2015 - Rectifier-Inverter Technical Reference DIgSILENT PowerFactory

DIgSILENT PowerFactory
Technical Reference Documentation
Rectifier / Inverter
ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 - Gomaringen
Germany
T: +49 7072 9168 00

F: +49 7072 9168 88
http://www.digsilent.de
info@digsilent.de
r1166
Copyright ©2013, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH.
No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means
electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.
Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 1

Contents
Contents
1 General Description 3
1.1 Fundamental Frequency Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Converter Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.2 Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1.3 Unbalanced Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 Basic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.1 Basic Type Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Load-Flow Analysis 12
3 Short-Circuit Calculations 14
4 Harmonics 15
5 Dynamic Simulation 15
5.1 RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2.1 EMT (Type Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A Parameter Definitions 19
B Signal Definitions 21
List of Figures 22
List of Tables 23

1 General Description General Description
General Description
1 General Description
11General
General Description
Description
Figure 1: HVDC Converter including Built-In Transformer

Figure 1.1: HVDC Converter including Built-In Transformer
Figure 1: HVDC Converter including Built-In Transformer
Figure 2: Detailed Circuit with Commutation Reactance and DC Reactance (not part of the model)
This converter model basically represents two different three-phase converters:
• the three-phase diode rectifier
Figure
• the2: Detailedline-commutated
three-phase Circuit with rectifier/inverter
Commutation Reactance and DC Reactance (not part of the model)
Figure 1.2: Detailed Circuit with Commutation Reactance and DC Reactance (not part of the
The diode rectifier is a full-bridge diode rectifier, which is rectifying the three-phase AC voltage to a 6-pulse DC
model) This converter
voltage. Due to the model
usage ofbasically represents
diodes, which twobedifferent
can neither turned-onthree-phase
nor turned-off converters:
externally, the DC voltage or
DC current of the rectifier can not be controlled.
• the three-phase diode rectifier
The model can be configured as:
The controlled converter model consists of six power thyristors, arranged as shown in Figure 2. These valves can
• the three-phase line-commutated rectifier/inverter
be turned-on by an external control signal (one dash), but only turns-off, when the current flowing through them
becomes negative. This converter can operate as rectifier or as inverter, depending on the control signals applied.
The diode rectifier is a full-bridge diode rectifier, which is rectifying the three-phase AC voltage to a 6-pulse DC
• Three-phase diode rectifier
voltage.
The Due frequency
fundamental to the usage of diodes,
representation which
of this canis neither
model be turned-on
used for load-flow nor turned-off
calculations and stabilityexternally,
analysis. the DC voltage or
DCis current
and describedof
in the rectifier
section can
1.1. The not be
detailed controlled.
modelling of all six thyristors is only necessary for EMT simulations,
• Three-phase line-commutated rectifier/inverter
where the converters are modelled as shown in Figure 2.
The controlled converter model consists of six power thyristors, arranged as shown in Figure 2. These valves can
The diode rectifier is abefull-bridge
turned-on by an external
diode control signal
rectifier, which(oneis
dash), but only turns-off,
rectifying when the current
the three-phase ACflowing
voltage through
to them
becomes negative. This converter can operate as rectifier or as inverter, depending on the control signals applied.
a 6-pulse DC voltage. Due to the usage of diodes, which can neither be turned-on -or
6-Pulse Bridge 4-
turned-off
externally, the DC voltage or DC current of the rectifier cannot be controlled.
The fundamental frequency representation of this model is used for load-flow calculations and stability analysis.
and is described in section 1.1. The detailed modelling of all six thyristors is only necessary for EMT simulations,
The controlled converter
where model consists
the converters of six
are modelled power
as shown thyristors,
in Figure 2. arranged as shown in Figure
1.2. These valves can be turned-on by an external control signal, but only turns off when the
current flowing through them becomes negative. This converter can operate as rectifier or as
inverter, depending on the timing of the gate signal relative to the AC voltage wave.
6-Pulse Bridge -4-
A fundamental frequency model is used for load-flow calculations and stability analysis. and is
described in section 1.1. The detailed modelling of all six thyristors is only necessary for EMT
simulations, where the converters are modelled as shown in Figure 1.2.
1.1 Fundamental Frequency Model
The model for the load-flow calculation, the RMS-simulation and the ”generic” model for EMT-
simulations are based on a fundamental frequency approach. The equations of the thyristor
converter and the diode rectifier are identical if the diode rectifier is assumed as an uncontrolled
thyristor converter (hence the firing angle α is set to zero).

