Accepted Manuscript

Feeder systems of acidic lava flows from the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province in
southern Brazil and their implications for eruption style

Evandro Fernandes de Lima, Breno Leitão Waichel, Lucas De Magalhães May

Rossetti, Carlos Augusto Sommer, Matheus Silva Simões

PII: S0895-9811(17)30024-X
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2017.11.004
Reference: SAMES 1826

To appear in: Journal of South American Earth Sciences

Received Date: 12 January 2017

Revised Date: 25 September 2017
Accepted Date: 3 November 2017

Please cite this article as: de Lima, E.F., Waichel, Breno.Leitã., Rossetti, Lucas.De.Magalhã.May.,
Sommer, C.A., Simões, M.S., Feeder systems of acidic lava flows from the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous
Province in southern Brazil and their implications for eruption style, Journal of South American Earth
Sciences (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.jsames.2017.11.004.

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to
our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo
copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please
note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all
legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
1 Feeder systems of acidic lava flows from the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province in

2 southern Brazil and their implications for eruption style

4 Evandro Fernandes de Lima1*, Breno

5 Leitão Waichel2, Lucas De Magalhães May Rossetti1, Carlos Augusto Sommer1;

PT
6 Matheus Silva Simões3

RI
7

SC
1
9 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500,

10 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil

11 2

U
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC, Campus Trindade, 88.040-900,
AN
12 Florianópolis, Brazil
3
M

13 CPRM – Serviço Geológico do Brasil (Geological Survey of Brazil) – Manaus, Av.

14 André Araújo, 2160, 8 CEP 69060-000, AM, Brazil

D

15
TE

16 * Corresponding author address: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS

17 Email: eflgeologo@gmail.com
EP

18 Abstract

In the Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil, the volcanic sequence of the Paraná-
C

19
AC

20 Etendeka Igneous Province consists of pahoehoe and rubbly pahoehoe lava flows with

21 basaltic and basaltic andesitic composition respectively, overlaid by acidic volcanic

22 rocks. The acidic volcanic rocks of the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province exhibit

23 textures and structures that can be related to effusive and/or explosive eruptions

24 generating predominantly rheoignimbrites. The huge lava volume related to the

25 emplacement of large igneous provinces implicates on efficient feeder systems that are
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
26 more commonly observed in continental environments. In the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous

27 Province, feeders of basaltic rocks are exposed in several dyke swarms (Ponta Grossa

28 NW trending, Florianópolis/Skeleton Coast (NW Namibia) N-S trending, Serra do Mar

29 NE trending and Henties Bay/Outjo NE trending). In contrast, the only feeder system

30 proposed to the acidic rocks of the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province is the Messum

PT
31 complex in Namibia (Milner et al. 1995). In the study area, the opening of three quarries

RI
32 for the extraction of dimension stones has exposed impressive structures/textures that

33 show the effusive emplacement and the ductile to fragile-ductile magma transition along

SC
34 the acidic feeder dykes. Besides that, magma mixing/mingling processes between two

35 acidic magmas are observed along the dykes. Here we describe new occurrences of

36
U
acidic feeder dykes, correlate the dykes with acidic flows and discuss their importance
AN
37 to understand the emplacement of the Palmas type acid units in southern Brazil.
M

38 Introduction

39 Large Igneous Provinces, in special Continental Flood Basalt provinces, result

D

40 from the outpouring of huge volumes of lava along fissures systems in the continental
TE

41 crust (Coffin and Eldholm 1994). The volcanic pile is composed predominantly of

42 tholeiitic basaltic lavas emplaced in relatively short time intervals (Self et al. 1998).
EP

43 Most of these provinces were generated during Mesozoic and Cenozoic times and

generally are related to the fragmentation of supercontinents (Coffin et al. 2006).

C

44
AC

45 In Continental Flood Basalts, basaltic lava flows are generally fed by major dyke

46 swarms (e.g. Chief Joseph Dike swarm in the Columbia River basalts, Swanson, 1975).

47 In the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province several major dike swarms occur associated

48 with the lava flows: the Serra do Mar, Ponta Grossa (Renne et al. 1996) and

49 Florianópolis dike swarms (Florisbal et al. 2014) in South America and the Skeleton

50 Coast (Will and Frimmel 2013) and the Henties Bay/Outjo dike swarms (Trumbull et al.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
51 2007) in the African conjugated margin. The Serra do Mar and Florianópolis dyke

52 swarms intrude Proterozoic basement rocks and the Ponta Grossa dyke swarm intrudes,

53 mainly, the sedimentary rocks of the Paraná basin. In contrast, the recognition of feeder

54 systems of acidic compositions in the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province more difficult,

55 probably because these structures only appear as lineaments in aerial images. The

PT
56 orientations are NE-SW or NW-SE, consistent with the orientation of the main pre-

RI
57 existing Precambrian structures.

