FAULT ANALYSIS

in
POWER SYSTEM

Sompol Chumnanvanichkul

Power System Analysis Department

Control and Protection System Division
EGAT
1
sompol.c @ egat.co.th

Content

1. Fault
1 F lt recorder
d
2 Theory
2. Th off waveform
f
3 Fault
3. F lt signature
i t
Content

1. Fault
1 F lt recorder
d
2 Theory
2. Th off waveform
f
3 Fault
3. F lt signature
i t

DIGITAL FAULT RECORDER or DFR is the equipment

for recording the disturbance or fault in the power system,
f
from this
thi data
d t we can analyze
l ;
- The performance of protection system
- Fail to trip, Delayed clearing…
- Circuit breaker status
- Contact arcing, Unequal pole close/trip, Re-strike
- Communication signal of Teleprotection
- Loss of signal
signal, noise signal
- CT saturation / Harmonic
- Fault location 4
- Sequence
q of operation
p
- Fault types and cause of fault
- Fault
F lt clearing
l i titimes
- Reclosing times
- Voltage, current, phase angle and power flow
- Response of power system

*** For improve the power system stability ***

5
Composition
p of DFR
1.Input
2.Data Acquisition Unit ( DAU )
3M
3.Mass storage
t
4.Communication unit
5.Output
6.Analysis software and Master Station

8
Basic Fault Recorder

DAU Master station

&Software

1. Input
1.1 Analog channel - Voltage from PT ( Ph-G )
- Current from CT
- DC signal
1.2 Event channel - Relay contact
- CB aux. contact
- Tele protection contact
- Any free contact
10
Following
g is a list of typical
yp analog
g channel
monitored:
- Phase
Ph tto neutral
t l voltages
lt / currentt
- Transformer neutral / tertiary current
- Transformer high and low side current
- Bus voltage / Line voltage
- Line / Feeder current
- Generator field current / voltage
- Generator current / voltage
- Capacitor / Shunt reactor current

Analog input signal to DFR

BUS
- PT bus 1/3 phase
LINE
- PT line 1/3 phase
- CT 3 phase
TRANSFORMER
- CT high
g side 3 p
phase,, low side 3 p
phase
GENERATOR / MOTOR
- CT 3 phase/ Field current
- PT 3 phase/ Neutral voltage
SHUNT REACTOR / CAPACITOR BANK
- CT 3 phase (+ CT neutral reactor)
 Digital
g input
p signal
g to DFR
BUS
- 87B and/or 86B
LINE
- Every
E er trip signal ( primar
primary / back up
p ) from main or a
aux. trip
(21,87L,94 etc.)
- Carrier receive / transmit / DTT / RC / DEF
TRANSFORMER
- 87K and/or 86K ( primary / back up )

- Overcurrent 51 HS,LS
- Self protection
GENERATOR
- All 86G ( primary / back up )

Digital
g input
p signal
g to DFR

BREAKER
- 86BF ( breaker failure Lockout )
- CB contact ( 52b or 52a )
- PD ( p
pole disagreement
g )

SHUNT REACTOR/ C - BANK

- O/V, O/C, U/B

- 87R and/or 86R / 87RG and/or 86RG

- Self protection
 RECORD SIGNAL

DFR

15

2. Data Acquisition Unit ( 1 )

This unit transform input data to an appropriate
signal for processing.
Normally one DAU has analog channels and digital
channels
h l ttogether
th iin ratio
ti 8/16,
8/16 16/32 , 32/64 but
b t
some have all analog or all digital only.
The numbers of DAU are depended on the numbers
of channels. The master DAU should be
assigned in case of more than one DAU.

16
2. Data Acquisition Unit ( 2 )
The input data to each DAU will not be recorded
until the DAU is “ TRIG ”..
“ TRIG ” is performed by 2 ways. Analog sensors
operated
t d by
b llevell d
detector
t t andd Di
Digital
it l sensors
operated by signal’s status changed.
We use high sampling rate for transient data and
low sampling rate for disturbance data or system
performance.

17

TRIG value
l
 Current > 120
120%% of Rated CT

 Voltage
g < 85%
85% , > 110%
110% of Rated Vn

 Frequency < 49
49..5, > 50.
50.5 Hz

 Digital Signal status changed

 Manual Trig and Cross Trig

Pre--fault = 150 ms,, Post

Pre Post--fault = 2 sec Max Record = 4 Sec
 Sampling Rate
numbers of data per cycle
(DFR >> relay)

High scan (Transient data) Sl

Slow scan (Disturbance
(Di t b d
data)
t )
128 sample/cycle ((6
6.4 kHz@ 50 Hz) 10--50 sample/cycle
10
Record 30 minutes before and after

3. Mass storage
g
Inside each DAU has memory card to save data
but the capacity is not much, so it should have
external / internal hard disk or mass storage to
save records from all DAUs before the data
are overwritten by new data in each DAU.

