vt'U (Connective Tissue)

LdaLrlBL ~u1cvruij'V\U1~'V\~nL ~r.J1 rl'U n1 d"LUU tfld" .J11.JLt~~ 1u.J~~ff1U~1.J 6) "lJ€1-J

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~ 1IJ ~I J' ~ .J ~ -~ I ~ A A~ I I
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'V\U1~LUUff1U d"El.Jfu LL~~~1'-b~LU~1L'lf~~~-3J:iJtJ~n~~l'h\l j LL~1LLfl"l1U~L1t~n11 Corpuscle-

Ldmrlm~u1cvruLLU.Jni1.J 6J aBn~13J'V\U1~1~~Ltlu«B.J~1n fl€1 ~1n~'Yl1'V\U1~~T;Ju 'I
1fl1 .J11.J
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b1t1n11 Supportive connective tissue LL~::~--J n'Yl'Yl1V.U1'Ylti~L 'V\.Uti1LL~~~~~€1L1tl n11 Binding

connective tissue

Supportive connective tissue bUUL ~ElLrlB~Yi1'V\U1~tUU1fl1 .J"i1.J 'V\1B1fl1 .Jnd"~~ n

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(skeleton) L~ElL~i~1Cil1.J 6) ij,-tJ'Y\1-Jfl.J~

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72 BI 103
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etc.

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BI 103 73
 5.5.2 1g1ln'i'Ufl~l'U1'YI'H1l\..l (The Nitrogen Cycle)
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74 BI 103
 lightning
Atmospheric
nitrogen
Anim.al
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protein dect·e nd

r ~~mC.U
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L
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BI 103 75
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"7/Ufl" (species) R.:Jll"lf1flfl1-:J ') 'Yillfl111lflt41tlflfl.:Jn'U111n1fl Ll'\£l~
I ""''"" .. ... ... n'U "iff}lf"
.... ._, I ,.1 ~ 4 IIV IIV 'j "' l'j r;( .... IIV ('I ..!.-
(Genus) Lfltnnu Rn~fl1-:J
,
') 'Ylflt41tlflfl.:Jnu~~ L~EltJ
'U
L\4 "'NFI" (Family) Lfltnn'U
.
1-:Jfhfl ') 'YilJ
fl1111Rll~ufl n~Lfiu.:~nu ifll ~a~lu "Buflu" (Order) L~tl1 ri'U ou~u"lla.:~i .:~i'J;i9l~i'JLtn~m:
lnA'Lfiu.:~nu 'itll~aijL\4 ·"liu" (Class) Lilt11nu 1fuf11.:~ 'l ~iiLtn~m:1111nu 'itll~aijLU "7r/tiu"
(Phyl~m) 1 ~1a "n1'1i'u" (Division) ~~Lrla1111.L,j1~~1t1 'J lv-!i11~1a~i" L1urd1· "f11fll1in-s"
(Kingdom)
L'UU1~n1NtlEl.:Jn1111tJfl:LetJflt)~~nclau-ua~ufi~:~1J1tlV\1J'U nEl111UtJn~111tlV\lJ,
t
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!"I I I .... '1~
£l8nLu'U~'U1tltl£ltl£ln Ltt
t .. I
fltiL'l·tJn~'!141tltJEJti'U\411
I t, I
Sub
I
L1J'U Subkingdom Subphylum
·

Subclass Suborder Subfamily Subgenus L!"I "

u11fi'U

92 -BI 103

I •
o ... I
a 1 t11J 'V\ 11 1 fl 'V\ 3.d1iEl "fll.t
Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Verteb ata

Class Main mafia

Subclass Ptacentalia

Order Primates

Suborder Anthropoidea

Family Homonidae

Genus Homo

species sapiens
A ... ff A •
~El1'YltJ1fl1«~71.1El\lfll.t flElHomo sapzens

~1itJ'V\3J1fl'V\~1.1El\1~1-t~1u1
'U

Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Embryophyta
Division Tracheophyta
Subdivision Pteropsida
Class Angiospermae
Subclass Dicotyledoneae
Order Magnoliales
Family Magnoliaceae
Genus Michelia
species champaca
A A ffI 0 A
~El1'YltJ1fl1ft'fi71.1El\1~1U1 flel Michelia champaca

Ll.tn17flnl;-1L~Bn17ifl'V\3J1fl'V\~'i1El\li
'U
"ij~ifltt'ni'Yl£J1tt1«flf~u11 i
"ij~ifltJ1\I~u~
Din)jm:flm«llu11~"1~B1~tt'uLan1Ltll.t~~'V\1Biflfl~L~£J
, LL~i"ij~1flu1\lu7:Lntlij~nl;om: .
.

BI 103 93
 ~1 ~~~'cil:UuLih.tfion'V\1€1ic;r~ Til~ ~1tJL 'V\~d fi11~1Lb'" fi'V\1J1~'V\311 UtlflL
, 'V\aJ~-:Ibb~ n~h.J nu ~ ~

€1€1 n 1 U'V\~1tJLL uu~11JLL u1 fl111lfl~"iJ €1-J~f'l~fl'u Gi1~ f U'V\U.J ;€1 L~lld i.~f~LL u.J n11 ~1LL u n
'll

'V\1J1~'V\lJGJJ€l.Ji .Jij:n1~~11JLLUU1Jtl~
~
Kimball ~ .JL~U€1 LlLrltlfl.fl.. 1965 1~tJf~~ .Jij;i~LU 1~n
tltlnLiJu 3 €11m1fn1 (Kingdom) Ft€1*

1. 81fll1tlf11 Tui~if111 (Protista Kingdom)

.., ell
2. 81fll1ilf11 'W11 (Plant Kingdom)
.., .., ·rt'
3. 81fll1ilf11 if117 (Animal Kingdom)

7.2 an"Mw~l~uN~a,tJ,o~tlltul\ln"Jlu"J;itTfll (A Brief Survey of Protista Kingdom)

...: ........ A .d Q,; VI !oil Q,; .: .... I 'l~ I .... <;( :a'I .d.... (;' .... . ....
~~1J1f1~'Yl'cil~ ~ 1 ~U€11fU.1';1n'lU L'ltlfi11 tU11/if11 (Protist) LuU~1fi'Yl1JL6Jf~~L~tl.JL6JfiiU~f.J1

'YI1 €1 tl1ij'V\ ~1tJL6Jf~~ nL UULL UU€1~ 'l11J n~ll

, rtu1"tJi.aJijfl111JL ~tl1,jtl~'V\ 1 mL U~'V\U1~ nuYi1-J1U
~ '

L~tl Lrl€1~';11'ltu.1~11J~n,;.m:fl111JL~1ru"ll€l~L6Jf~~LL~:iin1'l~1'l
., ' ~:n1~LL~1 '
€11'ciJLLtJni .Jij:n1~ LU

€11tu.1fn'ld€l€lfiLUU

1. 1ft'u1~~~'Yltlil
fi''.::lQ,;VI
A
~1J1JU1Lfl~tl~
I .... A .... 111~
(Prokaryotic protist) b"LLn LLUfi'YlL 'ltl (Bacteria)
I ........
LL~:
.

........ .... ""

0 A

LL€l~';I«L"lltl1LLfillU1L~U (Blue- green algae)

.2. 1ftu'l~~~'Ylll~n,;.m:fl~1tl~1f
I fi'.::l .... Q,;
A ~ A
~Plant - like protist) L"LLn
. VI ~ I
LLtl~'cil
....
(Algae) 'l1Lll£Jn
A

(Slime mold) LL~:,'W.JL'cil (Fungi) .

3. 1fu'l~~fi'Ylllt'lfi'};-tu.:fl~1tl~~1
t I fi'.::l .... Q,;
A ~ Q,; (;'
(Animal - like protist) b"LLn
VI ~ I 1ftu1
I 1 Q,;
~6Jf1 (Protozoa)
I . :a'J A
Prokaryotic protist LLU..:JtltlfiLuU 2 Phylum fl€1

PHYLUM 1 SCHIZOPHYTA' 1th~«~u1rJ~:JJdL1tJn'·h UfiL~1 (Bacteria) 'V\1EJ

*il'lil~,r'\.l,ittta-Pil1LL'\.I,nmmLtl'\.l, 5 e1r:u1fn~ tGJilL;i~a1r:u1~h~a.mitt1 (Monera Kingdom) ntJEJ1nt1lijn~w\1Liil ·

(Fungi Kingdom)

94 BI 103
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0v:J:Jo
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0
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7-1
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UtJVI~'Ju1H'Ufl~UmA1
'll
~ ~ ~
Uil~Ufl!A'J
~, -• . ~
UlJ)J'Jlflt'll

'V\U 1f.Jfl11:Uf.J1 1~1 i1~"1Ju1~"1Jfl~un~fl1 1 i'V\u 1u L:Ufl1flU (micron) 1 iiqJ~nMrn

.,. .... ... dl ....
....
tl fl11:Uf.J11 1 p :U"lJU1~ 1/1,000 :U~~L:U@l1 'V\1fl 1/25,000 U1

unLfl~"lJf.J1£.Jviutft~un11LLU~L6tf~~LL'UtJ'Yliflm 1M11!:~b'V\:U1!:~1!~11111rr'il:::CLtl~L6tf~~
~ ~

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b~ b'U'Ylfi
.,. ~ I ~ VI I tJ.J I tJ !"VVtJ
20 Ul'Yl Lb(9Hl11l11!:LL1~~fl:U L1JL'V\lJ1!:LLnn11"1Jtl1tl~'U1l"il!:L ~tl'U1 11~"1Jfl~L6J5~~ b
Q..> IS' I

~ ~ ~

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bu'U~
tJ fl1IS' (spore)
I
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~11111fl'YlUflt11ueJm'V\1lij~ 212'F LL~:::~flm'V\Ilij -soiF L~~tJL3Jfl1tl

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

1 U n11~1 1 ~:nifl ~'Ul1UnLf11eJtJt~ U~U~'YlnLL~~ 'U1~"D'~~~fl~fl1flf.Jflfln6frL "ilU1 U

~ ~

fl1n1fH~fl1mun11~11~:ni@l ~1ndL1tJnl1 aerobe bLc;)'U1~~1nL3J~1lJ11fli:i:ni@l1U~i:ifl1fl1fl

Q; ... I
"il1fi1Jfib@l1 b"D'U

'VI'Ufl~ 1 U (gonorrhea) di~"ill fi"D'~~ Neisseria gonorrhoeae

LiJ~lLL~~ (scarlet fever) Ln~'i\ll n"D'~~ Scarlatina anginosa
.... I
A A dl A
tJ H~tJ1lJ (pneumonia) Ln~'i\llfi"D'U~ Diplococcus pneumoniae bb~!:b"D'flfl'U 6)

BI 103 95
 tJ~ntT1 (carbuncle) di~-;J1nanil~ Staphylococcus sp.
Lrla~3Jtn.JEJ\IflnbffU
'I
(meningitis) L1i~';J1nanU~ Diploccocus spp.
flfl~1J (diphtheria) di~-;J1nanU~ Corynebacterium diphtheriae
l'YI'Wm:J~- (typhoid fever) di~';J . . In1JU~ Salmonella typhosa
n1w1 d"fl (bubonic plague)' di~'iij1flGJJU~ Pastiure//a pestis
1J1~'YI:rTn (tetanus) di~';J1nanU~ Clostridium tetani
1m1d"fl (tuberculosis) di~-;J1naniti~ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
.... ..: 6' "" "" . •
El'Ubb'Yid"n6Jl' (anth~ax) bn~';J1n"llu~ Bacillus anthraCis
LEJnd"u (whooping cough) bn<fi';J1f1GJJU~ Haemuphilus pertussis
~'MEJ1'V\1d"n1:UEJ\I (botulism) bnfl';J1nanU~ Clostridium botulinum
1d"flb ~flU (leprosy) bfl~-;)1 nanU~ Mycobacterium leprae
sn~~ff (syphilis) bfl~';J1 nanU~ Treponema pallidum
EJ~11~n 1d"fl (cholera) bn~-;J1n"l1it~ Vibrio cholerae

unL~1~rhtb: 1u"lluL~bbn3Ju"Mu
'I
L"liu
Acetobacter pasteurianum "1hu1un11ri1J1~3.1
Bacterium curv1,un
Bacterium orleanense

Bacillus mesentericus "li1u1u in,-v.irn~EJ\1

),
Lactobacillus pentosus "111 u1u n1 1v.irn~ a"
Lactobacilfus pentoaceticus "li1u1un11Vtirn~EJ\I
Bilcillium subtilis "li1tJ1 un11U3J 1Utl1ffU 'IJ

Bacillus mycoides "li1tJLUn11U3J1UtJ1ffU 'IJ

Bacillus polymyxa "li1u1un11U3J1UtJ1ffU 'IJ

.
Clostridium sp. i1tJb~3Jll1~'I l~U1'Yid"b';J'ULU~'U
Cellulomona.s sp. "li1tJL~3Jli1~flTfuau
'I
l U~'U
Thiobacillus thiooxidan · ,Y1tlb~3Jll1~n13J:nulu~u
'I

~\l~~i~lu Phylum Schizophyta d uan';J1n-;J:~unL~7LL~1£T\I~;"~ii ..~u ;H\I~trn"Mtu:

fl~1uunL~1u<il~"llU1.~b~nn11 L~Lbrl

96 BI 103
 ii~tl~1-\1Lih~Lnmrn u11 U1-\l ii11un~l3.1diu
Spirochete 5 ,1.1fi1DU n11~11-\l=a191ihr-\l
LLUU~«1: LL~:LUUU111i91 (parasite) DtJlui-\lii=a1~~U
'U
:tl ...: A AA .d A . fit .d I .d ""' A S' ~ 4 A
Mycoplasma Lu'U« -\J3JGj]'1~'Yl1.11J'U1~L~ fi'Yl«~L
'I
'Yl1'Yl'U fi1'YltJ1fl1 «~1fi'U ~U f1El1.11J'U1~

tl1:1.11n4 •0.1 ,3Jf11El'U ~11 -\l=n1~DtJ,~crr-\ILLUUa«1:LL~:LLUUU111i~

'U
:tl ...:
.d ... ""' ,
AAA ~ I ""' .d 0 ""'""' 1, ~ A
Rickettsia LuU«-\13JGj]'1~'Yl3J~n~m:fl~1tl mycoplasma ~1-\lfi'UL~ti-\I'Yl';l:~11-\lan1~Eltl ~
. 'U

~eHrlDL ,j1 lt!DtJl

'U
ui -\lii=a1~~ULL~1L rh~u (obligate parasite)

Virus Ltlui-\lii=a1~~ii11U1~L~n1.11n ~-\ILL~ 30-300 ii~~111fi1El'U (millimicron-m.u) 'V\1El

0.03- o.Y1 n11~11-\l=g1~LUULLUU obligate parasite LaiUL~t11rl1.J rickettsia, Tl«UU,~l1Ltlui-\lii

AA ..,!..,. ""' ~ ,d ~ ""' . ""' ..,. ""' :tl A ...
an1~'Yl11fi1111L';l1Ul'UElti'Yl«~ (most primitive) L~11: b11«1.J1-\JGj]'U~11~n~m:Lu'U~~n1JEl-\1«11Lfi3J
.., 'I

LL~iifl1111«11111t1';l:'Yll~1'U1'U,~ LLaJ':h~n1~Hlt:fln4«11ml"lJeJ-\Ii-\li.i=n1~L'UU1:fi11~'U ') 'I

rJ-\113-J

u11n~l~i-\1Ln~l~n~111
PHYLUM 2 CYANOPHYTA 1u1~«Glu,y.J~11dL1tlnl1 LLEl~~;LiitJ1LLn3JJ1L~'U (blue-
~..t . '} S'A A A..~ ... I
green algae) 'Yl-\I'UL~11:111t1 t'UL6Jr~~11«11~:~1tl"lJeJ-\I« (pigment) .anu~'YlL 1tlfi11 phycocyanin

~"iii~1L~UUUElrlrlU«11
I'U
chlorophyll n1:-;J1tltlrl..t1L6Jr~~
'II
13.11~113JflUEJclLtlun~11rlti'UL'V\ijElu
'II 'I
... .... ""
LLEl~-;JanU~eJ'U ')

LLeJ ~~1 '", y.J ~11d~1U111 nii ~n~ m:dJUL 6Jr ~ ~L~t11 LL~ii 1.J1-\IanU~Elrl113J nuL UU«1tltl11 . 'U

iiLijDn1«~11«1tJL6Jr~~darJ
'I 'U
n11eJrlt~1fl'tJ ~u11arJl u~..t1 'J 1t.Jcrr"J1~~ ~'l'Yl:L~ lu~u u1-\lanU~
'U 'U . '

iifi1111'YlU'Yl1U~eJ am
'I
'V\Ilii~~tl
'U
1 n~1~L 1Juacl1"~

LLeJ~~iL iitJ1Lb n11J1L~Uiifl1111i11vrulfnui -\li.i=a1~~'U ') dJUEltJl-\1111 n L~11:1.J1-\Ianit~

«11111t1L~11U1111mln~1 'I
u1'Yl1L-;JUL~LL ri~u1~ d::Jun11rl1L~U~'W.~llfi1111El~11«11U1m1.11n
'I 'U

~U bLti~~U1-\IanU~~eJtJL uJ1 LrlaarJL U1l11:LL1~~t111~L 'V\111:«11 -;J:LLU-\1~1Elrl1-\111~L '11 LrlDii

' 'U . 'U .

BI 103 97
 I I .... t,.
""' I A .......... A· ""' o ""'
au~11~~a«~~~1~~~a1fl~u1uu
t \'1 ..... ~ I) !VI. I ... t,. A ... ...~... .... A ... I· to-
Prokaryotic protist 'Yl~ 2 L~~3JU rn~ LUL&Jf~~ L3J3Jnauu1Lfl~£J~'Yl3J~U.:JU1Lt1~£J~Vte:n~3J
'I'-' ~ ...lo:t e' ~~~~~
L'V\LL~naan,1n«1uau1Ja~L'lf~~ ~11'YlLtlll.La.:Jflth:nau1Ja~u1Lfl~~«n1:,~n,:,1uau'Yl1
I "" A .... . ....

' • 'U
LU

ufiih.nnuinm~aun~1~L~~~ LL~:iJ~Lli'113JnuttluLLrl.:J 1fl,-13J 1~3J L1~nL~~~~iitrn'l!-m:

A ... ;: I ... A ... ~I ,
-na~U1Lt'l~~«LL'U'UU11 prokaryon LL~:L 1tllfiU1Lfl~tJRLL'U'UU11 Prokaryotic nucleus
'll'n:a11'Yl~1'U1~fluf~u~nLD1 prokaryotic protis ll'ttlua1m1in,v.rt.:~fi1-:J'V\1n L1~n11
a1m1fn1 13J\l11 (Monera Kingdom)

Plant-like protist rnn 1tl,-fia-fl'~iiin'l!-m:flfl1~~~113JL

'
7~n11 LLD~~ (algae) L~llf~L1a~'U
'I ..... ... t ~ 'I ~- ~I
L'Ua1U~.1';1fi1~~ 'Yl~UL~11:rnu Ll4L6JffH.~3Jft'11fl~a 1TI~
1 (chlorophyll)
....
113JnUD~LuunauL 1~n
I ~I "' ...
'U

fl~a1 ,~~1R9i' (chloroplas) iifl11lltl13J11flfti'1-:Ja1'V\11L~~~1~i.:JLt111:~LL~ .:1 (photosynthesi~)

""' ~ .,.;: t 'Ib\.I,'\.L1'Yl:L~
1U1~tl~~1fiLLa~';I'\.L~'l.J'Yl{l :' . :' ~ 'I .J ..,.1.,. J' ~ IIIU Ill '-' ~I
\.1,11\l~ LL~: LU'Yl'Yl3Jfl113J~Utl.:J'Yl1 L bbf.JfiDDn b~Lu'\.L 8
,.,. 'U

phylum flfl

PHYLUM 3 EUGLENOPHYTA 1thf1«muL~tr3Jdii1tJ'i1~L7£J1

'U
'i1't11£JLLV.~3J~1UV.U1
iiLL«' (flagellum) 1 L«'u ~'ll'~L~~ClliLL~~ t~YhL~Ltl~~u~tJ71-:JL~~1f.JLfl~DU~L~D~1.:111~b'l1
1~~n1~1 1un~~-na~LL«' 1l1~LUL'lf~~iiL~flfifl~a1 1~~1«91' rl1'V\U1~L~~1Tl'Ufi11R11-:JD1,Vt11
""' I . -~~~ ... ~~ ~~~~"' I ...
~1D~1~1JD~LLD~';I Ll"il'i3JU LjlLLn ~n~U1 (Euglena)
~I .... ...~...... ... I ........ .... .... t
PHYLUM 4 CHLOROPHYTA Lu\4LLD~"il'Yl3JRL1Jtl1DDU LLD~"il~LGJ.Jtl1 (green algae) 3J'Yl.:J
A ~ ~ ~ .J ~~ ... 1 ""' I A ~~ A to- .... ~~ . r
~U~'Yla L'lf~~ Lfltl1LL~:'YlDtl,-13Jfi'\.LLu'\.Lfi~aJW'lDLu'\.Ltl1tl 'U1~~'\.L~D1"i13JLL~ (flagellum) Lu\.l,tl~fl
'U 'I

tJ1::nauanD~L'lf~~ in~m:~fi1~LU';11n~~n Euglenophyta f\aii~lt~L6Jf~~~fiau111-:JLL'i1.:~ 'Yl1L~

fl~1tl'i1~lrl.~
'U
Nlt~LSJJ~~tJ1:nD'U~1tltl11L'lf~~'U 1~« (cellulose) L'lfUL~f.J1Tl'U~'ULU~~,fU~.:J
. 'U

,t1Ltl ~~rl1L~iuU~t1U11"'
LLD~~L \.t\~i~3JdLiJU'U11~'U1'1!-1JD.:J~~,fu~
. 'I 'I 'U
~
LLD~~;L;j~1LtlULL'V\~~a1'V\11LL'V\~~~1fitlJ1JD{I1tl1fl~flLL~:i~1~U~~\.I, rf.:~~D~LuJ1~~
'U ~

LL~:~1'Yl:L~ ,r,,uurhtr~ii
'I
n111f~~,:il1L~1LLD~~tJ1:L1l'Yld3J1YhtJ1:.
1u~iil ULL~ana.:~ n1 1L~3J~~
~~~ LL~:n11tl1tf11ni.~1J
'I
""' I ...... ... I
~1D~1~1JD~LLD~';IRLIIJJ~1 L~U Spirogyra; Volvox, Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, VIva
.....
fl~1l1~'Yl ""' 7-8

98 Bl 103
 CHLOROPHYTA EUGLENOPHYTA

A.Chlo..n.
• 2000X

Volvo1e
J6X

BI 103 99
 PHYLUM 5 PYRROPHYTA .\tacAil\,'WilldLlurrh '~Lw.Ly.j~fll.1attm {d~
l: 3.,S .,. .., !"I ft., I ft .l " , " .d ill'
TmalW~~'lnJJU« {flagella) Lu'Utl..:Jflu'l:neJ'U"lJEl..:JL'lft'IGltJ~«el\lffU W'U~U..:J'"1ilt:rn.t-s71-a'Jf~
.,. ~ A .,. • " ft
.anLm4l\~'V\BUflUM~mU"lJfl..:JL'lfGU~
'l fta a "
ffit.J ~t.U.-n~t'llJtlT1ffff3JU~..:Ju\WlJ
.. I , ' .., 1
EJ'"ffYUtltrn~ \.Qll~
't: \ :' • .. 114
~ 'U 'U

n:n~ ij1J1"1iufft1lJ1'lflL~tl..:~:L1JiU~'l1'1L 71JJ1n LL~:11::tJ~EIU~'lLiJU~1711ni1£l.Eln\iJ1

l1'11nLJn17m1.1i1-LUL1uni1 red tide 'f11L~~1~'it~ffLL~..:JLLfl:Liltt~'!Y iiouf111mlenV<i11~~14-,
iill4Elth-:~3J1 n
PHYLUM 6 CHRYSOPHYTA Utl<~~Lu1l"Jtr3J~ L1un-:h UiH~~i'YlEl-:1 {golden algae)
J:.f .,. A A .. 1 '""'
muLV.'l1:1JH11a:a1tJHL'V\~El..:J'Yl£h1ft:f41tJu'-LEJtJnuflaEJ
1'll"la
~I ft.,.. . . . . l '
L'lfaaJJn1J'lu71-n
iJw.:-n~UUfltJ1
.r..J
'U 'U '

~1Dth..:J"1J FJ..:JL\fl at\u 1l"J i11d 1~LL ri 1~ a:~~ 11 (diatom) «a -n'i'U '~~" L\4~ 1~~ua:J111:11
"J , U.s
f~EJ::<11EJ1Ju1: nEJ'U~1tJL aEJ n
"
(shell)
"" .,. ft .dA .., !"I .. I .,. tl -..
'V\ 'HJf.JU..:JL6J5a~6J5..:J3Jan~m:Lu'Uw1flaU«11J ;: nunu
... ft~tl " tl. ' -- .J .... ft ....
W-3L'JJBa'-L
' ;::nEJu~1tJ«T~·. 'l:L.n'Yl snan1 (Silica) 'Yl~'U..:JL6J5aa11::11a1~flltJR1tJ..:J1.a.J

'1.~EJ::c;m3Jih.J'YlU1'Yl'Yl1-:JLfl"rJ~;;n"\lLU'UEl~1-:JlJ1n l~U~LrlmT-:~ij=A~~fJUU.a:H12J1,-fl"&JJ1\1
~ ~

frml7 L~VI "

-;,:n1~lL1'YlLUULL'V\~..:JEl1'V\17"1JEl..:J1U1<il~<il
0 " d "' I ' ""' ft ttA " ... .r "--!
LL~::«<i11ElU 6) t3J£lfi1.UU~"l~lL~t'!fas-;,:
-
w AI

lnnEJuLLql"\l::ft':«l..'l13Jnu"\lun~1ULUu,fw~u
1
L1tJn11 diatomaceous earth 1JUHUU1m11i
,

t1;:: ltJ'DiitlLnT'H tluLfl' EJ..:J n7EJ..:J Lfl' EJ-:~"lT~L-:1'1 LLa::Lfl' EJ..:JHI€11-:J

100 BI 103
 iJ ...... ~ ' "' ......
Ill~ 7-5 fl'ltltJH,tl~UtlOilUH'IfU~ (Laminaria OU Fucus l UUtlOili.'JUlfllO illU Chondrus &iJUUtlOili.TU~~)
' ..... ' ... oQ .....

BI 103 101
 "ll11't1:::L~u1.JbbV:.Ju- 1beJ1ua~~"llU~d:JJ1l.h: naua~'V\171~ u€1 ncu1 n<tXutr.J'll1:JJ1rniJmL~: ,
oa.o

tnl~Ltl1~1'd1fl1€l~U1~<il1H i1€lU1.J"lJ€l.JLL€l~~~U1f\1~ 1~LLrl Fucus, Sargassum, Laminaria

PHYLUM 8 RHODOPHYTA LL€l~~Lu1~~3Jd L1Hnl1 bbfl~~~Lb~.J (red algae) t'Vi'd1:;ij

~1,-«u~.JLfl~flufl~:JJfl~€)1
. , ,.~~ tl1::neJu~1m6J5~~'VI~1m6J5~~:JJ111:JJnu 'ViuiltJLu'tl:L~~~Lm:eJunu ~ ~

t Cljj~~'" l~.J1~LL~ .J~';h.Jtifl.J~.J 1tlii.JLLB~~Gjln~dtt 13J1Yi1L uu€l1'V\11'VI1 €l~ll~n~LeJ11u:JJ1lan

. ,
thzL~tt'l-b1~ i1El~1\1Ltf'\.b Polysiphonia, Nemailion .
,:!1 .... t; 1tl ... .. tt:i ~ •VI g,o ,:!1
n1'd~U'ViU,~CijjeJ.J 'dfl~fi'Vi1nU€l~~"3JL~'V\~1tJUUU flfl
'I

1) LLU.JL6J5~~UUU~'d13J~1 (division) El1~~:bLU.Jf\13JC!jj11.JC!jJEJ.JL6J5~~ (transverse division)

'VI1mLU.Jfi13Jf1113Jt111"1JE:l.JL6J5~~ (logitudinat division) n1~ YiULU'Vi1n~a£.JdjuL6J5~~L~t11 6) ~

2) Cljj1~a€ln~1nnuLUWnau, (fragmentation) LL~1bL<il~:rlau (fragment) ~:L~ityL~U1fl

<ileJ 1 tl YiU LU'Vi1 n~eJUbiJU~1tJH11
~

3) ff11.J~tlaf~11itiia.Jijn11~~3J (asexual spore) 1~tJL6J5~LLU.Ji1aE:lnLUU'V\U1tJUE:ltl 6).

~.JL 1tlnl1~tlaf .(spore) LL~1~tlaf<tXun'd:::~nr.J1tJL~ityL~u 1f~LUU'VIU1£.JL 'VIll~U3J1

4)
g,o e'<:!l "" .- .:~~
~11-JLSJf~~~U'ViU~ (sexual spore 'V\1E:l gamete)
1~f.J't1L6J5~~~:~11.J~
AI .- ~ tl .-:X ~
E:l1"1JU3J1LL~1
~ .

.. ~ VIti .... ... :tl I 'I I :X

~ tl E:l'dUU~: L ~~3JnU Ln~Lu'U'V\U1f.J L'VI3J"1JU3J1

PHYLUM 9 EUMYCOPHYfA ttJ,-~~mculrWLflJlt L1£.Jnl1 ~.Jl~ (fungi) E:l1~ijL~f.J.JL6J5~~

L~H1 'VI1aaU'd1:JJnuLUULtlULtJL1£.Jn 1n'W1 (IJlypha
~ .
V.'VIV.~ULUU hyphae) 1l1£.JLUL6J5~~1!ij~1'l
. ~

fl~E:l t 'd~~ ~.J1lla1~~f1.JE:l1'V\111~£.J1ii.JLfl71::~LLft'.JltlCii'El.JLiD1'V\11~1nLL'V\~~~U n11~11.J

t11"' ~vt{l LLUU~VI1 n'\.bEl ~1\1~a'l:ab~!:I.LUU~Lrl'\.bth~(;lEl1Ae.tEld1rA'..f1l tJ 1 U'd~~~L 'V\~1ltLLU.J
~ ~ ""' '
e:mnLUU 3 "lfU (class) flD

Class 1 Phycomycete ~.J1~Yi1ndiuvfuft~r.Jn11~11\lft'tlaf~urntJLUtlU~tJElf I , .

(sporangium) ~.Jij~n1~Hl.t~LUUt1.J ft'U€lfL'VI~1ddi~~1nnTnLil.Ji11~u11i~a.J€l1fltlb'Wfl Lrl€lft'U€lf

'I

1ufln~.JLU~LLV:.JL'VIli~.Jija1'V\11ff3JU1nL ~::.Jfln ~
hyphae €lan2J1 hypha ij 3 LLUU flE:l

hypha ~Ylfl~1tJf113JLLU111UL1£.Jn+l stolon

.d . VIti tt:i I
hypha 't1LL't1.J't1::~~.J L L'dr.Jn11 rhizoid.
I oa.o 'I . I '

"" VI tl" !"I .d ~

"" 'ILUL1~1fl€lll1~::LuWYlft'11.J .
hypha 'ttt:i1GJ1"1JU L LU€l1n1fl sporangiophore '15~ sporangium I

~ "' . '
hyphae L'VI~1it1)-)ii~it.J~13J"1J11.J ~~ii~n1!-m::<ilanuLuurl€lEJ11
I tt:i I I

n~:JJ"lJE:l.J
'I
hyphae .L1£.Jn11 mycelium

102 BI 10~
 fll~11"1Jfl-3Yf"d n phycomycetes 3Jn~th.~s:n1nvhrVI1flic;r) v.1fl~11U1: nauau'Y11rJ~U ')
~1~ii~1~ n11~11 -:t;vw.uud b1tJn11 n11~11-3~~uuu Saprophytism
VI .'% VI i.l d~ .J.f
~'dfltJl\J"lJfl-:tYf\J b~~1nu b~lbbn 1l~1'Yl"lJ'UU'U"lJ'!.UJU-3 (Rhizopus nigricans) 11'Yl"l1\:LtJU
.... I I 0

i.'

ir1~u uui'-:t,Yl'd 1 ~~ Lilu~u

!"'I n~ VJ .J I d ... "" I
Class 2 Basidiomycete bu'Ul"l-3 b~'Yl'iii\J~ln phycomycetes 'Y1 hyphae lJ~'U\J'il1lJ'ii11\JLL1J.J
6' I .:!f "" 41" ... t i.l 41" "" 6' ·..,. :X. I"'A ...
I.SZf~~D~ nl1~1J~'U~lJ'Yl\JI.I.1J11~1l\J~.Ufl1 I.L~:LL11'1Jfl1fftJI. ~ff~Ufl1LO~'i1U-;J1nU~1tJ'ilfl.JL'lf~~'lf.JlJ
...... ..... ......... ~I' .'% ... I '1 ...
~ n~ ru:f1~1tJ n1:11fl\J (club-shape) L6Jl'~~'YllJ1u11...1bi.1J11'Ub 1tJn11 basidium b'U basidium L'Jf~~
'IJ

v.d-.1 6J ~:~~1.-:t~'l.Jflf~u 4 ~uaf ·

<il1flth-:t"l1fl-:tW..:JL-;J~'dnd L~I.Lrl L~~cnu~~1-:t 6J ~flnL~~~I.~uv.1m.i11111ii'u'l.J7::'Y11tt
,Xu biJU~'dU'VI~\J"lJfl\J mycelium. ~\J 1~~~u1:~1J~'U~U3J1L~fl~11-:t~Uflfuu basidlu.:n ~.JD~
1. . . .. ""' . ...... i.'
~I 6'A ""' I
~flU ~"lJfl\J~1~flnL'VI~UU ~ufl1U,L 1t1n11 Basidiospore

1. ~~Luuw-:tl ~~iif11111~1~lli'Y11...11.YY11;-~n-;J11~,n~-:t1 uu~~1 oXu1:: lt1cnuu~::l11 L~Lii~fl1111

"' "'
L~tJ'VI1tJ L~~111-:t~U~D1~U1111LUUfl1'VI11l~ Liu L~~'Y'h-:t (Volvaria e~culenta) L~~1J1.J'n~~ij
~1!1-@) fJ 1: 1JU\9h\J 6) "lJfl-.1 11\J n1tJ L~~111.J'n~"LUU~UL 'VI\9lvl1 ~1tJflUUl1'Yi'ilfl.J laJLL~:th 11)
, "
111 \J ~u~ bU'U 11 fl~vl1 ~ 1 tJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Y11 -.1 nTH n~fl 7 L~L fi ~ fl111J L tJ'V\1 tJ Dlh" -f1 tJLL 7 .J «
~~ n ~ VJ .J A "" i,l "" ..~... .... 1:: I"
Class 3 Ascomycete bu'Ul"l-3 b';l'YllJRn~m:fl~1tJnU'Yi1n basidiomycetes 'YllJ~'U"n\4L'Jf~~

~~~@)flnu ~'l.Jflf"llfl..:JW\Jl~"lfii~dii 2 "11~~ 1fil~LL7nL1tJn Conidia 'VI;D Conidiospore Ln~-;J1n

1 IIJ
I CV YJ ... ~
I
fi11LL11-3Cil1 ~tJ blJfJ1fftJL~ff"lJfl-.1 bil~1'Y1LUU
CV d •A ...
' .:
sporangiophore SZf-.llJ'nDL 7tJfiLQ'Yi1: class \411
I

Conidiophore
~lr""'d ,...
~ufl1"11U~'Yl~D.JLn~~1nn1711lJCil'd'iiD\JU1Lfl~tJtl'Yl'Y11'VIU1'Y1LuUL'Jf~~L'Yifl
"" ""'""'do t,..l,::t1 I" tJI"'
tl EJ7

LLu11d L1tJnl1 Ascospore ijD~'IJ 8 spore 111JrlUfl~LUeJ1JtlUDf~..:JL7tJn11

'IJ
Ascus
w-.11 ';lvnndiiu'YltJ1'YlL U'Y11.JLff1~ ~r;,J., 1 uLd~l v.1 'Yl~LL~N:: 1~tJ7: ltJ-uii L'Ufll\4~
"'
Ltlu1'Yll;.ttu-;J::'Yi11 ~di~ 1 1fl~1.J ') LLrl~"lf~~'Y11..:Jn17Lnl;.Cil1 1u"'1u~Li:lutJ,-:1tJ-uii,fl4R1ll17rt

tln~bfl1tl11111.J"lfii~flfln111'Yl1'l.J5~1utl11 (Antibiotic) L~DUD"nuv.7EJthufl17flntJ~u 'J

ufl n-;J1 nttu£J-.1u11111,Yu,-:: 1tJ"lfii1tt'Y11.JDCiltl1'VI
'I
n1111D1'VI17LL~::Lfl'EJ"~ll~n~1tJ f11Elth"'i1EJ"
W\Jl~~1nd1"'LI.rl Penicilli~m sp., Yeast d:Ju~u
Ill i.l I ft~ VI ....... Ill I i.l IV 'I IV !1'1 .I I I' A Q,oo ...

~he Fungi lmperfecti b~LLn l"l.J b';l'YltJ.J blJD1~fl'Ufl11 L'VILuU'YlLL'U'UD'U11 n17tl1J'Yi\4~LL1J1J

£1 L~ rTttu£1 "11 111 u n1,. f) ~1 "1 d ~ -3 tl1 n bb nn1,. iii -;)QtJl1 LU'\.4 w"' -;)~ DUL"
'U
class Lfl

The LICHEN l~LflULUui..:Jii~iCii~-.1U7::nDU"'1tJL61f~'iiD"LU)~~~.Jtl1tJ'UEJ~nun~1J

BI 103 103
't11:nt.itJa.J1JEJ~~"'' ,-, LLB~~~111ad1111 Lu,'~Lftudt.thULeJ~~Lsn~~L~tn
'll
eJ1,.,LUU, blue-green algae

ril~ ti1UW"',,.,~u,-,:LUU basidiomycete 'V\~eJ ascomycete ril~ m1EJtH13.Jfill~

l'\;El green algae
't.l

LLEJa~ua:~"'1,., LlJ\.Ln11BtJ713J
'U
nu,Lt.tJtl~~h"'~1tJL ~tb: 1tJ"lJULLflrl'U (mutualistic symbiosis)
.I ..- ·. .J !"'I ~ "" ~ VI .o "" .J !"'I t _., 1:
1tltJ't1LLDa,-,,-,:'Yl1'V\\.L1'YlL
o ""
u'U~«11~eJ1'V\11·
'U
ft l • ...,
l.l.~:n"' b,.,'Yl1'V\\.L1'Y\Lu\.LLL'V\a"'\ nun n'U1 Vi 1'81J'Yl"'

iffl"'fi'UijL ~LLEJa~'~ftJel\.L~11tJ,-,1ni "'LL 1~.rv3J1l1ti\.LeJ n

1aLflULLtJn~eJn~13J1U'i1"'trn~m:,~LU\.L
'U
3 LL1J1J fltl
1. Crusrose type t.i1u1at.fl\.L~ijtrn~m:LL1J\.L1J1"'LLa:v~L n1:ii~ntr!~t1fltJ1"'.u.uww
'I

u1n~~n~u~111N1~u 'V\ieJN11~
:-'1 VI ...... .... f"l I ~ 1 VI "" ... I
2. Foliose type Lu\.L baLfl'U't13Jan~m:LJ.J~~L1JUtJ1~fl~1tJ tJ b1J llt'f1U'Yltlf.IL.m:flfl£j~fl1J
..a.. - •"
.., ... o I ...

,
1ft tlL~tJ"'fl1LL l'\U~L~tJ1
3. Fruticose type LUU1aLfl\.L~ij~"'n1'U«11J1LLfln"lJ~U111L
'U
'V\UeJ1fln~UflL
,
n1:Yi1tmi

104 Bll03
 PHYCOMYCETES

Sporctngium
/

/
EASIDIOMYCETE$

ASCOMYCETES

A cup fungus (Pezizo)

.\111.\l'lllll of Narum/ Hisrory)
t ( .,,,rl<'H ,fmrritull

Puffbo!ls (Lycoperdon}
l( (]ltrltst Jm:/tl Drr(lti(/ J

Y~ost

A morel
fCnurrrsy Amtrirtlll Muuu11t
lJ/ Naruroi Hisrory)

Amant to
If . .AII,.,II
(f:OUrtltS)' II t//tQI'I

B~ 103 105
 L~111:wll -;:.;mnaenLuUL'lffHU~n
!"'I rr "'
') A
Lfl~tl\4'Yl
..11 tltl -,L'1l'LLWLL~:111L'YltllJ
"" "" t
-;nnuu.,. (pseudop?<lium)
L'lf~t{L~U1"'~1tJ 'J LIJ5~~';1::3J1113J<il1 ri\ui.hu1a'l.4~~1w 13JL~tJlJLL~1t';JiqJLilu1flti£JttJ
Animal-like protist L ilu1tJ1 ~W~L'lf ~tlL~tl1 Lfi~D\41~1 1~ 111tll UL'D'~Lflliiiw1 1~rh l 1f
ditl~. ~"fi1n17Wi'1"tl1~171li1~ 1tJ,-~w~vnnd L1tJn11 1th1flsi1 (protozoa) LLU"ElBnfl1lJ
~n,;.m::"l1D" 1n11Lfl~DU' ~1 1~LUU 4 1~~if flel
PHYLUM 11 SARCODINA 1th 1fl'lf1Lu1~~3Jdtfi~Du~1tltJn111~~1JD~ 1tJ,-1fl~R1Wa.i'

~""-;:~UL tlu fi"a eJ n1tJluYlfl'Yl1"~~D" n1,. ~"~flueJ Dn' tJd Li t1 ni1111L YltllJ (pseudopodium)
~- \'1 ""
.f11eltJ1"1J£l" 'YL-n~lJ'U
... I I •• I ca.. I ... A ...l
LtlLLn B:3JtJ1 (Amoeba) n11Lfi~D\4'YlLL\JtJ L'111J1L'...Ylr.JIJU~ L...1"r.Jn11 amoeboid
., "" I

movement
1tJ,-1fl'lfTr~~n Sarcodina iirrY~l'l-4J1~tl LL~:: Lu'Yl:L~ ~1n~atllu'Yl:L~
cu
1~LLn Fora-
"" .
minifera LL~: Radiolaria u£Jn';J1nU\4EJ"~u11 iiu1"'1:JU~lLtluth11ifl
PHYLUM 12 SPOROZOA LUU1th1flsi1~13Jw13J11flLflaau~1~~1tJi1LD"flD"iii"~'"
LiJuv·n~u: n11f111 ":a1fllinttluttuutJ171ftlfl~ii~fj~n,.,.lJ1JD":a;·fl~au-ll1"'lfu.n'EJu ltlr.JlJ1n
fi1l~Hifl1 1flLLni"iici1fl~U ') fl1EltJ1" t,J\4i Plasmodium ~"Luut:!'a~fi1l~dit11 1fl1-llfuiu
PHYLUM
.
13 MASTIGOPHORA ~i)u 1tJ,-1flif1~Lfl~elU~ltlr.Jn17lun~tl1JD"UR
' .
(flagellum) ~"iiaij 1 ti\4 -~7El3J')nn11~ii"Li~ tJ1"'1l'ilt1Lfl~tlu~1fl.tl1i111LYlr.JlJ fi1 1~iuil,;.J1U
11 Mastigophora iifl11llRll~Ufln~~ftntJ Sarcodina
1tJ,-1flsi1rnndiin,,.~,,-."ci1fl...f"LL'lftJ~Liluaw7: LtJutJ111ifl LL~:aij'l11J 1fluu~nN~
tJ.,-: lv1f11nui"iici1fl~'U fl1Bth" L"lfu Trypanf)so~a ~"Yi11~dift11fiL~"1~~tJ (sleeping
si_ckness), Trichonympha ~ "ElijL'U n1":L ~1:,a"tJ~1nfi1.~oU1~tJElr.Jl3J~tJ~1 nnu LL~:Astasia
........ I I,;. "" ... ""' I ., '
'15"ll1"u'
\1
'""~1r.Jtln~U1'Yln~11111 LU phylum Euglenophyta
\1
. 1. 1 1 ca..
PHYLUM 14 CILIOPHORA u1 ~'111~1nu L
~ ... A ""'1 tlr.J.,1.1fti'
1tln11 Ciliate Lfi~B'U'Yl "" UEl£l'U'I I

(cilia) ~.:~iinijttl\4.~1U1U3J1n1"£JtJ~'lf~~~tl1un1tJ111 ~1l'"L'lf~~ii~n,;.m::fieu-ll1"L~utJ1 tiun .