During steady-state operation the converter can be modelled as a load with constant active and
reactive power P and Q. The following equations describe the converter in a detailed way and
give hints for the layout of an HVDC system.
The transmitted DC power of the high-voltage DC system is given by:
P d = Ud · Id (1)
The DC voltage of the ideal and uncontrolled converter, without load, is called the ”ideal no-load
direct voltage” Udi0 , which is defined as follows:
√
s0 · q π 2
Udi0 = sin · √ · ULL (2)
π q 3
where s0 defines the number of commutation groups, q is the number of branches in a commu-
tation group and ULL is the AC voltage supplied to the converter station. For a 6-pulse converter
there are two commutation groups (s0 = 2) and q is equal to 3, hence the Udi0 is
√
3· 2
Udi0 = ULL ≈ 1.35ULL (3)
π
This equation is valid for the uncontrolled thyristor converter (α = 0) as well as for the diode
bridge. The gate control of the thyristors can be used to delay this ignition of the valves. The
time delay due to the turn-on signal applied is defined to be ωt = α. Then the DC voltage
depends on the ignition angle α
Udiα = Udi0 · cos(α) (4)
The effect of the ignition angle α is shown in Figure 1.3, where the AC voltage, the phase
currents and the DC voltage can be seen for an idealized operation with the DC current Id
assumed to be constant. The ignition angle is also indicated in the figure. Here the time between
the transfer of the current from valve i to the next valve is assumed to be zero, i.e the leakage
reactance of the transformer is neglected and the commutation angle µ is zero.
To study more realistic converters the current commutation from one valve to the next must be
considered. The commutation leads to a drop in the DC voltage ∆Ud :
Udiα = Udi0 · cos(α) − ∆Ud (5)
where ∆Ud is defined as a function of Id and the commutation reactance Xcr .
3 3
∆Ud = −Rcr · Id = − ωLcr · Id = − Xcr · Id (6)
π π
Figure 1.4 shows the equivalent circuit for the voltages including commutation reactance. Note
in the figure and in the equation above, that the DC current is negative for the rectifier operation

General Description
DIgSILENT
1.50
1.00
0.50
-0.00
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-1.50
0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 [s] 0.020
Rectifier: Phase Voltage A/Terminal AC in p.u.
Rectifier: Phase Voltage B/Terminal AC in p.u.
Rectifier: Phase Voltage C/Terminal AC in p.u.
1.50 α
1.00
0.50
0.00
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-1.00
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0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 [s] 0.020
Rectifier: Phase Current A/Terminal AC in p.u.
Rectifier: Phase Current B/Terminal AC in p.u.
Rectifier: Phase Current C/Terminal AC in p.u.
1.25
General Description
1.00
0.75
0.50 To study more realistic converters this time for the current commutation from on e valve to the next must be
considered. Hence the DC voltage is further reduced, considering the voltage drop ΔUd.
0.25
0.00 U diα = U di 0 ⋅ cos(α ) − ΔU d

0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 [s] 0.020
Cub_1\Ud_R Measurement: Output Voltage, Real Part in p.u.
where ΔUd is Three-Phase

defined as a Thyristor
function Rectifier
of Id and the commutationTechRef Date:X4/7/2004
reactance c.
DIgSILENT alpha = 30°, overlap angle u = 0° Annex: 1 /1
3 3
ΔU = − R ⋅ I = − ωL ⋅ I = − X ⋅I
Figure 1.3:
3: Phase voltages, phase currents and DC π voltage
voltage of π
of ad three-phase rectifier operating with
d c d c c d
Figure Phase voltages, phase currents and DC a three-phase rectifier operating
α = 30° and zero overlap angle μ
with α = 30 and zero commutation angle µ
Figure 4 shows the equivalent circuit for the voltages including commutation reactance. Note in the figure and in
Here the time between the transfer of theabove,
the equation currentthat
from
thevalve i to the isnext
DC current valve for
negative is assumed to be
the rectifier zero, i.edue
operation the to the representation with loa
leakage reactance of the transformer is neglected and the commutation angle μ is zero.
orientation.
6-Pulse Bridge -6-
Figure 4: Equivalent Circuit with Commutation Reactance Rcr

Figure 1.4: Equivalent circuit with commutation reactance Rcr
In HVDC systems the commutation reactance is assumed to be the leakage reactance of the converter
transformer. This can be calculated using
Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec)