20
4. Communication unit
Communication time sync between DAUs ;
- Internal clock
- GPS
Communication between DAUs and Master Station ;
- RS232 with Modem
- Ethernet / LAN

21

Centralized Architecture
Maintenance Network Fault analysis Financial network information
relability Protection adjustment Power Quality analysis
Regulation Power quality report

TCP/IP

GPS antenna
t GPS antenna
t

GPS antenna

Substation 1 Substation 2 Substation x

Client LAN
network
DFR DFR DFR DFR DFR DFR

22
 5. Output
5.1 At station installed - Printer
- Monitor
5.2 At Master station - Standard file
- Comtrade file
(standard IEEE C37
C37..11-
11-1999
1999))

COMTRADE (Common format for Transient Data Exchange

for power systems)

23

6. Analysis software
Each DFR has it’s own software to analyze the
data received from remote stations.
Same data can use by difference software via
comtrade
t d format.
f t
After analyze, short report was done.

AFA : Automatic Fault Analysis*

24
Replay Plus

25

OSCOP P

26
 Automated Fault Analysis system (AFA)

27

Data from DFR

1 Voltage
1.
2. Current
3. Phase angle
4. Frequency / trip time / trip sequence
5. Power – P/Q
6. Impedance / Fault locator
7 Status CB
7. CB, relay
relay, comm.
comm
 DFR chart

Station name

Trig time Sensor status

Feeder name Digital signal

Trig line

Analog signal

Time line
Content

1. Fault
1 F lt recorder
d
2 Theory
2. Th off waveform
f
3 Fault
3. F lt signature
i t

Test : What can U see in this chart?

Thi chart
This h t is
i come from
f PDG substation
b t ti – line
li WN
A
Answer th
the questions
ti :

1. Is there any fault?

2. Which substation trip first WN or PDG?
3 Voltage is come from line PT or bus PT?
3.
4. Before fault , power flow from PDG to WN or
WN to PDG?
5 What is the total fault clearing time?
5.

V-I, Power & Z relation

Vref
Lagging direction (-)

Leading direction (+)

( )
Vref
P
Power fl
flow & direction
di ti I*

-θ V

S = VI
VI* θ
I

V /0˚
MW = S cos(-θ)
cos( θ)
I /θ˚ MVAR = S sin(-θ)

I* = I /-θ˚ + = flow out from bus

- = flow into bus

P
Power fl
flow & direction
di ti I*

-θ V

S = VI
VI* θ
I

V /0˚
MW =3kVLL Icos(-θ)
Icos( θ)
I /θ˚ MVAR =3kVLL Isin(-θ)

I* = I /-θ˚ + = flow out from bus

- = flow into bus
Ex:
For 115 kV and 100 A 30
30º leading : (+30º)
(+30 )
S = VI*
S = 3 VLIL*
S = 3 x115 x100 /-30º MVA
S = 19.9/-30
19 9/ 30º MVA
MW = 19.9 cos(-30º) = 17.23 MW ( flow out )
MVAR = 19.9 sin(-30º) = -9.95 MVAR ( flow in )

Relation between voltage, current and Impedance

Voltage
g = V Ɵv
Current = I Ɵi

Impedance Z = V / I Ɵv-Ɵi

Z = R + jX 
 R X diagram
R-X di

jX
P1 Ɵ1
P2 Ɵ2 Z1=R1+jX1
Z R jX
Z2=R2+jX2

Ɵ2 Ɵ1
R

Relation between rectangular and polar form

Rectangular form Z = R + jX
j 
P l fform
Polar PƟ
R = P cos Ɵ
X = P sin
i Ɵ P = R2 + X2
Ɵ = tan-11 X/R
Z=V/I Ɵv-Ɵi
Ɵv Ɵi มุมของสายส่ง
Ex:
For 115 kV and 100 A 30
30º lagging : ((-30
30º))
Z = V/I /Ɵv-Ɵi
Z = 115/3/100 /0º- (-30º) ohm
Z = 664 /30º ohm
R = 664 cos(30
cos(30º)) = 575 ohm
X = 664 sin (30º) = j332 ohm
Z = 575 + j332 ohm