~\t"L'D'R~d11 pellicle tJ1"1filfliiil 1Lfl~tJW~tJt~·a"au
'IJ
f1111U1 n~~uatll'IJ
u~1~fl<il1eltJ1"L "lfu
Paramecium, Stentor LL~: Vorticella
~uj-~h 1tJ"lflWtl~1n 1tJ11fl'lf11l:Lth.fli"jj:g1f11JilfiL,~aLtltl1 LLfinii1~'V\ll1r.Jfl11~11
13Jii·fl11ll'lftJenEJULUn11n1"1U1Jel"L'lf~m L'Ufl11fln~11tJ,-1flsn11flr.JL\\~l:eltJ1"ri"~1 n
';!:;

ciliate ~tJ111fl1 "wi1"LL~::1~n11fi11 ";1~t1e1u -ll1"~:L~tJflsiue.iau ,rn:g11'YltJ1 £ia11fl11ll

elue.iEJuL 'V\~1dL tlu11'~u1 n1 711El"L'lf~~LL~;11EJ"i
. '
"ii~1fll ueu~";J:vhl*D1fletl,-Bfl 1~
. ~

106 BI 103
)
 PlounoJium in red blood corpuscles
SARCODINA ·900x ..•

~ 0 ~~~0
.·'·~ .· (,. .::.)}) ~
Vl.o/

.Q o =7-w
Go
SPOROZOA

A foram A rodiol<lriaft, ........ in glou

l60)( 11)(

MASTIGOPHORA
Poromecium 200 X

Tr1JJOnoiOiftO in hllfftCin blood Stentor

900X 30X

BI 103 107
 7.8 Dn1!tw~1ArJ&f.u,tJ,tJ~tl1CU1;l'n1ftttf (A Brief Survey of the Plant Kingdom)·
..: .......... ...1.... •'I .... .. .... .... - .... .: ..
~ "3J~1"'Yl';I~EIEJ
. . ~ LUEI11141';lfl1~~.
.
3JfllJfl114~3JtJ"~"'U , flEl
1. ii~L;jEJ1 .a"di~-;J1f1~11U1:nEltlfl~El17~~ vhL~~13J11tl~i'1"El1'V\111~u1i
.... tt VI~
~"Lfl11:'V\LL~" L~

2. '11~13J11t1Lfl~Elu~ 1~u1iiJ~'V\~tt!El"L~ulun~13JL dEll~

~1.lu). tJ1:nElu~1tJL~~~~~1EJL~~~,13JnCULtlCULdEJLrlElu~:u1tn:LtJ~u'UI.LtJ~"
3. 11"mu (

ltJYl1'V\U1~LQYn:El~~" ,

4. EJ1u1:~i'1-3Lctt~~ft-u~uf, Ln(;lt\11nL!l~~tfit(;l~1"
. , a-~1th::nntJn'"f'"
. .

s. i1eiEJu (embryo) ;a"Ln~-;J1nn1,~~3J1JEl"L~~L{w~fl-;J:l~i'iJEl1'V\11LL~:n11uEJ"nu

~ .... I A
';11 n"UL~3J Elij 1:: EJ:'V\U"
E11m1in1Yi~LLU"E1ElnLtlu 2 ~1-iu fleJ
DIVISION t BRYOPHYTA Yi~~El~Lu~1-iudiith:3J1m
~
24,ooo Cljfitfl LUU~Cijf~iienu1~
lit ~ 11) .... ....~... . X 0 'I ~·A I A . : ... .... !"I 'l I ........
L~n 1J'Uelij bUtJ'lL 1tu.'Yl3Jfl113J~U\l" 'Yl1 b'V\L cneJ11~CijfynnU3JLLel~';ILuU1J11YU~l1;- t.UIIjf1.J~1fl
...1 ""' ~ I t( A !"I ~
!"I I .... "" t(
(life cycle) 'V\U" -;J::LLtJ"ElElnLu\.L~El"'l:tJ:: 1:EJ::'Yl~11"~uel'l~"Lu'UL~~~~tJ~UtrLLtJtJ b3JEl1fltJL~fl
8

, I ""

!"I ...1... I ~ 'I ~ VI I .... ... "' .. 'l .: I A .I t(. I'"" VltJ .
LuU'l::EJ::'Yl3Jcn1"~Ut.cnL1~1 UJU1U\.Lfl L'ltJn"U~Cijft.U'l:tJ::U11 Sporophyte L3JEl~uEl1u~1 b fin .
~ !"I 'i<' '} 1 o ~ d ~ t( A _: .... 1 !"I - ~ ... .
-;J:"Eln1JULu\.L<flU t.'V\3J'Yl'1'V\U1'Yl~11"~'Jf~~LWfl ~cn'l::EJ::UL 'HJn11 Gametophyte LuU'l:tJ::'Yl LlljJL1~1
~ A ...1 . lit VI ~.... .... I ...1 0 ~ .d "' t( ~ ' t( ... ...
iJ
U1ULL~::L . '""'"~~'Yl3Jfl-3L 'V\U b~11~ 3J~1\.L'Yl'Yl1'V\U1'Yl~·11"L 'Jf~~L~fl~LLS~~~tU~flL3JtJ3J1~ft'lJfi\.L ~

L~eJLnflLtJuc;lu ~porophyte ~EJltJ d-;J:L-;JifllEl~tJuc;lu 'gametophyte . c;lu sporophyte

Yie~jJLU~i.i'u Bryophyta d113JL1un11 Bryophyte LUUrlcn~rT"'JJij,-,n ~1c;lu LL~::LtJ

~LL't1-;J.i" U£ln-;J1n~ULUn11~~3J11f)"L'Jf~~L~fl';l::c;leJ"el1fltJ~1LUUi£1~1L~~L{L~fltl1.~11tJL-n'1ltJ ' ~

~~3JntJL~~~L~flfJ1LiitJ Bryophyta LLtJ"eJElnLUU 2 class flEl

~11L\.L class dL1EJn 1~uvY1 6) ltJ11 liyerw~rt i:i£1~1.1'~::111114 9,000
. Class 1 Hepatir:ae

Cljfil,fl ij~n1!-m:LUULL~ULLtJU1J1"WL;jtJ1 LL~UlJ1"dL 1un11 Thallus 'Yl1"~1UtJUii~n,;m::LUU

1El"fl~1EJLRun~1"lu 'YlEl~l U"13Jfl113JU111J£l" thallus ~ "li'nLLflfiEl_Ei nLilu~El.JLL~7 -3 (dicho-

. ~ dA ~ ~ ... .... ~ t( ~... I .
tomous branching) UElfi';J1fiUU'Yl~1~1UtJUU"U::3JeJ1tJ1::~11-3L'lf~~L~fl~L 1Ufl11 Antheridium
~ .

LL~::El1EJ1::~i'1"L~~L{L~fTLiiu L;un11 Archegon{um L,'iiq}£J~'tulfl'l"~i1.J:a"iian,;m::fl~1EJ

I A ... I I ~ I . . .... tt--' ~ ·. ~- . ... ....
13J 'Jf"L1EJfl11 Receptacle ~1U~1-3f11U~1-31J.Q-3 th~lus 3JLIJ1~·~'YltJ11fl~1EJL~\.L1JU~:LEltJflL 1Un
0 ~ .d..t . .... . ~ . ' ' .
Rhizoid 'Yl1'V\U1'YltJ~L n1:1"tlLL~::flfl'"1LLa:El1-v\1 1
't ~

, I

108 BI 103
 lll'rf 7 ·9 B.ryophyte

.:!I ~ jl .J 'iV .- 'iV Ur

b:IJtl~111~LL1~~tl~tl~ M11:'YU.'V\:IJ1::ft':IJ antheridium -;J::ft'71-3L'D'~~L~fl~ (sperm) ~L tl7:1J
.: ..,. ~ o
U';J:::IJLL~'Yl1'VIU1'Yl~~
'iV .J "' 1 I " I ,., ~ 'Jitl "' r ..,. A ..,. l't -
Un"D'1£J bltnTl11U\41t"lJ1 L ~~:IJntJLSJ)'~~L~flUJtl (egg) 'Jf-3:1Jtl£J Llt
- ~

archegonium L'D'~~L ~flL 'VI~1d~~1U1\41fl71:1J 1-n:IJtl~L ~£J-3fl~ -l'VIii-3"1Jtl-3~1U 1UL~:IJ (haploid

number-n) Lria~n17~~:1J (fertilization) ~l-LLLR1-;J::1"'d:Ju 7"11 inn. (zygote) ~-l~1fl7 12.11en2JL'Yh
~1lt1U1 uciluL~:IJ (diploid numb~r-2n>. ~fi;tyLi:Jucilu sporophyte tl~uuciluL~:IJ sporophyte
tl7::nau"'1tlti1U~L1un11 Foot fl1'VI'Lt1~Ufi'VIrT-3~-31JU gametophyte L~:IJ ~tJ-;Jln foot ~U2J1
dJun1U£J11L 1un11 Seta tl~1£J1JUft'~"lJ8.:3 s~ta d:Jun7:Lth::b 1un11 Capsule 111£.11u capsule
,
..,. rd ..,. ..... ..... ~ .... - rA ..,. I ~ I ;r 0 'iV .J
:IJRUtl7en' -l:IJ~ n'!Ym::'VI1'Yl1£JLL 'VI~:IJLL~::2JLLt1tJLen'~~'lf -lL 7£J n11 elater fl1~'VI:IJtl£J
'I - 'II
elater U'Yl1'VIU1'Yl
1hu1 un17~~n7::-;J1£J"lJtl-l«tlafl ~tJa1'ttJ~n1u~1 n~ 6J L~tJ~-;J::L-;J1tyLUu gametophyte ~tl1tl
n11~:ni~LL'JJU~~1f1..1 sporophyte rlU gametophyte «iunu1u1f1-l:ni~'VIrt-3 6) dL1£Jn-Jl
Alternation of Generation
uan-;Jln~u liverwort tll';J~fil7«uviufLL1JU~1~q)tl~tl1fl£JL~fl·1~
, 1~tln17«i'1~n~:IJ
, -

rta ..,. .. ) ~
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A _ .: I " I

7Utl1tl~-3L1un11
~
gemmae cup tria gemma LLni1tla11tl~nLL~:-ltlfi~ULUU gamctophyte

qllt1 'VI~~tl 1tJ

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~1m.h~"1Jtl~ liverwort 1~iLn Marchantia LL~: Ricciocarpus ~"D'b'VI~lU~1:1J17t1~UL~U1~u
'

LiitJ-31 'YltlL Uft't11U~~~fl112J~U~'U ~ LL~:t11 nlflbrJU 1~LLnu1nrnJ1~f1'VIitJLL'VI~~~1~1-3 '1 b1fu

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~lltft'l-3 ~1n ~~~ LiJuqiu

BI 103 109 .
 Class 2 Musci ~11lu class dtiun11ll€lR« ·(moss) ij€lth.h~ll1m
~
15,000 ~it~ LU\4~11 .
...l..a " 1J' ..., I I , I 4 "-! j!. 0 "" c' ""
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Lij'U L'tiUL~tJ'HllJ liverwort LLCil~€l-lfi17J1u€lun11~"11R1ll1'ltlL';l7ty-l€ln-31liL'U~fl1"11 ') lc;1~1tJ

n-J1rh l~L 'l1R13J1'ltl~1JL~'Ul~U~J'lncUn .

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U~1
-
';l::Lr.~qJU
11.1
Sporophyte '""....
3J~n~m::fl~1tJ
...
sporophyte "ll€1"11 liverwort

spore "ll€l-lllfH~~hrl eJqJ n~-lltJuu~U';l::-l€l fi€lt1 f'lLU'ULR'Ut.J11LitJn11 protonema :A -l'il€lll1';l::

L-;)1 ty n~1tJLUU~UlleJHRL u1i1"11 gametophyte ~e1tJ.

110 BI 103
 reindeer moss LU'U1~Lfi'J..UL1J1J fruticose ~1n~rt..:1
:-'1 ... A ..
sae moss Lu'ULLEJ~';l'YI:::L~'ll''Ufl~'U..:J
:-'1 A A ..
club moss Lu'U ~'ll'1J fi'll''Utll~'U-!1

Spanish moss LUW~'ll'1uLitJ..:tL~tJ1'll'il41l~rt..:~

,)1tJL ~fld 1J1..:Jfi'U~..:JL 1tJ n 1JEJ«R 1 'U Class Musci l1 true moss
'I

DIVISION 2 TRACHEOPHYTA ~'ll'~EJ~1u~ii"udLU'U~'ll'~ijr!EJ~1L~tJ..:JJ1 LL~:::

'\J I I
I 'I o ~ d ... A \1 iM!I A .. I A .... 1 0 ... 1 ...
tJ1~11tltJ111tJ b'U~1fl'U ';l..:JL 1tJfi'll'tJ bti1Elfi'll'tl~'U..:J11~'ll'1J'YIEJ ~1b~tJ..:J (vascular plant) fi1~113J
'U
.,I A ... "" I ..( 0 Q.oO I .,I A
u1:::1J1nL 260,000-300,000 'll''Utll 3J~n'htnL:::Ltll'U'YI«1flrutJtJ 2 u1:::n11 fltl
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"" J{ A ~ ..1 0 J' A ..1 ~ ..1 0 ~ ""' I 0 0 "" I Q.oO A
1. 3JL'UtJbtJ tl'YI1~'U1'YI ~1L~tJ..:J-nU« . :J , LUEJLtJtJ'YI'YI1~'U1'YI ~1L~tJ..:J'U 1LL~:::LL 11l1fl1fl t14111J
' 'I 'I
A ~ '1 .. 1 I I ..1 0 ~ ..1 Q.oO .. ' "" I I J{ A ..1 0 ~ ..1 0 ....

';l1ntllu-nu bu\l«1U'YI'YI1~'U1'YI«..:JLfi11:::~El1~11 b1t1n11 xylem «1Ub'UtJbtJEJ'YI'Y11~'U1'YI~1L~tJ..:J

tJ1~11~«1'1..:JLffi'';lLL~1 LU~..:J~1'Ufl1..:J ')' -nEJ..:t~1<ii'U b1t~n11 phloem crY..:~ xylem bb~::: phloem

;jnEJ~713J
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2. 'll'1..:J1:::tJ:::'YILu'U sporophyte Lu'U'll'1..:J1:::tJ:::'YILfl1J flb ~'U btll'll'tllLL~:::3JEJ1tJtJ'U'U1Un11'll'1..:J
I ..( A 1 ~ Ill ~ Q.oO A A 1 1

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1:::tJ:::'YILu'U gametophyte UEJn'<il1fi'U'U'll'1..:J sporophyte tJ..:Jbu'U'll'1..:J'Yibu'UEJ«1:::-;J1fi1:::tJ::: gameto-

phyte uEJn-;)1 n 1 u 1:::tJ:::L ~3J<ilu -nEJ..:J n1 1L -;Ji ruL~1J 1~L rl1,!u,

. "'
... ~ ..1 :-'1 ; ' I ~ Ill I Q.oO A
3. 3J Alternation of Generation LL3J111:::tJ:::'YILu'U gametophyte -;J:::L~'U b3J'll'~L';JU b'UEJ..:J';J1n

~tll-n'U141l~..:J3J1 nLL~:::LL~..:JtJ~blJ'I-bff1'U ~rt..:J 1'U 1:::tJ::: sporophyte

Division Tracheophyta LLtJnEJEJnLiJu Subdivision ~EJtJ ') fl13Jcrn~m:::-nEJ~n11i~L1tJ..:JCil1

-nEJ..:Jr!EJ~1L~tJ..:J 1fl1 ..:Jffi'1..:J-ntJ..:J1:::1J1Jff1JvruJ crn~nL:::IIJJEJ..:J fi11ff1JvrulfLL~::: crn~ru,::: fi11b -;Jiru

'I 'I "'

bq)1J 1~11JJEJ..:J<ii'U~'ll' Subdivision ~tJtJ ') ,Xu, L~bbrJ

• A ..( 1') J" A I o A 1 ') 1
Subdivision 1 Psilopsida ~'ll''YitltJ
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b'U. Subdivision 'U 111:::1J1J'YitJ~1b~tJ..:JtJtJbU~1:::
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b'Uff1'U
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-nEJ..:J~1flUL 'YI1U u ff1'UtJ1tJ1 :::'YI b'll'tJ~L n1::: LL~::: ~~u
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~'ll'L~~1d~..:~ 13Jij11JLL~LiJUbb~\.L n11..:J LL<ilij crn~m:::L U\.LLL~\.Lb n~tllb~ nLL~:::1J1..:Jq)~EJ~fl13J ~1f1t.L

'U

BI 103 Ill
 lllrt 7-11 't11UJTI~\Hltl

112 BI 103
 i1Elth"IIJJEh'l~1f1fU"d~rnJLt;U~.e-31rttJ l"'LLrl ~UH13Ji'EltJtJEl~ (Lycopodium) 'V\tY1i'"lri
~ d ~ . . ~
(Selaginella) 1fEl"U1"fl~ H7EltJU1"n7£l-3
. .
ff7EltJfffi73J
'I

Subdivision 3 Sphenopsida ~,-1.i. Subdivision it"' il~n~m:fl~1tJ<1lU'V\tY1 ileffEJLL~::

tl~El"L ~ul~i'"L';JU ~1<1lu£iJ"ti1uEJtiuut1uLL~::ti1uEJtil<1l~cu H1U~Eltluu~u,,!u,£i~L ;jtJ1LL~::
·'U 'U . 'U

.rntJl un~1" ~111JJEl"~1<1luLtlcu 'lt:h1tJ11fl~1tJ~

. 'U
nrJn
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~1~1~U'V\tJ1tJL 'Yi71::£i «1 1rn ntrr~ n1
tl7::nEJuEJtiluilin~m::LtluLL~UL~n
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:tl 4 i) ""A ' ,.1
LuU cone 'V\7El strobilus L UYIL n~11£l-3WlJEl-; f(

i1Eltl1"11JJEl"~,.,.il~d~~ull-4~iim111<lvl~un 'V\qJ1t1£lflU~El'l'l (horsetail)

..t\1 Psilopsida, Lycopsida~ ~nopsida LU"H.~tf~f,..,acfh~;m'" L~'" u~:~7:itJ~\1
n11J1~::L~1J1n 'Yi1JLULilEl"l'YltJft{ln1:~~:·~1e fl£ltJBU'Y1::\.Lu J1flf.'l ~1\U~1". LLrl" 1«111 L111
«EltJfl11 L111n7::'1fEl" LUcu~u
~-
41. '
Subdivision 4 Pferopsida 'Yi1f 'U subdivision 'U 3Jfl113JLLflOfl1'11~1n
I
3 subdivision 'Yd'tll~l
1 Lflfi~113J1
LL~1~Lu£i~1U1U3J1 n LL~UL1J£i11U1tlll\_ql -ltft:£iL~'UL1Jn7:';11tl£l~.,t1LL~ULu,!u, ~1f'Yi1 nd£i
tl7::3J1m 25,ooo cnu~ LL~::LwneenLill-4 ,;:·class f1El .
Class
.
1 Filicinae ~1f'Yi1ndL7tJn 1~tJ.,t1 lu11L ~fu (fern) £ieJtitJ7:3J1m
'U
1o,ooo 1fU" '
tllit I 'I ~ IM d A' A ll I A d ..r :tl d
I Q..o
3Jfi7::';11tJEl~3J1fi LULLtU,JL1Jfl7ElU UL IIJJflEitJ~U tJ7L1{U'YliiJJ'U£l~3Jfi';J::LuWYl
LLfllltJ1-31J'U~'Y111JJUEl~
J' VI IQ..o ... Q..o VIJ:'A
0 Q..o .. 1 " d....
ClnULLU:: LL~~ L3J';l~ 3J~n~m:H1fl'IJu7:~1 class 'YlR"Lfifl L'll fle:J
1) eJ1fltJJ1LU'U~EJ LUfi17li1«LtJefld1tJL eff1 ltJ~H3JrltJl11
2) iiau«tlef (sporangium) 713JEifiLth~n~3J
~ 'I
(sorus) LU'U~1U1U3J1n~~EJti1.~u 'U

3) LUU~1f~'5-3llli!L3J~~
4) 'lf1":ai'll7::tJ: gametophyte Ltlu,f1":aiflDH7:ilEJ1tJlllu1ull'n
'I

5) 1.u~eu~:3!1u"e~~JJ~fl~1tJ~1UU1nn1 (circinate leaf)

L~fu LUU~1f~L 71i'inf1uLfltJLUuEJti1"il

'I
~uL~fcu~L 71~tJL~uEJti,!u Ltlu,f1":aiflLU
'U 'U

7:tJ: sporophyte £ifl113.1\J:"fl1" ') rl'Ufl13JLLfl1JU~ 1J1"1fil"ii~1tl~~"~tw1~10~'U~'UL~'Ul~

i" ~1tl'U1J1"Gf1U';l:'Yle~etJL~7::~u~u L7tJn~1~uti1ud11 Rhizome Gf1UIIJJEl"Lu~::"~neen~1fl
' .. 'U •

~1tl'ULL~:i~'U1J1L'V\UEl7::~1J~U LULL~~:: LtJL 7t~n11 frond ilJtl'l1"~n~m::fl1" ') nu 71ti

ihfn~m:Li:Ju 11 n~EJtJ'V\tf.o~"~"LL~::'V\1El1'V\1 7';11 n~u n1t1 'l us1tiu£iviria1L~t1-3 ihi1u~Ltl~
. tl1UEl n (epidermis) LdEl,fU 'UEl n (cortex) LL~:LL nu IIJJEl"~1c;)'U (pith)

BI 103 113
 A ft ~ .... • ~ 1 :"1 I 1 I .... 1 ft ~~ I'
u·n1m Lil L1J';J::3J .sporangiUm
-
11\L
·.
112JEJtJLu\L
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n~11
'I
LLil~:: nSlJL 1tJn11
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sorus. L\LL ..,,'"
1J1""1Ju~lie1u1::flS3J
'I
sorus·etJ'U LL~\LflS3JdL;un11
,
indusium 111tJL\L spo.rangium
. .
LLflS::el\L';I::ii
«tiElfEl~Lth.~~1~1\L3J1n
- 'U .
LrlEl sporangium
-
LLnfll111::~fln.ElEln wtlaf~"L~7~Lilu
. ..
1ilL~3J~';J::V\S~
,

ti~18Eln3J1 1tliln"ElnLU\LR1tJL'lfSL{ffL;jtJ1 LLtr1L';IityLfl1J1ilaElnLU\LLL~\LLL1J\LHL~tJ11Ufl~1tJL1J

. 'U
1~
sn\41~L«''I.4~1~\L~ns1"ti1::3J1m 1/4ll1 'LL~\LLL1Jtl\t;·un11 prothallus ~"fl1"~1\L~1"';1::ii rhizoid.
lA "" 0 "" "" "" .. ..Y. "" . . .. ... - ... "" . ..
"ElnS-lRfl\4 fl1"~1\L1J\Lfl1V\\L1flR11"L'lfSSL~fl'll1~ LLft::L'lfSSL~flfl1L3JtJ El1tJ1::R11"LIJ1SSLVifl
. 'U . 'U
"' . .
... ....
fl1L3JtJ LenI) L...
(VI I Archegonium
1un11 . ... '" "" "" I ... ""
3Jn113JEI~ LnertEltfL1111El" prothallus R.1\LE11t.l1::~'11"

LIJ!S~L Vifltl1~L1un11_ antheridium n1:';11UElij-k1\tJ .ti'"tt'\.LLLJJ\L ·prothallus d~~LU\L1i1"=D1il1:tJ:

\ ... .. ... "" I ... • """ I t . . . . VI ... VI 11.
gametophyte L3JElLIJ1SSLViflil1~Un.fl1Ul3Jfl';J:11tJ\L1ElEln';l1n
'U '
antheridium. LtlNR3Jn1J L11 '"
archegonium 1~LU\Ltl1elEl~~~1:L1~hyLtltJ lflLiJ~tl\L1.-!1f1~~fl1zu: sporophyte ti11n a1tl\L

LLS:: L1JflEl' tJ

114 Bl 103
 L~fu ii~-3~il~~eltluuun (terrestrial fern) LL~:·L~fu~il~~a~1u~1 (water fern)
~ ~

L~fuun~1in1"iu1
'II
L~fu~av t~fuLn~~vmv t~fun1u~1 L~fuL"lJ1n11-3 L~fu.,Y1'VI~1-3'VI~-3
~1t.l dJuCil'l.t L~fU'U1-3~il~~umJ~13J~1tJJ1
'II . LcUU LWfUtl"J"-31an
. L~futJ"J"-:J'Ylfl-3 LL~:L~futl"J"-3•J1
ti1uL~fuJ11"'LLn ~nLdu LL'VIULL~-:J 1lfln'VI'VIU
'II 'II
ttJu~u L~fu~n~11~~3J1~-:J'V13J~d ~uL~u1"'
1 u.n3J.n1fl'Yl'I nLL ~--3"1J fl -:JLiJfl-31 'Ylt.l
~

.n1cw 7-13 !~i'uuo

Class 2 Gymnospermae Lih~~~~iifl1t.I'VI~1tJtJLL~:~1~Uti1U~fl-~L'VIUfl"J":~'U~U1l:L117ru
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L~u 1~'Yl1-3"'1Ufl113J 1'VI ru3J1 nn11fi113J«"

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~ . 'I 'I ~-

~-3b n~111 n~:f.lf.l-3Lf1H"J"b ~fl~~ -:Jb ~t.lnl1 pollen tJ~1 1 tJ~«3J nut an1U archegonium b3J~~11Jij
~U-:J~f.l~3Jf.l~L~t.I~-3L7tJn~~~1nd11 naked seed plant 'VI7fl gymnosperm ~13Jtl1n~~~L'VI~1d
'I ~

1l:LLt.lnL~flnuLtluCilu~:L~fl elltJ1:«11-3L41f~~b~fl~i~tJn11 ·male cone f.lltJ1:«11-3b41f~~L~flbiitJ

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A I

L1t.lfi11 female cone

...1 A' IJ ....., A 'J I A , il
Gymnosperm 'Yl~'UL 'VIU bUU111l'Ut43J
'I
3 ~1 n b.'VIty
.
') flf) th -3 (Cycad) HULL'Yl (conifer
w t IJ A VJ """ A A - A ...1 I'J , ,;t A
and pine) LL~: ginkgo (LL tl :n1t.1) U€lfi111fiUUb'Ub3Jf.l-:J b'Ylt.lt.I-33J~~~U~'VIU-3'Ylf.l~ bU class U flf.l
I
A A
bfl1f.l3J:L3Jf.lt.l (Gnetum)

BI 103 115
 - !'I .J... ~ ..,. ~ VJtJ ,·
A
>class 3 Angiospermae LuU~1J'Yl:U"un -,..:JL.'H.Jn'Yl1 ! b 11
A
~1f"fln
.
(flpwering plant)
ii"anl11'V\'"1~LUUfllt.J1:«i'1..:JL6Jf~~L~fl
' ~
L6Jf~~L~ifl~
' ' u ' LU.BULnft'··n11~
(pollen) ';l:rtn«i'1..:J u (anther) ~

LSJf~~i~flLiiu (egg~ ';l:rtn«i'1..:JLui'..:~1,J

~
(ovary)
. ii~it'..:~i'..:~1'11~llttEJ:u
, " Lrla1,Jnn~«:U
•u . . 1~
';l:L';l1tyLflt.J
LUUL:U~" (seed) LL~:ii~it'..:~i'..:~1snt';l1ru~:uL1un~1
u , ~~(fruit)
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. ~1J"u,nit'u1.i11LUU~1f~iii1~u1nTl~..:J~" ff1:UT1rttJi'ufi1L~L'V\:U1:«:unt.J«111~
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IJihnfl"JJfl..:J 1~ n 1"uiiin,ym:LL~:~~nttl.t.fl9fln..:Jnu1th.t.utt..:~uil'Du1tt1'V\qj:u1n -;Jui1...:~enu1."

I !'I ~ ' . "'

Class Angiospermae LLt.J..:JflflnLu\4 2 su~classftfl subclass Monocotyledoneae nu Sub-
. A .J .... 1 A 'j . )t @l ·..; .·... A , l ~ .• I A t ,X
ci(Jss Dicotyledoneae 'V\,-fl'YlL
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~ ft;n~S ndLLfl n~h~ riu !i 1t1Li~luim tl'ltJuL~l~.r~~

' ' ' ·.·; .,.

Monocotyfedo:neae. "·· ·. . Dicotyledoneae

Li:lu i:uu11n~nu 71n'Ylmll-Lii ' ~

Lill-L 1::tn.J11mui1 ii·nn t 'VIqjLi:Ju
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fl1tJL\.Liin~:uYia~1LAtl-3
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' 116 BI 103

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';)1U1U"lfU~enfl-\I'Vi"lf L'U Class Angiospermae. '"'"'U L~11lllJ1n'Yl~~ L'UL~n~flu';)~'U'" Lm'Yllf

n11ti111';JLL~1 'Vi'Ul1LU Subclass Monocotylcdoneae jjflth.J1::ll1n4

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~I ... I V. .....~ .a ~.a.
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fl1 ~1~u
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(epidermal cell) nflentJ1tlth1~UEJEJnltJ'iJU'U1-3ll1fljjR111'YUU'U Semipermeable membrane

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'I 'I ' "

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... d ... I ~I
eJn1::UUYIU.JL 1t.Jn11 1:1UU11f1Hflfl (Fibrous root system) LuU1!:1JU"lJel.J'Yi"lJ
f"l A l 1JL~t.J~LfltJ1
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I
118 BI 103

....
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Eln L7tJfifl1~'Utl'U11 axillary bud 'UElfi';l10'UtJ"llfl1Eln~'Utl'V\'U"'lr"Lntl'li'U'V\ft"';l1n'Ylft1'U tlft1'U'V\'""
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BI 103 119
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1.. Non.,.essential organ 'V\'Hl accessory organ
tl 7:nEJ'U~1tJEI1t11:~n\l
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6) 'YI11
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tl l ~ ....
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:tl I ..... I . ..S I I.
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..S ""
,r tl 7: fiEI'U
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f11tJW1'Ufl1\l 6) fl\114

n114~Eln (peduncle) LU14n1'U"lfL~tl"lfi£Jni\lfl7 \I'V\7Elfl~1 'V\iEJ1El'ULEI'ULLn1'11 fi1 LL~:LU'U

~ .

f11\1~1LatJ\IEI1'V\17L ~El111tJ\In'U~1fl'U n114'JJEI\IfiElfiUEI!JL1tJn11 pedicel ~EJn~13Jiin1'U~El n

BI 103 125
 ""' g,; . ..., J' I r:t g,; I ... 0 ... 0
'Ylfl~1tlfi'U'U11 Perianth L'lf'U n~tJ1Hh'l~e:Jn';J1U ';11tl1 LU'Ufl'U

2. Essential organ LUUe:JitJ1:ti1uRl1flq}"llEl-l~e:Jn Yl1'V\U1~~~flL~ElL~fl LLU-lElElfiLUU

Lfiff'lfl1~ (stamen) tl7:nflU~1tl 2 ti1'U fle:J n1Ul'Lfiff'lfl1~(fllament) ~-lijtrn~m:LU'U _

Lff'U e:J1';) eJULLtl nnu'V\i El'l1:1J nubi:Ju n~:IJ LU'UaJ~'V\ iEJ'V\~El~ El1';Jijf1111JiutJ11fl1-l nu nur.lu
~ ~

.... .... .... ... .... :'1 ... l""'tl .. 'I ... ...
Ln«'lfl1~ (anther) '11-l:IJ~n~m::Lu'U~fl~Elij'Yl ~1tl"lle:J-ln1'Ul'Ln«'l 111tl LUli~:ElEl-lLnH'l'V\'HlL ·u~

(pollen grain)
'
~-lLU'UL'D'~~L~fl~tJ'l'l';JeJU
'U 'U
,f'U1-l"lJEl-lLfiff'lfl1~L7tJn11 ~ ~
androecium

Ln«'lfl1Lijtl (pistil 'V\ie:J carpel) th:ne:JtJ~1tl 3 ti1u flEl. tJEl~Lfiff'lfl1LiitJ (stigma) ij

~ I

in'J3om:LU'U~:IJVifl-lij"lJUEJEl.u'V\iEll~>1L'V\Utl1 ') fi~:IJEJ~ L~ElLUuu7nmfu~:ElEl"Ln«7fl1~ n1u1'

Lfiff'lfl1Lijtl (style) LUUW1'UL ~El:IJtleJ~L n~ 'li1Lijtl nuf.J' 11~-lElU'Yl1-lW1U~1-li-l' ~ (ovary) LUU

~

Elitn:ci1flq}"llEl-l~e:Jn LLtJ-lEl!lnLiJU~El-l ') (carpel) :A-leJ1';JLLtJn'V\ifl71lln-urfl.in1tJL"Ui"-ll,Jij

... '1 I ,. I
L:IJ~ L"lJ (ovule) Ln1:fl~Elij
~ ..., .. ... I
'lf'U1-l"lJEl-lLfiff'lfl1L:IJtl L'ltlfi11 gynaecium

ltnViCJn~fl1«flfL~EJ11 flitJ1:ti1~f11" 'J "llEl-l~Eln~-u~f11-u11J1';11ntu tJnL1-un1uflnn

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g,; . 0 ..., ..., '1; "" .. ... ..., A I ..1
fl'l1';JVitJ stomata fl1tl ft'1'V\'lt1Lfiff'lfl1~LL~:Lnft''lfl1L:IJtl:IJn17Vi'911'U1:1J1n filament f1Elff1'U'Yl
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I
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'V\El:IJ1'ULuun1-un~:IJ anthar fle:Jft'TU"lltl1tl"lJEl-l ~1t1n1u stigma u~: style nL'lf'UL~tJ1n'U «1'U

ovary nfiElti1'U~1-l"lJEl-lLL~'ULtJ~3!1'Ufi~:IJLLtr11 U-l"lltJ'ltJEleJ n

...: ..1 ..1 ..., Ill g,;

«-l'Ylfl1'l'Yl'l1tJLntJ1ntJ~e:JnL:IJ
· ..1 ~ .. .,j I g,; I ~
1. ~ElnL~tJ1 (solitary flower) 'V\:IJ1tJtt-l~Eln ~ElnL~tl1 'YlEl~tJ'Ufi1l-Ll'~Eln ~'lf'U ~Eln~<J n

:IJ:Li!El Yl'n'YlEl-l 'i~'i

A ..1 ..1 "" . . . ~ d ,

3. Complete flower 'V\li1U11-l~e:Jn'YlUEl1tJ1:fl7tJ'Yln1-l,.'U
. , ~El calyx, corolla, androec1um
'I A ""..... A .. I I
gynaecium L't-4~ElntJ1-l,.U~tl-l:IJEln1-l'V\U-lUe9n calyx ElEln:IJ1 L'ltJfi11 epicalyx L,-u ~Eln'lf:tJ1

126 BI 103
 4. Incomplete flower ...,ll1tJfl~flfJn~ijlaJfl7U'Yl01".f'"-na.:m1tn::
'I

5. Perfect flower ...,ll1llii"~an~ih~11EN essential organ fl7uJ"wa"L~flLL~::au11-letmmf

,.
1,mu~'"fl"'
.. ....~... ... 'I A "' ..
,.
I ... "' .. I
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il .... I .... ... I
staminate flower fl1lJLLflL ~fl'LlltJ L7tJ011 pistilate flower
. 4 .. ....~.. ~ ...
7. Regular flower ...,7ElActinomorphic flower ...,ll1tJfl"flEln'YnJn17L 7tJ"7::LUtJUIIJJEl"
t I ff' ... .• . A Q; .... ..

1""lflHlll1-\lft'll~~ll LL~::llft'llll1fl7LLUU radial symmetry L"lf'l.ln...,~1U ll::~ ~n, 1-\1 U1\l1.J7

'I 'I -; -; I

. 4 .. ....~... .. ...
8.· Irregular flower ...,,El Zygomorphic flower ...,ll1tJ.fl"flEJn'Yllln17L 7tJ"7::LUtJU~~"

1-\l,f'U1~llijft'lllJ1fl7LLUU bilateral symmetry L'licu ~an~Lfl ~ann~1ul3! .

.. "' 4 ...~.... t •'I "' ... ...
9. Monoecious plant ...,ll1tJfl"fl\l~"lf'Ylll~Elnfl7U'Yl-\lft'£HL~flElij L'l.lfl'ULtltJ1n\l
, A il .4tl ..1 i1 il
,.
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.. VI "'""""' Q; VI I •'I ... ... I .:.
11. Hypogynous flower 'V\ll1tJfl-\lflEJn Lll'Ylll7-\l L-nElij L'U7::~UL'V\\lElft'1\.LEl\l ') -na-\I~Eln
... .... !"'I I •
';J-\JlJft'111~Lu'U superior ovary L"lf\l ll::L-nEl
. ... VI ......~ ...... \1 I •'I Q; ... ... I ""
12. Perigynous flower 'V\lJ1tJfl"flenLli'Ylll7" L~Elij,L'I.l7::~ULfltJ1nUft'1\lEl\l ') ~El-\I~Eln

L'lieu n'V\
'I
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BI 103 127

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• <~; . . I ...... -., I I -., I ~ ,x.,.. 0 'l ~A """
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7.4 an'l!laa~ l~U.IG~l,.U'Ufl~tllat1\l'n1avrf (A brief Survey. of Animal Kingdom)

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128 BI 103
 • 1 ..: ..la~a~A ..I .... WI"" i) Jf..· rt ..,. '1...,.. 1 A 1
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WI •• 1 .... t i) .. 'l . .... ~ ...x;,. I .., •• 1 .... I .., ••1 .... ..
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HC111ti7:L1l'Yl Major phylum .J.:~ 9 L~il.IL'Yh~Yflfl .

PHYLUM 1 PORIFERA (L. porus == pore; ferre ::;: to bear)

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1

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BI 103 129
 ORGANIZATION 0'1f PORIFERA (SPONGES)

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""' I

130 BI 103
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... .,. • • 1 !"'J -o o g,. ..1 "" ~ ..1... ""
tentacle ':11-33.1 nematocyst 713JEI~Lu'U';l1'U1'Ull10 'YI1'V\'1.41'Yl';l'UEl1'V\17 '1.4El0';)1fi'U'U'Ylt:-J1fi111El-3

lu~715-3ij'711u1tri'1Jfl11ll~n Yh1~«1ll17tlLfl~El¥l 'V\1flau1~nui-3L 'i1fi1" '1 lti'iiuti:71~L; ,

.f"J ,.1 ""' I'J \ ... I ... ~ I A" A
n:~l'I-4Lu'U Coelenterate 'YlEI1fltJEl~ L'U'YltLa ll11'1.41~fl1-3 ') fi'Ufi-3LLflLftfill1fi';l'l.4tl-3
11'1.41~L'V\qlll1fi 'U1-311U~~iiYil!-11tJel'Ufl71tJ L~71:i4~';)1fi nematocyst R13J17Civl1L~ifl1l'V\qj ')
~nn~1Yi~£iEl1fi17111
'U
'V\ll~«flLLR:';lll~1fl1tJ 'V\1EJLn~El1fi17LU'1.4~Ufi'ULiut.hflll1fi
tl:nTi"-3Lilcuitrl'~iian'I.41~L~nll1n EJ1fltJEJ~L 'U'Yl:La irnEJ~713JO'ULiJun~ll (Colony)
l~uth-3';):: ai'1-3w1 ,-ti,-:Ln'Yl~u~uL n1: 71llfi~ n~L tJu na'Uu ;j-3iian~ntt::f1au i1-3ft'1tJ~1ll
'J A ..1 ... ..: g,. I tl ·... ..r ,t . I I 1 . iJ
L'U'U7L1N'YlliR -3LL1~REl3JL'V\li1:Rll 'V\3J1JEl-3
'U
:: fi17 -3U';J:1J'U 713JEitJEltJ1-3'V\'U1U'ij'U1'U£l1';)fift1tJL
'U
'U
I tl ... ..,g,.
'V\l!Ln1:: ::n17-3 L~
'U

LL,j'11 cnidarian ';1:: l3Jiifl'I'

nLflTYn -3 n1 7fl1 LLfl n\l'u11iifl1111 cf1fl'"L'U'Yl1-3i11'YltJ1
...,
!"'I ..,. .- ..I... U ..t .4
""
L~71::Lu'Ut1'fl1VnOLL70'Ylllfl1111011'V\'U1 L'I-4017713JL':D'aaL 'UL'UEILtJEI
- "" 'I r
1W0110'U\W-3L
1:: ..,. U'U~10Yl.I
ii power of regeneration ll10';l'U\i1R'Ul1fl0~1fl""fl11

PHYLUM 3 PLATYHELMINTHES (Or. platys = flat; helminthos = worm) iflil'U

.., .... ... .: !"'I ..1... ...
Lnftli'ULu'U~10LL 70'Yl~1fl1
tJ 7::0El'Ufl1-tJL'UEJLtJEJtl-3
"" ,k A .. 3 1J'U t . • .........
(triploblastica) R1fl1lJROt!tnlt::LL1J'U,

BI 103 131- '

I
I
 t; A %_ A ... .,_ !'! \1.,.1 .,_ ~ I , . ""' r ~ 1\1 •• 1.,_ ~ !"l t; "'tl ... o . I
tJ11 fl~1tJ71JUU ';l.:IL 7tJ n«911 ~U Ln~3JU11 Tape worm «91191.:1U91 Ln~3J\4LuU91U b 3J911LL'V\\4.:11Jfl.:l
~1fi'1 ~u\iua\unn~u n17oW';l17n4'l.i1LL'V\\i~-nD.:I~1tl1,fuf.:~Ln91l~';l1nn17Lfl~Elu~ n~11flDL'U

*fl1U't11H-utlunuua:::tn.n.nfl1-u8~1l~flUJ
0 ' ' '
(Portion of boqy form and Symmetry)
o i I I
~1U~'U~'\Itl~~1'U'\Itl~11~ft1V (Por~ion of body form)
-
anterior (L. ante = before)
. _J .
n1'U'\Itl~1Hf11Vttf~\l:::tfl~tl'U
I J .1\ ,~ 1 I I .1\
uftti'Un'1'Utl'U '1
i 'UJlffl1Hl1t'f~lJ1f1~
"" J.,:! ... ..,...,.

t
'U'U~tl~ft11
'JI ,_ 1 01 J
u t11V1:::l'ltl~ 'Ut'f1'U'U t'\Uft ff':il!J~ l11tl ulft
I, I _x, tl I d . 4 . ~I

posterior (L. Poste =follow) ·1i'J'U~1.U'\1~~1h~nlV~~tiV~1'U~Hnwu'llJn'U anterior tllV1:::~ntliud1u

.x,
'U
'JI
~HLfl
I
l1Hl11tll11nl1'Wf1
A 01
I ~ · V

dorsal (L. dorsum = back) tl'Juthu'l.ltl~clHfllV~~tl~~l~"'l'U'U'U ~'1t1"'l'Ul1a~ i:l'Uti'Ut'\l~llffl'lH~fln'U

'JI 'JI o 01 ~ i'!' ""' I _I 01 01 o 01

dorsoventral fllU'\11~'\It1~~1~1 llJ'UU'W;lUU1Wfl"~{)1:::l111~ dorsal ftU ventral fllfl~fl'\16~~1~1 (types

of se~tion)

longitudinal section fllfl,)'flflllJUfl'Ufl11lilV11'\IfHlhi1

midsagittal plane
~
LlJ'U longitudinal sectioa
..~ ... n·'WU'W1 dorsoventral
l'lfllJlJfltl~
.. I
un:::~fltn'WLtfl'Wfl11lJV11

'\ltl~lh,)1
~ OI.K ,.!It 01°
frontal plane llJ'U longitudinal section l'lfllillJtlfl~ 'UU'U1'\I'WlUfl'UViU (midsagittal) l1'ltl~~'illflft'UU'W1
....... I,
Q.l I o . ..,_
(horizontal) Hl'\:::~flN1U1Lf1Ufl1llJV11'\ItHt'l1~1
~I J . ..,. ~ . 01 il · 01 ..,. o 01
tangential section LuU longitudinal sectioa l1UU1fllJlJfl~~'illflfl'ULt'fU1fflJ"'1f1Uf1Ufl~H'\It1~~1~1
A . '~ 01Jt 01• o 01

transverse section '\-tjtl cross section LlJUfl1fl~flVI,Vt~UlflfttJUf),Ufl11lJV11'Utl~r.1'111

I .!1 'J/ .,. . I . I. ,01 01 I '4
t'flJlJ1'111'\Itl~'il~f11V (symmetry) fltlfl1llJf1~1VflfH'\Itl~t'f1'U'\Itl~n~nlVl1~~"'1fl'11'11Nl'WUfl'Wfl11lJV11 l11tl

· ffuO'n~N'lln~n,~1ucr1 uvnnnmi'Ju
" A cv I ..: ..,.......,. J , tl cv , , cf I J 01 , 1... ,-.
asymmetry fltl~f11:1tu:::1HfllV'\Itl~n'~lJ'lf~ttf~UlJ"':::VIfl- 'W':i:::'Wl'U (plane) ~lft~llJ t'f1Ul1~'11 lJlJ tlftln'
I 01 .!1 'JI .,. 01 . I cv . ~- d
ll'l-1fl'Wl11tlfi~1Vfl~~f1ULlW L'lf'UlJ'U~.J':i~ tl:::lJUl
spherical symmetry ~ntinww:'lltl~-~l~f1181~~,1l··hrt~:::~f11'U1:::'UltJifltT1'W~it'ltltlf)lJ1,:::iltin~tu:::fl.alv
.,. ....
fl~-3fl'Ul'Jf1U'l':::f111
_I I 1 l .,.. cf
L1f'W · fl tU~'lltl~1tl~1tlflttf
tf,
(Volvox)
A cv' 'I J .1\'01 • i ,II , I J..,
radial symmetry fltll'\fl1!1W~tUtl-3'll~f11VUlf~llJ6~'11~1lJU'U11ongitudinal lJ111:::'Wl'U '11 t'f1Ul'l~fltltl0
.:!01 'JI ·.,. 01 I . ' A cv · I J cv
lJl "'::: lJ l'\ fllHU::: fl ~1 V fl l'\ ~t1'W 'l'lf'U f)::: rqu Lt'~-3'fl11 bilateral symmetry fl6l'\ f1l!J,tu::: '\1 tl ~ 'll ~ fll UttS ~ t'fllJl 1 tlVIfl
, 'JI I ... , 'JI .,. .., I ~I , , ... ·. ... I . t I tf . 01 tt..l ...
l1'il~f11VlJ tlfllt'ffll'\1Vfl~~f1U'!ftu'l:::f111 Vt~V4V.-3'l:::'Ul'Ul~W1l'n1U'U L'lf'U lJ\.!'tW UlJ~H t'f'111l'llJf11:::t}ft

ff'Ultft-1 tr1u~u

132 BI 103
nTHfl~en.~~Ll.Jlunfl'Yl1'11L~l'nfl'Yl1'11Vl~fl~13J ~'JUVlU1'V\ 1eniTU~'J (frontal ,_, i ~ proximal
l'I1£J anterior) -;J:LUrlfJURTU~U 6) R1U,fh1R1i'l~1U~eJV@l1'11,j13.lrlUR'JU~'J t1un:h ff'JU'¥11tJ
'U '
A
posterior 'VI 'l £J distal
~1n flat worm l'I1Ell'IU£JUi'lLLUUtt ii«ll3J1@11bbUU bilateral '!Zni@l1i'YltJ1L~~1bLUn
iflfl~illda£Jnd:Ju 3 class class LL 1n iin11~11 '11~i@l£JV£JV1'11a«'l:
'U -
R'JUEJn 2 class ttu d:Ju
~tl1~~£Jr.Jl
'U
u 11'11n1tr1W'I1W@l1 L~LLn ~triilu1irtt~::~tJ1~i'l~~ ~tl1~L 'V\~1ULtlwuru'V\TYl1'11 u

~ ...1'"" •.. r !"'r 1

£JU13JtJ'YlLn~unu'l:~1n'l'Yl1'11~UU'YlLuU£Jtl1'11~1n

~tr1~L'V\~1diin17tJi'ui'lL~£Jn17EU.h£JfiL~m.h'I1L'V\ll1::~:u
'U .
t,fu ~n~n,:~~17Lfl~au~:u l

LL~:ii~,,.~<il£Jfi1u'l'Ylf"1Ja'I1J,r.Jau lu~1 tff' u£Jn-;J1ntTurT'11iiL ~flv-rta:unu~£J'I1t ~flll1tJ1u~'ll,~tJl

I fU , ' I

fl'l1n11UUnT~"1Jtl1tl~UtfiJ'11LU'U
'I
L tJL~eJci1~'l'JfiL 11 1~tJfi1l1tll U~1i'JU<iJ ~:tJ~£1-l~:: ~ 1:: Uti

~1J~Utf£Jr.J1'11fl1Utl1ULL~:~i'1'11L,J~u3.11Lih.t~1U'JU:U1n
,
o a 1
PHYLUM 4 NEMATODA (Gr. nematos =thread) U1-l!il111L7tln'l1 Nemathelminthes-
~ !"' "cui ~ J' a 1 .:. " ~ ~ ...1
ft'fl'J L'U L'"~3JUL.7tln fltl'Yl'J Lth1'V\UeJU<il1nt=:~u (Round worm) :U'Yl-l~l fl'Yl~1 1 \l"lJl!ileJtl'1.JfJ ~1~
I .::1 0 .::lA I ""'

LL~:LUU~tr1iLUtlfiLUtlUi'l1ii~1<il~U~'11rf'l1U~:i<ll1 ~i'~nnu~
'U
~E) ~tlllfL~b~eJ'ij (A s·car:;

lumbricoides; ~ '11LU'U~t11~~L n1:£Jr.lL

'U
UR1Li"1JEJ'I1fl'UU~::'VI3J'U

Bll03 133
 'WUE1Ufl1 nLUJU1JLth.urfl1ifL ~11£ifi113JSJ!'Ui'EluLUL ~ El~El~flth: fiEl1J«iiEl~~1i1- 1fltJ~
in~m:11EJ~a1i1LUULLuu'YlEJ~«111i'Elu~u.EJci. 'YiEJ-iulu~EJ,.:uun1~L;)uEJ1~1,.~1u'YlEJ-iuuEJn \1

flEl~U~~1i1 t11tJL~~tt~~vl1L~Ln,fl1iil~~u,.:·~11~vlElJ~«El~,f-utt~uLiun11
'I
1iEJ~11~Lu~ifl1
· (coelom) 111tJLU1iEJ~11~lua1i1~';J:iiEJ1tJ1:~iEl11El~L~~1'U,.,.~El~ WUEJUfl1n~11LUWrnn~
... I I 0 ""' !'I · I I l~ I ....
li"JJ£1~11~ U~1fl1Lu'ULL 'U'U"Jf£1~11~ UJ1.L Yl
. .
(pseudocoelom)
t ..r }t A ..,l .... 1 1 t
'n~UL/'Yi,.1:LUElLtiElYl'U~El11'7JEl~11~U U
'I .
.... , I Jt A A .... Jt • t '
11 '7JL UElLtJEl'lf~L fifl';)1fiL UElLtJEl'7JUfi~1~ (mesoderm)

91'1EJci1~11El~ifl1lu1~illtt1.1LLrl ~UEJULU~1Rll (Angsullu/a aceti) YitJ1ii1ifl (Gna-

A1 . . . . .
thostoma spinigerum) YitJ11i' ,.fiL'Yl1'7J1~ (Wuchereria bancrojti) YitJ11i'L«Ufl1tJ (Enterobius
A ..... .... .