58 This work describes the geological aspects of new outcrops of the Paraná-

SC
59 Etendeka Igneous Province acidic volcanic rocks and feeder dyke systems in southern

60 Brazil, focusing on their field aspects and petrological and geochemical characteristics.

61
U
The features present in these acidic feeder dykes and associated lava flows elucidate
AN
62 some important questions on the eruptive style and emplacement of these rocks,
M

63 supporting an effusive origin for the acidic rocks in the studied area.

64
D

65 Geological setting
TE

66 The intracratonic Paraná Basin covers an area of c. 1,500,000 km2 in central-

67 eastern of South America (Fig. 1). The Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks from the
EP

68 Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province occur in the upper portion of the basin stratigraphy

covering sedimentary rocks of the Botucatu Formation (Renne et al. 1992; Turner et al.
C

69
AC

70 1994; Scherer 2002). The the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province (Serra Geral Group in

71 Brazil) is a succession of volcanic rocks with a maximum thickness of approximately

72 1,700 meters, mostly composed of tholeiitic basalts with minor rhyolites and

73 rhyodacites in the upper portion (Melfi et al. 1988). The basalts are divided in two

74 groups based on TiO2 contents, High-Ti basalts-HTi (TiO2>2%) and Low Ti basalts-LTi

75 (TiO2<2%) (Bellieni et al. 1984; Mantovani et al. 1985).

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
76 The acidic volcanic rocks of the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province had also

77 been divided into two major groups by Bellieni et al. (1986): Palmas type, which

78 outcrops mainly in the southern portion of the province, with typically low contents of

79 incompatible trace elements, and Chapecó type, chemically more enriched in TiO2,

80 P2O5, Zr, Ba, Sr outcropping in the north and central portions of the Paraná-Etendeka

PT
81 Igneous Province. Nardy et al. (2008) subdivided the Palmas type into five sub-groups,

RI
82 based on their geochemical characteristics: Santa Maria, Caxias do Sul, Anita Garibaldi,

83 Clevelândia, Jacuí; and the Chapecó type was divided in: Ourinhos, Guarapuava, and

SC
84 Tamaran.

85 In southern Brazil, the low-TiO2 lava pile reaches a thickness of ~1 km and was

86
U
divided into Torres, Vale do Sol, Palmas and Esmeralda formations based on flow
AN
87 architecture and internal flow field structures (Rossetti et al. 2017). The lower portion of
M

88 the stratigraphy is characterized by basaltic pahoehoe flow fields grouped in the Torres

89 Formation. These lavas are overlaid by thick tabular rubbly pahoehoe lava flows from
D

90 Vale do Sol Formation. The upper stratigraphy is characterized by homogeneous units

TE

91 of acidic rocks from Palmas Formation, and restrict basaltic eruptions from Esmeralda

92 Formation (Rossetti et al. 2017).

EP

93 The emplacement mechanism of the acidic units within the Paraná-Etendeka

Igneous Province is still controversial. Some authors classified the felsic volcanic rocks
C

94
AC

95 as rheoignimbrites (e.g. Whittingham 1989; Roisenberg and Vieiro 2000; Milner et al.

96 1992; Milner et al. 1995, Bryan et al. 2010). However, these authors admitted that

97 typical pyroclastic textures are rare, and restricted to the eventual appearance of pumice

98 fragments.

99 Garland et al (1995) discuss the textural aspects of the Palmas type rhyolites

100 (which are correlated with the Etendeka silicic units) and conclude that “...The Palmas
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
101 rhyolites evolved from a basic parent in stable, shallow-level magma chambers, and

102 were emplaced at the surface either explosively as rheoignimbrites or as low-viscosity

103 lavas....”. Other authors (Comin-Chiaramonti et al. 1988; Bellieni et al. 1986; Umann et

104 al. 2001, Lima et al. 2012; Rossetti et al. 2017) highlight the occurrence of features

105 typical of effusive acidic flows, such as oriented feldspar microliths along the flow,

PT
106 lobate terminations, autobreccias (monomictic with jigsaw texture) and the absence of

RI
107 pyroclastic textures and volcanic lithoclasts. Additionally, the tabular layers do not

108 show strong variations in thickness and in textural patterns, even vertically or laterally.

SC
109 Muzio et al. (2009) described the presence of silicic lava flows and typical pyroclastic

110 deposits in the Arequipa Formation, chronologically correlated to the Serra Geral

111
U
Group, exposed in the easternmost Uruguay. According to Riccomini et al. (2016), the
AN
112 uppermost stratigraphic units of the Parana Basin are formed by Tupanciretã and Volta
M

113 Alegre Formations. Tupanciretã formation is formed of aeolian and fluvial deposits, and

114 Volta Alegre formation is composed of resedimented tuffites sourced from the Santa
D

115 Maria subgroup of the Palmas Formation.

TE

116

117 Description of feeder dyke systems and acidic volcanics

EP

118 The studied area is located at the southern portion of the Paraná-Etendeka

119 Igneous Province, in the north of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil (Fig. 1). In the São
C

120 Marcos and Antonio Prado region, the Serra Geral Group is composed of basaltic
AC

121 pahoehoe lavas at the base, covered by rubbly pahoehoe lavas (Waichel et al. 2012;

122 Rossetti et al. 2017). The pahoehoe flows fields are formed of numerous anastomosing

123 flow lobes that were emplaced at low effusion rates on a flat paleotopography (<5o

124 slope). The rubbly pahoehoe flows are tabular, up to 30 m thick, and were generated by

125 higher effusion rates during the main phase of volcanic activity (Rossetti et al. 2017).
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
126 The two types of basaltic lavas are low-TiO2 tholeiites and the difference in lava flow

127 morphology is related to the eruption dynamic and volume.