U2 u kr 5
X c = X r ,sec = u kr r ,sec
with d xr =
S rT 2
due to the representation with load-orientation. The left hand side could be interpreted as a
variable DC-voltage source with.
The reactance of the converter transformer is biggest part of total reactance. Assuming Xcr to
be approximately that reactance:
2
Ur,sec
Xcr = Xr,sec = ukr (7)
SrT
with
ukr
dxr = (8)
2
Now regarding the ignition angle and the commutation time the DC voltage can be written as
Udiα = Udi0 · (cos(α) − dxr ) (9)
The phase voltages and currents, as well as the DC voltage of a thyristor rectifier, including
effects of commutation can be seen in Figure 1.5. The ignition angle α and the commutation
angle µ are indicated in the figure.
Using these two angles two other angles can be defined, γ is called the extinction angle, which
is normally used in the control on inverter side of the HVDC.
γ =α+µ−π (10)
The ignition advance angle β is specified as
β =π−α (11)
β is often used in the HVDC controllers for both the rectifier and the inverter side.
Using these different angles the DC voltage can be calculated differently for the rectifier and for
the inverter respectively:
cos(α) + cos(α + µ)
Udiα = Udi0 · (12)
2
respectively
cos(α + µ) − cos(α)
= dxr (13)
2
The phase currents of the 6-pulse bridge are shown in Figure 1.3 and Figure 1.5. In the literature
the AC current is often calculated approximately from the ideal rectifier current with the commu-
tation angle neglected. In PowerFactory the amplitude of the fundamental frequency currents

General Description
DIgSILENT
1.50
1.00
0.50
-0.00
-0.50
-1.00
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0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 [s] 0.020
Rectifier: Phase Voltage A/Terminal AC in p.u.
Rectifier: Phase Voltage B/Terminal AC in p.u.
Rectifier: Phase Voltage C/Terminal AC in p.u.
1.50 α μ
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 [s] 0.020
Rectifier: Phase Current A/Terminal AC in p.u.
Rectifier: Phase Current B/Terminal AC in p.u.
Rectifier: Phase Current C/Terminal AC in p.u.
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 [s] 0.020
Cub_1\Ud_R Measurement: Output Voltage, Real Part in p.u.
Three-Phase Thyristor Rectifier TechRef Date: 4/7/2004

DIgSILENT alpha = 30°, overlap angle u = 20° Annex: 1 /1
Figure 1.5:
Figure 5: Phase voltages,
Phase phase
voltages, currents
phase and DC
currents andvoltage of a three-phase
DC voltage rectifierrectifier
of a three-phase operating with
operating
α = 30° and an overlap angle of μ = 20°
with α = 30 and an overlap angle of µ = 20
Using these two angles two other angles can be defined, used in the HVDC theory. γ is called the extinction
angle, which is normally used to control the inverter side of the HVDC.
0 = π −α − μ −γ
The ignition advance angle β is specified as

6-Pulse Bridge -8-
IL10 is calculated using the fourier analysis of the phase current waveform, so the effect of the
commutation is taken into account. This leads to the following relationship between the RMS
value of the fundamental frequency component and the direct current:
√
6
IL10 = k · · Id (14)
π
where k is equal to
p
[cos(2α) − cos 2(α + µ)]2 + [2µ + sin(2α) − cos 2(α + µ)]2
k= (15)
4 · [cos(α) − cos(α + µ)]
This factor is close to unity for small values of µ, but if the angle becomes larger, the error
increases up to 4% at µ = 60. For unsymmetrical operation the phase currents have to be
calculated differently, which is described in section 1.1.3.
The power factor cos(ϕ) can then be calculated assuming symmetrical firing angle and using
voltage UL1 as a reference (positive sequence):
S = |U | · |I| (16)
1
cos(ϕ) = · [cos(α) + cos(α + µ)] (17)
2k
1.1.1 Converter Transformer
There are two possibilities to model the converter transformer in PowerFactory :
• Built-in transformer
• External converter transformer
The built-in transformer features a tap-changer on the HV side to control the secondary voltage
and thus the firing respectively extinction angle of the converter. The commutation reactance
is always assumed to be on the secondary side of the transformer. Hence Xc is calculated as
follows:
2
ukr Ur,sec
Xc = · (18)
100% Sr
If an external transformer is used for the converter model, the AC voltage drop over the trans-
former is estimated using the commutation reactance specified. Here the model is not able to
calculate the AC voltage directly from the parameters given. When the parameters specified in
the external transformer and in the rectifier fit together, the same results are obtained as with
the built-in transformer.