. .
vermicularis) V..tJ1iU1fi11El (Ancylostoma duodena/e) YitJ1iLLW3!1 (Trichuris trichiura) LL~:v..r.ni,
L~El'Yl1f11 uii« (Trichinella spiralis) I

PHYLUM 5 MOLLUSCA (L. molluscus = soft) «fl1 Ll-L Ln~liUL,.tJn 1fltJYl1

""' !'I Vl.,.l ""' ..r ... ~ 'VIti I
L 11
~ .... I :. I ... !"'I ..... .. A .... 0 ..... I ...: tl .... t .Jt ..I
Mollusk.
LflLL fiV..1fi~EltJLL~: u~TV\11 n LuU«fl1'11 ~J:..I1 ~1fl1ElElUU1JLL~: .
nfl~11fl1tJ"JJUL UElYl
'I
... A
I .I.... tl ~ 0 ..1 .... ..r!"'l
.... .... tJ A I .....
L1t1n11 mantle 'lf~';J:'Yl1~U1'Ylft11~«11111 nfl~ll,.1~n1tJ n «11Yl«,.1~ULuUV..1n~u u~,.El
'I \1
I .I ... tlA ~
I tlA .... o ""' ...,. !'I "'.,,1 ""' ..r
I "" I .... A
ft1'UYIL 1tJfi11 L ~Elfi~EltJ LLfl1J1"'7JUfln L1J1«,.1~L ~Elfi~ll~1fl1 ftfl1 LU Ln~liUfl11liL ';J,.ty
~~u1'lun1,.«11~EJ1tJ1:911~ ') .111n111tJ L1iu EJ1tJ1:UEJtJEl1~1,. EJ1tJ1:~11uL1tJu1!EJ~
'I
1~~"
... ... I ... ""' ' .......
El1tJ1:1!un1tJLL~:El1tJ1:1'Ufl1111,.«n
\1

1 v4illduu1~11LUU ~i11L~qjv-.1 n~rt~ .tl,.: nEJ'U~1tJ~EJUe.l1L~tJ1 ~EltJ«EJ~e-11 ~Elt1Yl1n

1
tl A ... f' ~~
A .... ..... "" .. ..~ ... I .. A' ... ~ .... I !"'1 . ....~... 0 ...
tl ~1~11n LL~: ~1~1JntJn~ L'l-4fl1Ufl11ll«li~U1i'Yl11flEl11'1~tJ nU'U Lfl11LuU'Yi1fiYlllfl11ll«1fl~
I . .... !'I I t ..1 0 !"'I I ..J 0 , ..,!"'I fl' A • A
flElLfl1~ }fi';JLuUEltJ1~111 n 'Yl~'Yl'U 1111LuUEl1~1 ,.LL~:«1UYl'U1111 L'7JL uUEl11l,.tU ~ ,.ElLfl,. El~11El

Lfi~El~Li'Yl1~fi11fl1~U ')
PHYLUM 6 ANNELIDA (L. anellus = ring) Liunnu1fltJvt11tl11 Annelid ~iEl Y\l-LEl'U
.... t.r ... 0... .... A I ... flit"' .... I
tl ~El~ (segmented worm) Yl~'UL'Yi,.1:~n't;otU:11El~~1fl1fl~1tJ1~LL~1UflflflElfiUL~U Lt1Eltl1~

iflL';JU LUU'Yi1n~ii~~u1n11"1JEJ~El1tJ1:ll1n~~ ~6l191'1';J:iiL~~tJL~n ') ~ElnEJEJnli1L itJn11

~a· .- ..1"1 1.,..., t ... .,. ...,. .... · · 1'1
Seta seta '\.UUU~tJ1\Ifil (appendage) Yl Lllll"lJEl UElfi';)1fiUU tJ~lln11tl,.'J.Jfl1';JUn,.:';J1tJEltl Lu
\1

IJijtl,.:LYlflth~
.,
') .,~~~'ltJLL'U'U flEJ1J1~"!ftlfle~ul-4.un 'U1~'7JUflEJ~1.uJ1~fl LL~:u1~'7JUflEJ~lu
0 fit
U1Lflll
~ "'tl .... ""' .r~ i • d ...
1fltJYl1 . . .'t'
f'
L LL~1«fl1'Yi1nu UJ1Jfl11llft1fltyfl£lll~1!ft.J3J)n~n
0 -.. .. 1 fl'
1
.... "' ....
tJnL 1u L«LfiEJUflU'll'~ll
A A

tl1: 1tJ'7f'"fiEJn1,. nin,.,.11LUUElth~ll'1 n

134 BI 103
: SCAPHOPOD~

CEPHALOPODA

BI 103 135
 i1EJ~1'1-nEJ'Ifffl'll\4''Y'!trlld,.iLLrJ 1tiLftl\4~\4 (Pheritema sp. 'V'1EJ Lumbricus sp.) LWLV4;tJ~
'V\1EJi1W'Ifi11\4fl (Nereis virens) Ua'l (Hirudo sp.) 'Yl1fiflflL;Elfl
'U
(Haemadips~ interrupta)
PHYLUM 7 ARTHROPODA (Gr. arthron =joint; podos:::: foot) RflfLl4l~RlJllL;un
,. .:.. VI .. I I !"I ""'""' 0 ""' .. I I .;. I .. I
~fltJ'Yl1 ~u11 Arthropod LuWW1fi'YllJ';11\41\4ll1n'Yl«fl u1:ll1tu.111Jn11 900,000 ,-\.\fl lJ1nn11
'I

ic;r)~'l-b'Yln
'I
1 Will11lln\4 1\4~1\4 1l4J'I'V\llfl-nEJ'Iifl1l
.
'"1 'Wi11d LU\4V41nLLllft'ILfttJtl1:li1N
.... ca.o I'J Jl ..1 - .. I I ca.o I ... ""tl ... .. ~
800~000 'n\4fl E11fH..IEJ~ ~\4'Wl4'Yl'tlfiftfl1Yi LLR:UJ u11'1ftn~tu.:LLflnfl1'1fi\4EJEJn ~ ft'fl1~1n\4

ih:u1"tirl'"EJEJn';11ni1Ltl'"fl'U 'J ,-:u1"tlLL<ilR:d'l4ijin~m:Ltll41Yau~~fiflfien'" lfl1"11"11o"

11'1muij~n~m:Lth.u.U~EJnL'V\WJ1LLR:flal4ih'ILL-I'I
. V:EJ~liEJtlmtJl4EJni1
, 'U 'exoikeletori) Lfl1-3Tl~rn.u.,, ~

D\4 'Yl 1uu,. :Lfl'Yl ,fl~\4 (chitin) . 11'1 fl1tJij n11LL U'lff1\4 ~EJ~-nEJ'I£J1tJ1:iflL
'U
.'"n"~'"
l4EJn';11n~'"EJ1u1:L~u1nun11iuLL«'~"'1EJiun1"WU1:nEJu.i1tJ'V\U1tJ~EJu ') ll111llrl'-'L;uni1
compound eye 1WillttLLU'IEJEJnLU\4'V\ft1tJ dass L-rl\4
\'Ill I II t '11\1 ~
Class Crustacea ~fiLL n ~'I fi'l ";j L1\.b1 ,

Class Insecta 1.iLLrJ LLllft'I'Yln-Jitfl

'I
L~EJfl 111\.b L'V\1 LYi~tJ fl'f-3 L'V\;EJtJ ~\4 '1 ~~ft
VI II I
Class Chilopoda LflLLn fl:-n1u
VI II I .,II " ~ -
Class Arachnida ~flLLn LLlJ'Illll LLll'luEJ'I L'V\tJ tJ'I L'V\11 LLlJ'Ifi1'Yl:La 'V\fl
'I

dt~'l';11 niflrl '"1 Willdijll1 nll1tJ"lfitfl

L ~'liifl11llff3J~'l-bi<ile:JaJ\4~ULU\4EJ~1"ll1n 'I

,.r"1'l-bLL~~LU\4U1: LtJ'nULLR:LU'l-b1'Yl~
PHYLUM 8 ECHINODERMATA (Gr. echinos =spiny; dermatos = skin) ffflfLulWSlJ
~- I !"I ..1 I'J t I .,1 II 'f I « !"J
'l-bL 1tJfi11 Echinoderm Lu'l-b'W1fi'YlEJ~ ~'l-b'Yl:Lft~'I'V\llfl 11'1fi1tJu1:nEJtJfl1tJ Lfl1 '111'1LL-n'IL1Jl4ft11

Yi1n~'l-bU'l-bli1U1:
'U
nEJun\4 L1unLfl1 'l«i'1'1LLfia::'V\U1tJ~l411 ossicle ifl1V41nd'l.liih::uu~lll4LitJ\4
. 'I
ca.o ""'C1oo0 lt::A • A t
Lft'V\flLLR: 1:uu-nu~ntJ'Yl'nfiL';1\4 LL~ll1 :ul.ll1Lfl~'YlflLL'Yl\4flEJ1:tJtJ'YlEJ\41 (water vascular system)
,. A I I

i1EJ~1'1-nt~'lifl1l'"1 'Wi11d1.;LL rl UR1fl11 ~e:JuLli'" ua'I'Yl:La 'Yl1n'Yl:La ifl1L"'~1\iijf\1111

ffll~l4f<ilEJlll4~U1.3JlJ1nll'n
'I
L~!J'ILL<ilLU\4flfl1-nEJ-3fi11tl1:ll'ltJ1'1U1:Lfl'Yl
~
L
LLa::\41111 i'tJ1: 1u,-\i
'Yl1'1n111~u'Yl1'1~11'Ylu1u1"u,-:n11Ln1l'"
... !'I VI.... ... ~ -
PHYLUM 9 CHORDATA (L. chorda = cord) ftfl1 1 .:. VI " I I
L\4 LY'iftli\4L1tJn fltJ'Yl1 Lu11 Chordate

LU\4'W1n~difi'V'i'lifli~l4 ') ';11n'V'inJ1l4'Yl1'1tJ11'W~1"'+1fltJ1 (paleontology) fl1fl11ifl1-w-:~nd

..: ... o A .. ..1 1..a-. ca.o ca.o
II ca.o 1 «
...
L13J3J fi1L \4fi3J1L3JEJU1:3J1tu. 500 ft1l4iJ3J1\4LEJ'I LLfl3J11.,\41n11LLft:n11thtJfl1EJtJ1'111flL 11

'l-bEJ n';11 n~'"tT"ij in~m:i4LflbtLQYi1:' 'Wtrll~ ntJ1'1th:: n11f\a

136 Bl 103
 , ,
Class Aves (L. avis = bird) ~I "" --~~ 1
...1
Lu'U~1nff~1un ~tJ'Yl~'J'V\'U1';l::L
t.; U...lGitJ'ULL Ufi-3 \'LIU'I,L'7h'I1'U'Yl1'11
"'
fl11U'U n1::~nL'U1LLfi::ii1 ~1 '11111tJL'U LiJui~iL~El~el'U (homoiothe~mous) ~1nLL 1n i1Elth.:~
~ ~

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BI 103 137
 Oass Mammalia (Gr. mamma = breast)
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Bl 103
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BI 103 143
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144 BI 103
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BI 103 145
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BI 103 147
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Caec~ ------------~--~~
Apf*'di~t - - - - - - - - - - ' : \_____
\\
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148 BI 103
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BI 103 149
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network

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Peritoneum

150 BI 103
 left common carotid artery
left Internal jugular vein
left external jugufar vein

IIIIIJJ...ii:::~IIIE:~--;--- Innominate arterv

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subclavian vein
Arcn of aorta

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•611rta
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- - - - - - · Left ftmoral artery
IQ&I.~t'rl------ Left lemofai vern

BI 103 151
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Ectoderm
Mesodenw
Archenteran
Endoderm

Exterior Longitudinal section

YOLK PLUG STAGE

NIUIAL POLDS STAGE NEURAL TUBE STAAE

BI 103 163
 ~ ~ ~I fl ... ~..r..:.t
L'YleJ 7 flU';!:: "lltl1tlfl11J11J 7 7';11J nun ~:ntn tJu'YleJ'Yl1"1L"Ufl1'YI1 1 (gut)
""'
bu"lltl4::L"tl1 nuL ueJLtleJ1fU
d t \1 I Cil

n~n"'n~lJ'YIU~';l:: 111Jql1 nULUULbvl"'n1::~ ni't-4'Yitr"' (notochord) <ileJ~1 nuULUeJLflmL<il~;crlu';l::L ';l~q}

ttJLUUD1t11::<il1"1 ') <ileJttJ

n11l';lityLL~::fl111JbU~tiULLU~"'"lJ~-3biiDLrleJ,fu<il1"1 ') LURfli~'t-4 eJ1';J«ltJt~fi'l1fiettJd

f 1::uutJ7::«1'Yl D'lt11::i'u

LdDLrlD-iuueJn ------~ .· tllJ~«~1'YIU"'LL~::1::1J1J~eJ~lJ

(Ectoderm) l 11"1n1tJ LrleJu'lieJ"'U1n
, 'lieJ"';JlJn
~

A ~ f(

~ I '-'
fl1 eJ flU 1:: tl:: flU _ _,.._.....
A' ~ t
LUDLF.Je:l11Un~1"1
. '
__.....
1::1J1JR1J~U1l ,
(Mesodenm)
1::111J'YilJULitJul~~lil
,
(early embryo) . 'il

~1'Yiu"'crlu\ u .
~ 'il . . I

~U"~."1uueJ n"ll eJ"' 1:: uu'Yl D'Yl1 '11-

.... ~ ..j ~ 'il
L"Ue:l1'V\17U~::eJ1ti1::'YlLntl1"lle:l"'

vle:l'Yl1"1L~Ue:l1'YI1 1
J' I II;
1:: uu'YI1t~1 ';)
LUDLflDfULU--+ ~ "",I
fl1JLLa:fl'Ue:leJU .
(Endoderm)
'YIR1Un~1"1
~

v .Q ' . d<~~& . ·. l '

8.3.3 fll'H11l~ltf"UJifl'UtllifrJt1lrJ'tJfl.S.11~tlUJ (The Phenomenon of regeneration)

;"~ii~1fl'lJ1"11fil~ 1~uL~~1:eu1"1ri"'~1nifl11.3Jiin1::"niu'YI~'I1 ~
iifi111JH11J11tl
'

~';l::Ri'1"1D1ti~;'YI 1eJR1U"lJeJ'I111"1n1tJ~\41J11L'Yill L~tl'Yl~LL'YlUD1t11::tn1~b~EllJL'Yl11J «nJ'YI1ti'YIi eJ ~ <II

0 'VJtJ 'I . Ci1 I I ~ 'VJ !"J l : r ... I

~n'Yl1~1tl L f1111J«11J17tl t.Un11«11"1~1U"lJEl"'11"n1tl"lJU1J1 L~ L'YilJUL 1t1n11 Regeneration

164 Bl 103
 TaiW

2-c:eet ~-c.u 8-c.ll

AMPHIOXUS

••
Zyp •2-cell ~I

fROG

TAIL IUD ITAGI

2-cell Later cleavag..

IIID

ttae•
ADULT INSICT

BI 103 165
 ~~ • ... ... I ..r I A ... I .....
L'-t'Yl1-3~t]n~tl1«fl1L 1E.Jn11fl1111«1ll11tlW11 Vegetative growth 'Jf-3llfl11lJLLflnfl1-3~1nn~v.tJ-3

L~nlXEJtl n~11~El n1 1L fi~EJ1EJ1:L,.,1JL~El'Yl~LL'YlU"lJEl-3L rhL~Y1"JJ~U ijl~Liifl~UL 'Utl1LL,.,\L-3

LfiliLL~:EJ1t~~!:~Ln~'l,.,liEJ1';lii1t111-3~n,;m:fl~uu~nlthnncrl't~1:LillJ R1'U1'Uifl1,f-uEJ1b1:
~ .

..1 A .t
~~ I .... A ~~ ..1 A ... ... I ... ... .., A
'YlL n~"lJU111 ~,.,ll';l:f1EJ-3L n~ L'-t'YlL~liLL~:ll~fi'J;'tu:L 1J\.LL~tl1fi1JEl1EJ1:L~ll

fl-3Luuifl1~11-3n1E.Jiifi11JJL';l1tysi''l.JsNEJull1n tl1'U1~l'\1Elfl11llft1lJ11fl"lJEl-3
'luifli',!u

regeneration n';l:fl-3£i1XEJtl~:-l 1 uff11~ii1fl1 -3Ri'1.J"lJEl.J,1.Jfi1E.JllJIJ1usNEJ'U L,J"~El",I1 l1Jfl11

· ~~1'U1L7EJ u~1~11 ~~~ Ldalfli''l.Je1ufl11ti.Yh1~71-3n1EJLLE.Jn';l1nn-uLtJouw1'" 'l u«1 LLfi~:w1-u

R1ll11 tl~';l: wi'1.JEJ1EJ1:~U111L\J\1l';)'Ufl11J~1'UL ,.,ijEJULfill .Yh1 ~~1\.L1\.L"lJEl-3Rfli'"'filfl,f\.LL~ll

~lW1~1EJ ti1UL'Uifl1~iin1:~ni-u,.,&r-3 L,S-u ~n,n ~nun ,.,~ LrlEJEJ1EJ1:UHR1\.L~-3l1ifi1tiqJ

irn L,Su ,.,1-3"lJ1~ltJ ti1'U~"lJ1fl~Un';l:L ~1LRtl\1tll«1li~lt.JllJLnt'ILU'Uti'1L,.,3J t11LtlliLYh,f'U
d Q.oO ... Q.oO I 1'1 I ) ..1 .... Q.oO ..1 VI .. JA' ~~ I ..: ~ I ..
( '.J1-3ti-311El1tl1:fl1-3 ') El~ ~'-'"r1-3n1tl 'Yl';l:ft11-3El1EJ1:'Yl"lJ1~,.,1tl LlJ"lJ'Ull1 L,.,ll U.J~t111.Jn1tlll

f111liL ';); tyll1 nL,Suifli'L~EJ~~" f11ill«1ll1,. n« i'1-3EJ1u1:~1'l,.,li,:~~R.Jln nL,.,aenViu-3fl1111

fi,l. ~ A A . I ~
R1111 1 tl R11-3L '\.ltEJLEJElli1U~tJ1~LL~~L 'Yl11-t'U

166 BI 103
 . ~
•
1Jflfl 9

(Reproduction)

m1ff1J~U~
A Q; fl'
'V\3J1tltl-\J
d ...: o
n11L~3J"il1U1'U~tjjfl-\Jff-\J3J~1~~'U~UU
...: ............ A t. 1. .
') 'V\3J1nW.
;} 1flr.JV\'U1tn'\Lnfl~
I~ ""' ...

3J1L 'V\aJ"il:ibtJ"i1-~J~n1Ynt:LL~:
'IJ
n11~1L Uu;i~L 'V\ijau rl1JU11~1J11Y
~ ~

l~t1Yi'1 'J 1tJ n11~u~ulf'Gjja-~Ji-~Jii;ifl1lnii ~

2 LLuu L'V\ru Ill
61
J
fian11Su~ui~Ufllllil1.,rt1
,
' A Q; fl' A Q; ,

L~fl (ASEXUAL reproduction) LL~:n11ff1J~'U1l~'U~fl1fltJL ~fl (SEXUAL reproduction) n11

'I

Su~uf~Ufl lllfl1fltiL ~fl~'UL n~"il1 nn11~i {lij;i~L ~ti-\J'V\U 1tJL~tiTYh n1 1'Yl1~1'U1'U1fltJ1~

fission, budding, sporulation Vi7fl fragmentation 1~1~i~'V\d-\JLL~1'V\cU1tiL'V\ll~l~';l:ihtn~m:

L'V\ijflUrl1J'V\U1tJL~3J'YlntJ,-:n11
'I
ff1Un11ffU~u:rfanU~a1tltiL~fl,f'U
. 'I
.Lfllil';l1nn11~L'Jf~L{Suviuf,
Gjjfl-\Ji-\J'ij;i~L~fl~'IJ (sperm) 3J1~ff3J'V\1fltJn«ui (fertilization) fiUL6Jl'~~ft1J~Ulf1Jfl-\Ji-IJ~9iflL~fl
, ~

Lijtl (egg) l~LtJu16Jl'1 n~ (zygote) rY-~JdtJnL1ui -~Jii;1~~iifl1U~-\Jfffl-\JL~flfl~L ufi'1L~t11nu

(monoecious)
A Q; ,tl
1Un11ff1J~Uli"an''U~fl1fltJL~flU'V\'U1tl1'V\3J'YlLn~~tjj'U"iJ:113JLV1~n1Yfl.l,:ltjjfl-\J~flLL~:LL3J3J1
fl' A ~ Q; I l;.,j A Q; I . I

'I ·,

11~1tlrl'U
' fl , 'i ""'
9.1 ft11UU~!CUt'UUIUU JJ t·VICUtJ (mitosis)

n11LLU-\JL6Jl'~~LLUU13J 1~6B« (mitosis) dJun11"'Yl1~1U1UL6Jl'~~L~fln11L"il7qJLilU1fl1Jfl'"

I
11-\Jn1tJ
I ,:t 1 . .: . . . . . . ..(
fl' .. fl' fl'
n11LL U-\JL6Jl'~~LL 1J1JU~1J U« -\J3Jan'1~'YlU1: nnu~1tiL6Jl'~~'V\~1tiL6Jl'~~ (multicellular

organism)

t111n!Jn11ruL~tnriun11LLU-~JL6Jl'~~dl~n11flnty1Ltluflf"LL1n1utl fl.fl. 1841 1~tJ1:t'n

=D'1i'YltJ1~fl 1 1LUf~ 1iJfl (Robert Remak) 1~LffUflfl113Jfi~L~U11L6Jl'~~tY-iJ'V\~1tJLfl~3J1"il1nL'Jf~ff
~iifl~L~3J LUU fl.fl. 1844 un;1i'Ylt11~fl fl1f~ LULn~ (Karl Nageli) l~.Yhn11'Yl~~fl-\JffU1Jff~U
fia111antJ1:111m il fl. fl. 1865 flfl«n1f Lnf'Ylifl (Oskar Hertwig) l~t1u~un~3JLtlULtJ111tJ1u ,
U1Lfl~tlff~-\J 1~L.11~3J ~flU 11~L~Ltlflf ~-\J~fl111fl113J 16Jl'3J (chro-(Wilhelm von Waltleyer)

mosome) 11Lrlflu fl.fl. 1888 fifl3J1L utJ fl.fl. 191 o 3JflfLLnu (T.H. Morgan) LL~:~713J-\J1Ul~
'IJ

fln1Y1f1'ufl11L ~t11nUn11LU~tiULLU~-.1~tjjfl-.11fl113J 16Jl'3J bL~:CiJeJ3J1Y-lU111fl1111 16Jl'3JU1:nEJu

~U~1ti'V\U1t1L~n '] ~-.1L1tJn11~U~ (Genes) ~-.1LUU"il"ilUU~U11~flff11

'I
DNA
'1 :;"1 fi' .... .... .... .... \1 .... t. .... ..1
L'Uu fl.fl. 1953 b"il3Jff 1~ff'U (James Watson) nu fl1fl (F.H.C. Crick) L~~-.1ff3J3J~!1t.U.ntJ1

rl1J 1fl1 --1«11-.lltjjfl-.1 DNA LL~: 1U~ff~ff13J11tl«i'1-.1'VIU~1~fl-.11fl1-.1fff1--1"1Jfl-.1

'I 'I
DNA ti1L 7"il~-\J

BI 103 167
 ..lvt 'i" A \'( 'i" 'i" 1 'i"
'YH"tl1lU1U b1LLfl1 bUU'Ylfl'\.4 ')

ClfJU1Un11LLU~L'15fl~,futJ1:nD'U~1tlelfJU1UnTlVtlrJ ') Rtl~1:tJ:flEJ 1:tJ:Ll7n 1ft~li.Jl'lfll

1 A · ~ :"1
.... .... o ~ \1 1 I .... . I A
1l1U buu1LflflUH"il:'YlT;)1U1'\.4e!jJULuU«tl~L'Yl1 (duplication) 1:u:uL1t1n111:t1: LiJ fl'lfft (mitosis)
I ..I d .... 1 \'( ~ !"I..'
I ..lvt 1 \'( ..
R1U 1:tJ:'YlHtl~'15~L 1tln111_:u: L'lf fl bfiLU'lfa' (cytokinesis) '"'" Lu~1:tJ:YI L'lf fl'Vi~1tUJ1:LLtl-3
A . I II

""' :"1 I I I .... b 1 1 1 I ""' d . ~ ~ •

@J'JeJeJTltuURtl~R1U LLflfl:R1U"il:3J"il1U1U fl1 3J '153JL'Yl1nU Ltltl_CifJU1-W111YI~fttl~1:tJ:'"LR11
~ "' \'("' !'I I !"I ..
RUfl~LLfl1 "il: b"L '15 fl~ b'V\3JL uU« tl ~L '15 fl fl
o ""'
fl1"UelfJUC!fJtl~nTH
~ tJ..I .. 1 'l 1
fltiULLu~~ LULL'il~:1:tJ:3J11tJ~:Ltltl" "tlft~LelfJ
..,. a 1 ""' tJ. 1 VI ..
fl£) l.u'\.L
,..r
'j~ u~ ilJ l11cHff (mitosis)
LL~11 n11LU~tJULLtlfl~1u 1:t1:111 1<il~«"il: 11lt111ni:J1~L~ut~tl1~-l"L "il'\.L3J1n\l'nuthie11
LLUnDDnLUU~'\.4~1~ ') <il13Jfi113JLL<iln~1~1~LUU~~U fltl 1tJ1L~W (prophase) L3J<il1L~ft (meta-
phase) tlU1L~R (anaphase) LLfl:Yl1flLWR (telophase) LL"rltlU~U1LflatJff"il:UnTlLtl~tJ'\.LLLU~~Ltlfl13J
o ""' ~ ~ ..I ~ ...r 11 ..I ~ I A f' ..S A
fl1"UelfJ'\.L'Yl~«CifJUU "il:tltJ'U b'\.4 1:tJ:'YlL1Un11tl'\.4L'Yltl1Lv.JR (interphase) 'V\1E11:tJ:L3Jfl1 Uaf'l (meta-
1
..S ,..1,:~ ,:11 t 'i" I ""' a\ . ~
bolic stage) 'V\1 tl'Yl'\.4 nfln'h!-1LfltiL 1tiU3J1 bU15U<ilU ') 111:t1:Vin (resting stage), '\.L'\.LLEJ~
'\
il

'lTu Interphase

~n'hl-m:CifJEl~L'lf~cfl'"1:u:d "il:Yiu11U 1LflatJ«tJ~1.uu1L1mn~1~L'D'flS~€13J1EJut1'1tJL~EJ~11

U1bflauw (nuclear membrane) ~~Ltlu~ir~fttl~,¥'" 1l1ULUU11"il~1tJ«11L'V\~1~LftLLtl'V\Uil-ll'\.L
d ....
sn'~L1tln11U1fl~
I "" a\1 tl'Vifl1«3J f'
(nucleoplasm)
4 A .... f' .,1
'V\1tlU1Lfl~ti1LL'15u
'
(nuclear sap)
a I
LL~:lJ'YlEl'\.L
1fl111
11 '11'11

fltlUEJtlYi-1
'U
'ttJtu~1u1u~Li:Ju~n'h!-m:L~vn:1U~Cif1a~i ~~~ifi,Xu 'J 1fl1111L'l1'3JLLti~:nEJM1tJ
'
t'"
.... 'i" 1
"il:3JLWU btlti11CifJ~tlU«tl~LR'\.L
I
LLflfl:LRUb 1tlfi11 fl1 3JU3J1 (chromonema)
'i" I
fi~LL«fl~ b\U11Vi 9-1
'i" a\ I 1 1 .. ""' 'I
'U .

168 BI 103
 I I 1 A 4 , 4 1. . 4
1fl'l1111'lf11LL@l~:'YIE.lt.L uu1LflatJ« ,.:11fl'lf'l111an'JYm:fla1tJfla'llnue:m'YIElU'V\U'I1
.._, . ~ A .._, 4 I .. 1 1 1
fl7 11 '1111
' ~

:~lrlLiJu~nculmi LL9ia:Y1El'UL~t1n--l1 ln Tu ~ncr Tn1 iJJ l11JJ (homologous chrotnasome) LW1fl71111'1111

~ o a, . I , I · .. o .._, 1
'Yl'U1an~tu:1.1El'll~El (paternal chromosome}'flEl'U'V\'U'11LLa:u1an~m:1JEI'11LL11 (maternal chromo-
L'lfa~~i:J~1'U1'U1fl1
some)' anrie:Jcu'V\U'Il -
1SJl113Jf1'11J'Ylntl
'I
L1tJn~1U1'U
.
1fl7l11
.
1'11111'UL'Ifa1{,fcu11 ~

~1'U1'UnWWt18fli'J (diploid number - 2N) n1l1'U1'U1fl7111 1'1f3Jaflrh'JL'V\~elfl~'ll'V\d'l11.1£l'I1~1U1'U

LilJJ L1t~n111fl71JJ 1'1f11'7fflttcui:J·~1'U1tuUHVWt18tJn
'I
(haploid number -N) ~'ll';l:~uL~'UL'Ifa~
ft-u~cuicri-1
'I
'J lu
t
'UU Prophase

1cuoffcud1fl71:u1'1f:uu9la:rie:Jcu-;J:; duplicate tl1LEl'I1LU'U«El'llrlEl'U u9la:Y1Elm7t~n-;h1fl1111fifl

,d A
(chromatid) 'lf'll-;J:tJfl@lflfi'UElti'YllJ'lL
A .._, I~ A ,d
1nL'V\'U'Il'YIL1tlfi11l11U «YI'ilJJt/1 (centromere)
~...
'V\7El f1lUYitYif181
I "): -.t G' ' .dl 7 "): ~
~ .

· (Kinetochore) 9ie:J';l1n,rcu1fl71:u 1'1f:u-;J:'V\flfl1l'UL ,Y1'Yi11 ~'t ~'UL~Ui"fi~'U 1cu1.1rn:L~tnnu

tsifuit11aa (centriole) ';1:; duplicate fl1LEl'11ElElfiLU'UtHl'llel'ULL~1Lfl~El'Ufl1LLUne:JEln';l1nncuLue:Jcl ~

~1nL'Ifa~'l7 "ncuir111 ~-la:unwttcul'lf 1'l~a1«31~e:Jt1~EJ:U7El1JL'If"Uit71e:Ja~:iru~-u L71L7~n ~

O.Jflth: ne:Jud11 t'111J 1n J l11u (centrosome) 7 El1J ') L'lf'U1@171'1f3Jd';l:i:JLL'U11.1~HL'IS t~~a1«31

:n7:~1tJElEln 1fltJ1El1J LL'U 1~1tJ'Il~~lElt11:'V\11-3L'If'U
~
1fl11'1f3J rl1JLL'U 1fifl1'11LIJf~1{L 7un11 lfUUlnt1-
.1rltua{ (spindle fiber) ff1'ULL'U1~'U ') L7tJn11 dnnnfn tUJ (astral ray)
trlEln'111:tJ:d L~El~:uU 1Lfl~tJ« U1fl~1Eli'«LLa:U 1fl~1Elt·~u~1«11~:«a1tJfl1 lu~'ll,rWntJ1u

LIJf-~~~"J'1n!J1~L ~cuL~tl" 1fl,.1:u11Jf:uua:11Jf1@l~a1«31t ri1,rcu 1flt~~1fl,. 111 1'1f3JL~3JtflaEicu~3J1

El~L cuu1L 1nL@lD'Una1'11L6Jl'~~. (equatorial plane)
"'
'llu Metaphase
ttJu 7:tJ:~1fl71:u 1'1f:ULfl~acuL ,Y1:U1Elt1u1L
~
1m na1'11L6Jl'a~LL~1
~i'ElJJncu,!cu
'
1fl7JJ1fifi1.1El'l1
1fl1 1111 1Jf11LL~a:rie:Jcu -;J:LLtJ n ElEl n-;J1 n-ncuua:L@l1 tJJJLfl~e:Jcuv\1" lut1~1 nLIJfa~1.1El'll@l'ULEl'11~El l tJ ~ .
v '
'llu Anaphase
leu 7:tJ:d1fl73J1~fi~'11LLtJnEleJn-;J1nnuu~1 b~tJn11 daughter chromosome ';l:;Lflaau·vh'll
EleJfi-;J1firl'UL ,Y1 LUtl~6Jl'U1@17 11Jf:u 1flnu1L 1rn~dJULIJfU 1@17b~tJf-;J:Lfl~ElU~L~L 11n--J1«1u~u
~ '

~ .:f " I 1
fl1tJL'V\@l'U7u71.J1.1eJ'I1 J"A 4 " I ~
1fl'l 1:u1IJf:U1U1:tJ:;U';l'll:U'lufla1tJ@l1
...,
v 'V\'l'El
.s ..- ~
J n17LflaeJU'Yl1.1eJ.J 1f'l'l 13J16Jl'3J
'I ~ ~

dt Ofi-;J1nn17'V\flfl11.1D'11Liu«uut~a 1~Luaf~ '11';l:U1LEl11fl713J11Jf:uL,Y13J1713JLU'Un~3JL~tJ1ncu

!" ~ ( •'

.Bi' 103 169

 t
'U'U Telophase

Li1elfl11111'ifliL~1ll111lln'U~tJ7L1mL'lf'U1fl71'1fliLLa11:U~1JU1U£l£lflLLa::L~mJU1:ft1'U

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W1flM£Jiw U1fli1£l~a1R~
. •
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I 'lJ . 'lJ

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tl :r ..
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(syncytium) n1LU'UL'!faa~'!L1urdiw1u 7-u.f (c~enocyte)

';;:

'170 BI 103
 EARtY PROPHASE

Chromosome threClds Chromosomes distinctiJ

distutet; centrosomes bipcartitt i spindle
evident; 11ster forms forms

ME'TAPHASE

Nucltor membrane and Centromern art Chromotift ..,.,...

nucttoti ditappear ah;ned ·in equatortal
plane

TELOPtfASE

·.
OAUGHTER CELLS

@@ ~·;

~·
..

Chromosomes bftin
~ter chromosownes
revertinq1D mteiphal'
.ni4JIQitlopola~
statt; nuclear membrGDfl
,.,,.~ns· form; furrow deeAiftS

BI 103 171
 9.2 fl11UU,ucua~UtJU,1J laciftr (Meiosis) ·
n17LbJ~L'If~~uuu1aJ1DtnH (meiosis) L[h.tn11LLU~11El~L'If~L{L~tlt~L'Iftu{~ultJ.Yh'V\\l1~
I CJ; fJ; ' •'

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'IJ 'I

LLflnfi1~nu L7t~n11 unna L1unuiin (heterogamete) L'lf~~Suviuf1Ja~L'VifYLiirJ~~L7t~n11l11

'I

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. .1!
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~~~ 7
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'} 40( ..,. I

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division LL~: second meiotic division ~~#\ti';l1n!f111~LtJ~L•fiftLLU'Ud1:'Yi1L'V\,tiL'If~~'V\llditt~'l.t
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t ""' . .. I..I . ... r ..1 ~ ~ I
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I I ..

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(homologous chromosome) ';l:2J1Li1fl~'U1Ufl\t

. 'IJ
LLR11fl12J1tlfl'U1~ft1\.4~::l~1nu (cross over)
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.t111'1 t .J ... t . I 1 ·.f"l
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.,11
« fl13J1fl~fl1UfiU L'1f..lfi11 tetrad fl11lJL tJ""'~t:JlLLLDft~fl11J'Ylnft11111'ULfifl-n'UL'U~'U
A . CJ; .., ~,I .
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I . .

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rlD'U1fl 111!1'1f2J~3J1L m~nu~U -;J::LW nee fi';)1 n nM't1\i~1 nL'JfftMt1 ~n"Ui11JLLft1LTlfln17LLU~LIJ)'~l(

172 BIIO~
 '
FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION
Synapsis Tetrad formation

Prophase

Metaphase Anaphase Early Telophase

SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION

Prophase Metaphase

Anaphase
Telophase

BI 103 173
 fi' ..l\'1 !"! ,/¥ ""1 1 1 A A A o .- I I 1 1 1 I I
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LU7:tJ:' second meiotic division ,Tu1u1Lvier' 1fl11111'lf11';1:11l duplicate ti1LEI-\Ien -;J:~.h~m
I t .,,1 .,,1 I " ') t .,,1 :¥ 1 .. 1 1 1 I I
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,
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fi'A ..... .. ..... .. ..... "" t "" .K A A ... .. ... I .....
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, 'U 'I ~ 'U

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AOI I .. fi' t I ..... ~ ·t A \'1 '-' fi' . ') I fi' AOI
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A I AOI fi' AOI, "#It ') 1
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• I ' ' ""'

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.. I
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174 81.103
 First meiotic division . Primary oocyte

Secondary
sperma tocytes Second meiotic
division

A A LL3J1T;J:3JnTlR11-lL'D'~~ft'tJ'Vi'Ul
'l'U'Vi~LL~:=Hfl11J1-l,-'U~ "'I . .""'fl' "' It· ..
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t"A Q.; t" t"A
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....~·t"

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Q.; " '.. I fl' I J'.... 1 . ""'\'1 ""' ~~ Q.; fl' \'1 I ..!(. ..
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. d ..~ ...1 o A tJ Q.; fl'~.... 'l"'
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tJ EJ1 fl'.... ..
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n1ii1fll~~ (gametophyte) \
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..l .... "' "' ~
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....
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Bl 103 175
 MATURE SPOROPHYTE (2N)

I
DEVELOPING SPOROPHYTE PLANT (2Nl ·-----

~_:;.
~{.·-,·1• .. Roots

ARCHEGONIA

~1flf GERMINATING SPORE (N)

ANTHER lOlA
IMMATURE SAMETOPHYTE (N) .

MATURE GAMETOPHYTE IN)

Spore
case
Rhizoio

/
Rhiloids

,.. v " v
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9.3 Hl1fttJ't1u'!1UJJ\fi!Hf (Reproduction i~ Man)

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176 BI 103
 9.3.1
. ., ~

1:tJtJ&ftJ~'U~Iftt1.. UJ (The Male Reproductive System)

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~ ~

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. \1
Lafiill'iliJR
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BI 103 177
 gland)
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178 BI 103
 2) 3)

·~
Head

piece

Tail

Mitochondri\

filament

A S'
. (b) .,f)lftft~

BI 103 179
 4 u tl ....
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182 BI 103
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l~ib51~~an~m:LiltJ1n'U111U~OLL~:~fflln'l-lLB" nil~"l~in~m:L'!f'ULflllEI~LWlJEI ';1\.lLU\.l~L~El

LLloL111~~cu{LL'ti (pure line~ flel\T"LLn LLR:L~tJLL'ti ~el2J1l~ll1L£l1tt1.2 ~cu(ll~"fl1'V\'UtlLitJ0~1

188

'
 I I I

,
1'L-LYiEILUJ P

1u~n
, 'U
F1

g..

~ut9lll 1 ti1u•
VI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .J
Lli£ltEI1 F2 'Ylfl~EJ-\Itl~n91EJ Ltl 'Yil.J'h ~'L-LLflll 1 «1uuuttJu~n~m:LCilliLL't1 uJttl~li'L-LLLtl~"
I I "" I

niun~1ll tl1'L-L'Yi1n~u«-\l
'U
3 ti1u,tu n1'ti1Ltltl~n~:~
'U
1 tl1"L-L~LiJuin~m:«-\ILt't1
'U
ti1uan
-

2 w1t.r;J:ihfnttm:t'V\ijElu F 1 (~EltrlEJLEI13J1tl~nc;leJ Ltln~:L~in~m: ~"~EIL~lldJu3 ~E11Dn)

• tJ"Lf!Eln~1-\I'V\'L-L-\111
..... -~ ...
'V\1EIEI1~«1 , I

g..
A
p «-\I X Lflll
'U

Fl
!0
«-\I
'U

I
t
«-\! 3•«1U
g..
A

0
I

F2 'U
LCilll 1 tl1'"0

VJ ... ¥.3 '

l
4

I
+ I ~
+ I A
g.. .....
F .
3 .«'U -\I'V\3J fl «-\!
'U
3 «1U Lflll 1 «1U LCilli'Y""l -\I 'VI 3Jfl

BI 103 189
 .,LLaJl1L3JUL~~';l:LU~£Ju1u1i'~nl~nt:~WYl~~El-:JLL'YlU n';l:1~~~EJEln3J:)LUYhUEl-:IL~£J1flU
~-:~1~«1ud]u1Juo~U1£J'VI1Elti3J3J~hnu~ 111
, 4

Q,# I A
'i.l Q.l ""' Q,# ""' I Q,# .J' I
1. ~n1Ynt:<fi1-:J 6J "lJEh'l<ftU'Yi~';J:fiEJ-:JlJ<ft1'111J'l3J
, L1tJn'VIU1£Jfl11Jfl3J~n'JYrn:u
. 'I 11

Unit Character (LuiJ 1911 ;ohannsen L1£Jn11 '

B'Ufl (gene)) U';l';lUU'Yl111Jl1'VIU1£JU~Elti11
, DNA
.