128 The basaltic rocks are overlaid by acidic volcanic rocks from the Palmas

129 Formation (e.g. Umann et al. 2001, Nardy et al. 2008, Rossetti et al 2017), and the

130 discovery of feeder dyke systems and lava flows provides a better scenario to

PT
131 understanding the eruptive and emplacement process dynamics during the formation of

RI
132 acidic units in the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province.

133

SC
134 Figure 1- Geological map of Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province in South America, and

135 location of the studied area.

U
AN
136 Feeder dyke systems

137 The discovery of new outcrops of acidic rocks with vertical magmatic foliation
M

138 and the opening of three quarries for the extraction of building stones in the study area

139 allow the observation of the feeder dyke system of the acidic volcanic rocks in three
D

140 dimensions and their spatial relations with the flows. All quarries, Copermisan, Jade and
TE

141 Delgrano show walls of coherent acidic rocks with vertical to sub-vertical magmatic
EP

142 foliation and autobreccias (Fig. 2). The foliation along the walls is marked by layers of

143 reddish and gray/black vitrophyres (Fig. 2). In the Copermisan quarry, where the area of
C

144 exposition is bigger, the foliation gradually changes from vertical to low angle (~300)
AC

145 along the wall, grading upwards, again, to high angle foliation, forming structures that

146 resemble cauliflowers (Fig. 3A). Internally, these structures show large fragments of

147 vesicular acidic lava with irregular margins enveloped by batches of acidic lava with

148 vertical foliations (Fig.3B). Locally, large elliptic geodes up to 30 cm and highly

149 vesicular lava fragments are enveloped by foliated acidic lava (Fig. 4A).

150
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
151 Figure 2 - Outcrops and location of the quarries: (A) Copermisam - 51o 6’ 46.0’’ S
152 28o 58’ 6.77’’ W; (B) Jade 28° 54' 40.2" 51° 06' 49.1" (C) Delgrano 51o 7 ‘23.01’’S
153 28o 54’ 10.74’’ W. Datum WGS 84.
154
155 In horizontal 2D cuts, the feeder dyke systems exhibit generally tight folds and

156 vertical foliation (Fig. 4B), and it is difficult to recognize the conduit structure,

PT
157 differently from the quarries which expose 3D outcrops.

RI
158 Autobreccias and hydrothermal breccias are distinguished along the feeder

159 systems and are formed of lava fragments up to 30 cm in size with rounded to irregular

SC
160 margins involved by more oxidized/reddish lava (Fig. 5A). Hydrothermal breccias

161 occur like irregular patches and are constituted of angular lava fragments involved by

162 zeolites (Fig. 5B)

U
AN
163 Figure 3 (A) Cauliflower structure exposed in the quarry; (B) vesicular acidic lava
M

164 enveloped by acidic lava with vertical foliations marked by the alternation of reddish

165 and a gray/black vitrophyres.

D

166
TE

167 Figure 4 (A) Large elliptic geodes enveloped by foliated acidic lava; (B) Vitrophyres
EP

168 with vertical foliation generally folded in plain view outcrops.

169
C

170 Figure 5 (A) Autobreccias composed by lava clasts up to 30 cm in size with rounded to
AC

171 irregular margins involved by more reddish lava; (B) Hydrothermal breccias constituted

172 by angular lava clasts involved by zeolites. Coin=2cm.

173 Acidic lava flows

174 Acidic lava flows in the studied area are tabular in geometry, and up to 20 m

175 thick lavas that generally overlie basic rubbly pahoehoe lava flows. The contact
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
176 between acidic and basaltic lavas is sharp with a near horizontal orientation and erosive

177 features are absent. The rubbly top of the underling lavas is formed of fragments of

178 vesicular basalt with centimetric to decimetric dimensions.

179 The basal portions of acidic flows are aphanitic and generally exhibit a

180 horizontal flow foliation near the contact (see Fig. 9B). Locally the foliation is

PT
181 undulated or folded. Basal breccias are not observed along the contacts and the acidic

RI
182 flow grade upwards to a massive and granophyric core, with horizontal and low angle

183 joints.