V-I, Power & Z relation

X
W- W+
Lag Lag
VAR+ VAR+
V V

I I
Z2 Z1
R

Z3 Z4
I I
W- W+
V V
VAR
VAR- Lead Lead VAR
VAR-
 PHASE RELATION

V V
I Lag V
I I

WATT + WATT -
VAR + VAR +

I I

V V

WATT - WATT +
VAR - VAR -

V-I, Power & Z relation

X °
I -45° => Z1 45

Z1 WATT + VAR +

R
V I

I
 V-I, Power & Z relation
° X
I -135° => Z2 135

WATT - VAR +
Z2

R
V I

V-I, Power & Z relation

X
I V I

R
I

I 135° => Z3 -135

°
Z3
WATT - VAR -
 V-I, Power & Z relation
X
I
I V

I 45° =>
> Z4 -45
45
°
Z4
WATT + VAR -

Relation between frequency, time and angle

For 50 Hz system
1 second = 50 cycles
1 cycle = 20 ms
1 cycle
y = 360º
20 ms = 360º
1 ms = 18º
Types of Waveform Characteristics

1. Resistive
2. Reactive lagging
3. Reactive leading
Va

Vb

Vc

Ia

Ib

Ic
Resistive Characteristics
C
Va

Vb

Vc

Ia

Ib

Ic
Reactive lag Characteristics

Va
Charging Current

Ia

Ib

Ic
Reactive lead characteristics
 มุมกระแส 90 มุมแรงดัน 0
แสดงว่า Lead เป็นกระแส C
หรือ Charging Current

Relation between R, X and current angle

IR
0º
R X
R= 1, X= 10
IX
I
I

R X IR
R= 5, X= 5
IX
I I

R X IR
R= 10,
10, X= 1 IX
I
I
 Waveform - Theory
y I V

I V

I inphase V 0˚ ( watt flow out )

Waveform - Theory
yI V

I out of phase V 180˚ ( watt flow in )

Waveform - Theory
y V

V I

I lag V 90˚ ( var flow out )

Waveform - Theory
y

I V

I lead V 90˚ ( var flow in ) V

Waveform - Theoryy V

V I

I lag V < 90˚ ( forward fault )

Line forward fault

 Waveform - Theoryy

V I

I
I lead V > 90̊ ( reverse fault ) V

Waveform - Theoryy V
I

V I

I lag V < 90˚ ( HR forward fault )

 Test : What can U see in this chart?

Content

1. Fault
1 F lt recorder
d
2 Theory
2. Th off waveform
f
3 Fault
3. F lt signature
i t
 N t
Nature off fault
f lt
- High current ( depend on fault type )
- Low voltage ( as long as fault exist )

- Temporary fault
- Permanence fault

67

Phase to ground
 Va Va
Ia
θ˚

Vc Vb Vc Vb

Vector for phase to ground fault

Voltage magnitude ( ph-g ) is related to fault point.
Tip 1*
Fault location can approximately
pointed by

- Voltage level
(except high resistance fault and
phase to phase fault).

Tip 2*
Trip sequence can be seen by

- Digital channel active

- Fault
F l and
d lload
d current missing
i i
Tip 3*
Fault Duration can be seen by
- Bus Voltage missing
- Fault current missing
- Line
Li V Voltage
lt missing
i i ( can see ffault
lt
duration
du a o aat bo
both sside
de )
- Other bus,, lines or feeders

Phase to phase
 Ti 4*
Tip
S
Special Precaution for
f Ph-Ph fault
f

- Use only the first phase sequence to

calculate
l l t ffaultlt angle
l (A
A-b,
b BB-c, C-a
C ).)
- Cannot use the magnitude of phase
voltage
g to gground to determine fault
point ( minimum phase voltage is ½ of
normal voltage)
voltage).

Ic
Va Va

1
1/2
1
θ˚
Vc Vb
Vbc=0 Vc Vb
Vbg,Vcg = 0
Ib
Vector for phase to phase fault
Voltage magnitude ( ph-g) is not related to fault point.
ฟอลลงกราวด์
กระแสจะตรงข้ามกันเท่ากับ
180
 ฟอลลงกราวด์
กระแสจะตรงข้ามกันไม่เท่ากับ
180

Phase – phase to ground

 Va Va
Ic

θ˚
Vc θ˚ Vb
Vc Vb

Ib
Vector for phase to phase to gnd fault
Voltage magnitude ( ph-g) is related to fault point.
 3 Phase

A B C ไม่เท่ากันเพราะมี DC component
แต่ Sum กันเป็น 0
Dy1
Dy 1

Power swing
Power swing

Power swing
Inrush current from Y side

Inrush current from delta side

 CB restrike

CT saturation
CT saturation

C-bank restrike
C-bank switching
 Double circuit fault

High resistance fault

 Unground
g fault

Question ?
104