· 2. ~n'JYnt:L~ 6) n<ft13J ';l:ij'VIU1£Jfl11Jfl3J~n1Ynt:

, .
2 <il1 3J1LiJuf1nu ~
Liu~n1Ynt:L~£J1fl1J
'11111«-:J ~
';l:ij'V\\b£Jfl11J'l3J~n1Yrn:«-:J3J1Ltlu~nu'V\u1£Jfl1UflJJin1Yrn:L~£J
, 'I
'VIU1£Jfl11J'l3J~n1Yrn:
, ~ ~

,..1 r;:t I Q.# .J' a I ' A

'Yl3J1LUUflnuuL 1£Jn11 Alleles 'V\'ltl Allelomorph
~
I Q,# ...1 !"'I ..... .J' ""' ~ .... ~I Q,# I
3. 'VIU1£Jfl11Jfl3J~n1Ynt:'YlLuU alleles nuu ';l:lJElU'VIU-:JLuU~n'JYnt:L~U (Dominant)
'I

Df1Du'VIrt-:JLUU~n~rn:~El£J (Recessive) ~n'JYnt:L"U';l:,]JJ~n'JYrn:~~£JLti3Jtl iiL~U11ni]EJEln3J1

I
Q; Q.l n I \II Q.lr;:;/ I A a""' 'i.l 'i.l Q.# :;'1
~ n'JY rn:~·El£J';l: u 11 fii]El El n111 L~ n<ftEJLlJ EllJ ~ n'JYnt:~ El£1~1£1 nuL uu allele

~u«~3J1LUU allele nu..Xu LU'Yl1-:JvrU])fl1ti<flf~nU£JJJn1'V\U~iruru~n"1JnL

'I ......
dJurJn'JY'l

Tl11Y1D-:Jnf11Y tiu«~L1Juin1Yrn:L"u~nn1'VIU~LL'YlU~1£JeJn'JY7<il'1~3J'Yi1'VIqj LL~:~u«~Ltlu

Q.# ''i,l Q.# 0 Q.l Q; A f(r;:t Q.# Q.# a Q; I Q.# Q.# f(
~n'JYrn:~EJ£J3Jnn1'V\U~LL'YlU~1£J<ft1'Yi3J'YiL~n"lJEJ-:JEJn'JY7<ft1L~£J1nu L~u~nyty~n"lJnt"lJEl-:1 dominant-
...! r ...1 I¥ ~I
,
gene 'Ylfl11Jfl3J~n'JYnt:fl113Jti-:JLuU T ';l::JJ«ruru~n"lJnt"lJEl-:1
Q,# ""'Q,# ""' Q,#

...... recessive gene 'Yl.LUU allele nu ~

LUU t
a f( ,..1 a a ""' !"I Q.# a a ff I ~ I Q.l 1 Q.#

£JUti'Yl3Jtifl1'YiL~£J1fiU 3J1LuU allele fiUL 1£Jn£JUtiflUU11 homozygous f.11<ft1-:Jtifl1'YifiU

~
a I I
L1£Jfi11 heterozygous L~U

TT Ltlu homozygous dominant

tt LUU homozygous recessive

Tt LUU heterozygous dominant (13JU£J3JL~£Jfil1 heterozygous recessive)

.al ff ,..1 !"I Q,# ~ Q,# 'I ,..1 i.i ff A ff
4. £JU«'Yl3J1Luu allele nuuu ';l:LL£JnEJEJ fi';l1nnu LUL1~1'Ylti71-:JLSJ1~~L 'Yifl'VI1EJL'l1~~
A oa; ff Q.# .J' .al I
1
Q.# ~ 'I ffA oa; f( f( A
ti1J'YiU~ (gamete) fi11LL£JfiElElfi';l1nnuu L1Ufi11 Segregation ~-:JUULUL'l1~~«1J'YiU~L'l1~~'VI'f..L~ ')
A ,..1
.al.al ca...
ff I .al ca... I I I t
';)-:J3J£JUti'Ylfl11Jfl3J~fiortnt:EJ£JL 'YitJ-:J~fi'JYnL:~: 1 'VIU1£JL 'Yl1UU
'I ~
.al f( ,..1 Q.# t ca... VltJVI 'i.l t'l l.al t A ft'A oa; ff
s. tJU«'Yl~ nLLtlnEJEJn';l1nnuwu ';l:nftu L Lfl~ L'VI3JElnfl7 -:J'V\\L-:J';l1fiLSJ1~~«1J'Yi'l-Ll
EinLSJ1~~'VId-:J"lJEl-:J~tJ'V\1mLll LrleJL'lf~~W1.J~\L(-nu-:~~EJn1JLWlJ1~ftlJ (fertilize) nu fi11LGJJ1lnf1JLU\L
~t'VIllllLiju1uacl1-:~e«7:<fl1lllan1«"1J£l-:JL'lf~~au~u(-pD-:~~anuLLll';)::JJ17111nu,., ("1J£J1£Jfl1111
VI "' I A .. ... VltJ . "' ·, .... . • A
Lfl11 dominant gene 'VI7E1 recessive gene "lJEJ-:JL'Jf~~'V\\L-:1 ';1:: L L"1J1~nu dommant gene 'VI7El recessive
... .. ... !!'VI "'VI .... " • . .. I ,f ... I
gene "lJEl-:JanL'lf~~'V\\L-:Jn Lfl Lli111JE1fi1'V\\Lf\) R111~fi17nW7J\L\L L7£Jn11 Independent Assortment

190 BI 103
 I 0 .... I
t.JU fl1 '1111 L1t.Jfi11 Phenotype
I .... ... ""' .... ~ !"'I .... ....1\'j I \'1 !"' .... .. ~ fit
ft'1'UfH141l1~'1Jtl\lt.J'Uft''Yl3J1 allele fiU.'-''U Lu'U~n~nt:'Yl L3Jtl1';J'Yl11'U Lfl L'U'YlWYI'Ylfi'UL'V\'U
'I . '
~ .... A IS"A..... .... I
fltl-.13Jfi111Lfl11:'WJ';Jt.J L1t.Jfi11 Genotyp'e

1un11LLR'fl-.1 phenotype ,Xuih dominant gene LLft'fl.:JLtn~m:EJEJfi3J1'l13J recessive gene

\'1 ~ I IS" .... IS" I ~ I ..... I IS" I~
Lf!Elt.J1\lft'3J1J1nt L1t.Jfift'll1~fi11ntEJt.J1'\l'U'U11 ~n~m:'113Jft'3J1J1nt (complete dominance) LLW!tl1
'U 'U '
........ A . ..1 \'1~~ o 'J~ ........ ~d. I
recessive gene 3JEJ'Ylli~~3J1fi~EJ'Yl';J:LLft'fl\lijtlfi3J1 Lfl1J1-.1 'Yl1 L'V\ phenotype 3J~n~m:n1n.:J1:'V\11-.1

dominance nu ....
recessive L1t.Jfift'll1~fi11ntEJt.J1\l'U'U11 flfH:/01~?11/n UiJUYiOJ (incomplete
IS" I ~ I V I ../7 I c(

dominant)
...~ .... "" IS"..I"" .:!I ..... "" ..... IS" ~ ~ """" ....... "" I .....
~n'Yl3Jt.J'Uft''Yl3Jft'll1~b'V\3JEJ'Ufi'U L'lt.Jn ~'U1HL'Yl (pure line) tl13Jt.J'Uft''Yl3Jft'll1~fl1\lfi'U
'U 'I
"" ..... IS" .:!I ..... IS" ~ A I ..... "" ..... "" "" I
L'lt.Jfi ~'Uli~ft'3J'V\1EJ~'Uli'Yl1\l (hybrid) tl1~';111nt 1fl113JLLC1lfifl1\lfi'UL~t.J\l~n~m:Lflt.J1 L1t.Jfi11
'I 'I
~ I ..... Q..oo "" ~ I ..... Q..oo ""

monohybrid tl1fi1.:Jnu 2 ~n~m:L 'ltlfi dihybrid tl1fl1\lfi'U'V\~1t.J ') ~n~m:L ~tin polyhybrid·

n1 'l'Ylfl ~EJ-.1'1JEJ\IL3JULfl ~fi13J~1~n~113J1LL~1L Uflflu<iluL ilui1 e:Jr.l1-.1"1JEJ-.1 monohybrid ~ .:Jfl1';Jih

3J1«1U~
'I
nflf.:J'V\d.:J~itJ iruruLtn'11m~EJ
u u

p TT X . tt

gamete T, T . t. t

~Tt
gamete

~ T t

T TT Tt

t Tt tt

BI 10~ 191
 10.2 fl11Nil'lJ 1~tJ'W1l11Wlil'tl·UtflliW~Uil~il'llJtlfl'YW~ (Dihybrid ~nd Trihybrid inheritance)
'V\~.J'iU1 nL3JUL~~ 1~'Yl~~e:J.Jt1 n'hl-1 nTn:htJ'Yle:J~L ~tJ.J~n~m::L~£11 fle:J3J1 '~'Yl~~D..:Jfln~1
I
I ..... I g,r ..... I 0 .......... tt .... v: '""A .....
nTHl1tJ'Yle:J~~n~ rn::'V\~1£1
. ,
·6) e:J£11-J'Vi 7e:J3J nu L~U'Yl1 n1 7~ff3Jt11Yi\UHL'YlL3J~~ntuJa-L 'V\~e:J..:Jnu

tt1~ulfLL'Yi'L3J~~th.t~b
'I
;j£11 Yi1Jl1~n-lu
'IJ 'I
F 1crt.J'V\3J~3jb3J~~n~3J~LVt~e:J-3 Lrle:Jrl1n17~ft3Jfle:J bU'iUUb~

F 2 U71n!J111~tt1L3J~~n~3J~L'V\~e:J.J 315 ~u L~~~ciu~L'V\~e:J.J 101 ~'" L3J~fln~3JffLiitJ1 10s

d. ~ ..... .:f
<ilU bL~::L3J~~tJUffL tl£11 32 CilU ~n~nt.::'YlLLCil n<il1-J nue:Je:Jn b tJ 4 LLUUU L7tJH11 n17~ft3J 1fltJ
.... 0:: I d d .... ..... Al I -

~'iUl7nt1ffe:J.J~n'hl'nt:: (dihybrid cross) LfltJliLUUelCil11ti1ue:Jci1-3~1b~Ltiu 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 'iU1n

..... .Jft I :f 0:: VJ .... I '"" ..... .J I VI ft I I I I I ..... A .....
~n'hl'm::'Ylu71n!Ju'iU::L'V\U L~11 3J~n'hl'nt.::'YlLLCiln~n.Je:Je:Jn Lu'iU1n7UYie:JLL3Je:JtJ 2 ~n'hl'm:: ~e:J~n'hl'm::
' , 'IJ'

n113jb1J~~ciu~L 'VI~e:J.J LL~::L3J~~n~3JffJ;jtJ1 ·~.JdJu~n~m:: L'VI~ LLff~.J1~L ~u11uu~~Yl1'V\U1~

~11J~3J~n'hl'm::~
'I
LL~::~n'hl'm::~113JL itJ1Jt~e:J-3L3J~~~ue:Jci1Ju
'IJ
1~,. 1111'D'3Jfl1-Jfinu
'IJ
LL~::n17LLtJn<fl1
d ft
. tleJ.JtJUff'iU::buU bu
~I VJ ft 11 ~tJe:Jff7::
- (segregate independently)
I

tl1rl1'V\U~Hf!}ty~nt~Uit~e:J.J~n~m::91'1-J 6J ~1ttl1eTn~,. LL~1U1btlt1~.fl1U1nt.<ll13J<il171-J

1
f( VJ .... ' I VJ :f
YiUb U 'Yl'Yl'iU:: b~Cil13Jbb~U1l1Yi'ile:J bUU
'I

192 a1 ·103
10.4 The Test Cross

LdeJ-\1';11 n 1~flfilj1';l'ULU'U~LL1.iiii Y41J':h.Yhr'VI1 fli'91{-;J::LLR'tl-\ltrnljtu::~m~Jflfl filJ11~n

i 1 1 1 ..I
.. ""' ~ 1 ... ...t...:
'lmllfl fl1 lJ 'lflJ'Ylfl11JfllJ~nljtu::'U'ULU'J..L homozygous recessive chromosome LL'l 'Ufi1CU'Ylft'-\l
A'
1

. ~

ii:ni~~'ULLR'tl-\ltrnljtu::L~u L11111eJ1-;JUeJnlmwnufl11LUUin'l!-rn::L~ULL'Yl-;J7" (pure dominant)

Vl1mtlu heterozygous dominant LL.ieJ1';l'Yl11Ul~fltJn17U1lJ1~R'lJTlUi-\lii:a1~~LLR'fl-\ltrn'l!-rn::
~ ~ o A f C' ..I A ~ .t ... I '
tlfltl LL~1'Yl1 n1 11Lfl11::VI~~'YlL fitl"ll'U fi17'Ylflft'£l1JLL1JU\4L 7tl n11 test cross
, -• .od d <V ' <V
fUl fl1Jl~u1~fll1'nAflrJlfl1Jfl110UJ'ntl~l'lfl1fW~
... C' I """ o ~ ..I . A A
ti'UR' R'1'UlJ1 ne:rr -\I'Yl1VI'U1'Ylfl11J~lJ n1 7 L';} 7 q}LflU fl
1 "" . ""
LL~::'r4fi.l\41 n1 7"1Jfl-\lfl1tJ1::L'r4fl LL~::
'""' I
~ n 1!- rn:: U-\ILLR'tl -\IL 'r4flL '7J'U
I
"lJ'U
... ~ !'fl ... C'...l I 11
LR'tl -\I'U 'UL u'UtJ'Uft'YlfltltJ'Ufl fl fl IJflJ
A ... I~ 1 .
'11 -\llJ flti'Yl-\1 'J..LL 'r4fl'7J1tJLL~::
~ ~
"" 1 ...t VI 1 ,.. ...., ~ ...., • r ...1 .t,:r
1 ...t:
L'r4fl'VIt}}-\l LL~LVI~'YlLLft'fl-\l~~flflfi LlJL'VIlJfl'Ufi'U'Yl-\IR'fl-\IL'r4fl L'r471::~n'l!-nL:'V\7EltJ'J..Lft'L'V\~1\4Lu'U~n~m:;

~nnri1VI'Ufl1tltJL r4fl
~ .
(sex-limited character) -;J::flnfi11JfllJ
~ 'I
1fltJtraf1lJ'UL~fl13Jl
'
~LLft'fh1Rn~m:
.... g.,
"ll. fl-\IL 'r4fl~7" nu "ll1llflfl nlJ1

ii trn'l!- rn::~ nu1-\lth::L11'Yl~-;J::LLft'fl-\lfleJ 1ilJ1l~fieJLrleJ l~fu~'Yli~~,El-lL~fl L,Jouin~m:

... ~ !'"I .... I 'I !'"I .... ..t'
fl7'1!-::~1U-;J::Luu~n'l!-rn::Lfi'UL\4Lr4fl'7J1tJ LL~::Lu'J..L~n~m:.,en.J
t \.L\vm'VIty-3
.. ~n~nL::lJ7!:Lil'Yl'U
.. .I .t

... I
L1tlfi11 sex-influenced character
.J'"" ;..tl r I ...1 o ~~-~ ... -., I ~.I
oueJn-;J1nutJ-llJ 71n{ln17nnn-leJtJ1-\J'Yl'Yl1 Ll'\~nlJ~n~m:uttnfi1-\J.t.1J';J1ntJ71~~1~

u~::an~rn::~LLttnf\1"l U';J1 nu,.,.~,,,

~,.~dw1lJ17nci1tJ'Yl£lt1ltJ\~~n~~1\4tialtl~ n llfl112J ~

Ltliu~tJ~-\Ji-3n~11d L;un11 ii1t,iu (mutation) Lnt1~-ul~11nfl112JNtttl7n~11EJ-3ih4f (gene

mutation) 'YI~EJFJ"l13-IU61thn9itJeh1LfDl~L3.JLf13.J (chromosomal mutation) th1n£)n1~cU~\1n~1"lit
~ih~ui\J~~..,,t"~'Yi1ll1Ln(;)tJ'U"l"n1~11~,.,1n1~~,.,

BI 103 193
 ~
UYIYI 11
I
I ~ tl
fl11fi6UUY8~fl8U~I11 ·

(Responsiveness)

.. .. .... • .... .... ..1 "" '" .. 1

\4nftnlit1fl-31:LfltJft -3L nfiL'V\Un1 1LflR0\4 ~ V\1~Eh'J1i1~ u'Hl'Yl'Yl1J1 1~~~ \ U n1: Lu1:~ El"
tT • f' tl .l ..l.l' 1 • to~ !T a f' t ..,: ..l\1 .. 1 to~
Lflfl1 ~lJIIlflfl1 10YI1:LflRfl\4Yl~\U~-3 \\4V\ftflflLRn SJ ~El"n1UL'YlEl1 LIJIJLi\El'lUU « "'Yl Lun'l:~U

L1tU1fl'YliinTHfl;£l\4lV\1 fl£l~tu "IJij~u,1~«£llJ.n1:L1.h.: ~ i1Eld1"a.ne1u~rt" 1~LL rl n11

.I •I ... .I • . l ~ ,. I .... ""\'I "' .... I "' .... ...1
LtJ fttJ\4LLuft-3~El"ft11LfllJ'YlLflftel1JfltJ1J'UnftlJCl1tJ1l1Vi1l1ti~~"'Yl
\1 •
L~ 11JLL« "·«11"LL~1 El'I tu, 'V\1liJ'Yl
\1

ltJn1:fi'\4L~U1fl'YlLfl;0\4lV\10~
'I
V\10LLft-3R11~~ltJn1:~uL~H11Lfl£i1J'U~~IJri1tJ1l1ViLU~tlU
. 'I '

u.tla"ltJrifi 'Yl1"1'YltJ1fY1ftfrfL;tJn11 'iti1n1:t\u" 'V\7El "i"L i'1" (Stimulus 'V\iEl Stimulator

. 'I
• .. I "I ..I ... ~ ,. " 1.1 ... I I ...:
V\10 Stimulant) LLR:u11niJn11tu~fHn11LufttJULLu~"'YlLn~~U L1tJn11 n11<ilEl1JHUEl"<ilElft"
~ . .... I "" !"I .. ~ !"I .. I ,. I ...: "'
L~1 (responsiveness) fl1fltJ1~'YltJn111Lu'ij~'Yl1V\1tu'U Lu'Uu11 n~ n11tu n11<ilEl1JffUEl"<ilElff "L 11

ilL r;.,~"1"i ~111 ii;1"

R1\4l u.i1u ~El"i "ii;i<il ,rnfin1!tT~::Vi1J';hii.th1 n~ n1,. m~E)" n1 11ilEl1JHUEl"<ilEli"
Li'1L1t~tJL~UElijLW11El S) L1fUn11'fEl~11El"ffi'Vi~i~1fl~ n11L'V\~U1LrlEl1tllULfftJ" iifl11lJ~nL~1J.
.
U1fl n11V\fliiElflEltJ~itLrlatl
. 'U
n~El"LL'V\R11LL'Yl"~i£Jnn
'IJ
1 ~~ n11u1u~iEl~1J~El"~El
'I
n 13! ~ia n11

ilfl'ul,_j'L£l\4L -n'1~1LLft "ft'11" L~~1dLUU n11U.ft'.~"<ilEl1JffUEl"<ilEli "L i'1~"iu €1~1" l,- fl~ LrlEl

1l'nfln~1Rel-3LU1tJtJLfitJtJ~1L
.
~il~~-;nn~1J1Un11<iltl1JftUEl"<il~i
,
"L i'1d~'IJ ';l!:L ~U11 n11<ilEl1.J

""£l"~Lnfl~ului~lliii;1fllli11';l::Ltlun1~mvm'Vi~7EJn1"Lflii~u El1';)~1L'V\Iil~~1~~ttllitJ1n 'I

1l'n LLfln11flfl1Jft\4£l"~L flfl~ULui"ii;i<il~ULi)uL ~ El"~flElU ,j1"si1.JenElULL~:L ~t11vru Tll.JU';)~tl

th-3 s.1 erhln11-3~11~ tf1V\fu1u~d';l:fli1.J1m,Xmu'Vi1:n11Lu~tJULLtJ~~LL~:n11<ilEl1.JHUEl"<ilai"

~ "" . . . l . :. ........
L~1'YlLnfl \4ft-3111f1fiL'Yl1UU
.I t

11.1 n11fUJtJCJ'U fl~~jj1'U1tJ11 ftf'U'IliUl (Responsiveness of protoplasm)

t ! 4),1 I ~ , • I 'iol

m1t~ouwuEJ"fifli"n,-::9luuu
'I L111iii"LL<illu1::~tJ~El"1th1<il'Vi~1Hi11uLia"ilL11'Yl11u
.

l~fltJn11'YlflREl"L£J1i"ii;i<il1Jil.~L'lr~~L~tl1. ~iElYl1nTlL~tlnLEl1L'lr~~';l1ni"ii;i<il,f'U\Y~ (L'!fU

f' t.i .k A f'.,l Q; ff') 0 l I ...: '1.1
L'J1Rana111Lu£1 ~ 1ElL'lr~~u,. :H1'Yl~El"H<il1 lJ1'Yl1 n11'Yl~~El" Vi1.J11 n11"<ilEl1.JHUEl"lilElH ~n~:~u
. 'I

~~ Ltlun11LL«~~ElEln113Jnu-nEl\lnElu1tJ,-1fl~R1H3!~uLEl~ i111ui"ii;i<il,¥u~1t11:Ln'YlL'lr~~

BI103 195
 L~tJ1nT'lfUfl113Ji'ftn nTlft-\ln7:LLfffl113Ji'in LL~:n1791D'U 1~f1Di-\1Li'1~U n7:Yl1'Vii'DlJLffi~
'lJ 'lJ~ - . . '
'I I ~ 1" 1
1'1 .... .. ....... t ~ ..
... I ~ 0 ~ ...1
I

~... I
LUnDU u'l fl~~1ff3J LLfl LUff-\13J1J1911JUff-\1'1JU3J1 ~:3Jff1U'If-\I'Yl1~U1'Yl'l'Ufl113J'lffn R-\lfl113J
Q,oo.

' l 'U ' - . 'U

i'Hn
'U
LL~:91El'U 19l.Yhwu1~LUUiflR1ULLtJnEIDn~1nnu' ~1~i'ui-\lii:a19lL'If~~L~tJ~~u 111tJLU
.. . ... .... I I 0 ~ ...1 I I .. "'I .... .. 0 ~ ...!
L'lf~~~:lJD-\Iflu7:nD'U911-\I ') 'Yl1~U1'YlL~'Vi1~EltJ1-\I L1JUtl-\lflu1:ntJ'U'U1-\11JU~1Jtl-\IL'If~~'Yl1~U1'Yl
L~tJ1nun11f'ULLff -\IR11-\I 'U1-\I~UtlL~tJ1ntJn11Lfl~tlU1~1~;mfl~ElU~LUU~U ~-\ltl1~n~11l~11
n17flD'URUD-\IflDi-\ILL 1~~D3J~U L~3Jii~-\ILkCil1:c;i'u 1 U1t~~~1ff3JLUU~U111
.el.4, Q.l ,J
11.2 011fltltJtf\Hl-3fiJJ 1-Ulfll (Responsiveness in animals) .

LUfffli,fu«'U -\I~U3J1 1~ n11LL~:"lJ 'U1U n1 7 L~DflDtJ«Ufl-\lflfli~L i'1 ';l:~tJsnElU3J1 nri-\I~U

I ...1 ... :f .,. A I e'...l 0 ~ ...1 I ~A ,i ~ - ~ .. I :f .,.Goo

L11\.t n1 7'Yl:JJL 'J..ttlLtJElW'l El n~3JL'If~~'Yl'Yl1~U1'Yl7

,
'Uff -\lf111:JJ '1
'U
fffi';}1 n« -\IL 71 · 'If -\IL 1Un11LUElLtJtl

U1:i1'Yl LL~:ih dEJLflD'Yl1WU1~LLff~-\lfi111~91El'U ~-\IL 1tJn11LdElLflfl n~1:JJL dEl

1-\1~7"lJEl-\ln1191El'URUD-\I~Eli -\ILL1fl~El:JJL 'J..tff911,fu«'U -\1 1~tJvY1l tJ L7tJn11
.
1rr/nnWB1fF1
'
~ "' I ~ .."' I .. I A I ..., ~ .Y. ..,
(reflex arc) 'lf_-\l~:u1:nEl'U~1tJ~-\Iflu1:nEl'U 5 u1:L11'Ylf1El 'HU1f11UF11 1UJflf1 (receptor) lnUn'1-l1U
1
F11 1uji1n (sensory pathway) 'f1Ji1flll11tlf11 1ujfln (modulator) lflUn7'ltJ 'lf111W8UtJU8-l (motor
I

pathway) LL~: nu'1nn8 UtJUB'l (effector) n17'Yl1-\11U~ElL UEl-\IU1:«1UnU'1:~11-\IEl-\lflU1:: ntJu

t .. I ~ VI .. I :'I . """ A .., ~ 0 Goo
'Yl-\1 5 u1:L11'YlULLtJfiElElfi LuLuU 4 'il'U1Ufi11'YlR1flt}J flO WU1Uf1111UF111UJ8f1 (reception) WU1U

11J'H1J7f1Utl~i'ln71 LL~:· WU1Uf111

0

f111U 7F11'1Ujfln (conduction) WU1Uf111UUfiF11 (modulation)

o ') i-' ~ I 'VI ~~ I """ o ~ A
f1'I:1n 7nBU tn (effect) 'If -\I flU Lut.t';l:LLtJnvr~THU1LL9l~:"l..'U1Un179113J~")~'U flEl
6

.., ~

11.2.1 WU1Uf1111UF117UJ8f1 (Reception)

~· ....~ . . I Goo C' I t ... I I fit ... ~ Q.oo Q.oo

f111:JJ1Rn'Yl:JJfiElR911fl1-\l Cl UU :JJElfJ~~1tJLL'U'U LL~:LL9l~:LL'U'Un~:lJEl1ti1:7'Uf1113J7Rn

'U . J ~ 'U

~u1~tJL~'Vi1: L-iu El1tJ1:~'Yl1~U1~f'Uf111:JJi'HnL

' 'U
~t.nn'ULLR-\1«11-\1 L7tJn11 Photoreceptor
~ 'VI ~ I Goo ...1 """ "'I ~· """ """ •' fit ... I VI ~ lA """
'If-\! L~LLfifl1 El1tJ1:'Yl'l'Uf1113JJ«n«lJ~«LL~:~rn:JJL~'Uu1~ L1tJn11 Pressoreceptor L~LLn~J~U-\1
Goo od Goo ~A .:. .. I • "-' ...1 Q.oo j!A ·~ ..
tl1tJ1:'Yl1'Uf1113J1Rfi1RLL~: n~u L1tJfi11 Chemoreceptor tl1tJ1:'Yl1'Uf111:JJ'd « n~1ULRtJ-\I
v - 'U
... I' VI.~ I "" ""'""" ...... ~ fit ... I ~VI~ I
L1tJn11 Phonoreceptor L~LLn~ LL~:El1tJ1:'Yl71,.Jf1113J1ffn7D'ULtJU L1tJnT"l Thermoreceptor 'If-\! L~LLn
'U ~ 'U

th~u" El1tJ1:i'ufl113Ji'«nc;l1"
'U
'J it tJ,-:nDu~u~1tJl'\tt1~~7Eln~:JJ"lJEl-\IL'If~~fuf111:JJi'Hn
, . 'U

11il~,fu 'J ~U1tJi'Uf111:JJJHnLL~~:~ti1tJP~113J«13J11n~';l:LLU7«rl1~flJ1:JJJ~nEltJnLiJ'I..t

n7:LL«f111:JJi'Hn
'U
(impulse). 1~t.J"lJ'U1Un11'Yl1-3LfliiLL~: l rhJi1 ;A-\Irj-\llliLUU~L
'
,Y,'l~LL~:JJei~un
~... ~ 0 . I I. 'VI" "'I
n7:LL«f111:JJ7«nu~:nnu1«-\191ElLu ~tJL'~~u7:«1'Yl
11 ..
'U 'U . '
.~

196 BI 103
 0 ~

11.2.2 11UJUn71~1fi'J1UJtfn (Conduction) ,

n1 :LLHfl113J 1ff 'ij
nsn."'V\U1tl f'Ufl113J 1ffn
'U
1~LLU111L ti'U
.
1 eJtJLL~1"ii: tl'ij n tl1ti'YleJ~\41 U i 1
J' A ..1.... J' A .. I ·1
1~tiL '1-teJLtleJ'Ylb 7tlfi11LUeJLtleJu7:«1'Yl ~tln1:LL«fl113J7Hn"ii:L
1 oa.rA oa-r 1 o... rr
~1fffl1L6Jf~H~'Yl1" dendrite LUU::
'ij 'ij
o... rr rr.. 1 ..1 o oa-r ..1 o . oa.rA "" o...
El El-fi"ii1 fifl1L6Jf~ ~'Yl1" axon L6Jf~~ u7: «1'Yl'YI't11'V\'I..t1'Yl'l-t1 n 1 :LL« fl113J 7'ij « fi"ii1 n eJ1£.11: 7'Ufl113J
oa.rA "' .. 1 o... .. 1 1 .... 1 1 rr.. 1 ..1 o oa-r ..1 o
~« n ~ utl"7: 'U'U u7: «1'Ylff1'1-t n ~1" L1 tJ n11 sensory neuron «1'1-tL 6Jf~ ~ u 1: H1'Yl'Yl'Yl1'V\U1'Yl\.L1

n"l':LL«n17i'""1'1-t"ii1 n1:'U'UU7:«1'Ylft'1Ufi~1"1u£J"'V\U1tlfleJ'U«UEl" Liu n11 motor' neuron

L6Jf~ ~1:17: ff1'Yl'vY"«eJ "11u~dEl1"iiEl~~13J nud:lun ~3Jfl~1t1Lff'l-t

'l
LtJtJ11ii'1~L 7u n11LffUU7: ff1'Yl
'ij

(nerve) L«utJ7:«1'Yl'U1"LffUl11wu1~vY"n11fun"l':LL«fl113J~ffnLL~:n17ft'"n7:u«n1"l'i'""1'"
LitJnLffUU1:«1'Yl11U~d11 LffUU1:«1'Yl713J (mixed nerve) .
'"n«i 11'Ylt11 iuu~ t1U11 4
n7:LL«fl113J 1ff
'ij
n"ii: tl'ij nthtJ'YlEl~1 Ufl13JLffUU"l'::: «1'Yl, ,

1~tJn17LU~tJUH111~~eJ"U7:::"ii1Vh~1~El"«11Lflii~eJ
'l
eJ:L6JfYl~ 1fl~U (acetylcholine) ~"axon
!"'I oa-r oa-r ""
A
Lu'l-t~H71"~'"3J1
'ij
' ,
11.2 ..'J 11UJUn71ll.Uufi'J1U'HU1fllta::tfoJn71 (Modulation)
"" d 0 oa,r .,j .,I .:_. "" "'oa.ro... oa.rA "'oa,r 1
eJ101:6Jf "'Yl1'V\U1'YlLLu~fl113J'V\3J1tJLL~: H" fi11'V\~""ii1 n ~~1'Un7:::LLfffl113J ~ ff n ~~LL n
.,1 I' d .. 1 oa,r "' 0... 0... ~
1:'U'Uu1:::H1'Ylff1'1-tfi~1" 6Jf"u7:::ne:J'U~1tJ«3JeJ" (brain) LL~: b~HU'V\~" (spinal cord) 'YI"«3JEl.J
111 o... o... ~ .. 1 oa-r 1 . rr .. 1 ..4 1 "" 1 o i.t "" :a'l rr
LL~: ~ ~«U 'V\~"'1-tu 1: nEJ'U~1tl n ~3JL6Jf~ ~ u"l' :«1'Yl 6Jf -~111 tltl 1111 fi'l-t'V\\.L1LL \.L \.L 'Yl1'V\'1-t1'YlLu\.Lfl'l..ttl
'l 'ij 'ij
. 'i-'

fl11Jfl3Jn"iin113J<il1" ')
'l
~eJ"11"fi1tl l1"'Yl1"UitJ iru111flUJ1m LL~:L1111UU1i.n1m Ql Ql """

£T" 13Jiim~1'iXfl113J n1 :~1"1 '1-t 11tJ~:Lmtl~ fi11li1"1'1-t~eJ"7:'U'UU7:«1'Yl1~eJ~1"i'~r;)U

'ij

11iin~1n'V\1eJ1ln11eJ~1"1,-
11.2.4 11lJJUn7'Jn'J::no?nauTP1 (Effect)

1 uifli-#u«
'ij
"~u ~u1u n1 1 n1:rhfleJ'U1~d:lu n17Yl1"1'"113J nu 7:'V\11"1:uun~13JLda
""
nu
,1 .,j 'J J{ 'J 'I
motor neuron "ti'Yl motor neuron "ii:::«"n7:LL«fl1«"3J1n1:flUb'V\n~13JLUeJ ~U'U1L1mbn~nu
I o .:_. oa,r oa,r oa,r A g.;""

'l '

LL 'V\~"fufl113J 1«nl11"11-i
'ij
n11rh"1U"1JeJ" n~13JL deJ~eJ n11'V\"~1~eJ"LffU 1E.Jn~13JL de1 n11

rii"1" d"ii:'il1L uufl~a~ 1 U"iiu n11"ii:~u«"n1:LL«~1

. 'l
""ii1 n1:uutJ1: H1'Yl i
ueJ n"ii1 n n~13JL deJ"ii:ri1'V\U1~Ltlu'V\U 1tJfleJ u~ueJ"LL~1 e11 "iiiieJ1tJ1:~u ri1'V\U1~
:a'J I ~ oa,r I I I d ~ A
0... .,j"' oa,r"" ~
Lu't-t'V\'1-t1tJfleJ'UHUeJ"n b~ L11UfleJ3Jfl1" ') 6Jf "ff13J11tl~~flff11~U3J1'V\~""ii1fi'Yl b~1'Ufi11 n1:~U

1~E.J'Yl1" L~'Yl1"'V\rt"d:Ju~u

BI 103 197
 ..1 \'It; ... ~
I A
reflex arc L'Yl1'YlEllfU1ti111El1';Jft'1 ,tf:'l
LJJ'"LL~'U1l1,... Lfltl·n'

Atterent

Receptor

••
'~--·

neuron
Spinal
cord

~
lll'tUl 11-1 Uli~H reflex arc

.,j .... 'I "' ... t ... . .¥ t;

nT~~e:J'lJ«'UEh1'Yl11 L'""~1'"'" 'UEl n111 n11:ant1-;:n n7:uut17:«1'YlLL~: 1::uun~111L 'UEl
1111 n'ULL~1 rJ'I1ti1:«1'U'I11\rnu1::uu~El11«i''l'11f1Df111'"anti1tl~ ~11: n~11l cu~Elcu~e:J 1 t1
..d .... , 4
11.3 fll19ltltHl'Utl~'fltl 'U'rt'lf (Responsivene"s in plants)

fi'Uti1l.UJ1 niln11::f1~r:h ~'7Jl3J~ n1 7LL«fi'11ElflftL~L~'" 11~ n11Lfi~DU1 'V\1LU~tJ'ULLU~\I

'V\1Dn~11tfcu ') 11 ·t'U~'7Jtt'U13J~~~fin1111L~ ') L~tJLL~n1'V\1nlti~1117nL1L~tJ~n~\ILL~11l:L~'U1ti
11~'7J~..-.~fin773Jm7~El'lJff.'UEI-\t~eli'I1Li'1LL1~~EltJEI~mh'l1111ft111tJ nT~~El'lJff'UEl\IL'U~'7JdL71i~d1
Ltl'U..-.~fi n1 711"1Jfl\1~'7J 'V\1 nLL~~~fin,- 711L'V\~1d~1L u'"1t1vth'l1i1 '). l:U 11~L1'1ElU1'11~..-.u1.'"
i~1...t11 tJ~ \1~1:'lJ'lJU7:: ff1'YlU~: 'l!:'lJ'lJn~111L~El ~~fi n713J n11~e:J'lJff'UEl~~Eli ~L i'1"lJEl\1~'7J~'U
LLH~\!Ele:J na.nl'" 7t1"1Jfl\ln17Lfi~El'U
'll
1 'V\1 (movement) .
i ~L i'1~'Yl1l ~di~~~fi n1 111 n11~El 'lJ"'UEl\IL'"~an LLtJ nfl El n 1tiLU'U« El\IU7::L1l'Yl ~.PJ
(1) i \IL i'1111t1L'" ltiLLrlf1ElfL11'U"lJEl~~'7JLL~::«17fl1'lJ~11 n1 7l'~~ tyLfiu 1~ .YhL~di~
n11bfi~El'Ul'V\1L~tJel~ L'Umi (autonomic mOVtfmenO .
(2) i'I1Li'11l1tJ'UEln Li'U LL«'11«11'11 ~.~,,.~~\l~~"lJEl\IL~n
'll
·ElnL'V\1lij
, 'll
~1 ~~~ .Yhl~di~n11
Ul~El'"l'V\1L '"~n~m::~1~ ') n'U ·

198 BI 103
\ .
 11.3.1 wqiin'j'j1Jf17'jnautlua~~'nfl111nii~,runo7u Lihu-lafieud~J.\Ill1';11nnT1'Yl1"1'"
C'1 A d ~~ .... .,! A A 1 -t 1 A g.; g.; o ....
1JEl"«THHl1 li'U ~Gjf 6Jf "Lu'Uff1 1 Lflli'Yl~Gjf~ftfllJ1';)1 fiff1'U b~ff1'U'V\'U"1JEl"<11'ULLa1 tl'U na1Latt"

11Jtr"ti1U~1" 6) itn«11l'YltJ1'Yl1".WGjfY'U..f11Dfl{1liUY1Gjf~UijEl~'V\a1tJGjfiL~ ~ff1flf!J ') 1~Lbrl

DEln:au (auxin) ~"LUUDDfhJu~1i1ttL 1"n11L1ityLfltJ1fl UtJLtJElL 1a~u (giberellin) 1i1tt~tt1tt
'ioi A ~~~ A 0 'U d I I _.'J dJ'
fl11lltt111JEl"<11'" ~GjfLLa: n1 1 El El n~El n bfiUu (kinin) 'Y11Y1'"1'Y1L'l\ln1~LLU\IL!f~~ b'"'Vl""~::tln

i1 Dcl1"n1 1<11El1J ffUEl"1JEl"Y1"1l'~L n~';l1 n n1 1Yh"1'U'iJEl"D Df1li'UElEI n:au ~ "1f1ttti "L«7ll

LLa:fi11Jfi3J n1 1L ';17 nJL~U
, ., 1<11'iJEl"Y1"1l'L U'V\Pl1tJ 6) ~1U

';11nfi11flUfll1flfi!!-1rlU3J1U1U ( ~"LL~U fl.ff. 19231~ttitn«11l'YltJ1Gjf11LtJEl1lJU~El •

H. Soding LL~ n11Hn!!-1~a1JD"n11rh.J1U1~tJ13J1~n~Elff1

'U
1Yi1flf"u1 n 1.u fl.ff. 1880 1~tJ
I 0 I ....~.... "" A. VJ "" d A I I d""' I ft

Charles Darwin) ~1J11<111LL 'V\U"'Ylll n1 1 ff11"ElEl nsnu, b~3J1 n'Ylff~fiElua1tttJEl~LLa: ff1U 'YltJ"ElElU
'I

'iJD"Y1Gjf LL~1~"nn~1L~tJ"1u~ti1u~1"1JD"Y1"1l'L~tJ"YiHn1"L~tJ1
. 'U
13Jijn11rJDuniu n11~1L~t1"
.J' .... I ~ I .... 0 0 A VJ q..o::l 'ioi 'ioi I A I ~~ 'i.iA ""'
U';l:'V\UkL« "ff11" 'Yl"LL« "ff11"3JEl1U1';l'Yl1 ~1tJEl El nsnu, b~El n~1tJ LL3J11ElEl fi6JfU';J:"lJ1tJ b'V\'WGjflJ

fi113JL ';17ruL~1J 1<11

U
LL~ti1u~1" 6) 'iJEl"Y1"1l'~UCile:J"n11U13J1nb'V\~Elfi113JL elllliJU'iJEl"e:Je:Jntnu13JLYh I

nu thL~fi11L';J1nJL~1J 1<11'iJEl"Y1"1l'LL<11n~1.\JrlU1u~1tJ ~11~fu1J13J1nb'iJ€l"El€lntnUaJ1nLnu11JLL'YlU~

';l·:Yi11~n11L';)1~L~u
., 1<11ijll1n n~u';l:1.uirurT"n11L~u l<11~uL~tt
.,! A 1""
n1 1'YltJ€l~~Gjf fi.\JL 1JUL 'iJ1'V\1LLff"
g.; al
LL~: u~1tJ11 n
1""fi"L 1JU'V\ULLff"
.. A A
Lfi~-;)1 nt.Je:J~~Gjf~1U'Yl
g.; .,!

ftJLLff" LiJUL 'V\<11L

'I
~tJEl~Y1"1l'1f>l"'V\1
.
mUUL.iJ1'V\1lbff" ti1u 11 n.W"ll'~1U~El~<111
'U
"iJ111 nufiff'Yl1"'iJ€l"

Lbff" ';l:ijD€lntnU€1~3J1nL nu1u~" 1uiJurT"n11b~1J 1Cil"l1El"Lstf~~ ~1U~El~L n~LLff "~"b~U1<113J1n

n11LL~:L 1'1n11 fi1l~11nL~1J 1Cil1fl.\J'V\ULLff.\J
I 'I A
ff1Ub'U~"1J'Yl'Ylf)~111Jfi1J~'U
d ""' X
';l:b"il'lfiJu
A 1"" 1 ~
fi.\J"ll'tl€1~ Ubb'U1Cil.\J
'U . LL~:11nL'C\l'lnJ
A
., fl"~" 'ULL'U1~"
1"" 1 ,:,
~" Ltlm~11:11Lrlo.WGjf'Yle:J~11u~" Ele:J n:nu'C\l:n'U n~1L~tt"a"Cil€1U~1"3J1 nn11m"~1uuu, ~1~un1"
~1U~1"~"~~i11~L11LL~:3J1nn11 ~1~'"~" 1fi'"~'" ti1U11n~u Lrle:J~1U~1.\Jij€1Eln:nu3J1nn11
I 9,1 •

~1U1JU "il:LtJu,tJ13J1nbfi:JJ1nLnu,11J"ilu,1uiJuiJ.\Jn11L~1J 1Cil'iJEl.\Jb6Jf~~ fi1L~b6Jf~~~TU1JU~~i11~

L1'1n11LL~:111nn11 11n~" 1fi'"a"
U€1 n"il1 neJ€1 n:nuijunu1'Yl1i1tJ1~di~ n1 ,-1f>l""e:J'iJEJ"U~1tJ~u Y1Gjf~" n~113J1LL~1 iJ"ij
~'Yl~~a113JL un11fi1'l ~di~n11Lt€lu~u'V\in~~ 1.u~ui13!Lte:Ju~1.\J 6J ~n~1tJ 'I

BI 103 199
 (autonomic movement)
I I

1J.:j.2 wqiJn11Un 7'1~iJUif'JJfNnlnflfl 7nfl·UJ7f17f/Uiln ij~~nTlfiEIUR~Eh'ILU~fl11lJ

Lf'l~tl'U1 ~1L onu,nu, LUUn11~tl1.Jff'Utl.J~iji .J~li1L 1'1 ~1LLunn11Lfl~tl~~ ~1d'aan\~H:J~ 3 LLUU

" A...,
1. Nastic movement LUUn1'lbfl~tl'U L~1~tltl~Utl.J"lJtl.JYi~ '1f.J'Ylfl'Yl1.J"lJEl.Jn11Lfl~El~ L'V\1
.A...... .l...,

11Jill....rulfnunfl'Yl'1.J"1Jtl.Ji.JL1'1 LL3J,·hi.JL i'1,rU"il:1tln'l:~~tl1U~1.J 6) "lJEJ.JVi1JLYh 6) , n~ a.fi

n1 1 ~tlUff'Utl.J"lJ tl.J~~ n i uij\1JL'Yh nu,. i1 ti~1.J"lJ tl .J n1 1 ~tl tJ ff'UEJ.Jbb. uud'l~LL ri n1 1\'\ ULLR:: n1 1' ,
tJ1U"lJtl.J~an13! ~an13Ju1.J~it~ Lieu ~aniJ1 W~anu1uLf1 ~anu1~Lu~ -;J::u1~LL~::'V\u1fluij
I . I ' ,

I !"'I ... Ci; ... A VI ;r I I \1 Ci; ... I

bbff .Jt'l11.Jbu'Uff .JL 11 L'ltJ n n11Lfl~tl~ b~1LL'UUU11 Photonastic ft1'U~tln Lli1.J1.J'2JUfl L'21~ flEJn

3.1men1 ~an11~1
• ~anR1tJ~tJ~
, a1fl'tJom~n£huui.JL
. , \1 1'1 Liunn11'Lflaa~l 'V\1uuud11

Thermonastic
. .
A :tt A \1 A .... -t
2. Tropic movement. ~1'El Tropism LuUn1~Lfl~ElU L'V\1tUtl.Jll1';11nn11'L';l1'tyLfiU Lfl

Lfltlijf1113J ill....rulf nunfl'Yl1.J"1Jtl.J i .JL 1'1 ti'1 ti1~ "1JV.J~11ij'Yifl'Yl1.Jn1 1'L -;J i tyLfiu 1fl~.JL-ll1'V\1i"

L1'1 L1tJn11LUU positive tropism LL~ti'1witl t.11u'Yifl'Yl1.Jfl1' .J,j'1llnui.JL1'1 L1un11LU~ negative

IJI . '
A ..." ... I "-' ""'' <i; A
tropism n11'Lfl~tlU, L~1LLtlt! troP,ism U, 3JfJ~~~1tJLL1JU~13J~n'l!-W.:"lJtl.JR.JL 1'1 flEl
fl7UUif~tfluii~lJ7 t~lJn'·/7 phototropism
I
~ ~ ~ '} :t/ .., .~ ~ I
o 7UU'i~n~onwa~ tilnt uuif~l 1~1 l Uln'J 7 geotropism

· tl1ijR11'LflijLiJui.JL 1'1 L1tJn11 chemotropism

tl1ijJ1LUU~ .JL 1'1 L1tJn11 hydrotropism

I
~~ "":t/ ... ~ ~I
f17U~OIHfJUlu'JJif~l'17 nnn11 ~herrnotropism
I I
~ ~ ... "" .., :tJ .., ~ ~ I
f17Uif~if1JNiflu'JJif~t '17 nun 'J 7 thigmotropism·
• . A \1 ..1 A...,. ~~ • ~ \1~• • ·
3. Taxic movement LUUn1.1'Lfl~El\4 L'V\1'YlLfl~EJU Lti'V\llfi'Yl.Jfl1
.
'V\1'ElL 1£Jn Lfl11LiJ~n11 '

Lfl~tlU~ n111ilEl'URUtl.JLL'UtJdYiuLU~"lJ,fu,~1 ~~EJLtl'lilRfl n1'lLfl~ElU\Y\1~lEJn11Lflao~;l

d tl1fltl n11Lfl~tl'U\ ~1"1JEJ.J cilia ~;El flag~llum
n1 'lbfl~tl'U\ ~1flEJURUEl.JflEJi .JL i'1111tJUEJn~~~"lJdLitJn11LU~fi11LflaEJoul 'V\1LLtJtJ ·
A
paratonic movement 'V\ 'l tl stimulus movem~nt

200 BI 103
 i:inTnfl~Elu1vnan 2 LL'U'U~~El1~~';111nn\~11Lilu~ft11El~1.lu1unTl"rh~114ll1n
n11~';l~LtJ\4n119lEI'UWUEI~flEJi 'IL1'1 . n11LflS£l14''V\1LL'U'U~l.Lnflel n11~fl~Ell-L1 'Y\1~L nfl';l')nfl11lJ
I A' A .. .... ' • 'I !'I I .... ..I "' '
Lfl\I"JJEI\ILUelLr.Jel (Turgor movement) 'lf.JLnft11f11.ltJ114m1 osmosis 'Yl1 L'V\ L'UL9l~'V\1elL'V\tJ1LQ1lJ1U

\lel'V\'UL
'I
111'V\1 n'U ~'U3J1nt '"1 'U'1Jel\1~"1ffl1:nftti'1 L,J'" n'l:iiu 1lJtJ11'U ';)1lJ';)i LU\.L~'U l.Leln1nn
~ ,

~uij n11Lfl~el'U1 'V\11.1El\ILiim~ EJ~13Ji:i:a19l ~ \IL nft-;)1 n n1 1'1Jr.J1r.Jfl1'1JEI\IL'lf ~,qt{1l1r.J'V\a\l~~f'Ufl11lJ

~'" L1fun11LL9ln'1JEJ.J~n'V\i£l~NLL~" n11LLflnona~~n~£l~~" Ltlutiu
11.4 DeiTJJu (Hormone)
c-1 !"I " I ""' ,.. c- .d
u EJ1 lJUL ul-LW11 u 1:: nauau'Yl1 r.J'1f·.J'Yl1'V\U1'Ylfi1'UfllJ na Lnn1 1'Yl1\11l-L'1JEI\1'1J'U1l-L n1 1
o "' ..I , VI o .