SC
184 Petrographically, the acidic flows are vitrophyric at the base and grade upwards

185 to granophyric cores. The vitrophyres are composed of acicular to skeletal microlites of

186
U
plagioclase, pyroxene and opaque minerals in a glassy matrix, with a concentration of
AN
187 mafic and opaque minerals marking the flow foliation (Fig. 6A). In the granophyres,
M

188 phenocrysts of plagioclase, pyroxene and opaque minerals are surrounded by a

189 holocrystalline matrix and glomeroporphyritic texture is common (Fig. 6B).

D

190
TE

191 Figure 6 (A) Foliation of the vitrophyres marked by different concentrations of

192 plagioclase, pyroxene and opaque minerals, (B) Glomeroporphyritic texture

EP

193 (plagioclase, pyroxene, and opaque minerals) in granophyres. Photomicrographs in

parallel-polarizers.
C

194
AC

195 Geochemistry

196 Eleven samples from feeder dykes and lava flows of the study area were selected

197 for chemical analyses of major, minor and trace elements (Table 1).

198 In R1-R2 diagram (De la Roche et al. 1980) all samples plot in the rhyodacite

199 field (Fig. 7A) and in TAS diagram samples occupy the dacite field (Fig. 7B). All lavas
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
200 are chemically similar to those of the Caxias do Sul sub-group of Palmas type (Nardy et

201 al. 2008), associated with the low-Ti basalts in southern Brazil (Bellieni et al. 1986).

202 Figure 7 (A) Samples of the feeders dykes and flows plotted in the R1-R2 diagram (De

203 la Roche et al. 1980), (B) samples plotted in TAS diagram (Le Bas 1986) with Palmas

204 type field proposed by Nardy et al. (2008).

PT
205 Trace elements concentrations of the acidic rocks normalized by the primordial

RI
206 mantle (Sun and McDonough 1989) in spidergram show a pattern similar to the Palmas

type (Fig. 8 - Nardy et al. 2008). The Palmas rhyolites rare earth elements, normalized

SC
207

208 by chondrite, show a slightly enrichment in LREE related to HREE and a marked

U
209 negative Eu anomaly, typical of early fractionation of plagioclase feldspar. The
AN
210 magmatic evolution probably involved ACF processes of a low Ti basalts parental

211 magma (Gramado type Peate et al., 1992; e.g. Bellieni et al., 1986; Garland et al.,
M

212 1995).

213 Figure 8 (A) Acidic samples (blue) normalized by the primordial mantle (Sun and
D

214 McDonough 1989) in spidergram show a pattern similar to the Palmas type (red).
TE

Sample GA-03V GA-03P GA-07 GA-16 GA-10 GA-11 GA-12 GA-13 GA-34 GA-35B GA-37
Element (feeder) (feeder) (feeder) (feeder) (flow) (flow) (flow) (flow) (flow) (flow) (flow)
SiO2 62.60 68.88 68.96 67.24 66.51 66.88 67.07 67.01 64.99 67.66 65.25
EP

Al2O3 14.53 12.13 11.95 12.74 12.87 12.74 13.05 12.76 13.14 12.92 12.87
Fe2O3(T) 6.71 5.99 6.00 6.24 5.93 5.84 5.90 5.84 7.24 6.03 6.32
MnO 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.15 0.09 0.11
MgO 1.48 1.21 1.13 1.00 1.22 1.31 0.95 1.31 1.52 1.15 1.36
CaO 3.31 2.96 2.76 2.50 3.10 2.94 2.50 3.03 3.48 3.02 3.48
C

Na2O 3.34 2.72 2.59 2.63 2.86 2.84 2.80 2.87 3.15 3.05 3.55
K2O 4.58 3.99 4.46 4.54 4.30 4.02 4.09 4.14 3.57 3.68 2.94
AC