'I

~1i'.J~19l· f.l1';Ji:iW1l1YUUl-L1u19il.L n1ftEl:iHlL WLflEI1EltJ~ 'V\iEIW11Lfli:iJULfl~U'V\tt.J uof111u

t,
~'U'Yl\1 L'U~"lfLLN::
A ~~ cv f' 1.1 ~
L'UI:fCii1';J:;{lnl:f11\IOJJ'L.L fltJEI1tJ1:;LQYn::W1\.LL'Yl1l.Ll-L
1 o,.. I It lolA
U~1';l\ltlnN1LfttJ~
0 ... \1,.1""'
Lutl\1
~ ~

ti1·'U~1\I ')
, , 11.4.1 uf>illlu1ui~rl(Animal Hormone)
!"T 1. CV f' 1.1 ~ ,.
UEI1 LlJU l-Lftfl1';J: ~nff11\l '11\Hftr.JL'lfNN'V\ 1 El n~3JL'1f~N'YlL1r.Jn11flEllJ (gland) ff1l-L VI qJ';J:;
f' A I , f'..l ... I I I ,. 1

LW~EilJ13Jijy}fl (ductless gland ~1El endocrine gland) LL~1~\I~n~fl:HlJL ~1~n1:LLW 1a~Cil1 'V\~
L1u"1tJr.T.Jti1u~1" 'J I
ona.J11.Jn1r.J · LL~ijuafl3Ju'U1.J1tilflnnw71"~"1flu~alJij'Yl£l~".Yhv.u1~
. , ~

"' .... "'

a'11\IH11El'Ufl1r.J

J ... ... ...

1. CiiEllJ~'YlElfl11 (pituitary gland)
~

2. ~EllJ1'Yl1eltJ~ (thyroid gland)

I VI ..
3. flEllJ~111 L'Yl1Elr.Jft (parathyroid gland)
I ... cv
4. CiltllJEI::fl1UN (adrenal gland)

5. ~EJlJ1EJ«L~'Yl· EJEJy.j N1\1Lnerff11u« (islets of Langerhans)

6. ~tllJDtl4srJ:; (testes)

7. ~EllJi'.J1'1J (ovary)
I '"' ""' ~
flfJUWrJ8W 11 (Pituitar.y gland)

~EJJJYi'Yl~lil17 ~
v.7 EJ~DlJ 1"'«JJEJ.J fl~Cil,.j "'~1u onfl.J«JJD.Ju1L 1mv.u1 n nv.
~ ', ' ~
u t~fl11u
..I 1.1 , 1 , ,J' o 1 A . "' A ,..A ,.. a A .d 1
'YlH11\I"il1nlile:JlJ'U "il:fi1'U~lJn11'Yl1\11W'lJtl.JCiltllJtlU ') ft1tl "il.JlJ"lHH 1tJnfln"1ftlV.U\111 master
I ,: I VI "'!"I ... "'
gland CiltllJ'kLLL'U.Jflfln LftbuU 3 CilflU flflCilflUV.U1 (anterior lobe) CiltlUn~1\l (intermediate lobe)

I
I

81103 201
 1. Growth Hormone (GH) fl1'WU1~fi1'UfllJLL~U~n7:~1-LnTn~;mL~'U
'I 'I '"11
l91-nEJ"'iT\101tJ

1
ua: fl7"n1:t~n
" ... .. 0
Cl111-unu~:rn Ll'\'l1"n1tJLLfl'l:LLn7u n17L~7nJLfl'U
·L~ I
fi8JJEJ" Lfl"f"n'l:fln~t~'UEltJ
" ... A 1 . T. ..
~ ~ ~ .

~" ·n1ii111n~:n1l~11"n1ul'V\qj1fljlflthn~
' ' . ' 0 .. -' .. J t 'I .. .. !' .
2. Lactogenic Hormone (L TH) fi1'V\'U1fln7:fl'U91£llJ'U11-LlJ ~'V\ft'11"'U11-LlJ
'I

3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Yl1'V\~1~n7:~ou9la1Jlfl1eltl;t~'Yl1"1'U

'I ' !
I 0 " -' . .. 0 A
4. Follicular Stimulating Honnqne (fflH) m'V\'U1fln7:~un17fi1~'ULLa:fi1'U~1Jm7L~7qJ

Lfl'U 1fi11El"i'" l,J

i
5. Luteinizing H. rmone (LH) n1~~ou\~,J'tn
6.. Melanocyte Simulating Hor.moae (MSH) 'V\;£1 interrilidine «71" 19lu9iEJ1JL~ft'lJEl"
I' ' ... . . ·..a 'I A~ I .I .. ""'""'""' • ..

«1oun~1" 1J'V\'U1fln7: '"L l'\L'!f~ a 'Yl11«t~1 ~71 OlJ11'-'

1. Adrenocortic tropic Hormone (A!CTH) li1'V\~1~n1:~'UL~flEl3.JEJ:fl~\t~ti1U'UElnL~

• I
fi1-31U I
i .

s. Oxytocin "1~.1."l91tlttEJ11L. fiRIJ!l~ff1-un1thi1~i!1ilmufliJn17~~9i1'1J1l~n~11JL;iil

11t1~n
~

Vassopressij «i'1"1t~tJflD11LtlRlfEJ"W1U,;'1un1'V\~1~fl11JfllJ011'V\fltl111El"LR'ouLftetl
\9. \ ? ,
~~nuEJf11JoudEJEJOfl~lL~tJ1nun"l7~t~J1niu L1un11 reabsorption .
H>. Antidiu/etic Hormone (ADH) ..-11"lfltJtlEJ11LtlR1JEl"R1l4fi1d fl1'V\"1~U.:Jfl1JL~
.,,. ... t .. ..1 ,k
j fta~ :-1 t. .. ~ 0 I . ..
uft'ft'11:l.I\41'U£ltJ t'1.,1tltJEJ1 111-l\4 ;,:vn Ll'\Lu_\4 1fl '«Jf.:JL 1tJn1.1L'U11fl (Diabetes insipidus)

Yinu 7n1BtJn (Th)roid gland)

1• J, I ...... ~
Elij'U1L1, ..fla,flEJua1.:J Lfl01!:Lf1Eln ft"11.:JfJ£l1 L11\4~El fi1Eln'!f\4 (Thyroxin) 'lf.:JLu"ft11
f'T ... , . .. .. :-1
""• . \1
'Ylll1r1~ Lel
t Elfl""' f"l _.tJ . !'T , #It
u\4EJ.:Jfl 1:0£l'U tJEl1 Ll.l\4 111El0'1f\4\4~1Vfl1'U~~n11 L~V.R".:J1\4UR:n111_';11'U
• ,k I 'I ., .., •

·L~Ulfl,Eh1-i .:~n1tJLLR:wfiutyqp ti111.:Jn1~,1fltJEJi111\4~itfld 1::Yl1L~tl£l1Jl'Yl1EltJ~tt,;1L~

LTlflLU\4fl/ 'V\EltJ~an (goiter) a1LTlfll\4Ltlh"::ti1L~11.:Jn1ti.LLfl1::un'f\4 uttm11~n1tJ,~i'u
~il~ mii-u'l!J~:lht ~Uittfla~iliMDn'll~trhnLH (toxic goiter) iia1m1tnt th4 ~1¥w
~~nat1 ·

202 BI 103
 ,
f18UJf1"11 n"18tlfl
7 ~
(Parathyroid gland)
1.1 I I \1 ..... I 'J!. !'T A 0 OJ; """'
elij't1-nel1J1JU.LL~:~1~1Jel~flel11 L'Yl'HltJfllJ 2 ~· ft'l1~rJel1 LlJU.11El parathormone 'Yl1'V\U.1Vl

fl11J~lJtl;111m 1JEl~LLfl~L:atJ~LL~:~Bft~Elf«.Lu. L~~fl tl1ijrJ ElfLJJU.oUEltJ';l:rh L~tJi3J1nL 1JEI~

... ., ...... OJ; ., X ., ... !.'T O'l'i-' ... ...
LLfl~LIJrtJlJlWtJ L~ElilLL,~fl1111 LL~:n~':lli~Ui)01:~n
fl13JrJD1 L3J~1n ';l:'Yl1 L'V\LLfl~LSJ1tJJJR~1tJfl1
•'I • ~ A T I
~1001:il0111Elfl LU.Lt:UlillJ101JU. LOilL 1fl07:flOEIEIU.
tJ . ., ..r .,
1fl07::fln 0~11JLU.El~1
~ ~ ~ ~
, ~.,
'

f18U8::fi"JUt1 (Adrenal gland) _

flflD~tJ;L1mL'V\il.Dlfi1~L;unfiEllJL'V\ita'""'1af1EIJJ'V\1J1 n '" flFJlJdLLU~ElEl nLUU.«El~fiEIU

flEiflelU.U.elOL;tJn flElfLnn~ (cortex) n1JfiEIULUL7tJn L3J~~~·1 (medulla) Adrenal cortex «1'1~
nef111u.~e Yt1'V\oU1~fl11JflJJtJ7111tu.1JEl~lf1fl1'1fL~tJJJLL~:
cortin
, ,
1tJfiwL;tl3JLu1~~fl LL~::fl11Jfl3J
'I

011Lffl'lf1ulrJLt11'Yl tl1iirJnft3JudltFJtJ';l::Yh L~1~1~ fl111J~U 1~~fl~1 ~ElUL Yi~tJ

OJ; !.'T .. ... OJ; """' OJ; tJ ... 1 <LoA""' 'I OJ;
0 0
Adrenal medulla ft11~rJEl7 LlJU.11El adrenalin 'lf~'Yl1'V\'t.t1'Yl07:flu 7::ft1V\Elfl U.3Jfi'Yl'Yl1 L'V\
'I

uiu.Laefl"fli1 fl11lJ.iu.1~~"\1~~u LL~::,J1tJL~iuLtJ;tJu«17l n~ LflL';)Ul~LiJun~ Lfl«rh 1~

11~01tJL nflrh-ft~LWtiu.fi rJDilJJu.-nUttd';l:: fl ntJ~EltJElEl 03J1JJ1 rnrle71~01tJLL~::El17JJmfl nFJU
' ~ ~
'I .. ., A' I \1 \1 ., • - ., .r..,. ... I ...... VI ~ .. ..
LWl11::fiU.LfiU.~O~QU. L11U. L~ L'V\lJ 'V\1El~1JfiL'V\~ fl1tJL'V\~U';l~L1tJOf1EllJD:fl1U~ LflEl011El'V\'t.t~
I
11 gland of emergency

riBu 7BlflDnBBWtl1~lnBfii?U! (Islets of Langerhans)

LU'\-t,nfla.JL'l1~~~n"j~~1£1El~L'\-t,iUeJel1-~-
q ~
(pancreas) R71.JUElfL3JU~El insulin Yi1'V\oU1~
fl11JflJJtl;111m,I1fl1~
,
lu.LaD.., u~::fl11JflJJn11lnJ1"1~
'I
lu 11~n1t1 n1-n1t1uFJf1JJud';l::Yi1l~

11~n1ul-KJ'1f11~lt.uaE1ttllil~ J1fl1~~n,YuEJEln3J1'Yl1~u««11::3J1n Yi1l~Lnt1 L7flL1J1'V\11u

t OJ; ... !'T .J' o '1 'i-'., lA :;' 1J A ... OJ; A
(Diabetes mellitus) LLflfl13JUtl1 L1JU.U.1J10';l::'Yl1 L'V\u13J1fu.1JEI~U1fl1~ L't.tL~Elfl11UEltJ ';l::LOflEl1011

~1 elEIUL Yi~tJ n1111t1J' 1fi1~3J1 O';l::Yh L~ftlJEl~ tJ7::ft1'Yl oX1l ';) iu lfl LL~:: n~13JL llEIL~EllJ
in 'V\lJflft'fl LL~:El1';l£i~f11£Jl.'l
, .,
f18U801?1::: (Testes)
I A.r 'J' !'T ...
f1El1111~fl'" U.EIO';l1 nL 11ElLYif!111tJLL~1 ~.:~w71.JUEI1 L11UL Vifl111tJ'V\~1tJ11Ufl113JL 7tni11
OJ;

androgen vl1'V\oU1~fl1tJfl3J011L';lifiiLfltJ
'I "t1
Lfl"lJEl~ElltJ1::"uvrulf'I LL~::fl11Jfl1ltrn,y'm::'Yl1.JLVifl"lJEl~
'I
I I R/ ... OJ; ... Q; OJ; ""
A ... I I
LYifl111tJ L11U 11~01tJLL'ii~LL1~ LfttJ~'V\11 3J3Jfl0~13JLUEI 3JWU1flLfl11 LL~::"lJUfi13Jft1U.fi1.J 6)

BI103 203
/
,., '.1
 alA . '
&rlu118~ Endocrine Ua~ Hormones

'
f18)J i'J&il)JU
, ..,j , ,
'HUltl al,..Dtt/)Jln

Thyroid Thyroxin n1:~u cell· respiration fHl 'VHl tJ YHl n

~13.! Thyrotropin, Cretinism , Myx00en1a

I

. fl1'1J~n17L';I;tym-3L'Yifl
0 ..
fi113J';I1La'El3J
. .·

Parathormone ~1~~3.! ca+ + Mg+ + "'

n1 7ft'71-3n7:flnNfl
'U
..
.....
md~bolism .afl,e:Jf13J'U thnti 1Jnn7:f!n ,
. ""' Ca-+ + \Y~
L&U:lff";l:lJ

'• ,.
Stomach Gastrin n1:fiu ·Gastric gland
' .

Duodenum Secretin, pancre- . n1:~u Pancrea~ L~

"'.
"'.
o I
,,
ozymin R11~1UE)tJ

Cholecystokinin n.,. :;\,'l~u, fit~tl aau

U1f!L'U1a1
\" ... "' 0 ' ft;·

Islets of Insulin ""

Ltl~uun~'U ·flft' 'V\LU'U1 ' .... Diabetes mellitus
Langerhans l n ~~flL ';I.U
Glycagon LtliuMl nft lflL';JUL~H:lu t1EJ-3nun,,.~"ti;3J,m

/
ns1flft'
'U·
.
"'
U1fl1~ ~L~Elfl '. "'
n1'U1fl

UElfllJU~1fl1ftL'UL~Elfl
';J:ft'-3
'U

,.
Pituitary Human growth wi'1~n7:'9lnLLft:
'U
dwarfism, Giantism
I
(HGH) 11-3n1u

Anterior Lactogenic (L TH) n1:(u Mammary gland

)

lol;>e
Thyroid stimula- n1:(~ Thyroid Goiter

206 BI 103
 '
,.
,.,,.,,,. , ,
fl81J Dfli'lJJu '
tl1U8tl/lJ1ft

Andrenocotico- n1:~~ "" Adrenal-Cor-

tropic (ACTH) tex

(FSH) Follicular n1::~cu Ovary l~,'JJq-n

stimulating n1:ti'cu Testes w!1~
,
Sperm

(LH) Luteinizing n1:ti'cul tft ,}~~fi";J1n

, ,
follicle L~ Follicle w-f1~
Corpus luteum, l'lf
Testes tJ~eUJ Androgen

I
Pituitary Intermedin n7:fiCU ,
"" Melanocyte L1f'U
" ')
Intermediate (MSH) ij«thLU'U~1
..... .. ''"~~~
lobe 1lfl1711

Pituitary. Oxytocin l"" ~ .¥ .....

~n 1lJL\UlL 1tJ1J1J£l~
"" ..... 0 l""' ...
tl1~flfl1 ~Lftnfl~£Jfl
.... I
Posterior lobe llfl~n~flfl1 ~1tJ

0 l g., g., ~ g., ..

Vessopressin fl1 ~ n ~11JL CUEJL~CUL~£lfl
I

LLfl"~fl91'1, LYilJfl11lJ~CU
l~~fl H20-reabsorbtion "
g., I . ..... o
Antidiuric tl1111ft11~mu,:LRtJ'U1

lwna1fl lulflll1n L;tJnLu11fl

Diabetes insipidus

Bll03 207
 ' " ..a ""
a1ueu1JJ1n
"'" 11'U1fl

..,.
Adrenal Glucosteroid Ltlir.n.~l'll3J~ lt11~~
'
Cortex · L~Lu~n~ lfl«
Mineralcorticoid Na + ,cl- -reabsorbtion li'1'll1tl Na + lJErfl:u~
Na+ ,ci- t~Yi&lfl ';l;::IJ1n ti1ij Na + :u1n
lJErfl:u~';l:UEltJ .
Androgen
"' ... ...
- ~'VH)li~ll'V\~1tl
...
ll'll~

"'
'V\~1l.L'll~ "'
Adrenal Adrenalin ' "', "' •. t"'
n7:fl~Lff~L~£lfl 'V\'V\tl
-... -... t1 A
Medulla fl1fl11lltl~ft ~ft11~Lll£l
\1

flnL";tln71i

Testes Androgen L1~1~LU~'V\~\ 'i1n1:~~

Secondary sexual charac-
teristics ri~llilm:in11
, w:w3Jl'll3J~

Ovary Estrogen d~tiLtl~'V\~L'i1n7:~~

Secondary sexual charac-
teristics, genital organ
"' t 'V\lln17R:Rll
· n7:fl~ ....
,
l'JJJ~

Corpus luteum Progesterone

I o "' ..,l'
Placenta Extrogen 1f1tlfl1'V\~1Y1LL 'Yl~

Corpus luteum LL~:

A ~
Pituitary gland L:IJ£lfl~

208 BI 103
 ., .I ., ., """"

'
fl81.1 1&411.1-u ' 11~1" al,BD/1.11tl
"'
Thymus Thymus hormone ,;1-3 Antibody L~a
~
LtJ111tJ
...

Pineal body Pineal hormone

• " .I
'Yl1~U1flfl1 -3~1JJ nu " ...
MSH LL~: Sex hormone·
L-Juvhl ~~1~1l'"nu-n",
• • l"
~1£l'Yl1 ~.Oestrous cycle

"
111~-3

"

HGH : Human growth hormone

LTH : Lactogenic hormone
TSH : Thyroid· Stimulating hormone (Thyrotropin)
.ADH : Antidiuric hormone
ACTH : Adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH : Follicular Stimulating hormone

11 .•. 2 Pheromone
... ,.., A 1\ " "I
fl-3 Lfl£l!'\,J1th Uf1£lUflULL~1111J £l 1
~1 A ... .~1
lJUfl£lft'11Lflllflfl£lllft'11-3~ULLR1';l-3
" ~ ., .. tilR£ltJL'li1Q'
"I
n1:LLR la~" l~aL1uultl,l-1'i1-3n1tJ iiR11Lflii~nti1:Liln~d~~-3Ri'1-3lflufialliiYin LLa1~n;fu ..
aanlJ1L -i-311Ul1tJU£) n11-3n1tJ L~£) n11flflfl£lAaft'11 nui -3ii~if11fitfiLfltJ1nU ft'11Lflii'J1Ut1ii
... I ..: _..... .I I ... " " I I .I I .I I
L1tJn11 pheromone ft'-3li..U1f1fl~1J11ll pheromone LfiLLnLLlJR-3tt1-3 'J n11'YlUlJR-3f11-3 '.} fl£)~

l'\1-3lnanuR1ll11tlttflfl1ll ~;afiflfienul~mfltJa')fttJft'T1 pheromone d

11.4'~3 ae111J~1l4ft~ (Plant Hormone)
tJfrfliJul~~.,~nw11" lfltJR1u~a"~..u~n1i"iinTH1;qJLilu191 uaftllu~ai'J~~H _
... ... " .I .I ...
llnJJ~u1flL nv1 nun11L ';11qJLfi1J
A A 1fiUflL ~tJ"£ltJ1"LfltJ1
I ... I
11a1 Lll~~tt~fl11nnufl LtlLLnfla n•~
... !"f A .I.,... ... ... "~ I A

' ~
A •tt"a ~ .. A tl I 1..: "tl I
(auxin) 'D'"fl1 L~Lnflr.J~~ULl4~1J~R1tJ 1:n11 L..UU n11fl£l1JRU£l"f1£lR"L 11 1:L1lflf11"' ')'
V1JtT-3n11L1;qJLtl1Jlfl~£l"f11~au-H'1"ft1~U L1"n11L1;qJLtltJlfl~tl"~an1111"~tHLt.JLLR:n11

ut~n11nLL~"" uaflllutt~itfl~ul.i'LLriuuLuaL 1aau (gibberellin) ttf1tJLun11~tJ1tJ~U1fl,.£J"

· ft11u ni1~nt11~El-3Lllftfl n11L'i"n11aanflan uaftllulfl~u (kinin) ttJ1tJLum1LL\j.~L'lfaa'ltf
• ..: ~ !"T " - ~tl " - ... .... • ... ..a •
11flL 11r.J"~U IJ~1 LliU LflUUU 1:nEJ1Jfl1tJft'11~11ULLR:EJ:flUU L~liEJUfl"flV4ULUn1fl
- ....
U1flR£lfl

BI 103
 -:-------

d
1Jtltl 12
~ QJ ~ • A:S~

11~1-&1fl11'\Jtl~ft~JJ'lf1~

(Organic Evolution)
- . ~·-\

n1Unfln~1~e:t'lfi';JTHU11~n11R'U.fl'l1'Yl1'1~11'YUJ1R3J~L'V\li';lt~'U11 n11fln~1
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222 BI 103

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BI 103 223
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224 BI103
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226 BI 163
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IJail~y, P.C. and K.'A. Wagner. A~ Intr()duction to Mode.rn. Biology. 2nd ed.
rj; --~· tr· 1
• ~ ·• ~ ..- ,
1,' ~
• ~.t • • •

Scrantor: Intext Educational Publisher, 1972 .

.. Buffaloe, N.D. and L.B. Throneberry. Principles of Biology. 2nd ed. New Jersy:
\ '

Prentice-Hall Inc., 1967.

Famdon, John. Human Body. Bardfield Centre, Great Bardfield, Essex: Miles Kelly

Publishing Ltd., 2000 .

Kimball, John W. Biology. Massachusetts :Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.Inc .. 1965.

Kom, R.W. and E.O. Kom. Contemporary Perspectives in Biology~ New York: John

Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1970.

Lewis, Ricki. Life : Beginning of Life. Dubuque lA : Wm. C. Brown Communications, .

Inc., 1992.

Mader, Sylvia S. Introduction to Biology. Dubuque.IA: Wm. C. Brown

Communications, Inc., 1994.

Milne, L.J. and M.Milne. Patterns of Survival. New Jersy .: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1969.

Muller, W.H. Botany. 4th ed. New York :The Macmillan Co .. 1967.

Nason, Alvin. Essentia~ of Modern Biology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

1968.

Nelson, G.E. et. al. Fundamental Concepts of Biology. 2nd ed.. New York: John

Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1970.

Simpson, G.G. and W.S.Beck. Life: An Introduction to Biology. 2nd ed .. New York:

Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1965.

Weier, T.E. et. al. Botany. 4th ed .. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1970 .

. Weisz, Paul B. Elements of Biology. 2nd ed .. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
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Inc., 1965.

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,
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.Ia .I .I A . . .. •, A A . . " " ,..
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El1n11LL'Yl1n-fe14 L'1f14fl~14lil nJJ'nLnfl1~11~~itJ1tJ14£l\U'\RtJLL~1 ti1~1na11n14t11 nu~ii

L1ft1itnl~ne14a~L1ft1\leu)f11~1h4L'l•qllu~~14~ni,.,d~e\~1::~uuai1ll14£iaij·a~:-ua1JEJ
fttl1e n1 R~~::L nfiLa£itta·ann:tf~iJnttf~BtJ1~11"fl~tJ1

266 BI'l03
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n"L 1 ~1 nULlJ~tltl, ULL~1 ';I:: n'Uti1LY4tt~iitlLfltJ1'V\ tl 2 Liltl n'l.liij~~'h" 7 nu
nTi~lliiuu1uEltl 'J ElT~vh\Mkfefleann::tJ7un::tJ1Elll LL~::~alun11~lln1LU~';J::
lllLLuuElu1tlt1L~v·n::ti1~ll1::cvr:h" ·H) iGtlu 1 n
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11tl~'Yi1~1tJYit1win 1Sittl'VItt"t~11t11::ll1tu. 12 8Jf.ll. ij~1ti1l'VI qj-nu1t1

V:1"t1u1lib f1t1

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1i1lll~11"EltJl 'U '
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'I 4 · I I ""'l ""' \1 II J_ ~~ · 4 4 I t ""' t ,. I' I II I f:t~
LUft'fl1' 100 flU 'YI ft''V\1"tlU1lltJ L1U1U'VI'U"u ';J:.lJLVitJ" 2 flULmUU'YIEl1';J';J::fl"fl1'1'n fl1 '7f';J1tJnft'U
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A .. I ..... . .... !"I t I 1 ..
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I' 1IJ I 'I I I ""' '\ II 4 ...t It. ""' I \1 " I.J' A
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I' A ""'· I'

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- l u 1'1ti'YldJu1 1'flli::L,. "1JEl"tJ1 nlltl~ n
'VI1ElLtltlUlltl~ n
'U 'I 'U
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- 1'1ti'YllJLUtl"Dn1JU1tl. 'V\qJ Ulltl~n LLflft'fl'l'YllJLUtl"Eln1JU1t1Lan El1';1 '71''V\1"U Ltl
f:t

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li

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BI 103 267
268 Bl 103
 ~· QJ

U'U'U~fl'H~lJI'UJilU

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'100 6)16

BI 103 289
 "
1Ji) thotau .Ja· thRB\J ia thRau ia thotatl ia thfl8\J

1 (4) 2 (4) 3 (1) 4 (4) 5 (3)

6 (4) 7 (1) 8 (4) 9 (2) 10 (2)

11 (1) 12 (3) 13 (3) 14 (4) 15 (4)

16 (4) 17 (1) 18 (3) 19 (1) 20 (4)

21 (4) 22 (2) 23 (1) 24 (4) 25 (3)

26 (4) 27 (3) 28 (1) 29 (2) 30 (3)

J

'31 (1) 32 (4) 33 (1) 34 (2) 35 (1)

36 (1) 37 (4) 38 (2) 39 (3) 40 (3)

41 (3) 42 (2) 43 (3) 44 (2) 45 (3)

46 (3) 47 (1) 48 (2) 49 (3) 50 (4)

51 (3) 52 (2) 53 (4) 54 (2) 55 (3)

56 (4) 57 (1) I 58 (4) 59 (1) 60 (2)

61 (3) 62 (2) 63 (J) 64 (2) 65 (3)

66 (2) 67 (1) 68 (3) 69 (3) 70 (1)

7l (3) 72 (3) 73 (2) 74 (3) 75 (2)

76 (4) 77 (4) 78 (4) 79 (~) 80 (3)

81 (4) 82 (4) 83 (4) 84 l~ijtiagn 85 (2)

86 (4) 87 .~2) 88 (2) 89 (4) 90 (l)

..
- 91 (4) 92 ·(3) 93 (4) . 94 (3) 95 (4)

96 (4) 97 (4) 98 (4) 99 (1) 100 (2)

270 BI103
 "" -. II .~ u II "" u "" :'i v
1. fll'ilJfl'i~1J1'Ufll'HlJ1111HHH1'1JUa:z1ll1VfU~ 2. 1Jfll'iilf'l'i~11JV1J'llfl~U'll·HYl1~

3. iinl'itillt)lt~u111illntnvlu 4. l'Jn.Ue~nri111111.h~neunu

2. L'ifltflf'lff (AIDS) jj~fltlvniu1~nTHf1111'itlHf'llUfl~nl'iU'Wl1U1utiie~1vwi1

1. L'iflflfl ~l'U'Vll'U'Ul f'l Ufl ft'U

~
2. L'iflflfl ~1'UVI1'U1Jfl'Wifl~
~

3. LlflniJfl'llnut#elJl'Vllll
~ .. 4. nritJe1n1l1'iflnih-11Jnut#elJ
.. ~ "
3. L'ifltflf'lff (AIDS) jj~et~lJ1un1111tJ~nql:Ji1
1. Acquired Immu~o Deficiency Syndromes
2. Acquired Immuno Diseases Syndromes
3. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Symptom
4. Acquired Immuno Diseases Symptom
4. .Unif'l~ tiJu ffl 11111 uli~ nl'i'i~Ul f'l'lJ e~llflLo~d'
"
"" .., .., II .., """ $ :'i .3 ~ " f:l .. ' .., VA 'I :'i A'
1. fll'ilJ 1'WfffflJ'W'U1ifl1J Nll1GJ1fl&'ifl'U
'II
2. fll'iLGJ11'lJlJUf'IV1111Jfl1J N1J1VL1fl'U
'II
!'I ..,.., dl ...~.... A' :'i ..r
3. fll'i Lfl 'i1J tel fl f'll11J LGJ1flL lfi'U
.., ..1 ... f'l ~ ..... ..
5. ftfll:JW~U'iflq'fi'V1Utl~~(l~fll'i11J'Ur~)lliGJ11~ flO

1. fll'i'i11J~10'U 2. fl11'UV1U'lJ'U1~
.... 0 ..

3. fl1'i'V11ill'U1'U 4. fl11fl'U01111l
6. ffTnflii~t~lJUfff'l~anl:JWZ'lJfl~n11lUU8-di;i111 fl6

1. il1fl~1atVI~ 2. n1flil1flanfl
3. l1.h~u 4. il1fliHal1.h~u

7. n1i'uth~V1l'Utifa u11 1-tl lJ1nur;,:aiJuna1'U1Ufffl1'W1~u111J'lJO~i1~n1vilz

1. iifftncw1ulJL~V~LU~fl1~ 2. iiffn1'WlU'lltatJ~tiJu~h~
· 3, 11iiifl111Ju11n~,~nu 4. 1tiii.Ua~n~tH
.. .. .... dl
8. 1Jl11J1VI'll6-311111J.'U 6 flfl
' .... .K
l. ff~ tff'ilJ flWfll'W'U6~t'Hfl1'Vifl'
..
3. ffll~fl111lff111J1n.t1..r~b't1U-3 ~ .. "
4. ClflVIfl'lJ6
~

At ""'~" • ull ..fv

9. ull1flfl'UilJ U'W~fl'Ufl'i~~TI:I ff111'Vi1fl'U~tl~fll1ff11

1. LCJfcH1... lctff 2. rnflu1~H~'i11

a. 1aiJ~
411 I

4. lfltHHt'i

10. tl1't111h.tsU'ai~LUUflTflu1eJL~111tl1'U
1. 11~ 2. ttJ'Ullif-3~~
3. 'lJ'UlJif~tfflri 4. tUTl'il~Ufl-3

BI 103 271
 1. - - ...
1~1lJ'U C)f 2. - -..........
1~1lJ'U f)
.,.
3. 1~1lJ'U Ltl 4. 19\llJ'U ~

12. ~~1ii'U'l1U~L~~ L~ tJ1,j'tl-3 nt.J fl 0Ul1V.'\Jtl-3Latl~L'Ui1-3fi1V-

- - ... .,. - ...
1. 1 "11J'U

3. 1~1ii'U Lfl
f)
.,. - ...
2. 19\llJ'U .C)f

4. 1\9\llJ'U 1J

13. 'lifli~ tiJut~fl-3'\J 6-aflflffLlJtiff

IV

1. f11"I'\'ll ~n~tl-3
IV IV <V 0
2. Ltl1N1Ul1-3CH'U'U1

11~ffnii1u~1
IV IV
3. 4. ()f19ltl-3'\'lf1'Ufl
... ..
14. ff1"IL'U'lifli~ ruu ff1"I1h:ann t~ V1 tl'U
1. Llh~'Utl'UW'Ui~lf
IV IV
4. flf1~fl-3'\'lf1'\Jfl
... ..
....~... IV til I <V I ... I
15. ff1"Ia:anV'\'11Jfl11lJL'\J1J'\J'UL'\'llf1'U'\'lf1ff1'U
.. L1Vf111
1. hypotonic solution 2. hypertonic solution
3. anisotonic solution 4. isotonic solution
16. ll1~f11"Itu1~tru ti1un1~1J1'Uf1ll u'Wir."I~,,v
111 I

1. vitJinu91ni'1
111 I

3. invi11J 4. unffi'1
.¥"'til I IJ' 4 ~~ .¥ ~ ftl ~
1·7. L'Ufl L1Jff1'UUf1'U'\Jfl-3~'U'WGJf LlJ'UL'UtHVfllJl~Lfl'\'lL~

1. LClfLatJ 2. 1vJatfllJ

ifftl .r..lo ...,..; ..,. "'tJ'4

1.'9. 8-3fllJ1~flfl1J'UfFJt~aan'\'ll'H'Ull'UH1~HD'UL~lJ fltl

1. i1JL9lfltl'UL~~v 2~ 111U19fu
3. U1flfh1tJa 4. 1n1cl1¢lflJ
20. n1 iLfl ~fluLl11'Ufl-3 «~1tn~,,n n T.rrll-3l'U,,fl-3
..,
1. "i~'UUf1~1lHUu 2 •. 1~1JUlh~ff1Vl

3. 1~uuhn-:Jn~::;\9)n
... 4. 'lifl 1 ua~ 2 l1lJO'U

272 BI 103
21. i110fl111Jfff1'\n1ali~ivtu1 uanllfl111i.Ji11J'41:JUL1 ,ijltn1'ilhh~l . hJtihri Hn Hlth: 11 hU
13-17 "HtbuLaD~ thut1~i,Llhlft!1·1nl1u ih.A1J1~1~iit1~~~l
1. 100-120 11a. 2. 150-200 1Jtl.

3. 210-25o 11a. 4. 3oo iJtl.

22.
¥ .. .J 0 ., .J ., iJ I
' u.
L'Utl1Ufl'4VIVI111'U1VIff11.:Jff11~1-3 'l 1101 'Uu'i~UlVl
A

1. squamous epithelium 2. cuboidal cpithcliun1

2~.
.,, . .,1
3. .columnar epithelium _
.,.,J ¥ ..
'UtlL~1J 'lf'H'UlVl'Utl.:JL'UfHUfl'4
4. ciliated epithclimn.

I fS'
1. 011UU.:JL9faa 2. o11i1D.:Jnu

4. 011 ~fl.:J L'Yl'i

D.:Ji>ftJ,~oDu\!"J,u~e.:J t<:Jfaa fia

24.

1. ltJ11~~a1fftJ
. .,; ..
-
3. 'U1LflaUff
...
2. m DlJ1J L<:Jfa" -
4.L~DlilJLCJfftanu1th1~YHllL'YtJ
'I '

2 5. L<:Jfa tfiu U'iO L~1J~ fff1-361'H111~LtH1~ U011ff.:J Lfl11~'l1LLff-3 ij 011 ~11-:J~'W U1J1J
'I

1. eating 2. .chemosynthesis

3. photosynthesis 4. saprophytism
26. OTHfl~D'U~'UD.:Jff11 uuul~~1li~D.:JiitDeu1.:J'U11.:Jtfu
1. DDff11J~ff 2. ~fnff11Ji;~ff

1. permeable membrane 2. impermeable membrane

3. semi -permeable membrane 4. any membr_ane

28.
iJ ¥ .. .J . "AI
I .

Ol~~Otltl'UL 'UL'UtlLUflLnti1~'Uul~LnVI
~

1. ~1~u1fl-s.:Ji1.:J 2. 1v.:Jv~

3. ~~~tl 4. L~D'U1'Ha

29. ff1'Ul~'Ufl.:JL~n~ ii'Hu1~n11i'~ a.:J utJ a otJ a tllJ~ 1.u'1 ffl1.:J01tl

~

c:S ..
2. LlJ~Latl~'U11
0., .. 1:::1 ..
3. tnLaD~ 4. ma~1aa~

30. ri'~11uo~1Jl~~ii'lfil~ua:alilJ1tulJ10~~~luQflUil~uu
1. o~11tJ~o1l.:J 2. OQ1JtJa1

BI 103 273
 ............ u ., u ..1 ...
31. 'W'It'YI1J11WIU101lfn'tUl-3fUJfl flO
1. OQ1Ji=J~ii'vinfi1LtltJ-3
~--
n~1-U11'iU
I
3.
32. ilf'lfi1iifl111Jtll111U1\f-3q'fl luQtlif,,-uu· fia.
~..1 ~ ...... z.,
1. 0~1JfiL1JflflL111Jl'U6lJ11
1 ... 9 1...:
2. 0~1J'W1SL1.JlfltJ-3LfltJ1
' .... 9 I ' ' .,..
3. n~tJ'W'IfLULatJ-3~ 4. n~1J'W'Itflon

3 3. .
inj11l6,1U1U-I\J6-3 a-3ii;ii~'lfiifllfl'ltUfl11ib
.
t;tJ ni1 .

1. 'ltil~'iu( (species) 2. th::'ltlfl'i (popu]ation)

3. ff-3fliJ (society) 4. 11J'It'U (c~mmunity)
· 34. i=J'Ita1tav-3n1111'i;nnluiuv-3rl1u~,-3 '1l~vl11-3ti1'ntfln ·· -
1. iCJtta1J 2. 1\'JatnlJ
3. fl6fllf1Uifl1J1 4. ivhuni'
35. fffli1UnQ1Jl~ii'tl'1l\ltYD-31i'n-3
1. ua1 2. nu
.r
3. lflfltJflfllU 4. Ufl
36. d'~r-ltanfl~u 111J1tJ~-3ii.f2tu11t.JihS·o~

1. fl-3~11iutJ,~,1J~tu11t.J1iu1~aetJ 2. 35° CJ1 •

3. 38° CJ1. . 4·. 40° CJ1.

37. d'~rft€v-3gn~1tJ~1U1J
.,
~1-3'il1~d'flf'W1n~u~
.. I 0
1. 1Jt9161JU1'U1J 2. mu\1
3. ii'tl'1lvtl11'6-3
.:; ......... ....~... ~ V ~ I
38. n-31J'It1~l11Jft'tl-3L'Wfffl11.JLU~1 hfJ011
1. dioecious 2 •. monoecious

3. bisexual I
4. unisexual
.