TiO2 1.00 0.87 0.85 0.92 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.90 1.06 0.96 0.95
P2O5 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.26 0.27
P.F. 1.8 0.7 0.8 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.6 1.2 1.0 2.7
Total 99.79 99.84 99.85 99.83 99.83 99.83 99.83 99.82 99.81 99.81 99.83
Cr 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
Ni 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Co 13.8 11.3 11.5 11.8 11.3 10.4 10.2 10.9 15.2 13.3 12.2
Ba 721 631 565 628 702 634 718 661 715 596 553
Rb 197.2 178.5 181.9 185 177.5 165.6 172.3 177.6 149.7 157.2 149.3
Sr 154.5 144.2 130.9 133 147.7 141.2 137.8 152.5 150 143.1 147
Zr 259.6 224.2 218.6 238.4 233.5 233.6 242.9 240.9 234.3 225.1 222
Hf 7.2 6.4 5.9 6.9 7 6.9 6.8 7 6.5 6.3 6.2
Y 65.6 45.5 34.6 34.2 41.1 36.9 49.5 36.6 42.9 109.5 34.1
Nb 23.1 20.7 20 22.1 21.4 22.4 22.9 21.8 21.1 20.5 20.3
U 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 5 4.9 4.6 4.2 4.4 4.5
Th 16.1 13.9 12.8 14.1 14 13.9 14.2 14.5 13.1 12.6 13.2
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
La 48.1 39.9 36.6 38.1 39.8 39.5 39.3 41.1 39.9 47.6 36.2
Ce 94.1 84.2 81 85.1 85.7 85 82.9 89.9 86.9 106.3 80.6
Pr 11.91 9.65 9.15 9.63 9.8 9.75 9.75 10.24 9.67 13.49 9.09
Nd 46.8 37.7 35.5 37.4 40.2 38.2 37.2 39.4 36.8 58.9 35
Sm 9.56 7.51 7.08 7.28 7.75 7.6 7.59 7.86 7.76 12.93 7.2
Eu 1.88 1.44 1.42 1.43 1.54 1.47 1.54 1.5 1.61 2.98 1.41
Gd 10.43 7.3 6.52 6.61 7.35 7.05 7.81 7.12 7.59 15.4 6.69
Tb 1.72 1.17 1.08 1.09 1.18 1.15 1.25 1.17 1.26 2.58 1.11
Dy 10.01 6.39 6.08 6.22 6.59 6.41 6.9 6.7 7.16 15.45 6.33
Ho 2.13 1.38 1.2 1.2 1.36 1.29 1.52 1.28 1.45 3.32 1.21
Er 6.29 3.79 3.41 3.2 3.88 3.65 4.24 3.6 4.05 9.65 3.41
Tm 0.91 0.54 0.51 0.5 0.57 0.55 0.61 0.55 0.6 1.46 0.51

PT
Yb 5.71 3.42 3.3 3.15 3.6 3.58 3.76 3.48 3.76 9.48 3.36
Lu 0.88 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.54 0.51 0.58 0.53 0.57 1.42 0.51
215

RI
216 Table 1- Chemical analyses (major and minor elements wt.%; trace elements- ppm) of

SC
217 selected samples from the feeders systems and flows of the study area.

218 Discussion

219
U
The description of the new quarries exposing the feeder system and related
AN
220 acidic volcanic units in the southern portion of the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province
M

221 provides important information on the eruptive style of the Palmas type rocks in the

222 region.
D

223 The spatial relationship and similar geochemical characteristics demonstrate that
TE

224 the feeder systems and the acidic lava flows are cogenetic. The presence of fragments of

225 vesiculated acidic rocks involved by foliated acidic rocks suggests two events in the
EP

226 feeder evolution. Probably a first magma pulse was emplaced very near the surface,

where degassing occurred forming a tampon. Evidence that this first magma pulse
C

227
AC

228 reached the surface, such as pyroclastic facies, are absent. The second episode is related

229 to a new magma pulse that caused the fragmentation of the vesicular tampon, enclosing

230 the vesicular fragments and erupting as lava flows. The foliated acidic rocks are

231 coherent and do not show evidence of explosive processes along the feeders, where

232 older acidic fragments are engulfed by the new magma pulse, neither in the contact with

233 the overlaid scoriaceous top of rubbly pahoehoe flows. Pyroclastic rocks are absent
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
234 along the contacts and the acidic flows cover gently the loose rubbly tops of the

235 underling lavas without eroding it.

236 The presence of large geodes within the foliated acidic rocks along the conduits

237 demonstrates a small degassing process during magma ascent, but the features described

238 above indicate a small volatile content of these acidic magmas during ascension and

PT
239 extrusion. Usually, more differentiated magmas have a high volatile content that might

RI
240 trigger explosivity within the eruption. In this case, probably the acidic magma suffered

241 degassing before extrusion. Taylor et al (1983) and Eichelberg et al (1986) postulated

SC
242 that siliceous magmas develop permeability during vesiculation and ascension and, if

243 the rates of ascension are low, the gases are released, promoting degassing and the

244
U
generation of an effusive deposit. Another important factor in the eruption of acidic
AN
245 magmas is the temperature. The high temperature of acidic magmas causes a decrease in
M

246 the viscosity and facilitates the flow (Creaser and White 1991; Honjo et al. 1999;

247 Yamashita 1999; Mangan and Sisson 2000, Simões et al. 2014). Geothermometry
D

248 studies in acidic volcanic rocks in the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province have obtained
TE

249 temperatures of ~1000-1100 0C (Milner, et al. 1992; Harrinson and Watson 1984;

250 Bellieni et al. 1984; Simões et al. 2014) and this characteristic certainly is very
EP

251 important on defining the morphology and extent of these lava flows.

We described here the first feeder systems of the acidic flows (Palmas type) of
C

252
AC

253 the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province in the South American side and the petrography

254 and geochemistry characteristics present in both the conduits and in the related lava

255 flows are indicative of an effusive nature of the eruption. The emplacement model for

256 these feeders and lava flows is similar to the model proposed by Fink (1983) to rhyolitic

257 obsidian flows (Fig. 9).

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
258 Figure 9- Emplacement model to rhyolitic obsidian flows proposed by Fink (1983) with

259 photos from the feeder (A) and flow (B) of the study area.