_ 39. fffl1~nangntiJU;1 ~L~~6-3tl~1.J1fl.fJLLfli'n:w1LUUL161U1U L;fJn

1. oviparous . 2. viviparous
3. ovovtvtparous 4. omnivorous
40. n11flu11~;,,tl-3vltll11-3t;)uf1,~,, t1Ju\Htt1::1::aenidriu livni1
1. homeostasis 2.· epistasis
3. peristalsis 4. stasis

274 BI103
 • J' ...
4 1. ~fJlJU1fl1£J-tlfl-3fiUlJ
J •
1. 11U-3flw

·42. 1JV11J1Vl'lJfl-3,fl~ (bile) flD

1. "lf1£Jfllll'll-3TU'lJD-3i1J
.,
3. tJDlJfllflDllfll

43. if1tiff LthuDDu1h~Lfl'YI

~ " ~ tl
1. LtJ () 1l V1 'j -3111J 'U 2. ltJD~V11-3~fl1Jlfffl
~ .o!l ...
3. LtJ()1JV11-3ff-3 4. LtJD1JlJLLN-3'lJ'Ufl~lJ
" 'II

44. ihi'vnlln'U'lJD-31J'U1Jutt'11u tU'UU1J1J

" .
1. carnivore. 2. omnivore
3. herbivore 4. insectivore
' "' tl ...lA I A' ..r 0' ., ~ ..
4 5. fl ~lJ ff~1Vflfl1Llfl'Yiu11flt)l'UDUJ6alfl1t1'11J'If'U fltl

1. n~~,'U tJ~nTl'-3 2. 11vv

"
3. l1'Utl'Ui1UU'U 4. l1'UD'UUaD-3

4 6. ff'~11'Un ~tJl~~iiGifi~ v~l'U,flL~1Jl~vflaD~VJn6J1il~

1. l'Jtl-3~1 2. lf'Ufl'Ui1flf11J
3. uf11~11 4. l1'UD'UuaD-3

4 7. l'ULLlfl'l.J tl-3ltl1J'l.h~~ll~tl'U flfl

1. l'UUlfl~iifl1l'\T1J L~ tl~lh:~1tfl0'U 2. 1'UU1n~t~D~U1~~1L~O'Ul1Q~'\Tu

3. l'U~,,j~fl1llfll-3l,j 4. l'Uq'~'ti'ltJrlD'ULaO~Ul~~l L~D'UlJl
., ,....~ ......, ~ tl ...1
4 8. l11-3l~tJ~L1fl1L~Vl ff~'jlJ tl fl1ff~-3fll"ifl1Jlfl'¥1q'~
~
L Lfl al'UL~lJ LLlfl'lJD-31D1J'lh~\ll L~O'U
AI 0 ..
2. fl-3flft1-31()1Ju1~111 L~O'U

3. 1 1unv'Uiin,,'\Tut~v~lh~'ii,L~tJ'U 4. iilvnltYtvhtiialJn'U

49. n-~'ll'U.u'Dl~ 1,jii1vn,n-i-3fl1ln

1. ~hi~i'-31,jvvnl1i1-3,j'1-3
., .,
' 3. Nl~~lJ~~flDOfl 4. \]fl .. tl-3VJfl'UO
50. Di'£J1~1~1J1J U1n'ifL~lJvl1-31'U~-3U~V11lflV-3DV1'Ufl1ln flfl . 'II
.
1. 1~1J1JYlOV11-3L~'UD1l111 2. 1~1J1J'l'11tJ11l
3. 1~uu'\Tuchv 4. 1~1J1Jll1f1t1a'U1f1i1~

BI 103 275
51. n11tl~a-u1'Utl~flu tJn~,n~;fu~
1. ,Stl~flt'ltl~tbulu 2. tl1n1J~gn
3. Yiothl,j 4. i'~1,j
.d _. ~
.-. I
• o ., ..1 . .-
52. llJOLCJffHn-nJ~OlQ O~flul:001Ja'1UL~\l:'YI1'HU1'Yia'tntJLCJ1flfl

1. 11lulCJt1J 2. 1a1CJtlCJt1J

3. 1t~l"flOUL~;tJ 4. U1flfhltla
- - :'i ., .. - .¥ • '1
53. 01lL\lltyL;'I1JL"~1Ufl111J~~'UO~'WGJ1 lft~\l10LUOLVtl'W10L~
. A'.d.a.t.., A'.d "
1. LUOLtJSuO~OU 2. LUflltJOa'11Jty
K .d o ~ .¥ .d ..
3. LUOttJOflllfltJ~ 4. LUOltJtlL\llty
54. o~fl'th:ntl1Jtbul~ ni'HU1iitri'1~1tJl~ulM'utiLCJttHl ~
1. 1a1CJt1CJtll 2. 1llu1CJt1J

55. ailltll~U~ ,,., a1 ua:ij ri1ULR tJ1-tlO~ nutJ~ MtJl Lflijlui1~01tJ L;unil
1: nl~v:ijlu 2. ltl1~un1a1 ·
3. Lvu1CJtlf · 4. il1flalvltl1fiu ·

56. ~o1~1thuua'lltll'H1l
1. LUtJ 2. n:iJ
3. ~1tla1ul1
.,, ..1~ .I .¥ . .._ ..,
57. tll'Hll'UDL~V11J1i1~u'J:OfJ1J'WUJ1Ull11JtlUOU

1. 'UU1Jtl~'YilLUtJ~~ 2. 'ti'11a'1vnu1,jfl'1J
' ·• .I '.¥ ..,
4. 01tJl"tJ1LUfl.tf1J

3. 1"1jjULflG)btJlMLntl~l01:~1 4. ~n~tl~'tUJ~tJOtUtl
59.
., , iJ . - ..1 .., ..!S.. • .., ..
'UtlL~l Ufl111J\l1~10tJ101JLC)!l'l'C1u'WU1'Utl-lflU.
. .I _. U ., o ! .I ~.' .., " U
1. a'lufl11JL UFJOl'HUAL'WfY'Utl~QO 2. a'Lufll1J"1'j,fl1Jfl111JL UO'JA
3. 1,jjj'UUlfll'HqjLYl1tYLtJaflli1ti'ifJ 4. 011tJ~a'Uilftfl;fU~1JflQO
60. 011tlllatJ~luf4'11 tl1-Ull1qjLiJUn1:1J1U011
1. uv.in1:\lltJ 2. tltla'11Jtia'
3. T.a,a-ltJatia- · 4. jhun rtl11 a.va-

276 Bl 103
 .K.:!l ., .K
1. L'WtHUtl1J 2. 'i~uuncn1JL'Wtl
~ ' .... dl .K~..,;
3. 'i~1J1JL'l1fH1ti'W'Utl~Lf'tl~ 4. 1'WtlLVtlLntl1vf'W

62. ff1'Wl~'Utl~l11111~l'il'l1U1~ L~V1rl,j01li'tJLatl~~ ~1'Wf11'il'JS~1'WUtl1 ( Latl~Lfftl) 111 n·h~nl.tl

.... ., ....
1. C)$f1CJ$1 tl 2. C)$f1'\J11

3. 'fltl~l1'tl~~1'W1J'W 4. 'fltl~li'tl~~l'Wril~

63. lifl~l11111~l'il'l1U1~l1JL~tl~ flfl

....
1. 1tl L~'iV1J
tl ....
3. tll'iL'Vltl'i 4. 11'W

64. n1'iflrii11Jncwuuuf:hatl ~nu~cw 1Ht~tl'W tilcwttuu

"
1. competition 2. neutralism
3. predation 4. commensalism
65. .W'lftinnfl~'i.W'lfl'il f'l V11'W~ltl LU'Wf11'itl rii11J rl'WLLUU
" " "
1.. competition 2. parasitism
3. predation 4. commensalism
6 6. ti1 ~;r'W1J'W'U tl'W1,j l'i11'l11lT~ q
LU'U fffll'Vi f11'i~1'i ~Gif1 ~ LL1J1J
1. parasitism 2. saprophytism
3. chemosynthesis 4. competition
67. tatl~nn ffuu~tltl n111n1111111tJ~11J'l1 "{)~ Latl"'l1-n~
" "
2. 11'W (vein)
3. capillary 4. valve
68. ffl'itl1'l11'i~t,jnn~~t;1JL'l11f1'i~Ufft~tl~ 'l1"~111f1f11'iVtlV fltl
" "
1. Of'1flff 2. f1'i~tl~ii1'W
"
3. f1'i~L'UJJ'Wtlfl~n~tt)1tl~'U 4. 1,ji:i'\Jtlon~tl~
"
69. til~1,j~ ffn LLfl~'H" ~~ ntltl n111 ni'~1,j ff~~ utl'111~ijtl1 vn1'il'i1~1'WtlVL~th~lJ1 w
q ' q "

1. 48 ci111J~ 2. 60 ,f111J~

3. 72 ci111J~

70. 'l1 lltl~ tatl~ufu1'l1qjfi 'J'~i{tltlf11110li1111 fltl

tl tl ....
1. LDtltl'i~l 2. tlTH'Yitl'i
3. 11'U

BI 103 277
 a
1. U6fiCJ16U
u ..
. 4. ~1LCJ1fHl

. ..A I • .I • V!!
72. t1'1'U1'Ufl-3 LCJ1fHtu".i:t1'1'YI t11U'Yit1'-3fl"i:Uf1'fl11111t1 flflflfl~1
.....
. fiLCHflfl fHl .
2. L~Ui~"J'~
3. UflfiCJffl'U
a
4. LCJfflfl
. 1Jfl~
....
' u • ...~.... ..
73. U11fl·Hl1fl'tJL'U~fl1J~U'Y111fl~fl1fl 4 fl~ flfl l'U~
1. ~-311\[1 2. 1.h FHl~l1J
. 3. 1hnu 4. fJU~"i1
7 4.
A I ... ~ .. . .
ufl~"i:tJ:11fl1~-3f1".i1fl'Ufl-311\fl!ltJ
..1~tJL\lfltJti~U1Ul;Jlt111W
.I I -A

1. 43-45 tftJ~,,.r 2. 41-43 tftJ~,,.r

3. 37-40 tftJ~,,.r 4. 35-37 tftJ~,,.r
U .....~ ....... U IV U ..I 4
7 5. f1'~1'YllJ11~Ulfl11fl111 fl-3'Yiq'~fl6
IV

1. tJ:nli'-3, n:"WlU 2. 'rifl-3in

3. 11\,ttJUi1U1JU i. 4. 11UtJUi1flfl11

1. ~
IV
3. tlfll 4. fJ flfJ fi'U t)
IV u .I
77. Cl1"i1Ju"J':'YI1UL'UfltJ1-3
A' • l U'Yiq'~~~fJfltJfltJL~
...1 • !'Jv

1. ina1f1L1JU
..
3. flflLctffl"iflfl 4. fl".i~fl:lJ
-1U
18. tY1"J'D:ri1u~l~-31uuti'1 1J:fJnfli'v1:l~uthat1-uvftnon
u .,
. fl1J 2. 11111
. chiKl11qj I · ~4. 1~ ·
7 1fn1111CJ111~'ri111U1~f111JfJ11fl1"ill1-31Uvf1iti'Un-3il~n1tJ t1vn11
1. i".J11J19t11 2. 1fllctf1CJ111

3. 661~1CJ111 '
4 IV IV ~
80. L11-3fl ifnt111: ih~lfl ina1v LiJu
1. ~l6111U 2. PJ6fl11U
3. secretion 4 •. excretion

. 278 BI-103
 U
81.
.
' _._ I ..1 o ., .I .H. "" ..., ' "!!. ...
ff1'U'\Jtl~L~cHlu1~ff1l1l1l11'HU1VIl Ula'Ul11-3L~'U11J -ff~n"l~UtYfl11lJ1·nn fltJ .
1. LLflO~tl'U 2. L~Ui~"l~
3.
.
Ltl'U~ L'VH,~ 4.
~ .,
l1~ff1lJ'OtJ11lJO'U
' ' ...,

82. n11a~i1lJnULL1J1Jl~ ~;fua~ntJ1anTa'fl111Ji~n.AvtJLffVLmritJ

1. neutralism 2. commensalism·
3. parastttsm 4. predation
83. n11111vl,-,tnvlu (internal respiration) Ln~;fu~
1. lvn~,.,\!n~1ulu 2·. Q~nlJlutla~
' .I ..., Q ... ' A ... ..., _.
3. "l~'H11-3ua~n1JL1J"Laa~ 4. 1~1111-3LlJ~Laa~ntJL~aa

84. Lij~H~tl~HL~~'\Jtl~fl'U ija1~~~U~Lf1",-,u111JY1tJ1~lh~1Jitu

1. 45-60 1u 2. 60-751u
3. 75-90 1u 4. 120-15o 1u
85. a~ut.Jant.JaalJ~L'li1Ui1~n1V ,-,~Qn~tl~1U\'llt11V1~v
Q ... ":'i ... Q ... 0
1. 1lJ~Ltltl~LL~~1'\J1L,-,lJ~. 2. 11J~LtltJ~'\J11tJtJOVI1tl1tJ
Q ... .,., 0 .r ... 11'0

3. 10tl"LtltlY1L'\J1tltJlJ'V11tl1tJ 4. 'U11tltJ"L'\J1'V11tl1tJ
• .Q ...
86. LlJfl L1JVl La a~ u"~l1lJ~fl1~n1"l'V11~1U,.,~QnU1 u'V11 a1v'Vl
0 0 n-. 0 ""

.r ...
1. Q~'U1~ 2. itJ
.,
3. i~ 4. 1J1lJ

87.
_." ... Q
Uu~'VlflOLn1JtY=tY1J 1'V1~1JL1V011
n.,... . . . . .
•
1. starch 2. glycogen
3. carbohydrate 4. chitin
X ... ' . _.
88. L'lfflL'Wfl''\Jtl~flu m~,.,1nn1"'LL1J~L~aa11a~
X AI o ..,. .K •
1. LUtlLVtJtl11tltJ~ 2. L'UtlLtJtl'l.f
X AI ., X X AI ..r ...,
3. L'UflLVtJOtl1lJL'Ufl 4. L'UtJLtJtJLOtJ1'WU
89. n1~1J1Un11111vl,-, LiJun11vh~1ui11Jnu'\Ja~
., .K ..., ...,
1. na11JLuantJn~tJ~alJ

3.
., X
na11JLUtln1J~ fl"l~
..., ..11
90.
Q ,..r
.. ..., ...
.I
n1"luantuavun1~"l~'H11~L1J~Lntl~n1Jfl~a1J Uutl~
A ' il iJ
1 u
•
1. n11U'V4in"l~,.,,v 2. aatYllJ~tY
3. 'V4t11ffl1Ji;CitY

BI 103 279
91. 1111~li1111'Na1,jihtt ayluri1ul"'UtHLCJ1a6

1. 'Wfl111~"
3. ihLflavtt 4. LL1flfh1tHl

a~fl'1h:mauri1ul~'U6~LCJ1a6 ~k~l11'ijn11tti'1~1111lu1~u
92.
..
1. 'U1LflfltJ11
... ...

2. " L6'U L6
.::$

~-
.. .::$
3. 611 Ltl'U Ltl 1111J1CJ11J
93. Lifat'lh NOLth Li1uNan11vh~1'Ul11JOU'Ua~uufliit';vnu
1. lth~u 2. LL1flfl11aa

3. 1t~1~fi6UL"1v , 4. 1a1CJ11CJ11J
94. LCJ1a6u1~tt1'Vl~~~"~anu1~ttil'Vl L'W11::n11ii"u1~111u'Ua~

3. L6'U"
.. "L'Wfl~
.::$ .. 4 0 ..1
95. LlJ"Lfltl"'U11 LlJ6'HlJ"61Q ~~fJfi'Vl1fl1tJV1
., ,, '..,
1. 1J11J 2. "1J
3. ,~ 4. lurn::utrla'Hfl
K .,. o .,. ... .., 'l
96. L'lf611 1Jfi11"11~'lf'WLL1J1JL"tJ101J'W10Lfl
A
2. LL1J fl'Vl L"ltJ
......
I

1. L'H"
saprophyte
3.
..,
97. 61V1ZL'Wff'U6~'W'lf'lf'U\l~ fl6
. ~ ..
A
1. LlJfl"
3. Naua:("an '
4. "nn -

98. a~ij:;1~'W1n~u11nflfiU'W1n~NS~ ild'vn11thni'~niJuuuu

1. carnivore 2. omnivore
3. insectivore 4. herbivore
K • :'i ..1 .., I £'1 K ... ., A

99. L'UtllJZlJ1~ 1~1:: Llfi~LlJ'VlL1111J1J'IZV11'U LlJ'LU'UtlLtltlL"

1. 'W1L1'U1fllJ1 2. fltlt;Hfl'Ulfl1J1
3. 1vJtunf ~ , 4. ttl~u Ltl)laa

lOO.Lmu~u L'lf'U 1JZ'U11J 1J::l.i1~ a1"'UU1:no1J~1VLifnL~6'11UYI1"1J1fltlth~ti"L~'U

1_. lvJaLtllJ 2. 1CJ1LfllJ
..
3. fltl'In

280 81103
 C)l

100 'U8

BI 103 281
 /

ia the~ au ia thttau ia fi1fliJU ia thfliJU ia ft1fliJU

1 (3) 2 (4) 3 gnl'JntTa 4 (4) 5 (4) i.

6 (4) 7 (8) 8 (2) 9 (4) 10 (3)

11 (3) 12 (2) 13 (2) 14 (4) 15 (2)

16 (4) 17 (1) 18 (1) 19 (4) 20 (4)

21 (4) 22 (4) 23 (3 ) 24 (2) 25 (1)

26 (4) 27 (1) 28 (2) 29 ' ( 4) 30 (4)

31 (2) 32 (3) 33 (4) 34 (3) - 35 (4)

36· (2) ' 37 (1) 38 (2) 39 (2) 40 (3)

41 (2)· 42 (2)· 43 (3)'' 44 (2) 45 (4)

\

'46 (1) '47 (4) 48 (t) 49 (2) 50 (3)

51 (1) 52 (3) 53 (2) 54 (2) 55 (4)

56 (1) . 57 (2) 58 (3) 59 (2) 60 (2)

61 (2) 62 (4) 63 (4) 64 ,(2) 65 (3)

66 (2) 67 (3) 68 (4) 69' (3) 70 (1)

71 (4) 72 (3) 73 (2) 14 (2) 75 (3)

'

76 (3) 77 (4) 78 (1) 7·9 (1) 80 (1)

81 (1) 82 (4) . 83 (2) 84 (2) 85 (4)

86 (4). 87 (4) 88 (2) 89 (4) 90 '(4)

I.

91 (2) 92 (3) 93 (4) 94 (4) 95 (3)

96 (4) 91 (4) 98 (2) 99 (~) 100· (1)

282 BI 103
 ' AI , .., .... A, . ..I .. ~
1. ff.1'Uu'i~O fl1J\Ifl.:J LCJffHl YI1Ju'i~1J1W1J10Yitffl f1 flfl~ L'i

1. 11111{Plcwa1a:lf 2. 1CJ11fl'Wa1tYlf

3. 'U1
~
4.
'
U'i1i1~fl'U ~
.
2. ff1'icW'U~O'i'i1JcA.:JnTM'Uflfl01:1W~~h-3 '1 I\J6-3B.:Jii;ii{PlU~fl~;iiflJ'U t1vni1
1. Gene 2. RNA
3. DNA 4. 'lin 1 'H;o'li'o 3

3. 'li'nl ~ ttl u~1 Dth.:J ~ D.:J ff1 11111 ~u ~ t1• n lh111111 ~ vu a: n TW111.
1. 1.Utfl1J 2. 1~111'
V 'IV
•
3. an~uiJ.:J 4. 1ri~11
•

1. commensalism 2. Parasitism
3. Protocooperation 4. Predation
5. mu1CJ1lf Na{P11~vn.:JT1111~nnu1~1utCJ1aft'
1. 11lulCJ111

3. U1flfl11Dfl
,A I D IV ~I , ..I .... ........ .. ~
6. fl.:) flu'i~O flU ff1 f1 ty\1 fl-3 011 Lu'ULCJffl fl'Y11J'If1flfl flfl ~ L'i
.... ...; IV , .... 1A I :'i ,
1. 1J1tlfl'HlJLCJ1tH1
.. 2. 1J U'iLfl'Wf\1tf1J,
.... .,. tJ' IV ..,J t

3. 1JO'i~1J1'U01'iLlJ(P111Jflflff1J 4. 'VJO'tlfl'Yifli!l111J1

7. n Eut'Hij'U\l1nCJ11 n ifl1tnfl\l1nn1'it11~vuu11 fl.:Jffa1ui1't1D.:J1th~u LiJun1'iYl1-31'Ui1t~nu

.... .... IV

'tlfl.:JUUfl'YIL'iEJ nu
1. 111U1CJ111

3. 1a1CJ11CJ11J
tl1'H'U~111 + ~UYI'U A1'ilfl111~1EJ'IfU
. - UYI'U 01'iLfftJ111~1EJ'IfU
0. LLYI'U 11i1fl'111D LfftJ111~1tJ'IfU

s. fl1'iDUi111nuuuu Commensalism \l:11i'ud'tyan'l:lwuuulfl

1. +/+ 2. +/0

3. -/- 4. +/-
9. nT.iii;ii{Pli11Jnuuuu +/+ \l::Llicwulu'li'olfl
.., ,..,
2. tffl1fl1Jtffl1
.., .
4. t4o1~flnud'fl1

BI103 283

•
1o. tJYitJ1YIL~tJ1nun11VflD1 QtCJSa 6 cri'1~fi11JJitJ4ul~wnnl'-3 ua:ri·nd'111n11th~1u1Jo~
Ditt1:~ftfllCJfftftLf6t'Vfff LiJUtJ'ntJ1Y!1JD~1fl1ii'Ulfl
...
1. &0 2. fl
...
3. 0 4. Lfl
- ............. .., ,.., l.,.f ..
11. 1fl11J'UYI2JtJYitJ1YilfttJ101J01106fl11J6-IL'U6LV601:~n flf)
-- ....
1. 1fl11J'U tJ -
2. 1"11J'U •...-

1. 011LLYtifl1t\l1ti1J0-3a'11' 2.
.. ..
011~fl'lf1J1116 ~flG)ftJ
..,
3. 86a'l1J~a' 4. ih~~110~tl~W\l\1U11i,~
I .I ..... , .... , .... '
13. a'1'UIJ1t061JY11J1J'U1flL11qJY1iftlL'UL'lfftft flf)
1. 1JJlflfl6'ULfl1tl - ...
2. ).l1lflfttla''
3. u1flt111aa '· 11lul•JJ
14~ -h~n1Dl111Wlfl1ii'ULfl 910
1. a"11a:anolutoafl 2. -611111
3. 'Vfa~~,uu«~tlflfl 4. n11Yh~1'U1Jtl~uuflii&1vluch1Klttqj
15. tr11~tiJu1ailfl~CJnn1111'ttJaoutnnw1tl il'a
Z.¥ ""' ~
1. 1J~~ LY1ti'UL1J 2. mj UY1J'l
3. Q'~u~~ tJa1n1tJu ' · Lutt«.-. fl11Ja'afl
16~ ,JolfltiJ'Ua'11U1tLft'nl~t11tl'U
1. N'1lhonun1:fl11!1
3. ttqj'1u~~nuui1~1iu
17. 1.iinwtJa1tltffl1Jo~-n, tr1uu;nw1Ja~
I ..a .... I ..a .If ..,
1. LUOlU6l\11qJ 2. l\tOLVtJufl~O'U .
3. ,ifo,aoa'lUtlf -,. ,ifo,aealtatr~
~ ..... .., , ~ . .,... .. ..: ~ n- .. iJ .._.
18.
-
Wl'lfftftN1'UDOtffl1Jfl~~Orffl

1. LOYflflfl11Ja'
,_
J.Utl1Jtl1J 11100~L1J 1JL~U1

2. fl010
..
L. 'ULGJ1ftftu1tLftY1

I ..a ..... ~
3. l'UOltJtllt1qJ 4 •. W1l1\Ufl1J1
19. tnwcri'fl1JJ-d'fllfl ihf1ilri'ari1i~fldJ~if~ijflfl
1. ii~1fl'U ii61ttil'n ~tl~fttl~~~ · . 2•. ilt:rlii~aa:iJuuuuNu'n11tflltJ;,~
3. iin1::tJ1'U011Yh~luti4on11iii,flua::m.lliu'( '· t'o 2 ua: 3 ·
' ''

284 BI.103
 CI'A I Cl' ' ..& ... ..t u :lA I ... ~ ..
20. tl~fllJ1~fltl1J\Itl~LCJffH, ft'1Ul1lfl01l'lt8~JlUL1J1"UflltJLU flO

1. RNA 2. i1lulCJftJ

3. ia1CJf1CJftJ 4. -rJfl.Utl
21. tllt11~~futf1~l11Utl11111U1~Lfll1Lifod'"1~tll~tl~OUU1U ,,h,~th111Ufl1Vffl111JLUUfl1,
~,~n,vlui1~n1v 1utJti'iv~1tiV11~ .
f'l ' .
1. LU'Ufl1~ 2. llJU~l~

3. LUUflfll~ 4. iliuuutlu
22. tr~-r,flatlu~tflat1ui111i~ 1~vrn1th~l'U'\Jtl~
... .r
1. 1~uuti1~U1V1 2. 1~1J1Jflf111JL'Utl

3. 1~1J1Jlfl1~fl1~tlfl
... ' u
4. '\JD 1 ua~ 2 1111nu
..A, Cl''"" !II .... ..
23. tl~fllJ1~fltl1J'\Jtl~LCJfflfl l1'W1JL1lVfl~LULCJfflfl'W11 fltl

1. LtJ1"fltlUt~1v 2. L11u1CJftJ
3. v.a1u~~ . 4. ia1CJf1CJf1J
24. fl1tJ1~flltJ1ui1~nltJ'Utl~flu ri1u111qjtl1~ntlu~1vn~11na111tifat11:anl11,
1. Voluntary muscle 2. Involuntary muscle
... .r ... .r
3. naltJLUtlfll~~n 4. flfl11JLUtltntJ
•
c:'l ..&..d "" u ., .r,.,... •u ~ 4
25. ltl'Ul111ftl1JtJ~1J~flfl11JLUDL'H"~tl~fl1J11Ufl1~~fl fltl
c:'l c:'l ... Cl'
1. LtlULflU~tlU 2. Ltl'Uflnfl1L1JU"

3. ft'Lflfltl11Ulfl1Jl
27. 11Ul~fflflty'Ua~ri1idl11qj~a
1. l' u
~,Ulflfl1JL'\J111~flltJ
... '
2. ..
~~C)f1Jff11VItJDtJtJlfl
""'

3. rlavltl1~uua~i'Ul1u 4. vt1vi"1flu tnaaui ua~,,~

28. tifatgtlft'~ft'1Jtl111111uV411N'n Nai1J ttlurd'atgtlU1~Lfl'VI1~
.r • ... ..r • ~
1. LUtlltJtlLiillty 2. 1UtlltJtl'Wll1ULA1Jl
3. tifDLgDflVaLa1Jlfi1J1 4. tifDLgDLvhuef .
· 29. fl1~1J1UflTi~DLuif -Htl1~ithfiv1eUtl~nun11ff1JoW1JlLL1J1JLliDlfl'tJLCJfaatvuf
2. n11u"n11tit1
4. fl11ffll~fl~Dtl~lflff1

BI 103
 30. tU'nl"11iihY11V1'H11LU'UtNtlU"JZflfl1Ji11J
1. ~1Na111
r r4
3. 'U1Ufl-3 !· 'U1"1J
31. n11111J~1'\Jfl-3L4v,..,f1'111vnu'ij"1,j.'H1-nn,,uaa-~ilu1Jt~)jtf 'fi";fu~
1. "lu,Sv-3'ti'n-3 2. lu'Vivlh1.U
·3. lul'W1-31J"~n 4. 1u.Vv-3flav"ri1ulu
32. .Uv1"11il1ifl111J'H1J1tJ,'\Jfl-3 8-3ii;Jifl
1. Biota 2. Living things
3. Matter 4. Organism
" ... ', . . . .t ... ~ z ..i ...
33. fl111J'Ht11fl'Ht11tJYI1-3'1111l1'W_ 'H1J1tJtl-3fl11u~1flfJ'IIU~fl1-3 ~
I
\lfl-3rw-31J'J11flL'U'W
......... ,
'UYI1J1L1W
11rl-3 Pl'-3Ju i-3"Wu1mu
1. species 2. population .
3. society 4. community
34. d'~rfn~11l" U11flt)fl11iiL'WflLLtJn LU'U'n1f1LL1fl
1. UZflll-3 2. 11Ufl'U~1U1JU
3. 11Ufl'U~1flt11J 'HUV\lUtlfl-3
4.
35. fl111JU1J..;uDtu,;;.:J,iJua1'H11urlnu-un-38-dj., ....f.:J'Ha1tJ v1~n1vni1
1. 1.:Jiil1fl11111 2 • .U1vlvnTH11

3. 111.:Jlttffl1'H11 4. Qfl'VJfltUfl

36. d'"1n~ttun nun~11LiftJ-3Qfl~1tJ~1ulJ iift'n"·w:Li1iivunuluL1v-3l"

1. iit1ri1uuvn fivlu'tJ 2. iiLan"~" fin~o.t'HIJij,av"fl.:J~
... AI
3. 1J\I'UuflflQ1J11-3fl1tJ
I ...

4~ 1Jfl'JZ~fll1J1

37. a'116UYI1V~W'11ffi'1-3;fu1~ 1"tJfl1ZU1Ufl11i.:JLfl11z'tf~1tiLLa'.:J fl6

1. nglfla' 2. uit-3
3. fl1ilu1u'"'" 4. fJfl'VJn.u'n
38. d'~n1unfj11l" ~ii11ii1:uu'111a~1vuLae" .
2. 11unutlav.:J
3. 11Ufl'U~1fll11J 4. U1Ja.:J
39. ~1U1U'H1nt.A1J1o.t\ln.:J8.:Jii;Jift w~11~.:J '1lu.V1~1:vzna,1fith11u~ Yl1-3;11iYitJ1 L1vn11
1. '11U" (sp,ecies) 2. U1ZI!Jf1fl1 (population)
3. qna (genus) 4. tY-3fltJ (society)

286 Bl 103

i
'
 1. phonoreceptor 2. pressoreceptor
3. chemoreceptor 4·. thermoreceptor
41. 11cHl11L~tl1l~'thL~fl1ltltlOI\l10l1'1l'l fltl
.... ... , ...
1. Ufi'WVHH'n'l' 2. tll'IL'Vltl"l
3. L1'U 4. l1fltl1lL~tl11l11qj
42. a~iH11~'U'U111Lan~v1ff'avu1naN111U1{1 'i;ani1
"

1. photoreceptor 2. chemoreceptor
3. thermoreceptor 4. thigmoreceptor
.tl I .., AI , ..1~ I .. .., I ... .I
44. tl1111"l11JtltJtltJLLfl1 n'1"lfl1111"lu"l~Lfl'Y1L1l'Y1 L1J fJ0~1lCJ11J L'U1 \1'11 fltl11 Lfltl11 HtlfJ
1. na1flff 2. n"I11L'UlJ'U
" .,
in 4.
45. tf~1ua~l:J'lf~iiu'Hri~tl1fftJ11ltlLn1~V1lfl~1J;nw~ul~-nfl~il, ~ani1
1. U'Wfl~fl~tl'U'i:J'Jf 2. LL'Wfl~fl~fl'Utf~{
3. L'Ufl~fl'U 4. L1J'U1itln'

46. n1"Iffi'1~LCJ1aa1.Ulun~"i LCJ1aa1ui'~i.u,~uu~i1uuuitJ1tJCMn' tdtJtm'lBun,~u1un1"Iua1

tJ n ~'~i~LCJ1fl a1.U flf~ a~
2. na~LCJ1aa
,
3. ff11JLCJ1flfl 4. a,CJ1aa

4 7.
., l al iJ ·x ..J .... , ...
011J1J ~'W"l11 tJufl L 'UL'Utl LtJfl'lf'U 11L1l'Utl~'W'lf
1. 'W1 L"l'Ulfi1J1 2. LCJ1Lfi1J
3. fltlf!Lfi'Ulfl1J1 4. ffLflfltlll'Ulfl1J1
48. NVl111U1~LU'U
" effector f1a.UtJl11
., ..r
.
...
1. Ofi11JL'Ufl 2. 11flfl1llfl611
4. il111u~

1. ch1atan~auntn~ 2. thiff'tan~tJutJ",v
3. chiKl11qj~tJ'U~'U 4. chiKl11qj~vunf!l~

Bl 103 287
 ... .. ~I ~ftl ..: .... I

50. 011'11 ft t1'U fl~11'U'l:W L'i1 Lu'U LU~111 LL1J1J'Vl L1tJt111

" "
1. oviparous 2. viviparous

3. ovoviviparous 4. omnivorous
IV V

51. U'V11J1'Vl'UtJ~u,~L(bile) 111nQ~il1~ f1D

1. vhL'Hl'UlJ'UUVt1i1111ntfu

3. VtJVL'UlTu 4. 'li1Vt11'i""ci11L'UlJ'U
"'
52. t11'iUU~L9fftffuuu1~~iln1'iUtlt1LU~tJ\Uf1U6UV~lfl11111Clf11 ua:n"1iT\.nUlt11'1111Clf1J L'Matl
~ ~ o ~ IV
fl'i~l:1'U~'UD~\l1'U1'U~~~u

1. D:Dl~ciff

3. LlJlDciff
53. "'Hil'ULlJ ~~Vi'11GJfil"1~ vn11L~~HHUUW'VGJfil~Ju" L'U'Vl1~;11i'VltJ1L'i1'Vl'nui1 ~LUUNft
.t11'i'l'h~1'U'Ufl~
""''"'
1. ii'WJ'U1t11'i 2. "Ltl'Ulfl
t11111LUua~il;ii~
.o!f I V d'
3. t11'iff1J LN1V.Ull 4.

54. t11'iff~1~L9fftffL~DLV.ffLUi~{·'H1t1t1ft111~V'i111 11i'i:1J'lfU"'Ufl~LV.ff 1;vni1

1. ltJlD~L'Uciff 2. uniJl~~L'Uciff .

3. n'LUfll1111~~LUcirt 4. 1111Dciff
ft~ ..1 ..1 ... ..r I..J... V ..1 iJ, .o!f ft~
55. n'Uctf'V1L'iVt111 "L'UV1" tltl-nU'V111'H'Ul'Vll U

1. Vfuu~

3. Vfun"

3. LLV.ft~~~fltl
. .
4. LUU1itln'

57. t11'i'H1VL\ltnv1u (internal respiration) Lilun11LLanttJtfvun1UJS'i:'Hi1~

... ... ' .

1. Ltl L~'iV11 2. UJSO'U11
4. nu~1Lfia

288 BI· 103

60. a'~n1un~t~1~ ~ij~1U1U'lfi'lf'tua::t.At~1tu 111n~q'~1ulan~rnl11,uu
1. U ill 2. UlJ 11~

4. un
.,....; I .,y U - U _. .K tV ... - U - , ~
61. 1l'i::L'lJ'YI11~~11101Hl1ilU~ lJ10~0Ut1'~1lilU~'Ufl~'lf111J1'W 1J'Ut1'U01'ifl'UU1J1JL~

1. Herbivorous 2. Carnivorous
3. Omnivorous 4. Insectivorous
62. · n11111ul11L.U1-flfln ua::nl'i"Wfl~ -uvJu 'Ufl~tJv~ LUUNil'Ufl~n11'Vh~1Ui111·flU 'Ufl~
1. n"'11JLiffln'i~~ncBlrn~ ~
· 2. n'i::~ntBlfl'i~
~

"' .., .., ., ..r... ....~,

3. n::u~1111 4. n:u~aununn11JLUflU~n'i::~nCJt fl'i~

63. 'l1fl~111111'Ufl~fl'U ff1U~n1'HU1~i'1JL~fl~~lJ1111flff1U~h~ '1 'Ufl~·h~n1v flfl

... ., ...
1. CJt n CJtl v 2. C)ffl'lJ11
...
3. L1U~1Lfl 11 4. Lfl L~'iVlJ
. ... ~ AI "'A I ... .., - 0 ..r .. IIJ
64. 011Lfl f1fl'UL111'\Jfl~fl11111 111 nul n LU 11U fl~'YI11111U n 10~1110 01'i'YI1~1'U'Ufl~ LUll LfJ6L'U'i::1J1J
vifl'Yil~ L~Ufl11111 Lfl anuL111luuuu
1. Lfl'W~L~~tf 2. 1"WfllfY~111~t1'
3. leJiilflffL~~a- 4. "W1fVilu~n.jtitf

6 5. i;1'flL'Wff'111·V tdfl QntJ 11~t1 riflv1.U1 Ufl1v1::1u'i::uufftJ'rfu1(Lvu>t110j~ 11::iifl1~n11'Vh~1U

fl rii~U1UU1::1J1 tu
~

1. 30 ,t111J~ 2. 36 ,t111J~
3. 48 ,j-1111~ 4. 72 ,j-1111~
66. 'r4'1f111qjUflV~\}0,:;11'i111'11~flgLiJUL1f11U1U 1l::~·1V ,f~;l'L'W'il:
1. LCJtntf~~tnu~liiulnLnuitJ 2. 'U1~fl1n1ff111Vl1l
~

3. fl1111'ifl fln111 n ~U'W'lf111J ~

., ...
67. ui1ri~~flgfl1tlV~ti1ui4'uN1~U ,;vni1
1. marine. habitat ~· oceanic habitate
3. terrestrial habitat 4. ecosystem
68. tJ'i:L'Yiff1t.tn~lJfl1Lt;vu (ASEAN) .fl~1UL'lJ~fJih'l'1ff~fl~'lJD~lnn
1. L'U~ ., ..r
iJ l'ifl'U'lf'U 2. iJ 1 H'Ul'lJ~'iflU
~· .,
-..r ., ~
3. L'U~ iJ 1~1J'11U 4. flfl~fl~'YI~fflUL'Ui-1
~

69. N~'lhv1'l1'llu:unf.Jflutt11::n1nfl11111
~ ~
n111UtiJuilu111Tn
.. f1n
1. fiNi1~ 2. r;ru;1nfl
fl' ~
1
., 1 o .., o
3. f;fUflVff111V'Y11f11U 4. ff~1'11U~1

BI 103 289
70. 011L\11tyL~1J1~-tJtHi1-301tJ Lflfl\110011LLU-3LCJffltl U1J1J
1. ,1Jl~ciu 2. ,1Jla.ciu

71. Lijfl,.UL~tl'M~fl~0\110i'~,,j \l:iitl1~011Yl1-31Utld,~UTU1.h:1J1f.'U

1. 36 4'111J-3 . 2. 48 4'111J~
~

3. 60 'lnlu~
.
4. 72 '11111J-3
12. lu~a1n1tni'u i'au 4u L4a11\l:~v1vliu~1~6th-311flL11 L'W11:uu'Wu~1flv1ilP~
1. binary fission · 2. budding
3. sporulation 4. fragmentation
73. an'l!lt.UZ1l10tffi~Utllla'fi-3011LU'Uft-3ii91~ ~12J'nt)'I!IQfllLilfii1~ fl6
"'
., ., I, '\

1. 011111J~10'U

3. 011'UV1V'U'U1fl 4. 0110'Utl1'M11
7 4. .'M~cW'If~L\11tyn11'MU11J.10~q'fl1U~tl'll\l,UU fl6
1. .W'IfiiL1JaP~u~,liihi1'aL~a1{1J · 2. Yl'lfijP~an
.. !It ..r·.., .. !It ..r.
3. 'W'ISL1JUUJ-3LflV1 . I 4. \1'1SL1JlflV-3t1
75. tYfl11:~11J~alfl ~u~1,liiilan1ul~fl'J1fl1fltt&uti-3
1. L'Matll-3,.UYl1-31'ULYftJ-3~1-3L~tJ1
3. fhif1Ltl11JP~gn~an
76. a-3ti'th:nautUa-3lan U1U~LUU'Utl-3LL;j-3L1vn11
1. Hydrosphere 2. Atmosphere
3. Lithosphere 4. ~iosphere ·
77. 011fl11-3i'W~11J'li'tllfl ~LCJftltla'l1-3LL'Ma-3lMVia-3-31U1~~1tJ~'Ultl-3
1. photosynthesis 2. saprophytism
3. chemosynthesis 4. ~a 1 'LLfl~ 3
78. 'li1-31:v:lflifu~l1vt\11qJ'Wu( ijlan1tYI-3fl11tl\1-3ittffl
..II .I o 4 !It ., ..,. ., .,. .I o .,.
1. 'J:;tJ:;0-3nfl1-31tllJu'J:\11Lfltl'U 2. 'JZtJ:an tl\lZ1J011'\J1JLfttl fllJ'JZ\11 Lfltl'U
.I_ 1 o .,. v ~ , . . .I.;.. ....Y. ., ,..
3. 'JZVZ'VllJ'JZ\11 Lfi()'U11~Pl'U1JL'M1J C'J 4. 'J01:SOZ't11JL'Wfl' t11J'W'U1i
7·9. n'J:LL-a'fl111Jfan \lzL'li'1~i1LCJffttlU'J:tY1'Vl'V11-3a'1'U1l~-
1. Lfi'U,fi'J~ .2. uancuau
3. ,vhuaf 4. LtlU~ ~WftA

290 BI 103
 lV
L11~HHJ'JJ'JJ10

1. {, ua11l1uilv ijL'YI'U 2. {, aanCBt\l'U lal~u

3. fl1l1J()'U 1~l"'H\l'U 1ul~1L\l'U 4. i'jlan1tYL'fi1LfitJ1JO'U
81. lflll1Jl~ll~ihni'1~t}LLtlfl1~fJ1J011th·nu1"vY1'11u'Un-3L~tuf finnQ1J~t1vn11
1. aal~l~11 2. 11lul~11
3. 1a1~1~1J 4. ltnl11l~1JL'Wf1
82. tf~1'H1nV4'11~ih-wf1uvn U11n~Jn1-si'jL'Wf1t-riv-3ath-3L~tJ1lui1 t';vni1
1. unisexual 2. homosexual
3. monoecious 4. dioecious
83. n11n::-w;u~n n11L~U'\J6-3M11\1 Ln"\11nn11fl1UfJ1J011tl1-31U'U6-3
1. 1::uut.h::a'1'Yitr1una1-3 2. 1::uuu1::a'1'Yitl~lu11~ .
v K ..,.
3. fltl11JL'UtlL1tJ1J
84. aU'al"ijl'1h1'li1~'Utl-3L~VL~tl1J
I ~

1. flTl'U6-30U 2. n11LLU-3L~aa
lV IV
3. fl11a'11-3a'11 . 4. 011t}"CJf1J
8·5. n11u~nV4'11l"vl'11'Viau,uf t'liu tl'av ,juri1t.1::11a-3 tuun11'UtJ1tJ,ufuuu1"
1. flllLL~n'Ht.in
lV

3. n111Yi'1-3a'Ua! 4. fl11UtJn~uri1UV6tJ

86. aU'al"tiJut111ntJn1'iW'U6-3fl11LL'Win-s::~1tJ
IV~ ~ • ~
1. fl11'H1tJl\1 2. fl1ULtll.CitJ\11flLfl16-3tJ'U~

1.
IV
.
~
~1LC~Jaaua::L'U11U
~ IV
2.
IV ~
~1t~aaua::a~-sa::a1v
IV tJ' IV IV tJ' IV
3. ~11~aaua::~1na1-3 4. ~1L~aaua::at116-3l1J
88. fl11LLU-3LCJttlat~an11L\l;tyLji1Jl~'U6-3l1-301tJLU'Ufl11LLU-3l"v1il~
1. a::i:il~cia- 2. 1111~CBa-
3. 1~aCBtr 4. iilCBa-
89. {1a1tJ {,~, ifa-tr11:: {,\In 1Yi'1-31"vtifnL~at.11::Lfl'YI1"
.l'.aloal ¥..1..1 IV
1. L'UtlltJ6ft1LtltJ-3 2. L'UtlltJ6LfltJ1'WU
¥ • lV ¥ ¥ •
3. L'U()LtJ()flftl'JJL'Ufl 4. L'U6LtJfl~

BI 103 291
 9.0. ;yvlY'11,jttn~v.nfitnri'ut1tHtu6-31~6fl
!'I X .d ..1 " .I · ... " 4 ..,...,. ..,. .
1. Lu'Ul'UVLVVLOV1'Vn..tul:atl'Yil1U-3 2. LlJY'11t'IVY'1~11lJ'U1Lflf\Vt1
3. ul1a-3ffi'1-3vy~'Vivunl:~n 4. ~llJtiluLtl1a-3vhalvLiifllav"'U11
91. LiiflLatJY'lLLYH1Jtl-3fl'U iiUUfl-3L'Wll:fflJlJ~'Yil-3Lflii1JV-3LL'i1i1~lfl
.... c:l
1. LLflt'ILCJftJlJ 2. L'tff\0
3. Vltl-3LLfl-3 4. lw,ftrtCiitJlJ

9 2. d'~1lun ~lJlfl L~lJUll nn ~llL'tfU-31JV-3il-301.tJ

~ '

1. oWV-3in 2. OZ'W1U .
3 •.'tf'U6'Ui1LLlJ'U
~ I .I o :'i
93. Ot'lllJL'UtiVJOul~Ltl'YI 'Yil-31'ULY'ltJ
... u
1. Ollflt'I1Vi1 . 2. OlltJY'1~1
' c:l ., .,
3. Oll'LOl-3~1 4. Ol'll1fl~1

94. a-3lY'1~1,j'WlJl'ULCJft'la~6-3tY~f
1. Nll'-3tCJtaa · 2. wcnet~Yl
3. flavl1~ari' 4. VJn.u'v
95. ,r,'Vi11JiHl ii~lzttUl1Q-flVtln\llntlvtStJ~l1il~12J61111tT-3~Yil-3 ~ d'~fw1nifl1'1l\li1Rll'v-3 .
1. ffV-3HV-3 2. ff12JHV-3 ·
3. ff12JHtl-3 ri'uii Lttwll'v-3 4. ~HV-3
96. U1Jtl.-3N1 a,tl-311\J LOY'l\110ff11iiff~avn11 .
1. 1fll12J'Waln~ ·2•. a1lfl~a1a-~
3. flavlrrunn~ 4. Yint2JU~
97 • .UvlfltU'Ufl112J\ll-3.
1. vivu1Jjf1vtifv.L~a1CJSta2J 2. l~tlnl:fll'Mfl6.LCJSaa1vhuv{
3. vutfMffllflLtham 4·. 'LU'Ufl112Jtl-3VJOtU6
9s. lun-s~u1un1166a'l2Jtil« u'a:f\wa1m2Jatiu 12JLftQet116-3;r,,:,flSvuulvvdl-31l
1. ~nn1PJttlvflr~ilfl1tlu1.,1tflr~ilfl 2. ~,n1PJltll'nilfl1tJu1.,,tJvilr~ilfl
3. \lln1PJttlaflr~ilfl1tJU,D1GJtlflilfl 4. ,, n1610Jflt~il fl111u1.,1tllY1ilfl
99. LoHY'l (uvyuu1Jau1,j~ u1,j:iiltJuuu nllflll~i'Wuu~lfl
1. Chemosynthesis 2• Herbivorous·
3. Saprophytism 4. Parasitism
.!I. ~ ' ~ ..1..: .I . ... I .a .I
1 oo. "fl1n Q2J LY'lY1lllJullntJnll2J 'Utl1fJtlul':a'1Yl
u ., ' ' (
1. l1UtlU~1LL1JU 2. l1Uf.lUf110ft2J
3. 'tfuaut.latl-3 4. n~·'WlU

292 BI 103
BI 103 -2~3
 ..

io thfliJU ia ftlflDU ia ftlfliiU io th811BU ia fllflBU

1 (1) 2 (4) 3 (3) 4 (4) 5 (2)

6 (4) 7 (4) 8 ' (4) g' (4) 10 (1)

11 (2) 12 (4) 13 (4) 14 (1) 15 (3)

-
I'

16 (3) 17 (2) 18 (1)' 19 (4) 20 (2)

21 (3) 22 (1) 23 (3} 24 (3) 25 (4)

26 (4) 27 (4) 28 (1) 29 (3) 30 (1)

31 (4) 32 (4) 33 (2~- 34 (1)'' 35 (4)

36 (3) 37 (4) 38 (3) 39 (1) 40 (4)

41 (3} 42 (1) 43 (4} .,- 44 (2) 45 (2)

46 (1) 47 (1) 48 (4) 49 (2) 50 (2)

51 (3) 52 (3) 53 (2) 54 (3) 55 (2)

56 (3) 57 (4) 58 (1) 59 (2) 60 (4)

61 (4) 62 (3) 63 (2) ,· 64 (4) . 65 (2)

66 (3) 67 (4) 68 (3) 69 (4) 70 (1)

71 (1) 72 (3) 73 {2) 74 (1) 75 ( 4)

76 (3) 77 (1) 78 (1) 79 (3) 80 (3)

81 (1) 82 (3) '83 (4) 84 (2) 85 (3)

·'

86 (2) 87 '(2) 88 (4) 8~ /(4) 90 (3)

91 (3) 92 (4) 93\ (4) 94 (4) 95 (3)

,.
96 (2) 97 (4) 98 (1), eg (2) 100 (4)

294 BI 103
 1. n11ua ntu~ vu nl~'l~'H--h~ tii" tnaf)nufJ~'uJ1utJa" tiJu
1. · f111U'Vdfl'l~111V 2. tltlff11Jcief
3. V4a1cr11Jiicicr 4. ~V4a1cr11Jacia-

2. ff1l~l'i1111'Na111iha- tlVff1'U1fltt~fl~L9ftUt
•

3.
..,. .... .... q
1. 'U1LflaVff 2. " ltl'U ttl
4. l1lul~1J
4. tiftJn.h N'nn.h tiJuNan1lfh~1'Wi11Jnutt~tJ~uuflilt;vnu
1. 1u'l~u 2. u1flfh1tJa

3. 11J1~f1DUL~~v 4. 1a1~1~1J
5.
~ A' ~I
U'Ulu'Uu111~
~ 4 iJ . ., _. . ,. A'..,. ~
'J1'jij 'H\f ff~111'U~'UlJ~f1U1J1JLfl

1. Ovip~ous 2. Ovoviviparous
3. Viviparous 4. Omnivorous
q ... 4 0 ..I
6. tlJf'ILfttl~tt~11 tlJtl'H1J~D1Q 'il:a.Jnrna1Vl1
.,
1. lJllJ 2. ~1J
3. ,~ 4. lun1~ua-lai1~

1. citnlnfflf~~ 1s 1l1viJut~1t'H'lvtyl1a~crn1'Wn1lu'li~'l1'u1ucru11JnW1 tiJun11a~i111nu

uuu1~
1. Commensalism 2. Mutualism
3. Neutralism 4. Competition

q
1. LlJa~

3. Naua~~an 4. ~an

9. B-3ii;11~'Vflf1N1Jllflf10'U'W1f1NNfl~
• •
ild'Vf1110U~~LU'UU1J1J
1. carnivore 2. omnivore
3. insectivore 4. herbivore
10. tifa11~1b~ 1~1: u~-3lui1111i'uth~,l11'U ti1utifat~a1~ ·
1. 'W111UlfllJ1 2 •. flaataulfllJ1

3. lvhuaf 4. a-l~u t9fad'

BI 103 295
1 L. 1mu~u t'liu 11z'U1U u:th-3 th~uth:nn1Jfi'1vtifn-L~nGJttlfllr~lJ1nnti1-3Jilifltttu ·. ·
1. l~fHDU 2. 1CJflfllJ.