260 Milner et al. (1995), when studied silicic volcanic units of the Paraná-Etendeka

261 Igneous Province, proposed that the Goboboseb member (Namibia) and the basal

PT
262 portion of Palmas Acidic Volcanics (Unit A from Whittingham 1991) are correlated and

263 the magma source is the Messum Complex. According to these authors, the acidic

RI
264 volcanics of Palmas type (Unit A) have traveled more than 340 km, which supports the

contention that these units are rheoignimbrites rather than lava flows. Figure 10 shows

SC
265

266 the location of the Messum eruptive center on the African side and the location of the

U
267 new feeders identified in the South American side of the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous
AN
268 Province. The continuous line marks the stratigraphic disconformity within the Paraná-

269 Etendeka succession that was interpreted as an erosional surface by Milner et al. (1995)
M

270 and the feeders described here are located to the north of the disconformity. This

271 correlation permits to infer that similar feeder structures associated with an effusive
D

272 eruption event probably occur in Tafelberg section in NW Namibia.

TE

273 The identification of new outcrops with volcanic features and textures typical of
EP

274 effusive eruption styles demonstrates that the pyroclastic eruption style is not unique in

275 the formation of the acidic volcanics of Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province and more
C

276 detailed volcanological studies are in course to determine the eruptive style of other
AC

277 acidic units in the Paraná-Etendeka.

278
279 Figure 10- Map of the acidic volcanics (undivided) in southeastern Paraná Basin and

280 Namibia). Location of Messum Eruptives and stratigraphic disconformity (continuous

281 line) proposed by Milner et al. (1995). Location of the feeder described in this work

282 marked with a star. Modified from Milner et al. (1995).

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
283

284 Conclusions

285 1. In the study area (southeastern portion of Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province),

286 basalts of pahoehoe type overlayed by basalts of the rubbly pahoehoe type are

287 exposed at the base of the Serra Geral Group and are covered by acidic volcanic

PT
288 rocks of Palmas type.

RI
289 2. The opening of new quarries allows the observation of feeder systems of the

290 acidic lava flows which are constituted of a cauliflower structures in 3D. The

SC
291 conduits are spatially correlated with the lava flows. In plan view outcrops, these

292 structures exhibit a vertical igneous foliation and the identification of the feeders

293 systems is more difficult.

U
AN
294 3. The feeders and acidic volcanics of the Caxias do Sul sub-group (Palmas type)
M

295 present the same petrographic and geochemical patterns, typical of an effusive

296 eruptive style.

D

297 4. Low rates of magma ascent along the feeding structures allow the degassing, and
TE

298 the high temperature of the magmas favored the formation of effusive deposits.

299
EP

300 Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the financial support of FAPERGS 2311-

2551/14-8, CNPq 44812-2015-9-; 402400-0 and PQ 322125-2016-7 projects. We thank

C

301
AC

302 the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and their many

303 insightful comments and suggestions.

304 References

305 Bellieni G, Comin-Chiaramonti P, Marques L.S, Melfi A.J, Piccirillo E.M, Nardy

306 A.J.R, Roisenberg A (1984) High- and Low Ti flood basalts from the Paraná plateau
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
307 (Brazil): Petrogenetic and geochemical aspects bearing on their mantle origin. Neues

308 Jahrb Mineral Abh 150: 272-306.

309 Bellieni G, Comin-Chiaramonti P, Marques L.S, Melfi AJ, Nardy A.J.R, Papatrechas C,

310 Piccirillo E.M, Roisenberg, A (1986) Petrogenetic aspects of acid and basaltic lavas

311 from Paraná Basin (Brazil): geological, mineralogical and petrochemical relationships. J

PT
312 Petrol 27:915-944.

RI
313 Bryan S.E, Peate I.U, Peate D.W, Self S, Jerram D.A, Mawby MR, Marsh J.S, Miller

314 J.A (2010) The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth-Sci Rev 102 207–229.

SC
315 Coffin MF, Eldholm O (1994) Large Igneous Provinces: crustal structure, dimensions

316 and external consequences. Rev of Geophys 32:1-36,

317
U
Coffin M, Duncan R, Eldholm O, Fitton J.G, Frey F, Larsen H.C, Mahoney JJ, Saunders
AN
318 A.D, Schlic, R, Wallace, P.J (2006) Large igneous provinces and special issue features:
M

319 Scientific Status Quo and look ahead. Oceanogr 19(4):150-160.

320 Comin-Chiaramonti P, Belliene G, Piccirrilo E.M, Melfi A.J (1988) Classification and
D

321 petrography of continental stratoid volcanic and related intrusive from the Paraná Basin
TE

322 (Brasil). In: Piccirrilo E.M, Melfi A.J (eds) The Mesozoic flood volcanism of the Paraná

323 Basin: petrogenetic and geophysical aspects: IAG-USP. São Paulo, 600 p.
EP

324 Creaser R.A, White A.J.R (1991) Yardea Dacite Large-volume, high-temperature felsic

volcanism from the Middle Proterozoic of South Australia. Geol 19(1)48-51.