3~ ·flafn 4. 1l'Jt1Ja!
12. 't1 an tnwcrf~\lvultflilttuv a'flTW flTHUU a~iHti \ill,vJ1111 1~un
l· fl11{jfl1Z1J1Ufl11LU~l1'Utlaa'lfuazff1J'iu( 2~ .iifl11iri1ZLUV1J'Utl-3lfl1-3ft1'1~
_3. iin11Ltt"ityLA1Jl~tt1flfl1Vlu _ 4. YJfleUfl~fla11tJ1t11:fl61JtlU
13. 11flt6r~tf (AIDS) ii~6iivnl'U1-3n1-s~1iH1ai~~rua:n11LL'WllmudjtH1fltrh
1. 11flflij~1Uf11U'U1flLLflflU. 2. 11flflij~TUT11U1Jfl'Witl-3
I . • •
/ 3. 1-sflfJijtfuti'uta6ulf11U . 4. n~un1n1111fl1Jijtj'uti'ut8nu
j-1. 'li'ol~'M'Ii "n11fllJrl1Lii~"
I 1. n1111iiitcwffd'u~u1 2. n11l'iTH,ju
3. fl11iJtl-3tlUfl11tl~tfUi 4. fl11iJtl-3tlUfl11Lfl1Z'U6-3i10flU
,f .1' 4,. !'I 't ,_·.. .., .-
15. fl11L~1ZlfltJ-3LU6LVtl'W'V LIJULflflLULtltJfl11'UV1tJ'WU1 Ll1J1J
1. fl11LLVflLCJfflatltlflLUUt\'El·Ui1U 2. fl11LL~fl't1Ufl
.,
3. fl11tLVn;furi1UVtltJ 4. fl11-3nn1Mli .
16. anl!lw=u1flq'ri~LLa'rl-3~-3fl11LiJuft-3ii;fi~ fltl.
1. ""
fl11111J~1fl'U 2. fl11'UtJ1tJ'U'U1rl
3. fl11l11~TU1'U 4. fl11ft'Utl1't11.1

17. 'UWZ't11tJ1t~LeU1
~, .I
1. CJf fl1-3fJnvn lJDfl'UVltJ n:1J-3atJ
~ il.,¥
fl~'llu

2. tiflfl1-3fJnvn uafl'UtJltJ n:u-3aULL1J'U111Jfl-3

3. tif1fl1-3onvn ll6flafl'UV1V n:u-3auuuu11iJ
•
4. ~1fl1-3111J tlnfl'lltJltJ n:u-3MJlti-3(u
18. 01'f1Jt11Zf11'ULifn UU 1'\i 1JlfllLtl:LfJUL1tl11J1Utffl1'Wlr!V111J'UD-3i1-3flitJtt:
1. iia-n,v.1U'utilv-3tiJun'fl ~.· · 2. iia-n,cwlU'utilv-3LiJu~,-3
3. 11iiifl11u u~nfh-3ti'u 4. 1uii.Ua~nfl'n-3
19. 't1U1~fflflty'UD~fh1KlMqj fl~ I

"· ..,,
1. r!flCJf1Ja'1161't111fltJ6tJDlfl
•
3. vav1t11j\uua:1~,ju 4. tlflW~1na'tn.a'i-h-3n1tr ' .
20. tla1nnu1,j u'W:nun'J:f\11!1 ·d'fl·i'w·n1dtl'n-3n11lf11

1. LCJfagla11 2. flJil1J1PJtfl1~-
3. latJr~ 4. tnaaui ·

':81'103
 21. .Ufllfl NYl
1. tU1Yl1~1il'U K vhl11LaflYli'tJi1fl 2 .. tUlfli~1ilu E luPjl'Hqj,i1l11'Lihnnj'u
3. tU1fl1~1il'U c thl11Vf'UJ.4 4. tU1Yl1~1iiu D Yhl11'n1:~ntioulfl'~
1~1ilu-vilfllfl~LRtnnutJiltj'1Jnu-uo~i,~n,tJ
- - ...
22.
1. 1~11J'U C)1 2. - - ...
1~11JU ll
3.
-
- -
1~11JU
-
L6
- ., ..1 ..1 ., ., .. ..
4. - - fl...
'
1~11J'U

23. 1~11J'U-tf'UflLflYILOfJ1tU6~01JfltUfl1Yf,.6~LaflflL'Ul1~fl1tJ

1. - - ...
1~11JU 6 2. - - ....CJ1
1fl11JU
3. l~1ij'U Ltl 4. - - lJ ...
1~11J'U

24. .UfllYlLuu(ia~tUfl-36fla'l1JCia'
0 '.,
., ., ., I'
1. fl11YI1NOY\6,-3 2. L61 H1 Ll'M~W'U1
tUIIf!1 I'
3. UttSNOL1 L'U'U1
25. a'1llu.UalflLUUa'1lth:Lflf.lLfltJ1n'U
1. lth~untJLtl'U,CJtU
3. nl:Yl1l!lnuui1-3,ju · 4. tJn,Ya~YJn.U6
2 6.
...... ., ., ' ., ' ... '
a'1la:a1fJ'J11Jtl111J LtU1Jttf'ULYI1 O'UYJOa'1'U L1'tJfl11
1. hypotonic solution 2. hypertonic 99lution
3. anisotonic solution 4. isotonic solution
27. .U6lfl,1J1.Va'11fl1nU,8Lfllfl
1. 1fl~'U 2~ ,naltwou
3.- L•aglaa- · 4. ,YitJlau ·

'28.
l~~t.,, iJ I ..r .I
., .,. 'I
LUtlL1Ja'1'ULLO'Uttl6-3fl'U'W-tf L 'UL'UflLfJ6IJ1ZUlYILfl
1. ,.,a1J · f 2. l~aL61J .

29.
.,._, .....
fl-3tliJ1ZOfllJttlfl-3LCUaa'J1'WUL~'W1ZLULCUaa'W-tf
~ .... ..tlfl
1. ,,lulCJS1J 2. ,alCJSlCJS1J

30.
.._, . . . • ., . . - nClf1J. tltl
6~tlu1:0flUttlfl-3LCifaa'J1YI1'HU1'VlHa~Lfl'U
..
1. ,1Jl,.fltl'U.LflltJ 2. 1;lu1CJS1J
I
/

BI 103 297
 31. n11LflSou1tt1-uo.:ur~1Lnfl\11nn11,h.:J1u-ua.:J
·t. "Jruuna11JLifo 2. 1::uut11:a,.,fl
~ U I U
3. 1::1ruLfl1.:Jn'J::~n 4. -uo 1 ua:: 2 '111nu .
32•. \110fl111JfU1tt~1lai1~1f1tn uanllff1111.J111J\I'l!ltJL11£ilai1~1tta&1uului1.:Jn1tJth·:1.ntu
13~·17 1nl1tJLao" ,hufifl1,,Gofl1 11u1v £it.A111~,finaaa"'
1. 100-12 ua. 2. l~0-200 1Jfl.
3. 21_0-250 1Jf\. '· 300 1Jfl.
33. ,ifo,ao~~'ri,,.,,r,~ui'1-3if11fi1.:J 9 1.i'turJuti,-:Ulf1
1. squamous epithelium · 2. cuboidal epithelium

uas u.r.,1
3. columnar epithelium .
z .....t
34. -u6Lfl1J GJttiU·1'Yitti6-3LUtllff61l .
I ..
4. ciliated epithelium

1. n11LL1J.:JL'lfaa 2. n11i1o.:JnU
.. .
..
3. n11flfl'lf1JU::U1J . ~· ft11a'i'1-3a'11
36. 6-3tlth::n61J\If\J1U,8~LCJtUf flO
• u ..
1. lth'l~'Wf\11111 2. Ltl6lJ11l'lff\f\
3. il11flauu '· ,atnfiJLCJfaanultJ,lflv.a,mr
36. LCJ~aaiuu1nt1u~tti'1.:J61'H111~&fl-3lflon1-sd'.:J&fl-s1::lfuu.:J iin1'f.111.:J~owuuu
1. eating _ 2. chemosynthesis
3. photosynthesis ·4. saprophytism
37. n11LflS6u~-uo.:Ja-,, u~ul~YI,u.r6~ii,~au1.:J-u11.:Jrf~
t. oom11•a- .2. "Wa1M11a~a-
3. ~v.a1a'l11a•a- . 4· n11uwin'f:\11tJ
.... U .... U £'1 ..... al
38. ltl6lJ11LCJfflfl 1Jf\ft'WW::LuULtJ6U1-3 u'f::Ul'YI
1. permeable membrane ·2. impermeable membrane
3. semi -permeable membrane _ ,· 4. any membrane
39.
I A' ....... Ut.l u'
ft1:tlft66UL ULU6LtJ6lfttJ1,U 1::Lflf1
/ I' :'i
1. fl11thfl1-3'51-3 .
I
· 2• lo~bfl
3. j\flflf) 4.·,i8u,'Ha
·4o. -uo.:JtJ';lnfltU'mflllf'Wa.:J.:J1u
... I

1. Lftflf)Ll1 2~ 1~1ilu
I'
3. U1 4. ltl1itu ·.

298 BI 103
41. Li'911n~lJ1~~jj'lfil~ua:mJJ1mu1n~q~1u~flif'tl,tru
1. n ~11u :n1i'~ 2. n ~11u a1
" "
4 ...~ ......... V II V .,1 ..
42. 'W'l1VllJ11WJU1f11'J'fl1'Hfl~Vlq'~ fltl
1. f)~lJV.'lfllvl~HhLatJ~ 2. f1~lJcW'lfllLlJ8~
3. n~lJLVJfu 4. n~lJcW'l11uLEtJ~L~tJ1
" "
43. cW'lf~jjfl11lJn11'HU1~~q~ 1u~flif11,uu fifl
t .,1 &:;1' '1 t.... J' II t 4 ~ ..r ..I
1. f)fllJV1LlJt1~LlJlJLUfl'HlJ 2. f1t1lJ'W'l1L1JU'ItJ~L~V1
"' 4 ~ ..r ' " "' 4
3. f)f1lJ'W'l1L1Jlfltl~fl 4. f)f1lJ'W'lf~flf)
'I 'II 'I

44. fl1'H1'J''H anlu,jfll~ ~ijfJfltfl1Vl1~1n'l1U1f11'J'fl fi'1vnu

3. 'HthiftJLi'911nu"Hli1,,ru
'II 'II
4. 'Hli'II N'nnu'Hli,j',1
' 'II'

45. cW'l1&1LtlV~fl1'H1'J''tl1f111JlUV~ri1U~h~ ~ 1~VV11~LifflL~fl

1. lCJ1LfllJ 2. l'rJ fl LfllJ
3. flflf11flUlfllJ1 4. l'rJLUfll
4 a. LY9111u n~1Jl~ih1'1l'tl tra~11fl~
1. ua1 2. nu
A'
3. Lf1fltlflf11U 4. un
v a'4 ' ... .... - 4
4 7. n'911Lf1fl~~U 'HlJ1tJfl~~flW'HfJlJLfltl~
..lllJ ' I - II
fl~Vl LlJL1u'J'~1lJ~W'HfJlJU1~t1tllJ
A

1.
3. 38° <:]1.

48. ri1UU'J':nflU~YJf1LCJ1fla'Utl~R~ij;i19l~tl~ilfifl
1. il1tflavtr 2. flaal,..,a,tr~

3. ""1
LCJ1U~'J' flfl
~ II ..
4. 1VfllllJLCJ1flf1
49. R~ij~i9l~jjn'fl~L'Wflfl'J'U1Ui1 LltJf1i1
1. dioecious 2. monoecious
3. bisexual 4. unisexual
50. UlJn'~ tJ'II Ltl'l1 Vi ~ij~1'HU1tJ.t11~tfu rhi1 UHT 'HlJ1tJfl~
II
~
1. rhi'U'l'fl~i1UlJUUt1:fl1~Ufl:n'~'tl;~
' 0 - ......
2. UlJUU N11.Jf1'J':U11.Jf11'J'f11'J'l11 fl1 tJ,t1UV1'J'tJ
~AI A' - ...... ~- ,J'- ..... 11
3. tJlJtJtJuf1fl~L'I1fl,fltJV1'itJ 4. tJlJtJtJl~lJt11'J'CJJ1L'l1fl,fltJV1'J'VLLfl1

BI 103 Z99
 1. homeostasis 2. epistasis
3. peristalsis 4. stasis
, r ....
52. ~tl11Ultna,.a-3fl'U11
'
1. 11U-3fl
...
•
3. l1'11Jfl
• IJ'

53. 1JV11J1V1'\Jtl-3in~ (bile) fltl

' 0 ..,
1. '111tJfl11V11-31'U'\Jtl-3~1J
IJ'
3. tJtl1Jfllfltl11111
"' .., f'l ..I -1
54. 1fHHY L1JUltJtl'41Jl'Zlf1V1
..I
1. LtJtl1.lV11-3LL1J'U
..I .
3. Ltltl'4V11-3\1-3
55. ild'tJfl11fl'U,tl-3111!~Vort11U LU'UUU1J
1. carnivore 2. omnivore
3. herbivore 4. insectivore
56. ift\la~~,n~llfnQ11i=4'lf1i'YitJal&ao~fl'tl-3ii,ul~t!nl1a:tJg1u~;u4u fitJ·
1. LLl1'-3tY':h-3 2. fl111J~tl~flll{1
3. fl111J.iij tifa L~tl fhLfttJ-3 4. CJfl'VJ fltUtl
57. 01fla111Liftlfll:~n~1fll-3LLa:n:,j'-3a~ 'HfJfUf\Stn.t,111 tZlfl~tl:1lfl1Jfl'U,fU
1. 11'11t'H~~vl1-31U 2. UtlYl'H~~'ril-31\J
a. n11111altV'-3tiJu1tJ",11tJnji ,4. 11Qft·f11l111tJlttflaan
58. 1ULLlfl,tl-31tl1JU'l'Zt1L~tlU fltl
1. 1ULL1n~iiflll,j'1Jlatlflth:t1LfltlU 2. 1ULLl~~LatlftU1:i1Lfltl'N11fJfl,j'1J
a. 1u~1.U"ntlni'-3,,; 4. ,1uqfll1'1onau&atlftt11::t1L~tlu111
IJ' ,..a ......1 & .. ..1
59. 111-31ZtJZL1a1LfiV1tf"11J tlflltf~-3fl11f11Jlf1Yitffl

1. lna1uLiliLLlfl,tl-3ltl1JU1Zt1Lfltl·u 2. ~4nal-3181Jth:t1LfltlU
a. 1 1unauiinl"I,ru,aeftd'S::\hLfitlu 4. iilen1tftthtfiti1Jnu
60. flll'Yh~tJ'H~fl ~tl-381fttJfl11Yh~lU,tl~
1. Herbivore 2. C.amivore · ·
3. Producer 4. Decomposer

300 Bll03
61. tl'lV1~1~1J1Jll1fl~L~1J\'ll-31'U.l-3UMl1;1,fltJ-30g1ufl11fl flD
1. 1~uu'rinl11-3L~'Un11111 2. 1~1J1Jlnvlro
3. 1~uu'liuchv
AI- - -1 -"' Z' ..l
62. fl1lu{)lY'U1i\ID-3fl'U un~Lflfl\I'U\'1
1. ,Sa-3flanflri1ulu 2. thn1JflQn
3. Yia'lh1.J 4. i'-31.J
4 tf I
tfA ...J ~. 0 . , ..l tf
63. 11JOLCJfflt'l111JYl61.q 6-3flu1~081Jn1'ULfl\l:'YI111'U1l1lYfl1VLCJfelfl

1. 11lulcu1J • 2. 1a1culcu1J

4. U1flfblna
64. fl1111J';tyL~ti1~~1'Ufl111J\f-3\ID-3Vf~ Lftfl111flL'ifaL~DVf1fllfl
A'.dA... .., 14 ..,
1. L'UDLVf)u6-3n'U 2. L'UDLV8ff11Jty
.1'4 0... 14"'
3. L'4DLVDfl1LflV-3 4. L'U61V611J"ity
6 5. a-3 fl'u1~n au ri1ulfl li1111l'1~ tri'1-31tJ,~ullfun tcua d'
1. ,alculcu11 2. 11lulcu1J

66. tr111ul~'U~L11a1ua~iiri1uLfiv1tU'a-3nutJ~ffiv1Lflijlui1-3n1o Avn~· .

1. n"Jfla~jjlu 2. lth~u111a1
3. tau1culf 4. il1fl alaliJ,~u
67. tU6lfl1~LiJ'Uff11D11111
1. l'UV 2. n~iJ

3. ,,ua1ull'

4. 6 ncilJ
..

81103 301
 1. 'Htl6Ui1LL1JU • "
2. 'HU6Ufl1flftll
3. 11U6UthY6-3 .
0 .... ~ :!1. cl'f'l .,.,a"
72. 011C11LlW-3L'U~~1 LuU'Htl1'YI'HC1fl\16~
..r • ., I
1. L'U6 ltJ61J_ ·2. 1::1J1Jfltnll L\16
3. 1:a.Ju111atiuu-u6~La6t1 '· ,ife,~e,rio1~u
73. ff1Ulfl-u6~11'1l\l~Yi1'HU1~lR01nt1nl1i'tJ&ibtt1~~1U011lf~1UUa1 (L8aflLUO) \110

.... .,
1. CJf nCJ11 tJ 2. lin•11
., ., ~

3. ff6~116-3fl1U1J'U '· trtH1fo~.;'1uth~

74. -H'6-311'1l,~Yi1'Hu1~i'utaafl fio
1. L6L~1tJll
.... "
2. t1Uft1Lfltl
.....
cl' .... .
3. 611 L'Vl 61 · .4. 11U
7 5. a~u1flaflli'V11~01Ufl1'W\Itl~lan U1ZOtltJfl1fJtlt1l
1. Hydrosphere 2. Lithosphere
~ ,}(. ..a I
3. Atm6sphere 4. 'Jl~a'11J,fl'Yiflt111
7 6. -n~1i.tJ nfl'~lvt'lfvha1tJ\lUA1o t1Ju~11flVi1llnuuuu
1. competition 2. parasitism
3. predation 4. commensalism
71. "i1fitn1qj'1" n11t1gi111 nu1::'H·h·rf1nu'Hql'1 tilunTJ6Qi111 nuuuul~
1. Predation 2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism 4:. Competition
78. ta6flfJ0\1UUfltlfln\l1nli'1lt1t.lfl1li'Htl6flt8tJflWtl
1. tlllL'V161 (artery) 2. nu (vein)
3. capillary 4. ·valve
79. ff11tll1111fl11itJOt)flchu,;'1n1:Utn8tlfl 'HO~t10n?1UtltJ fl6
1. n~lfltr · 2. "'"oeillu ...
3. n1fl1-u1Tuua::na,.Q;u · tuilfeQntie•:
· . '· ·
80. · 1il t11-J~q-n'ua::'H Qfl~ fl66nt1~«fl~t1.6'1ttilo1¥n1nim•tJtt1.tth·t1J1W
1. 48 GJ1'1l11-3 2. eo f1lui·

3. 72 GJ1'111J~ '· 84 ,r,,1J~

302 Bl 103
 2.
.
VTHVIV1
....
.. _ ....
3. nu 4. fll'iVHUn'i
82. ri1ul~~a.:JtCJtad'th:anVJ~fi,,.,u,~i'tJvfll11tCJtaa1natfia.:J~fl~ath~~nunu1~n'I~riuuuu

3. ta'U~ L'Wfl~
. 4.
u
~1LCJfflfl
..

ftl .... - ..
83. "u'i~GJf101" VI1-3GJ111VItJ1 fl{) ,
1. R.:Jiiii~VJnGJfilfll'Ulan 2. a.:Jiiii~VJnGJ1ilfl~{)1fftJlU~L~tJ1tl'U

.
3. R.:Jii;ii~VtnGJ1ilflluR.:JLn~aa11uuut~a1

.
'

4. a.:Jii;fi~GJ1U~L~tJ1fl'U ~aVl'U~L~tJ1fl'U lt.t'lf1-311fl1~rl1'H'Ufl .

84. na1v1,j~;fua~uuiu1111'Hqj LUU01'IV~i11JOUUU1.Jl~'

1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism
3. Competition 4. Parasitism
.I ... & o' .. , ..I .I · ·
85w un~1~tJ~L1fl1~-3fl1'ifl\ltl-31J'\I'J!jtJ ~tJL\lfltJ1l~U1'Uu'i~1J1t:U

1. 43-45 ff'tl~,,r 2. 41-43 ff'tl~,..r

~I ..
3. 37-40 ffu~l'H 4. 35-37 1Yt.1fl111
u ..., .... _ u..I .. ... u
86. ff~1VI~11WIU1011fl.1'Hfl-3flq'flfl{)

1. tlzn1i'.:J, n~'W1U 2. .Wa.:J{,

3. 11'UV'Ui1U1.J'U 4. 11uaui1na11
87. 111-:Jl'Jial'Hl'i dia1tU'a.:Jnut1a.:Jl~
1. fl111JU~n~1-3lUn1'iLUU611111 2. fl111J1f11oWU1i1t.tL'i-3LUUV'I'H11~anu
3. n11adi111nu\la.:J8-:Jii;i1~ 4. fl111JU~fl~1-:Jluihfvn1'inu
88.
V ftl U ¥ I
fl111.Ju1~V11U1'UtltJ1-3
l UVItf~11~QOtJtltJL~
., I !tv

1. 1nalflL1lU

1. lu 2. ,j'111
3. ch1Kl'Hqj 4. 1~
9 o. lflll1JlCJt1J~ri1111)'1~ fl11.JfJlJ011ri1-:J1U,t11tl~a.:J11-:J n1 a i1an11
1. 11lulCJt11 2. 1a1CJt1CJt1J

BI 103 303
.
91.
AI
L'H~tl
if.ft'ft'11!: I'
'U1~1
r !11
U1f11tJ Lu'U
1. l11al1Ju
3. secretion 4. excretion
92. tf1\.l'Utl.~LCJff1tlth:a'1'Vl~vi111U1~1ih.JLff'UYI1~LflUi'u-tf~n1:LLa'fl1111fffn fltl
1. LLVflCJf{J'U 2. 1~,,~,~
.. ~ IV I U
3. ttl\.1~ l'Wf1~ 4. 'Jl~a'11J'Utl1'11Jfl'U

93. n11t:Jgi11Jnuuuul~ ~;fut:J~nulan1a'fl11111~n.JlvluauttAm.J

1. neutralism 2~ commensalism
3. parasitism 4. predation I·

94. fl1'Jtnvl\ltnvlu (internal respiration) tfi~;fu~

1. lv.1~'0\!fl"1ulu 2. q.a.aulu~at'l
3. 'J!:'trh~Utl~ntJLii~Lfttl~ 4. 1Z\1l1~Liit'ILfttlt'101JLGJff1tl
95. l.Uu~~'\Jt:J~tf~ri' tiivu11'll'1~l~nutbulY~'U6~it-rr i

1. L1Ja~ 2. LiiY~1.J
3. lutSv~a':lf11tl11111 4. FHl
96. a~utJantJaa~~L.u'1Ui1~fl1tJ \l:(lflfltl~TUvi1f11tJlt'ltJ
1. Lii~Laflt'ILL~~LtU11'01lii · 2. Liiflt8Dfl'U11flflflfl1f11tJ
3. Lflft~Lfttlf'IL.u'1afl1J'fi1f11tJ , 4:. {1t6tlfl't.u'~fl1f11V
9 7.
AI a .,. o nal o .a
L11tl 111~ Lf1tl f'ILLfl~111Jfltl1~fl11''Jl1-31'U\l!:Qfl'U1u'Jl1 tl1tJYI
o

r ... ..,
1. Q~'U1~ 2. fl1J

3. '"

. 3 • .U11t11ilv1tf11fi1
K ... ' .-
99. L'lftll'Wff'Utl~fl\.1 Lflt'l\l1flfl11LL1J-31'1ttltl'\Jfl~
K AI D .... K ...
1. L'UtllfJtlf11Lf1tJ~ 2. l'UDLtJtl~ ..
KAI., K . .r..r..a..,
3. L'UtlltJtlflf1111L'Utl 4. l'UtlLVQLfltJ1Yf\.1
100. n1::1J1'Ufl11111Vl\l LU'Ufl11th~1'Ui1unu-uo~
1. na111tii'anun:u~a11 2. oBlfl1-3tltJfl~U-3tl1J
3. n6111tifanu~lfl1~ '· niu-3a1Jnuna11Jti1'6n1:tlncilfl1~
j,

304 Bl103
 cv
100 'lJf)

BI 103 305
 LiU1fJLLtJtJiJn..;'(;lfltJfl11.1 81 103

is thltSU is thltSU ia ft11tSU ia thltSU ia ft11t8U

1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4 (1) fj (2)

/

6 (3) 7 (1) 8 (4) 9 (2) 10 (4)

..

11 (1) 12 (4) 13 (4) 14 (1) 1:5 (2)

16 (4) 17 (4) 18 . (2) 19 (2) 20 (4)

21 (2) 22 (2) 23 (4) 24 (2) 2:5 (2)

26 (2) ' 27 (3) -28 (3) 29 (3) 30 (2)

31 (4) 32 (2) 33 (1) 34 (1) 3:5 (1)

36 (3) 37 (3) 38 (3) 39 (2) 40 (4)

41 (2) 42 (2) 43 (2) 44 (2) 4:5 (3)

46 (1) 47 (2) 48 (2) 49 (3) 50 (4)

:51 (4) :52 (2) 33 (4) 54 (1) 55 (2)

_,/

56 (4) 57 (1) 58 (4) 59 (4) 60 (2)

61 (3) 62 (4) 63 (4) 64 (3) 65 (1)

66 (1) 67 (2) 68 (3) 69 (1) 70 (4)

I

71 (3) 72 (4) 73 (4) '

74 (2) 7:5 (3)

76 (4) 77 (4) 78 . (4) 79 (:f) 80 (2)

81 (4) 82 (2) 83 (4) 84 (4) 85 (1)

86 (4) 87 (3) 88 (2) 89 (3) 90 (4)

91 (4) 92 (2) . 93 (3) 94 (4) 95 (3)

96 (4) 97 (1) 98 (3} 99 (2) 100 (3)

306 BI 103
 1. Cremoreceptor 2. Chemoreceptor
3. Stenoreceptor 4. Pyrroreceptor
2. u,jttH1tl~~nuN~'lflV-'HtY~ "l1lJ 3 flu uu~-r:h lun11t1~ffun
1. ijl,j 1lu n'LtJtlflJ 1 ,;'1, 2. ijl,j. 1 lu C;lLtJtlflJlJlOOil 1

3. ijl'ti'Hr:llVlu n'Lt1tlf1J'Hr:l1Vi1 4. ijl'ti'Halvlu ffLtJtlflJ 1 ~u1

3. 'l1fll~ijl6Ji'HU1~'\Jtl~ Vagina
1. LiJ'UVll-3 ~l'U'\J tl-31'1l"ln'\Jtu:fl r:l tl~tJ 0 ~ 2. LiJ'UVll~ ~l'U'\Jtl~ C;lLtJ flflJLtJ V~L'li
3. LiJ'U'VIl-3 ~l'UtltlO'\Jtl~Latl~tJ1:i1L~tl'U 4. tiJ'U1'11-3~l'U'\Jtl~ifffC;Y11:

4. 1rn1111CJflJ LDnCJf ~-3LiJui1nl'HUAt'WfY'HtY~luf1utJ1111l:L,j"Wul~ lutCJfad'.UtJl~

1. I " "
ff11Jtl'llJ1J1~1CJfr:lr:l
A

3. ,ij~Liiflfl'\J11 4. Lijfl1'liul~iijfl
5. ffl".itJ'l:n flUlu.Ufllfl~ij t1~'ll Ol'lLL'Win1~111 v1';1~ u~ ~

1. miifll~..f, 2. ,f,,tl1J1ut11nltl

3. tnatJlu..f,,~tllJ 4. ~,~l'lui11Jluii'1nku
..d IV " iJ ..d AI ,
6. LVtll!lJLCJfr:lr:l (cell membrane) 1 ULVtl1Jl~~ u'l~Ul'VILfl
1. Complex membrane 2. Permeable membrane
3. Differentially pemeable membrane 4. Simple membrane
7. ii'1ff'11 2 un1 ijf1111JL'l11J'l1unhnu ,r~,iJu
1. Isotonic Solution 2. Hypoton~c Solution
3. Hypertonic Solution 4. Anisotonic Solution
8.
..d o A 1 r ...
I ·~ 1 A ""' 1 A "er ~
11Jtl'Ul NftlJ:·u"ll~ U'lfr:l~L'U'U110r:ltl lJ:u'll-31l:L'HV1 IJ110t)Ol".iWUL"ltJ011
I

1. Diffusion 2. Deplasmolysis
· 3. Dialysis 4. Plasmolysis ·
9. 1il~l~~LU'Utl~Ti'th:ntlu~hfl'ty~q'~tHtl~ffl"lt11:nt11JflU'VIltJ (organic compound)
1. tltlnCHL1l'U 2. fllfUtlU

3. 1'WiC;YLCi1VlJ 4. L'Hnn

1.0. 1Uatlnlf11,;'1tj'~'VI:lc:l -(Chitin) ,}~uiJUf1Tfl1JLeJL~".i~tJ'l:Ul'VIl~

1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharide
3. Oligosaccharide 4. Polysaccharide

BI 103 307
 - - ... .s~
11. 1fl11JU B 1J'11tl'YI1'llfllJ11
... I

1. Riboflavin 2. Ascorbic acid·

3. Calciferol 4. Tocopherol
12. 6u'YI1tHY11'lf0"1"~iiay1ultJ11fl'Wtnrrlf (Protoplasm) 1Jlfl1ihn)u~1Ja'tl'l"l'tl~t1n{1
1. fl1iluiuL"'" 2. {,","
3. i~~'U 4. ltJ1~U
13.
.. - n :'i ... ""...
Ln fl tl Lfl'"l'lJ tlLtl "'U 'V11J fl111W'I'lfl
.. I !'Ia I u ' ... .. ~ ... aI ...
U\lfl~l1 VLutJ'l'lf'UlJ'Vlfl1fll'H'Utl Ufl:tl fi'1'UUU1J1flu'I:fl''lfl L'Wtl

1. i1a.:Jti'u11flfla'Wan 2. ifa.:Jti'ua1n11iftyty1fiau
3.
~ ... .... ""
.
l~lJflWtl1'W:;ifl1'tftJ1:'111'lfU
11 fl J!- ,y
4. .
Clfl~tl'll'lfl,j'tl
.. '

14. ...Y.
...
~-311'111 fl'Y161nV Ufi~'H1 fl'Utl~
I'
~ N1'H'U1'U1 Lfl fl tl'UVI fl11J fl"l':Ufl'fl ""'ft'UfllJ. L"l'tJfl11
""' "" ... I

1. U'Wtl'lflfltl'U 2. U'Wfl'lflfltl'Uftflf
4. L'Uflfltl'U ·
15. ,jal,fia "th:'111fl1" 'Yil'lc;11nv1
1. a'lijGMi~'11U~L~fJ1rl'U1Ufl11:U1~atl1JL~tJ10U
2. a'lii:;ifl'11U"L~V1n'U luu'Hri'lL~V1tl'U W L1tn1UttS1'l~fll'H'U~
3. a'lij:;1~fJfl'11U~1uu'Hri'lL~V1tl'U
4.
16. cl'1 + u'Vlu n11i,)'th:lv'11u
.
8-:Jijc;1fl'V1fl'11U~ 1uu'Hri'llfltnnu tU ttS1-3L1fl1~th11uft
'

- LL'YIU n11LSvtJ1:lv'lfu
o LL'YIU n11itii,)ua:i1hSvtJ1:1v'11tf
fl111JftJJ'Vfu1iuuu Commensalism \l:ay1uan~w:l~
1. +/+ 2. +/-
3. -/- 4. +/0'.
11. ;i11 av (Biosphere) th:n ou,)1va:i1u1-:J
1. Atmosphere 1 2. HydrOsphere
· 3. Lithosphere ., """ '
4. 'Jfl-ufl'Yiflft11111
.

(::$ ¥ ... 0 ...... ~

18. 'W1flL'H~ L'11tl11 1Jfl11"11'l'lf1flU1J1JLfl
.1. Herbivorous .2. Saprophyti~ .
3. Parasitism 4. Commensalism
19. ff'~11u,j'al~ itiii "l':uu,aa~

1. cnv1ii1~~ tJa~ 2.• 11'U~\Jtl'lU1J'U )lfLfl6UNOtJ

3. iHL~au~u tJa1'Hijn 4. 'WtJ1iilfLflO'U tl'l

308 BI 103
 'H\1 tli~ 1iJ~ 1n tj'~ 'HDV ~ U~'l 1flV)1tlntntucrl~1Ut.tfl'Hll1fl'H~ 1l::uvnR~ij~1" a·GJ1u~
20.
¥, .,...1 •
u ~nn~ll
1. 2 n~11 2. 3 n~11

3. 5 n~11 . 4. 6 n~11
21. 'Htia1,j'~anaanll1\llnna1N tilun11'UV1v'iufuuul~
1. uvni1aantiJutYa~ri1u 2. n11u"n'Htia
.,
3. n11uvn~uri1utiav , 4. nTitYi'l~tYuai'
• u tl ...~ ... 0 • ' .. '
22. n~lla'"1~10U1fl'Vl1J"1U'HU~'U6-311-301V flD fl~lJ

1. tJ::n1i'~ 2. 'H'UDt.ti1UUU
3. 'Huaui1na11 4. 'HuautJaa~
23. cW'I11unqJJ1~~i'i11~u1n11"avilq~
<~~!'I•... .. ...~, .... ¥ ... ., ~
1. ~')H1J1J~an 2. ~'11V1 1JlJLUDLV6'11llL1Ja~

3• .W'I11,jij,1Ja~ 4~ V.'l11lii'i'riathtav~ ·
24. a~flU1::n au tl1Ul~'Ua~ L'lfa aoW 'If ~i'f11111iii;i1"'
1. 1'1fl"~a,tY1f 2. f.JU~t«:Jfaa
3. t~alf1Jt«:Jfaa 4. 1JJ1"fl&uLfl;v

25. tY,,,...,aal-H~1nuil~ il-K"f'nut1:tY1J111tu'lfaa'Ua~lufiatY11

1. t'lfaa1atY 'II
2. 1na1flt1lt.t
3. ,fl~t.t 4. na1fltY'II

26. 'Hli1i1"lu'ial~ i'iJJ1n~tY~lua~iii1"

'II • •

t.SHOP 2. C 0 NH
3. C NO K 4. NPKS

1. 'Hli ui1~ nu'Hli N'n

'II 'II
2. 'Hli N'nnu'Hli f.J a1,j
'II 'II

3.'Hliui1~nu...,,j1'Ul!'u
'II 'II
4. ...,,j,'Ul!'unu'Hlitifa«"f
'II 'II

2s. td'a1'ti'U111t.t 1'\i~lJ 1'\ifl~ 1'lia1nl11a1'titfi1J fia

1. ltJ1~t.tt~~L~V1 2. ltJ1~t.tt~~tJ1::nau
3. 1tJ,~u~tJnlhlli'ttJavutYfl1~ 4. 1th~u~~hun1::u1t.tn11u1~
t~!! tl ~ ...1-. _,..,. t/'U .,... ftl
29. L111l:lfl1D'U
'II
LV\.\ 1~11::V1N1111..t~ll1'1faa11Jfl111J1a'fl
'II
u1::LflV1 ·
1. photoreceptor 2. chemoreceptor
3. thermoreceptor 4. thigmoreceptor

BI 103 309
 A
1. UflfHCJ1VlJ
""' 2. LlHlfl

3. 'YitHU~.:J 4. 1'W'VlffL~VlJ

31. .u'a1~11iflfl~fl.:JLfiV101JL1fl.:J'Ufl~Lftfl~
Ill

~I A' ..sl ..1

1. LuU1UfllVtHfltJ1'WU l::tfl'YI'HU.:J
.., U .J
~. Lii~Lftfl~,.11ijil1LflaVa'
4. ~11JLUUU'Ha.:Jfllil1VLii~Lth;lfl,.11

32. fl11fl~'W11J~l1 fl111~U,.f)~,.;'11' lfl~'1flfl11fi11JfJ11fl11ll1.:J1U'Ufl.:J .

1. 1~uutl1~ff1'Yiri1una1.:J 2. 1~uutl1~ff1'Vln~1u111l
~ ..r ,. ~
3. flil1lJLUfllltJ1J .4. ff11lffll LlJU
33. 1fl11tJ1CJ111~ii'HuTvf~uafi11Jfi1Jn11'ri1.:J1u1~v...t11tl,.a.:JLCJ1aa f1anrl11~t;vni1
Ill .. ..

1. aa1~1~tJ 2. 111u1CJ111 ·
3. 1a1CJ11CJ111 4. 1fi11111CJ111L'Wfl
34. fil~Ufffl11lJlfffl '~L.u'1ffLcifaath~ff1VI'YI1.:Jff1,.11~
vIll

1. l~U,~l;f

3. 1vhuaf

1. l'Hftfll.:J1'li'ri1.:J1ULV. V.:J-tl'1-31At11 2. 111 f1afinth1'\i LV.V-3-tl'1-3l~t11

3. F-hi~m111~anaan Ill
4. 11-iii.Ua~fln ·
Ill

lu~a1n1ffau i'au ~u L~a,;\l:-uv1v'iu'(1~av1-311~1'i1 L'W11:auvrul1~v1n1~ ·

1. binary fission 2. budding.
3. sporulation . ··4~ fragmentation
1
' ..I ...Y. ..I ~I .¥ -. "'
' .. '
LL11il-3'Yiflgfl1nti'YILu'U'W1JN1~'U 11tlfl11

1. marine habitat 2. · oceanic habitat

3. terrestrial habitat 4. ecosystem .
, 39. n11Lfl~au1'Ha,.a-3a1111"i \l1nthnlt1tun-3'Y1.11"i'Hun LO~\l1nn11fl1-31U,.a-3Ld'at~a1u"i~uu .
. .... fl1111"i Lfl ...ilfl'UL'H1L1JU1J1J
'Yifl'Yil-3 L~'U ~ "
1. LflcW a'l~~ff

3. 1lfii1a a'L~tiiff /

310 BI 103 )
40. fl1'i'H1tJl11LsU1-tltlfl ua:fl1'JW&4~UW1J 'Utl-31.Jtl~ tihH·H1'Utl-3fl1'i'Vll~1trl1lJn'U'Utl~
~ ¥ ~1 ~
1. f) a11J L'Utl fl'i:~'II f)t)1 fl'i-3 2. O'i:~ f)tt1 Lfl'i~
'II

3. n:u~alJ
IV
4.
IV IV~ A'4
n:u~alJnuna1lJL'UtltJ~n'i:~ntt1 fl'i~
...Jl
41. Mtl~l1'1l11'UtHfl'U rl1u~ii'Hu1~tfltt1ffl-3nu tih,~·~ N1'Ufl11l'i-31'U111 ni1~ n1tJlJ1 u"1 ~tl
.... ....
1. ltl L~'itJlJ
.... ~
3. tt1ntt11v
2. tt1fl'U.11

4. nu~'iLfla- -
42. n1'i'H1tJl11rnvlu (internal respiration) tiJun1'iuanttJavun1tt1'i:'H11~.
1. ,ij~tatl~u~~M.Jq~a1Jltn.Jafl 2. ,ij~tatl~LL~-3nuttt1aa
3. Lij~Lfttl~LL'l-3fl1JLij'lLatl'l'U11 4. fl1'i01tJL'Vltl1tt1lU~1Ltt1aa ·
43. fl1'iUl1~ttt1aat4tlL'Wfllutf~1 'H1flOfi11l~tJ'i1lJ Lth:1J'l1ii'l'Utl-3L'Wfl LltJfli1 .
1. lfllflitu~u 2. uniil~iilCBu ·
3. ffLUtlllJ1l~itu~u 4. L1Jltl~U I

44.
I A 4 - 'I I ~ ~ 1 ~~ 4 ... ~ ~ iJ
"1111'UL1J a'l'WIIJ1'11U'lL'l tJtllJ L'l JHUlJ.U'W'Jf'Jf'IJ~'IJ'U" 'IJ'V11~'1111'YI tJ1 l"l'1'YI'i11J11Ul UN~ fl1'i
al - I

l'i1-31'1J'\J tl-3
1. 11~u1n1' 2. ~iLeum
3. fl1".iff1JLN1,uf 4. fl111JtiJua~ii;i1~
.... " iJ ~A I ~ .... I
45. fl1".ilJ~f)'Ufl~1J\I'I!:ItJL11 L 'IJLIJft11JLL1J1J'YIL1tJf)11
1. Oviparous 2. Viviparous
3. ovoviviparous 4. omnivorous
..r ~

46. n1".i'Ui'1~Ltt1an't.Uluufl1 ttt1aa1ui'-31tti•:ut.i-3i1uuu1JJ1nCBff L1Jann118un".i:1J1Un1'iLL"1

AI - ~ ~ !"' I ~
uf)fJ1J:L'lLtt1aa L'\J fl'i~a:

1. ~
'HU~L'Van
" 2. ua~Ltt1nn "
3. U11JLCJJ'an" 4. aLCJffta ·

4 7. tl1'H1".iL~tlUfltJLLtl1 U11tl1111".itl".i:Lfl'Vll'l~Lli\]fl~~~1JLsU1U'Hfttl'lLfttl~ NfltJ '

1. nn'IIlflu 2. n".i~L'\J,ju
r
4. 'U1

....
1. LLfl'W'Wftft1'i - " ....
2. tl1".iL'Yitl'i

3. LTU 4. 'Hfttl~Lftflfll'Hf.\j
49. ~a1Ji'unSui'u'iU LUU'HU1tJi'Ufl111JfffnU".i:Lfl'Yil~
1. phonoreceptor 2. pressoreceptor
3. chemoreceptor 4. thermoreceptor

81103 311
50. fl111Jtiin;'u1i1iu;f~tiJuv1't111LLrlOU'UtJ-3W-3ijGii~l'f-311Cl1tt D1ilt;ttn11
1. 1-3il1tl11111 2. 'lhttlttD11111

3. 'l11-3lCJin11111 4. f1nnncU'a
"' "
51. "fl111J't1fl1n11fl1tt'Vl1-3Gi1fi1'W" 11111uil-3 n11t111n{}'lfil~;i,-3 '1 'Ua-38-3ij~1~1uifuiiu1nw

'tf~-3 i-3tfu ~-3'WtJi~u

1. species 2. populaion
3. society 4. community
., K .,
1- ....,
fl$ .. • .. A .,.. .... ..r .J
52. 011111J~1'Utl-3L'lftlL'Wf1'lf1tlfl1.JL1J~L'U111tl011u{)tl''U1i 'UlJ'\fWtl lfl~'U'U'Vl

1. 1u'JiV-3llD-3 2. lu'Viatiii,j
3. lu1'W1-31J~~n 4. lu'lfD-3fletD~ri1ulu
• IIJ. 1.J' "' '1 11J • ..I "' u !! u .,.. !1J , .., .,..
53., 01::1.J1'U011~tlLU'U 'UtlL~L1J Lfltl1'Utl-301J011 alJ'W'U~ LL'JJ'JJ L1Jtl1f1tllCJfft ftL'Wf1

2. n11u~n11tla
4. 011tYl1-3Cl::DtHLOtl'1

54. Lnuiit~a1Ju~l!'~na11Jtitallifi~aynu~un1::~n fia

fl$ c:$ .... .,..
1. ltl'UL'Vl'U~tl'U
......
2. .
Ltl'Ufl00111J'U~
.
3. 'W-3N~ 4. n1::~naau
"'
55. n1tt1::fl1ului1-3 nltt'U D-3flU ri1ull1qj1.h::n nu~1v.n fjtJn tt11J tifatJ1::Ln'VIl~
1. Voluntary muscle 2. Involuntary muscle
.., K .., K
. 3. nfl11Jtuan1::~n 4. nfl11JLUDfl1tt
"'
56. n-3tft11::nau'Un-3LCJffla ri1uihrlv1'litJ~n1Jlthfiun1vlu fia
1. RNA 2. l11u1CJf1J

3. ialCJflCJflJ 4. fJncU'a

57. u"inwtJa1tt1f~'U6-3oW'l1 LUU1Jl11W'UD-3

tifnt~Vi1V-30'U
K .tl ....
l. L'U6LtltlLil1ty 2.
K .tl ., K .t1 o ...
3. L'Utl Ltltltl'11J ty '\1:. LUflLVVft1Lfttl-3
58. 'lial~LU'Utl'11t11::Lfi'Vl L~t110U

1. N'1ihvnun1::~11!J

3. l1qj'1LLli'-301JUi1-3JU
59. i1-301tl111l~~,iju Lfl il1n

1. tr11a::a1ulutan~ 2. fl1l111
3. vu;'-3-31ULLtl'-3LL~~ 4. .n11fl1-31U'U 0-3LL1Jfli1 iiuluth1tf.l't1 qj

-312 Bll03
 I 1 ..1.... , I""' tit ·. fl 4
60. a'1'Uu1~0tl1JY11J'\J'U1fiL'tUlJ'n1'J9lL'ULCJflH'
8

fltl
i1Jl~fltl'UL~7tJ
A ....
1. 2. 'U1lfliltJa'
3. Ll1flfl11ail 4. i1lulCJf1J
fl .r , ..... .
61. 1JY11J1Y1LntJ1nun11tJfltl1~LCJfaa tf11~fl111J'Jt1J'l1'U&11N1'H'U~ ua~ri~La';1Jn11l'll-31'U'\Jtl-3
""' U 4 So' I U

n1'tJ1~ ~a~ LCJfil ri'L4aLoWfl' LU'Uunui'n-utl-31 ~1ijul~

....
1. ltl 2. ~
....
3. a 4. Lfl
62. ltl'UiCJfll ~a ~1~ tJtl-3 ffth~naul~l'UtCJfil ri'
1. i1lulCJf1J 2. ialCJflCJflJ
3. LL1flfl11aa 4. i11l~fltl'UL~;u
63. tr11~u~n1lllt;~ti,,u~ffn'Ww~~,-3 '1 '\Ja-3a-3i:i&;i~u~a~;i~Ju 11uni1
1. Gene 2. RNA
3. DNA 4. · .Ua 1 111a.Un 3

64. tl1'UU1~0tl1J'\Jtl-3LCJfilfl ~ihn1J1tu1J1n~q'~fltltl~i1

1. 1thl~'Wil11fll 2. iCJfl~'Y4il1a'JJ

1. 11'Utl'U~1lltJ'U 2. 11uaui1na1J.
3. 11uautJan-3 · 4. n~'r41'U

1. Predation 2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism 4. Competition
67. '111~lttia11111 Lrlu1.Un~nuL1a-31~
1. fl111JLL~n~1~1un11LU'Utl11111 2. fl11tnfli~U1i1ULci-3LU'Ufl11111~tln'U
3. n11a~i11Jnu'\Ja-3a-3ij&;i~ 4. fl111Ju~n~1-3luilff'un,,nu
68 •• i.Uufl~'lJa-3ff'~1Liiuu11uTvfi~nuriTul~'lJa-3.W,.