C

325
AC

326 De La Roche E.H, Leterrier J, Grandclaude P (1980) A classifícation of volcanic and

327 plutonic rocks and associations. Chem Geol 29:183-210.

328 Eichelberger J.C, Carrigan C.R, Westrich H.R, Price R.H (1986) Nonexplosive silicic

329 volcanism. Nature 323:598-602

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
330 Fink J.H (1983) Structure and emplacement of a rhyolitic obsidian flow; Little Glass

331 Mountain, Medicine Lake Highland, northern California. Geol Soc of Am Bull

332 94(3)362-380.

333 Florisbal L.M, Heaman L.M, Janasi V.A, Bitencourt M.F (2014) Tectonic significance

334 of the Florianópolis Dyke Swarm, Paraná–Etendeka Magmatic Province: A reappraisal

PT
335 based on precise U–Pb dating. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.; 289:140–150.

RI
336 Garland, F., Hawkesworth, C.J., Mantovani, M.S.M., (1995) Description and

337 petrogenesis of the Paraná rhyolites, southern Brazil. J. Petrol. 36 (1193–1127).

SC
338 Harrison T.M, Watson E.B (1984) The behaviour of apatite during crustal anatexis:

339 equilibrium and kinetic considerations. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 48 (7):1467-1477.

340
U
Honjo N, Bonnichsen B, Leeman W.P, Stormer JC (1999) Mineralogy and
AN
341 geothermometry of high-temperature rhyolites from the central and western Snake River
M

342 Plain. Bull Volcanol 54(3) 220-237.Le Bas M.J, Le Maitre R.W, Zanettin, B (1986) A

343 chemical classification of volcanic rocks based on the total alkali – silica diagram". J
D

344 Petrol 27:745-750.

TE

345 Lima E.F., Philipp R.P., Rizzon G.C., Waichel B.L., Rossetti L.M.M. (2012). Sucessões

346 Vulcânicas e Modelo de Alimentação e Geração de Domos de Lava Ácidos da

EP

347 Formação Serra Geral na Região de São Marcos, Antonio Prado (RS). Geol USP Ser.

Cient, 12:49-64.
C

348
AC

349 Mangan M, Sisson T (2000) Delayed, disequilibrium degassing in rhyolite magma:

350 decompression experiments and implications for explosive volcanism. Earth Planet Sci

351 Lett 183(3-4):441-455.

352 Mantovani M.S.M, Marques, L.S, De Sousa M.A, Civetta L, Atalla L, Innocenti F

353 (1985) Trace element and strontium isotope constraints on the origin and evolution of
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
354 Paraná continental flood basalts of Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. J Petrol

355 26:187-209.

356 Melfi A.J, Piccirillo E.M, Nardy A.J.R (1988) Geological and magmatic aspects of the

357 Paraná Basin an introduction. In: Piccirillo EM, Melfi AJ (eds.) The Mesozoic Flood

358 Volcanism of the Paraná Basin: Petrogenetic and Geophysical Aspects. IAG-USP 1-13.

PT
359 Milner S.C, Duncan A.R, Ewart A (1992) Quartz latite rheoignimbrite flow of the

RI
360 Etendeka Formation, North-Western Namibia. Bull Volcanol 54:200-219.

361 Milner S.C, Duncan A.R, Duncan A.R, Whittingham A.M, Ewart A (1995) Trans-

SC
362 Atlantic correlation of eruptive sequences and individual silic volcanic units within

363 Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 69:137-157.

364
U
Muzio R, Morales E, Veroslavsky G, Conti B (2009) The Arequita Formation (Lower
AN
365 Cretaceous): petrographic features of the volcanic facies in the Laguna Merín basin,
M

366 east Uruguay. Lat Am J Sedimentol Basin Anal 6 :1, 19-28.

367 Nardy A.J.R, Machado F.B, Oliveira M.A.F (2008). As rochas vulcânicas mesozóicas
D

368 ácidas da Bacia do Paraná: litoestratigrafia e considerações geoquímicas-estratigráficas.

TE

369 Rev Bras Geo 38(1):178-195.

370 Peate D.W, Hawkesworth C.J, Mantovani M.S.M (1992) Chemical stratigraphy of the
EP

371 Paraná lavas (S. America): classification of magma types and their spatial distribution.

Bull. Volcanol. 55, 119–139.

C

372
AC

373 Renne P.R, Deckart K, Ernesto M, Fe´raud G, Piccirillo E.M (1996) Age of the Ponta

374 Grossa dike swarm (Brazil), and implications to Paraná flood volcanism Earth Planet.

375 Sci Lett 144(1-2): 199-211

376 Renne P.R, Ernesto M, Pacca IG, Coe R.S, Glen J.M, Prévot M, Perrin M (1992) The

377 age of Paraná flood volcanism, rifting of Gondwanaland and the Jurassic-Cretaceous

378 boundary. Science 258: 975-979.

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
379 Riccomini C, Santanna L. G, Fambrini G.L (2016) The Early Cretaceous Jacuí Group, a

380 newly discovered volcaniclastic-epiclastic accumulation at the top of the Paraná Basin,

381 southern Brazil. Cretaceous Res 59:111-128.

382 Roisenberg A, Viero A.P (2000) O vulcanismo mesozoico da Bacia do Paraná no Rio

383 Grande do Sul. In: Holz M, De Ros LF (eds) Geologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto

PT
384 Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul:355-374.

RI
385 Rossetti L, Lima E.F, Waichel B.L, Hole M.J, Simões M.S, Scherer CMS (2017).

386 Lithostratigraphy and volcanology of the Serra Geral Group, Paraná-Etendeka Igneous

SC
387 Province in Southern Brazil: Towards a formal Stratigraphical Frameworl, J. Volcanol

388 Geotherm Res.

389
U
Self S, Keszthelyi L, Thordarson T (1998) The importance of pahoehoe. Ann Rev Earth
AN
390 Planet Sci. 26:81-110.
M

391 Simões M.S, Rossetti L.M.M, Lima E.F, Ribeiro B.P (2014) The role of viscosity in the

392 emplacement of high-temperature acidic flows of Serra Geral Formation in Torres

D

393 Syncline (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). Braz. J, Geol. 44: 669-679,
TE

394 Sun S, McDonough W.F (1989) Chemical and Isotopic Systematics of oceanic basalts:

395 implications for Mantle Composition and. Processes. In. Saunders AD, Norry MJ (eds.)
EP

396 Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, Spec Publ Vol Geol Soc Lond 42:313-345.

Taylor, B.E., Eichelberger, J.C., Westrich, H.R., (1983) Hydrogen isotopic evidence of
C

397
AC

398 rhyolitic magma degassing during shallow intrusion and eruption: Nature, v. 306, p.

399 541-545.

400 Scherer, C.M.S (2002) Preservation of aeolian genetic units by lava flows in the lower

401 Cretaceous of the Parana Basin, southern Brazil. Sedimentology 49:97–116.

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
402 Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F. (1989). Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic

403 basalts; implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Magmatism in the ocean

404 basins. Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J. (Editors), J Geol Soc London 42: 313-345.

405 Swanson D.A, Wright T.L, Helz R.T (1975). Linear vent systems and estimated rates of

406 magma production and eruption for the Yakima Basalt on the Columbia Plateau. Am. J.

PT
407 Sci. 275, 877–905.

RI
408 Trumbull R.B, Reid D.L, De Beer C, Van Acken D, Romer R.L (2007) Magmatism and

409 continental breakup at the west margin of southern Africa: A geochemical comparison

SC
410 of dolerite dikes from northwestern Namibia and the Western Cape S. Afr J Geol 110(2-

411 3):477-502.

412
U
Turner S, Regelous M, Kelley, Hawkeswort, C.J, Mantovani M.S.M. (1994)
AN
40
413 Magmatism and continental break-up in the South atlantic: high precision Ar/39Ar
M

414 geochronology. Earth Planet Sci Lett 121:333-348.

415 Umann LV, Lima E.F, Sommer C.A, De Liz J.D (2001) Vulcanismo ácido da região de
D

416 Cambará do Sul-RS: litoquímica e discussão sobre a origem dos depósitos. Rev Bras
TE

417 Geo 31 (3)357-364.

418 Waichel B.L, Lima E.F, Viana A.R, Scherer C.M, Bueno G.V, Dutra G (2012).
EP

419 Stratigraphy and volcanic facies architecture of the Torres Syncline, Southern Brazil,

and its role in understanding the Paraná-Etendeka Continental Flood Basalt Province. J.
C

420
AC

421 Volcanol Geotherm Res 215–216:74–82.

422 Whittingham A.M (1989) Geological features and geochemistry of the acid units of the

423 Serra Geral Formation, south Brazil. In: Continental Magmatism... IAVCEI abstracts:

424 Santa Fé, New México,293.

 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
425 Whittingham A.M (1991) Stratigraphy and petrogenesis of the volcanic formations

426 associated with the opening of the South Atlantic, southern Brazil. Ph.D. Thesis.

427 University of Oxford.

428 Will T.M, Frimmel H.F (2013) The Influence of Inherited Structures on Dike

429 Emplacement during Gondwana Breakup in Southwestern Africa. J. of Geol.; 121(5):

PT
430 455-474.

RI
431 Yamashita S (1999) Experimental Study of the Effect of Temperature on Water

432 Solubility in Natural Rhyolite Melt to 100 MPa. J Petrol 40(10):1497-1507.

U SC
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
EP
C
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
RI
Subject: Invitation to revise manuscript SAMES_2017_12

SC
Highlights

U
We describe acidic feeder dykes correlated with acidic flows.
AN
We identified the effusive acid flows of the Paraná-Etendeka Igneous Province.

We describe the feeder systems of the acidic lava flows in 3D.

M
D
TE
C EP
AC