1. 111R~ 2. ,ij~i'li

3. 1tnifu~a'~a'lltl11111 4. ~"
69. 1i1~11nnlultJ1~u ~ili'r4u1uiaiJ~uil~fl1fiuie1L~1~ f'la
1. iul~ll\'Ju 2 . .Waa-.Wafa-

Bl 103 313
10. n11orh~tnni'n ~D-361fftJfl11'rll-31U'UtH

1. Herbivore 2. Carnivore
3. Producer 4. Decomposer

11. u\l.Ov~~hnrl111n~t~.W'l11;''Vin·t;,tau~~n-3ij'Utn~uanufl:n~1u~'ljtJ4u f)n

' .,
1. UU-3ff~1-3. 2. fl11U~6-3fl11in
!1 .... ¥ .... 0 ... .,
3. fl1'iL1JlJL'U6LtJ()fl1LfltJ-3 4. fJfl'Jfl'U()
12. ri1ulh:nnu~'VIntCJtfla'Ua-3ft~ij'ii1~~n-3ijfin
"'
1. .il1Lflaun 2. flfl611'Wfl1ff~
3. LCJtu~;lnfl

73. 'li'n1rl1111~tr1'ifl1ilu1utrl'i~
1. 1fl~u 2. infllflt'ilu

3. LC)ffl~1"" 4. i'Yiv,au
74. 'Utu:'tnu1\lt'li'1
~1·
1. CJt fll~QntJn
.I
uDrl'UtJ1U n:U-3fllJ fl-3'\JU
u il.,l
2. ~lfl'i~-nnun
•
tJn~'UtJ1u n:u~fl1JLLUU'i11Jfl-3
3. ~1fl1-3nnun tJn~fl~'UU1~ n:u-3fltJLLuu·nu
. 'II

4. aAlfl1-3111J tJn~'UtJ1u n:u~flt~lfl'-3;fu

. ,¥ X ...; .. !'I :'i :T· ..,. u t1
7 5. fl11l'Vn:Lfl tJ-3 LU() LtJ D'W'lf LuUL'YiflLULfl tJ 011'\J tJ1tJ'WU~ U1J1J
1. 011UtJOLCJtflannnLUUff6-3tf1U 2. fl11LL~n'HU6

,
.,
3. nTntuniuri1urinu 4. fi11-3nnl11li
., ... ~
7·6. fl'i~6-3fl11UTHLfl fl Lfi11tJlJlJ1 fl'VIq'~
IU 111$ IU

1. 1tJL~n 2. 1tJflfl1-3flU
IU ..... tl
. 3. 1tJ'l111 4. ff~11Jfl111l

11. t~ntn~n1n11nn-3 1~u li'n-3i1-3 av1-3 u1-3fl111li~1J{,qputl:i'utJ-s:Vt1u

1. fl1iluir11~1~ 2. 1~1iiu
3. 1tJ,~u 4. Lnanui
K ...; ..J,
.I ., 4 4
78. LU6LtJD'VIff1Uufl1Uq'~'U6-3~U'W'l1 fl()
1. 'W1L1UifllJ1
¥
2. LUtlLtJn
:..I i1 a~nu. IU

¥ All! o..... X .ill ...

3. LUDLtJDflllfltJ-3 4. LU6LQ6l,1ty
79. tf~1tStJ-3~n~1tJ~1Ull ~1-3lil1fl'W1nunlut1a-31~
....
1. fl11lJflfl
'II

3. 011ij11J1;3

314 BI 103
 ~.¥ ... ..r .. ... '1
80. l9HHH~fll'Wf1 tnf'l1110l'UOLtJfl~'UfiLfl
.¥ .. "" u
1. l'UflltJO tn tJ1'W'U
A' .. 0 ...

3. l'UflltJflflllfltFl
81. ;fi~cw1nlfl a'l1~0111111,;'to~
1. Chemosyrithesizer · 2. Photosynthesizer
3. Saprophytism 4. .Ua 1 tl1J 2
... ...~ ... . , , 0'1V ... V'l ~ .. ~
82. OU01111'l'V11Jla''ULV 1l~V11L11q'\lfl1'Wfl La''ULV'UU flflfl~L1

1. L91aglaa- 2. 1.Wt1Jof
3. fl1fl1J1~Lf'l'l~ 4. 'JOsUfl
:14 "' '1 4 c::~ • "' · !'I ..&' .el .I '1
83. L1J~flOU\I~LUNfl11'lflL1Jflfl L~U O~fll L1Jltf'll1Vl'll LuULUfllfJflu1::UlYILfl
1. flflfllflUlfllJ1 2. 'WlL1U,fllJ1
3. 1'YJL1Jflf 4. a'LflflOL1U1fllJ1
84. a'1'l'01111'llf'l ~flnf'lfl~lJLsU1V11~viouaflVialuiaaa-
" "
L n'lf'!o~jjlu- 2. nglfla'
3. lt11~u 4. n'lf'l1tU,ju

85. L'Wf'f\IO~gn
..1' eu...&,iJ
\IUOgn1JL'lfl~Lfll Ua'lflqj
OIV

1. U'l~Lfi'Vl\ltl~a'LUOflJ 2. 01QtUO~t.J
3. fl111Ja'lJ1J'lW\Ifl~'l1~nlv
~ . 4. i'V\Ifl~vtOLL~
"
86. 1Jl.l1:1U tilutf~1th~tn'Vllfl
1. Omnivorous 2. Ovoviviparous
., .,
3. Dioecious 4. fJO,,fl-3fJO\Ifl
. . 8 7. ff1Ul1JO'lZLLa'fl111Jlffn1UL91flaU1~a'l'V1 flO
c::l ~
1. U00910'U 2. LflUfl l'Wfl"
... ...
3. Lfi'Ulfl'l~ 4. U1LflflfJa'

·1. l'Vl'Uflfl'U (Tendon) 2. nnn1LlJU~ (Ligament)

3. 'YJ1a'tcifv (Fascea) 4. loWL1JOf
89. L1Ji;onrj'~ O'l~f'lfl~~ LiJUa'll'W10lfl
1. nl~fln . 2. iiu~u
3. ,fl~'U. 4. L91a~laa-

BI 103 315
 .. ..l 0 .. .. ... " ' .,, .... '
90. 11ft6fllft6fl'JlU1Lft6flLufJ~'H1L. LlfJ011
.. 0
1. 11ft6flL86flN6tJ 2. 11ft6fllfl6ftfl1
3. capillary 4. vein
91. t8tJ~'titJ~thn LiJuL66~lUYll~lfl
1. 'rll~\1~ 2. 'rll~u,,n
3. 'Jll~flflll 4. 'r11~Ll1JU
• 'iJ I ..I .I ,
92. 01:tJft66U L ULU6lfJ6ul:Lil'r1Lft
"'
1. tYU1JU"\I'U
r
2. fl11U
.. ..l .,,.,
3. 1fJ~fJfl 4. LflfJ1YfU116'f11
.. ... ..,.... ..l "' Jot "' ., ' ..
flO
93.
.. ..
1fl111U'r1111J'r11J1Y1LntJ1nttn11u6~nun11LL'rl~~,tJ

1. 1fl11JU 1J
.... .. .. ....
2. 1fi11JU 4Jf
'

3. 1fl1iiU
.Y. .. r .,
a
..l-. ., o ., ~ .. iJ,
4:. iflliiU Lfl
,1 ..
94. nfl1U1Lfl1J'r1N1'f1101fl1LL,.~tt11'11:1110L UfJ1111'U1lJ flO
1. 116tJLl.iU 2. Ut11fl11
3. Un~'rl:La 4. lJftftl
95. L11i'ufn1ld1JN'ui'u~o-3 '"'1:ii111l1vi'ufl1111fwn u1:tnY1
1. Thigmoreceptor 2. Thermoreceptor
3. Pressoreceptor 4. Cremoreceptor
96. "ivL,-,;ty,;'uf" 11111tJa-3
1. 'li1-3o1q1'vLfln ~ti,er.:~,,;ty,fiul" 2. ,;,-31viufloulu ~i1-3n1vti1d'~,tJaouuua~
3~ ,;,~1'v11~11m1 i1-3ft1fJtm\1~~'"11~ '· ,;,~;ti~U111~1aiign1~
X I . , .. .., . . . . .:..r..:"!
97. nfl'ULU01J:L1~ Lftflt1ftft11YU4Jfflft1J:L1~L11J~U llft11

1. uti-3t41faauuullllflciitY,1flii1fiot~f)~ 2. uti~L•anuuu1lllo•u
3. uti-3L4Jfaauuuu"n"tio,~eo ~ '· uti~'•ntfuuuuoni'uri1udov
98. ;;,.,;od'flfnfllll i'uftYn1'WLL1fl.ao111~ L'W11:ii
.I «
1. 1:1JtJul:., 1'Jl "' "' ~. N
2. tl1tJ1:1tJglJ "'-...
"'
a. 11t.bvi'tttl1111f8n '· 11U1tJflfl1JtYUtl.:t
99. an\ltu:lflv-i1,Uttltl~a.:~iif1fl Qfttl11Jfllllf1olfl1111l'f1J U1:Lil'Jl
I .

1. Sex chromosome 2. autosome

3. Ribosome 4. MicroSome
1 oo. fl'1 n:u~ a11 nun 6111 ,;fonl:~nfttl,~-uo.:t:flU'Hflfl n11Yi1-31u o:=,1t:LnR{uJiufi
1. H11,-,11QflLiU 2. Q.:JftlltlfJflYi141~
3. n11111tJl,,,;',eon,-,:11qfl. ' '· 1:utttl1::tY1-ri11qfl-rh~1u

316 BI 103

:
 ,CV
100 'llfl

'.

BI 103 317
 l.iUt!JLL1J1J1Jrnt6l'tlU'n1U Bl 103

'!,.;i,;,

i& "11tilU is thlt&U is "11tSU -is Mlt8U ia thltSU

1 (2) 2 (2) 3 (4) 4 (4) 5 (3)

-
6 (4) 7 (1) 8 (4) 9 (4) 10 (1)

11 (4) 12 (2) 13 (2) 14 (4) 15 (2)

16 (4) 17 (2) 18. (3) 19 ' (1). ' 20 (3)

21 (1) 22 (1) 23 (2) 24 (4) 25 (2)

26 (4) 27 (1) 28 (2) 29 (2) 30 (3)

31 (4) 32 (3) 33 (1) 34 (4) 35 (3)

36 (4) 37 (2) 38 (4) 39 (1) 40 (2)

41 (1) 42 (4) 43 (2) 44 (2) 45 (4)

46 (2) 47 (2) 48 (4) 49 (3) 50 (1)

51 (2) 52 (1) 53 (2) 54 (4) 55 (4)

. 56 (4) 57 (2) 58 (1) 59 (3) 60 (3)

61 (1) 62 (2) 63 (4) 64 (3) 65 (4)

.66 (2) 67 (3) 68 (4) 69 (2) 70 (4)

71 (2) 12 (2) 73 (3) 74 (4) 75 (2)

76 (3) 77 (3) 78 (2) 79. (2) 80 (4)

81 (3) 82 (2) 83 (3) 84 (4) 85 (2)

86 (2) 87 (2) 88 .(4) 89 (4) 90 en'lnie

91 (4) 92 (2) 93 (4) 94 (3) 95 1(4)

96 (4) 97 (3) 98 (1) 99 (1) 100 (2)

\318 BI 103
 4 0 U , 4 .... ... I .... ~ !V U ....

1. LlJ tHHJ flfl1 ".J fl1 tl11'UL'HtHHJ lJ Ll1-J668fl 'Ufl fl111 fl~1-Jfl1tJ11::\Tty LtYtl'U11L"1 tl.J11 :\Tty Lfftl
fl~Ll'fln
1. 1fl'hl19flf 2. Lfl~flLLi
3. ~flfilJ'U 4.' li1~1"
2. fftJ1lJ1fl1'Vlul'uuff' flff1'ULflutBff tiJu1"1uLff1f"iunnurd'fl
'I
ij;1~t~flth::lJ1ru 13o cl'1uil
lJ1Ucl1~ thLflflfHitJ.J 'II
,)'.Jl11~'\Jfl'ULLO'U LU'Uff~1th~Lfl'Vl
1. Omnivorous 2. Carnivorous
l

3. Herbivorous 4. Insectivorous
3. LLtJfllit~v E.coli-0157 ~thff.:Jcs~u'l"flULU~~'U'\Jtu~d ;:i;i~fl~i11JntJflu1ucfn1:lru::
1. Competition 2. Commensalism
3. Neutralism 4. Parasitism
4. if11 ~uu1Tn'Vll'1tJ'lhT:h fffl1uuil~n'lf11:l'i1 fl1l'~l'111 fffltJ tmvu tlivu "1 t1~1Jvf DNA '\Jfl.:J
!V

~~fl.:Jlnnu1~fl'nt11'U111flNtfftJ'H1tJ ff1l' DNA

'II 'I 'II
il 'ntJ111fl
""'
2. '"()~
a' 4 a'
3. 19f""'Hl'fl9f1fl19f"" 4. flfl~fl.:J'Vlfl'lYfl
'II 'I

5. 'titll" tl~
1. '\J1~i~1iju K l'i1LML~fl~,)ui1,V1 2. 'U1~i~1iju E 1u~l1qjlh1'11tiJul11Tu
3. '\J1~i~1iju C ·rh111VfuN 'I
4.
'
'\J1~i~1iju D l'i1LMfl'l~~nfiflulfi'.:J 'II

A' 4 ~ .,J I ft ~ 4 ' sv ~ f'l A' 4 I ~ ft

6. L'Ufl Ltlfl11'\J.:J'Vluflfl "lJ

'I
LlJ ""'n'lf L'lf'U fl:"11J~'n'l11 11J "~'n'Vl~l
..
Lu'Ul'Ufl Ltlflu'l~tfl'VlL~
1. flfl"1"'Ulfl1J1 2. LoWLtJfll
3. ffLfl"flL'lULfllJ1 4. a-1~u t9f""
7. «~1fl ~lJ U'lfl~ L~lJU'l1fl!) tilfl L~flUl'~ffTVl fl fl
1. 'H'UflUi111tJU 2. 'H'Ufl'Ui1fl"1J
3. Mufluucl'fl.:J 4. fl~'n1'U

8. fl1l'l'i1~tJ'HlJfl ~fl.:Jtl1fftJfl1~l'i1-31U'lJfl.:J
1. Herbivore 2. Carnivore
3. Producer 4. Decomposer
9. 'lYfl1"11it~tJ1tftJff1~~fl11J'U~ (pigment)
2. N1'HU.:J)jfffl~1L~tl0flll""U1U
.., '1
1u1~urljjifttJ~vu1tJ
U a'e:j .... I U

3. 'lJ'U'Ufl.:Jff~11Jff~1-3 '1 Jl'U 4. ·

I r"
10. l1UTrhf1rfty'Ufl.:J~11dll1qj fifl
:' cv' 1.1 • .ell .,JI
1. "~'U1flf1tJL'\J1~1.:Jfl1tJ
'II
2. "'II ~ 9f1J ff1 'l'Vl tJ tl tJ tJ 1 fl
3. riflv1tl~~uuf1~L'UlTu

BI 103 319
1 f. tl1"Itnilu1utfl"I~thztfi'Vl1fl~'W1.Jltuf~i'
1. tCJfa alc1tl
"' .,
3. 1nalflt~u 4. 'Ufl 2 uaz 3
c:t .. ' ...
12. mutJfl'VlflUn"I:~n flfl
1. L'Vl'Uflfl'U (Tendon) 2. ann1Lli'U~ (Ligament)
3. oW1tlttJ1tJ (Fascea) 4. 1.Wtuflf
13. '111~lCJ1fl,..,,, tflv1'li'fl~nut1fl~lfl
1. fl111J Lt~ n ~h~lu fi1"ILU'Ufl11111 2. fl111J ffiJ'WU1i1UL~~ LU'Ufl1111l~f) nu
3. n1"IlltH1tufu'Ull~R~ijGV1~
'If;
4. fl111Ju~n~h~luilKvn1"Inu
14. fl~fi'thznfl1.Jff1UlfllutCJfaef ~12,jtflv1.Uo~nut1fl~'Ufl~tl11l1h~u
1. 1"IlulCJ11J 2.' 1lll~flfl'Utfl1v ·
I
... c:t
3. 1alCJ1lCJ11J 4. fllfl'Ulfl
15. tUfl1fltU'Utl1l~1~thztfi'Vlfl fln1tJ
1. uil~lTu 2. u11 N·~
3. ltnilii · 4. n"Izfl1~tl1
16. thtv1tnafltli"IGJtilfl11~-3 1na~lutl1 flutuaza1tJ11llfl 1~t~utY11aza1v tl1"IL11a1a::tnvif
... '
L"ItJfi11
1. isotonic solution 2. hypotonic solution
. 3. hypertonic solution 4. solution .
11. n1ltY1'1~tYttlflf1Jnun,,tYi',~1.u fi1-3nu~
1. 1'\iijn1lU}j~LCJftltl'H'Ul~tJ-J 2. 1~tYL1Jflfll 4 U~,~'\iLVftJ-3 1
3. lfll1li1CJfll1litvhnu 4. ij~tu'H!Jijt.u'1111trlv1-u'n~
18. 1fll11J1CJflJ Y 'Ufl~flu ~z1licwulu
c:t ... .c:t ...
. 1. l1JflLtlflfl'U11 2. LllflltlflflUfl~

3. tlL1Jfll1J1.J1~i1 4. 1t1tJ~~fl1~
19. .Ufllfl1l,jf'ln~fl~
"' I ... ~ ., K .. ~ ., ' ... ..
1. UN'UfiZ1.J~tllJL1J'Ufitl11JL'Utlft1tJ· 2. lllfl111tJL,L'U1UN'UfiZ1.J-3-ft1J~Z~~l11J
' ...! ~ .. ,¥ '"'" '
3. 6J11~'Vl111tJL~flf)fifitl11JL'UtlfilZ~J'l9Hfl1-3,Zflft1tJ
4.
~
fi11111tJL~fl1tJL'ULfi~'U'UYltCJftltl
~ .... .... ... .
20. trlflvhu1fl111fl,111 e1n11,:Lituad1-311
1. 111V1~flflfiflth~Ul~ 2. tntJ11LtU1601-3LL1~
3. 111tJ1~.L.U1Ua1~11J~1tJ111fllltnflnt)U1-3U1-3 ·
4. 111vl~flvnua1~111~1tJ111oltt.U1ad1-3u1-3

320 Bl 103
 IV !V

21. 1J'YI1J1'YI'Ufl~in~ (bile) lil1nrt~infi

..
fin "

1. 'Vi11l11'UlT'luLvni1lil1onu
3. VtW'l'UlJ'U 4. '111 vn 1'i ~ ~ CHll'1'UlJ'lJ 'Ill

22. iuLCJtf1flN1Ufln ff~'Ufl~ N'nff~ ~f1i,j'fiul-1;flfi~'lll1u ,;;v1 LU'ULCJtaffth::ul'YI

•
-
~-
1. Lfl'Wl~fl'jlJff ~
2. flfl'jfl

3. LifflL~fl11llt)l 'W1L'i'UlfllJ1
4.
23. lu fl'j::1J1'U 01'ifl () ff11JCifffUf1 ::~'W f11ff11J a~tt11J Lf1fJ f1'Ufl-lt1'1lil:!Lt1 ~fllJV1tJfl V1~l'j
1nnifJ tt1fli1'Yififl'lt1\t'lf71ill'Yififl
1. 2. 111 nif71ill'Yifit1'ltJu'lPntJnfi'Yiilfl
3. \no'lcHUfli1'Yiut1'11lri'lfllcitl'Yiilt1 'Ill
4. lil1n'lfl1CJtl'Yiilfl'lt1d'lult1l'Yiilfl
•

24. Respiration 'Ufl~a~iHri\Pl flfl

1. n1'iU1flfloCift1lu'lllv~LCJta6cvi'Ti1~n1tJ 2. LCJta6vtTh~n1vli'fltln'iL'u
3. ff1'ifl1l11'il'ULCJ1a 6tYa1tJi11lf'W a~~1u 4. rto~a~'YinsUfl 'Ill ..

2 5. n'i::Ufffl1111i'ifn fltl 01110 i1LCJff1 flU'i::ff1'YI'YI1~ff1'U11~

'II
f:l
2. UtlOCJftl'U
3. Ltl'U,) L'Wf1\Pl "4. i.WL1Jfll.
26. fl1flu'lot~'i\Pl~ff::ff11llluiuua::na111Lifa'Ua~tf\Pl1iu~~ adluzt.J'Ua~,
1. nalflff
'II
2. CJtlt1'iff
'Ill

3. uiJ~ 4. 'lnalfltlil'U
21. via'YI1~L~'Utl1l11lri1ul~~jjo1'iVfltJtl1l11'iUfltJ111n
1. t1tll1tltJ l1f1fl~tl1l11'i 2. l1f1fl~fl1l11'i O'i::L'W1::tl1l11'i
3. n'i::L'W1::tl1l11'i ch'lff'L~n 4. th'lBt~n fi1'1Kl'Mqj
28. 01'iVflUfl1l11l:'W1n tifflff\Pl11lftilun'i~a::ijlu LU'UO'i::1J1'Un1'il~ -
· 1. Respiration 2. Catabolism
3. Metabolism 4. Anabolism
29. ·,..,afl~via~'Vi1l1U1~~~ciuo,~'l'UlTunun~'CJtfl;ulut~aua1'lff'L~n 11voi1
'II ..

1. Capillary 2. Lacteal
3. Villi 4. Vein
30. ~ tllll1JO ~'Ul1J'iff LU'Ul1tb vi'u t1111Jfilnt1l::Lfl'Y11~
1. phonoreceptor 2. pressoreceptor .
3. chemoreceptor 4. thermoreceptor
31. ,j'fll~LU'Ufl11111il'1~
1. 'Yitl'U Llltlfl L',K
I "' !V4 .d "t
U tl LtJfl LCJflf1lJ · 2. L~an'i::~TWflflLCJtaa1.Wtua1
4. LU~fl111111'1~\'.}0'li'fl

BI 103 321
3 2. 1J'YIU1VILRtJ1 nu nT~UflD1Q LCJfa 6 a-i\~tl111J~lJ~u111'il1'HU~ ua:ri~La'111n1'ill1~1U\IfH
n1'v1:Na"''CJSaat4at-wfl tihJtJ'YitJ1YJ\ItN1"',ijulfl
...
1. La 2. fl
' ...
3. a 4. Ltl
33. rJliTtn!l~LiJu effector fia.Ualfl
~ X 4
1. OtlllJLUD 2. 'HtlaflLaafl
X ..1 • ..,
3. LUaLUD1J 4. N1'HU~

34. .Ua1fl,1iiia'11D1'H11LiJuo~tl'th:ne1Ji11J
~ It l' .I ~
1. inNtlLlJ . 2. U1utl1Ll'n
l't. l' •
3. u1 un~ I 4. UlfllJ
35. lu~n1n1flau i'au 4u t4n11,:\ltJ1tJcWu11~nth-311flL;1 L'W11:nucW'u11flvii1fl
1. binary fission 2. budding
3. sporulation 4. fragmentation
36. "fl111J'tfa1nl1a1tJ'V11-3;11n1-w" 'tf1J1.tJa~ n11tl·nn~,ilfl~1-3 ~ tt~a-38-3ii;i1"'1uvfu~
""' A .., ~ .. ~!1
\J'iL1W'HU-3 fl-3UU '-3'W\JLfl LU
. 1. species 2. population
3. society 4. community
37.. o1'v1:n1v1ui1-301tJ\ID-3flU tr1Ul'Hqjtl1:nou~1vn~1Jna11JLifat11:anV11fl
1~ Voluntary muscle 2~ Involuntary m~scle
~ X ~ . ¥
3. na111tuon1:tln 4. na111Luoa1v
38. d'"'1~1Lfl1J~ N11{1Jthi1Ll;j-3\11\l'i:'H16LUU,~1J'HU11J flf)
1. 'HOVL1iU 2. tla1r111
3. tiS-3n:ta 4. tJn.u'a
4 4 .Y. ..c:l .., ~ ~ .. ~ ....
39. 'WG)f'H1Da"'10"'11J 1\Jl~1l1YHL1flt'nllJLfll'W'i1:1J
1. 1:uutl1:a'1V1 2. ·o1'tJ1:i'ud'lJ~a'
3. 'Hthvi'ufl1111i'ffn 4. 'HU1.V"'OtJa'U0-3
•
40. ant:~w:1flVYi'1,tl\ln-3a~fi;fi"' \)Ofl1\JfJ111fltJlfl111Jl'lf11 ~'i:Ln'Yilfl
1. Sex chromosome . 2. Autosome
3. Ribosome 4. Microsome
41. cG'1n11 2 1tn1 iifl111JL~)Jwtthnui'fl~iJu
1. Isotonic solution 2. Hypotonic solution
3. Hypertonic solution 4. ABisotoni.c solution

322 Bl 103
42. 01 + U'Vl'U 011L~th~1V'l1U
- U'V1'U Ol'HfftJth~1tJ'l1U
o U'VlU n1'Ii,ji~ua~i1h8vth~lv,u.
fl111Jffirwuluuu Commensalis~ ;•:tJgluan"Wtu~l~
1. +/+ 2. +/-
3. -/- 4. +/0
43. ff'~n1u'l1n1~ i,jij 'i:uutaa~
1~ cwv1i~1~~ '!Ja-3 2. 'HUflUi1LL1JU iit~OUNflV
3. iHt~flu~u '!JaTH;jn ·. 4. 'VitJliitft~flU Q-3
o'a I I ~ o'4 J U . r "1 r .........
44. fl-3flu'i~Otl1Ji1'1'UL~'Ufl-3LCJ1ftft'W'l1 YJ'fl1lllJ1JdJt1~ .
1. 1CJ11~cwa1n11 2. NU-3LCJ1aa
3. L~flll1JLCJ1ftfl 4. illl~flfl'UL~1V

1. Omnivorous 2. Ovoviviparous
3. Dioecious
46. ..,~,n'llu.Unl~ iitJln~qfllua-3iii1~t
1.SHOP 2~ CONH
3. C N 0 K 4. N PK S

... ""'
1. Lfl L~'itJ1J 2. CJ10'U11
... .,
3. CJ10CJ11V 4. L1'U~1Lflft

48. «~-r,flaflu~tflanui'H1i~ 1~vnl'ivll-3l'U'Ufl-3

al ... ~
1. 1~1J1Jul~i1'1'V1 2. 'i:1J1JOftllJL'Ufl
· 3. 'i~uuln1-3n1~~n 4. 'lfn 1) ua~ 2) i111ri'u
4 9. ,jnl~i,jl,;fl111J'H1JltJ'Ufl-3 a-3ii;ii ~
1. Biota 2. Living things
:0

3. Matter 4. Organism .
5o. £1'1: «n~u ~i'Htt1Jl'i1lJnuiJ~'V11-3L~U'Utl-3~1'Httlnvi11J ti1u;f1~V41nlfl
2.
.
U'WtHfl~tl'Ua'~1
" .
4. L1J'Uitla'

BI 103 323
51. ~1u1u'H;tltAti1wttJtl-3a-3ii;li" Wfl11~-3 ~ luGJ11-31~u~na,itrh'Hu~Vt1-3~1ivunt1oni1
1. 'lfil~ (species) 2. th~'l11H'i (population)
3. fftJa (genus) 4. ff-3fi1J (society)

52. vhuti"i11anlu~fiL~11A'utfu ff11tfliil" ii'Ul1'U1Vlfl'Vl~'Wa~tlfl11uttlaoum.JcH«n1-n

"
u1"atl11111n
1. ,1', Ufl11111LUtJ iiL'VlU 2. -G, tltlncit\lU 1v1CJ1u

.3. fl1l1JtlU l81~'l'L\1U lU1fl'l'L\lU 4. ij1fln1ffLfi1LYltJ1JtlU .

"'1 ...., . """ A' ..
53. ~6L"1J 'lf~U1Vl~tl-3LU6LOO~
1. ·n1'l'Utl-3tlU "
2. n1'l'U1J.:JLCJ1aa
'

3. 01la'i\3ff1'i 4. 011~fl'lfu
"'
54. 'ti'tll~ tilutJ-,, ntJ n11W~tl-3 n11U'Winl~\11 u
u ~ !! • ...
1. n1l111tJL\l 2. fi1'ULfllatJ\110lfl1tl.atJUfl
.... .. al
3. Lf\11 Lfl1tl-3uc-31fftl11111
..r .. '"' ' -• " .. fltl
55. LUtlltJtl'Vla'1Uua1tJ'fflttllJ-tf\U'WGJ1 ..
1. 'W1L1Ulfi1J1
..r..a 0... ..r..a . .
3. L'UflLOtli.11LatJ.:J 4. LUflttJtll1l'Iq}
56. fl111Jd'1JvfuD1utii.atilutJ1l111Uritiu~n-3R.:Jii;li"J.:J11a1u n1-ot1un11
1. 1-3-o1n11111 2. ,hulvn11111

3. H1-31ciaTM11 .4~· CJM'Jn'ti'v.

57. .011ffi'1.:JtCJ1aat4nt'Wfflud'Mf 111ntuh1lJto1111 ,,.h~~GJ1il~,o.:Jt'Vff1 t1uni1

1,. lo1nitucua- 2. unii1flitucu«

3. tntloi'tnlfli tucva- 4. ,llltJti«

5s. "1'1nu11qj'1" n11agi·1JJnu1~lrh-31'1n'U11qj'1 tilun11ngi11ul'uuuulfl

1. Predati9n 2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism 4. Competition
59. 1.Uu".:J~a-3tf9lf tii.ou'Hu1il,inud1u1atUn-3.W,
.1. L1J~", 2. tiifl1,;
3. lutiftHff~.ff1JV11111 · ,_. .·ua
60. if-oioil~,ti~l11n~JJY4111i'Yisthth~ie~iitt~ulfltanua~6tf1uil1114'u t1ti
.., r
2. fl1111"6-t011U1
!t ..... ..r .. 0 ....
3. 011L1J1JLU6LtJtlfi1LfltJ-t 4:. tJOYJnfo

324 BI103
61. ,j'a1~i1i1'li "n1'lfJ11fhtil~"
1. 01'li1iiit'Wflffit"it.t1f 2.. 01'l'Vi1'HlJU
3. n1'li1a-:~nun1'lU~a-ui 4. n1'li1a-:~nun1'ltn1~'Ua-:~i1tiau
62. fl1'111'llHrn1u,ja1~ ~ij fl t'U fl1'YI1'111l'lfU~n1'ltHi'1tJ nt.t
1. 'H,j Nai~ 01J '111i.u'11 2. '111i.u'11 01J 'H,ji'UJJU
• • • •
3. 'H~tifaff'(;rJ n1J 'H~i'UlTt.t 4. 'H~«n n1J 'H~.u'11
~
63. 1fl'l(9ltl'l01'la'1'lUtHHct1tJ1J1J1nVlty~
v -

IV ~ • IV

1. 1Vt~n 2. 1vna1-:~flt.t

3. 1tJ'11'l1
IV
4. ff(9l'l1J fl'l'l.flII'
--

64. a'll11~(9111J'UtlL~
v "' ..1 '-1fl01a'(9'1-3fl'l'lll'L~tJ~ULGJ1'1
. ,1J1J
Vla'(9l'l ~ ~ £ -

1. 1'11 aaf-:~i.U'Vi1'11t.ttfi tJ'I,j'1-:JL~ tJ1 2. t'Haavia'lhi.UtViv-:~,j',~t~v1

3. ~·hi~Lfl11J~~naan 4. iliii.Ua on
•
V"'"J• v ..1 IV..I 4
6 5. 'UflL~ L1J (l0(9lfl-:J10tJ101JL'lfl'I'Ufl'l Lafl~
•
~~ ¥ •• ..1 IV a J .,4 ~ .dl - 4 ....
1. tuULUfl tr.lfl10tJ1'WUu'l~U1Vl'HU'I 2. L1J~Lafl~'U111JU1tflatJa'

3. u'Hci-:~a-1'1-:~ay~viaun'l~~n 4. ~11J tiluu'H rl-:~'Vi1 a1vLij~Laa~'U11

66. Ljj~ La a~ U~'I'Ufl'lflU iiau~'IL'W'l1~a'1J1J1iV11-3 Lflii'Ufl'ILL'hn~1~-
1. uflatCi1p1J 2. t'Han
3. VlV'IU~'I 4. 1'Wli'a'LCi1tJ1J
~ V "' ..1. I :'i V IV
67. fl1'111'lLU'UflL~V11Jflt'UTl1V11'1LilGJ1U101'l fla1tJOU
1. '111iui1-:~ n1J Mli«n 2. '111iNn n1J '111iNai,j'
• • • •
3. 'H~UiJ-:J 01J 'H~i'UlJU 4. 'H~i'UlJU 01J'H~Lifatf(91{ '
.dl ~ I ~ ....~ . . . . . IV V ..1
68. 'W'l1LU0~1JL~V11J11(9llU101'l~tltJ'Vlq'~

1. i=4'lfi1iii~an
. . ""'i1J1JLUtllVfllJ1JL1Ja~
2. 'W'l1Vl
..... ¥ • v ~
.... !1 .....
4. i=4'11i1iiiviathtav~
~
3. 'W'l1L1J1JL1Ja~

69. cw1ntlf~ ,;a11 iin1'l~1'l'I:;1(91LL1J1Jl~

1. Herbivorous 2. Saprophytism
3. Parasitism 4. Commensalism
1o. 1n Sa La';tJia1a ~u ~ii n1'l'ltu'l~fi'ulil n~1viuv-:~'l1t.t1JV1.n1 flt'Hila ua:a a-1u~u ii,~th:a--:~fl'
•
L'Wfl
1. i1a-:~nu1'lflfla'Wan 2. ila-:~nua1n1'liftyqptiau

BI 103 325
 ..I iJ .._. ..I -• . ... ... .,. ( • )
71. 11~ l fll'U tHl-3flu1=nauff1flqJ'Vlq'~
0 .,
\lfl-3ff11u1=nauau\11tJ Organtc cqtnpound
1. aanCitt,u 2. fllfuau
. ., . . c::S
3. 1'W'VlffLCJftJ'JJ 4. L'tHtfl
.I ~· ., , ....... ., I c::S ..I
72. ff11u1=flfl1JLU'UflLfl \11J{J~11fl11U'W1fl1Z,1tJ 111\'lq'~

1. tnaalu,1', 2. ~,..,a11lutl1n1f1
3. maalu~1L~fl11 4. "1-3YltJVi1JlU~1nku
73. utifletafl~nLu·Jfl'lfltJ-'11~-3 1111 3 flU Ufffl-3'"h lunTttli)a-ui
1. iil,j 1 lu trttlaf11 1 i1 2. iJl,j 1 lu ffLtlaf111nnniT 1 i1
3~ 1Ji.Jlfet1vlu a-nJaf11'11envl1 4. iJl.UlfetltJlu trtt1af1J 1 i1
, A tv A tv t I !t tv"lll l' IV .I
' 7 4. L1JtHflfi{J1011\1fl-31~U 'nfl-311-3 fltJ1-3ltlr3fl11'L'tf~11'U1tfOlLf1Z11Ju1::\11U

1. tnflul8Lfll~ 2. 1~1Du
3. ltl1~u .4. &nStlui
75~ L~fli'Utll=\11Ufl1'1111l~an111tfa1nSu tf11fl1~11V.1flLLln~dfltJ flfl
1. ltl1~u
1
2. uih
3. i'U,j'u 4.
...
flCUCJffllU
...
., . 0 ., ........

76. Ctfl~QJZ,1L'W1Z'U{J-3ff~1flQ11Up fltl

... c::S .... c::S .,
1. aani,j 2. 1JLfletfiYIU'U-31ltl:L111
3 .. iJ'Uuu~hiJuuN-3 4. iJiJnii'flu
11. N1tt1aan'Ua-3tj'-3 nl=P1tl-3'U6-3~ Lifua11t11:Ln'nlfl
i1u~u
1

1. 2. n1:t1 ntiau
3. fl1fltJi8L~l~ 4. ltll~'Ulltl11tJ .-
78. ~uiliih~a1LU1 L~aiii'u{,,,r,itll..,1i,:naua-Jt9uu,.Hn-3lu6n &iJu1tflflan1::tJ1Un11
1. Plasmolysis 2. Deplasmolysis
3. Osmosis 4. Diffusion
79. n11UtJ'tffli'1'Ufl-3fltl111Liffl·tlflYI1-3l~'Utl1'1111'ifJU'b.fifltJ1i
1. Homeostasis 2. Peris~sis
3. Epistasis 4. Plasmolysis
80. tf~1'111tloWGJS~iJLV.f1UtJn tl·nntJfl11'UL'WffLYftJ-36fh.:JtMf'7JlU.i'1.lttJfl11.
1. unisexual 2. homosexual·
3. monoecious 4~ ·. dioecious

_)

326 Bl.l03
 1. Dextrin 2. Maltase
3. Amylase 4. Lactase
82. 011UU~LCJSaat-rJan11L,ltyL~tJl;t\16~·i1~n1fJLUUft11Uli~lflv1ilfl
1. a:nl~citr 2. illl~tHi;Y
3. 111lacin- 4. iucin-
...r ..I 0 , ., , ., I ...r "1 • .1 .. I ~
8 3. LtJfl01::fl1lltl'U1lJ1L,~1U fllJ1,10 LUfllfJ6 Ln LtJfl1n'1tA tfl
1. l~flLfllJ i~tunf 2. iCJSLalJ l~tunf
_.. .. 0 .,
,
3. nLtJfl1 .,,na1~u
' ~ £'1 ° .... ..I
... ...... A ,
' .. ..
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.,
1. in 2. fl1flu1utfl1fl
3. 1~~u 4. l~1~u
85. ~fl'rifl~1viflfl1'H11 (vascular bundle) lu~ur4, tuutifatBn~'l'!:Ul'n
1. Vascular tissue 2. Conductive tissue
3. Connective tissue 4. Supporting tissue /
86. nua1'H11~ihtfulv .,:ih111qtt~n1'W~ td'~lvtfu ffaa::i1
1. LCJSaglfltr 2. i~LtJfll

87.
3. fl1flu1otfl1fl
le~~ .... .. ...
l'UflLU\16~NOUfl:NaLlJ
I . ,I. .t'
.. .,,
4. lJneU'a
tl £'1 I.
I.., -•
n'1UVI lJlJ0101tlfJU'H16la'UtVlJ1 'Uflg lJftllJ'Ul'UfllfJflu1tlfl't1 ·
1. flfli11flUifllJ1 2. 'W1L1UifllJ1
3. n-lflulCJtaa 4. i~tuaf
_.... f:l 'I .,: f:l I «$ £'1 A' .., t.l ~
88. L1Jflflfllltti~LUNfl'H1flllJ11fl L,'U n::fl1 LlJflflllVI11 l1J'Ul'UflLtf6 1tlfl'YIL~
1. flflftlflUifllJ·1 2. 'W111UifllJ1
3. 1~LtJfll 4. a'lflflfll1Uifl2J1
s9. ,ifntfflfth::mVIti1'aa1u '1 ~u12J1~1::nnun,..,,, tu'una12Jtifn~1::tn'Yilfl
1. involuntary muscle 2. smooth muscle
3. internal muscle 4. skeletal muscle
9o. .Ualfltii\J~,nd1~,.n~n-,,1~,~uilgn,h111t~avua'n1cw1~
, I«< ., .,
1. ttJLfllJ 2. l~1lj

3. gni'un~ 4. iri~2J

BI 103 327
91. a-3u1~aa1JV11-3n1vn1owtUa-3lan t.h:nau~1va:11
1. Hydrosphere 2. Lithosphere
~ ., .I •
3. Atmosphere 4. Vl-3n'11J\Ifl'YtOa11
92. na1tJL,j~;f'U6~1J'U~'ULm'Hqj LiJU0116~i11JO'UU1J1Jl~'
1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism
3. Competition · 4. Parasitism
93. • 1.1 • 1 """ - ,¥ • ., ., ., • 1.1 •1
fl111JLl.JQtJ'ULLl.JQ-3V1Ln~'l'UfltJ1-3U1J'WQ'UUQ1fl-3n'll1'W'l6-3011Ll.J.atJUUl.JQ-3'UU~a6~LlJ
e "'-' L1tJfl11
... ·
1. Changing 2. Development
3. Evolution 4. Mutation
., ., ., ., K -.1~ o ·!II ... ,¥ u ...
94. fl10:1J-3Q1JOlJOQ11JL'U601:~0CJf•Lfl1-3\tfl-3fl'U\1~~V11-31'U 6:L1~:Ln~'l'U'Yt'UV1

1. 'lf1l~\1~~L~'U 2. Q-3Q1J\1~flll1-31'U
3. 011\11tJl~LcU1660~:\1~~ 4. 1:lJ1J'1.h:tY1'Yt'l1~~orl1-31'U
95. tf~{ua:cW'J1~ihL'Ha-361fltJ\11flL01:0~ 6QU1.L1Wth~l~!l'fl-3,1'1 L1Vn11
1. uowa-3flflfl'UcW'J1 2.· u'Wa~tl'f1autff11
3. L'Uflflfl'U 4. LlJ'U1ifln'•
.... - ... ... ., u . . . .. . .....
96. 1f111J'UfllOtJ1'16-301Jtf\lll1'W1Lft::flWtl1'W-u6-3~1 flfl .

- -
1. 1f111JU B - -
2. 19l11J'U
' ,K
3. ift1iju c 4. ifl1iju A
91. 011L'W1:lSV-3Lifa t8n.W'J1 tiluLYJfllulatin11\ttJ1tJ,;'uf ·uuu ·
· 1. 011LLtJOLCJfaatlflOLiJUtY6-3tY1'U.. 2. fl11Uf10\1Ufl
.,
'3. 011LLfJn;luri1UVtltJ 3. fl11-3tlOl'Hli
- u !'I K .•• I ,
98. 1aat1 Lu'UL'UtllfJtlu1:LftflL~

1. t8a~rtl-3U-3 2. nt\'11JLifnt3vu .
.I .. K ~ .,..
3. LfJfl~'Yt"J'-3Q01J1flfl 4. L'U6LfJ611Jtlfl

99. cU'nl~LtiQn~n-3 I

1. 1a1a1ti~~~""~n,~1,1Tu 2. Liifuan~\t11iiil1Lflfivu1~'Ha1vtl'u
I' .,. ., u • • .!'!."'! J !'I
3. 'U1~\)fln'11 ~fJfllJ 4~ 1f111J'U"DJJqrt1iLu'Ufl1~

100. 011Lfl a auL\1 a\t~-36l\111 ,, flt.hn1t1tu tl-3'Vl111\1Ufl Lflflt1flfl1"J'tl1-31'U'ltl-3·Liffl L861U1:1JlJ

vlfl'Yt1-3Lfl'Ufl1\11; Lflaau1\1·1,'UU1J1J
1. Lfl'Yin'Lfl~U . 2. L'Wfl1Uf11a•if
3. loiilaULfl~U. 4. ow1fiilui•uliu

Bl::l03'
 18~f11i.YR11\l11~ NYfYf1 ft11~tn ntt.u.,. lti.JJ. (;lltltJ1). Cert. in· Public. Speech

l'6-3fl1a'ill'1tTitJth:,;'11l1fl1'111~11YifJ1 fltu:1'VlfJ1fl1a'"f
... .., 0
1J1111YlfJ1tlfJl'11Jfl1lllN

BI 103 329
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Bamll.bam(Jaeng ~till'nlberJiitp .~JreJtJi.
ininian4