If the rated DC voltage of the converter is known, the rated secondary voltage of the converter
transformer can be calculated using the following equation, which can derived from the equa-
tions above:
π Udr
Ur,sec = √ · (19)
3 2 cos(α) − dxr
The rated AC current on the converter side of the transformer is
r
2
Ir,sec = · Id (20)
3
Hence the rated power can be calculated as
√ √ π Pdr
Sr = 3 · Ir,sec · Ur,sec = 2 · Idr · Ur,sec = · (21)
3 cos(α) − dxr
1.1.2 Losses
The model of the HVDC does not include the effects of losses so far. The losses in the converter
bridge are caused due to the different components, i.e. the resistances of valves, transformers,
smoothing reactances.
An exact representation of the losses associated with the converter station is very sophisticated,
so it is common practice to model the losses in the load-flow analysis as an equivalent series
reactance Rloss,eq of the smoothing reactance. Hence the equations can be modified as follows
for rectifier and for inverter respectively: General Description
3
Udr = Udi0 · cos(α) + Xcr · Id + Rloss,eq · Id (22)
π3
U dr = U di 0 ⋅ cos(α ) + X cr ⋅ I d + Rloss ,eq ⋅ I d
π
The representation of station losses of a 6-pulse bridge for load-flow calculations is shown in
The representation of station losses of a 6-pulse bridge for load-flow calculations is shown in Figure 6. Note in the
Figure 1.6. Note in the figure and in the equation above, that the DC current is negative for the
figure and in the equation above, that the DC current is negative for the rectifier operation due to the
rectifier operation due to the representation with load-orientation.
representation with load-orientation.
Figure 6: Simplified Modelling of Losses for a 6-Pulse Converter

Figure 1.6: Simplified Modelling of Losses for a 6-Pulse Converter
1.1.3 Unbalanced Operation
In the unsymmetrical case the PLL will measure the zero-crossing of the reference voltage Θ1 and calculate the
Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, angles α of the sixTypRec)
firingElmRecmono, valves accordingly with an interval between the firing pulses of 60°.
9 When the converter
is operated unbalanced, the ‘real’ firing angles αL1 , αL2 and αL3 will not be identical but differ according to the
phase-shift of the phase voltages. Hence the firing angles of the three phases can be expressed as:
4π
1.1.3 Unbalanced Operation
In the unsymmetrical case the PLL will measure the zero-crossing of the reference voltage Θ1
and calculate the firing angles α of the six valves accordingly with an interval between the firing
pulses of 60◦ . When the converter is operated unbalanced, the firing angles αL1 , αL2 and αL3
will not be identical but differ according to the phase-shift of the phase voltages. Hence the firing
angles of the three phases can be expressed as:
4π
αL1 = Θ1 − α − ΘL31 − (23)
3
2π
αL2 = Θ1 − α − ΘL23 − (24)
3
αL3 = Θ1 − α − ΘL12 (25)
The AC currents are affected by the unsymmetrical firing angles. The amplitude of the phase
currents is no longer equal as can be seen following, where ΘT i represents the conducting time
of the phase i.
4 Id ΘT i
IL10 = k · · √ · sin( ) (26)
π 2 2
The dc power is then calculated as the sum of the real power of all phases on the secondary
side of the transformer.
Pdc = PL1 + PL2 + PL3 (27)
1.2 Basic Data
On the Basic Data page of the Rectifier/Inverter a name for the element has to be entered.
Furthermore a type has to be selected or defined for the element.

Figure 1.7: Basic Data Page of the Inverter/Rectifier Element (*.ElmRec)

2 Load-Flow Analysis
1.2.1 Basic Type Data
Figure 1.8: Basic Data Page of the Inverter/Rectifier Type (*.TypRec)
In the basic data page of the type of the inverter/rectifier, the main parameters of the converter
layout have to be entered. You can choose between rated AC or DC voltage and between rated
DC power and DC current. Furthermore the kind of converter can be defined (uncontrolled
diode rectifier or thyristor converter).
If the built-in transformer is chosen (which is advisable for most types of converters), there is
as well the necessity to enter the turns-ratio of the converter transformer, which is given by the
ratio of secondary to primary voltage, and the nominal firing angle α.
Also the limits of the turns-ratio are given to specify the tap-changer ranges. The maximum
and minimum turns-ratio is given in per unit of the nominal turns-ratio (t2/t1) of the converter
transformer.
In load-flow analysis, it is common practice, not to specify control variables directly but to define
the controlled variables instead. The control variable (the firing angle α) is then resulting from

Figure 2.1: Load-Flow Set-Up of the Rectifier/Inverter

3 Short-Circuit Calculations
the load-flow calculation.
For load-flow analysis, several common control characteristics are supported by the HVDC
converter model. Meaning and typical application of the various control modes are the following:
• Vdc: the firing angle is adjusted to obtain a predefined value for the DC voltage of the
converter. This control mode is typically used at the inverter side of an HVDC transmission
system.
• Vac: Specifies the magnitude of the AC voltage at the converter terminals, when the DC
voltage is controlled externally. No typical application.
• P: The transmitted DC power is held constant. Typically used for rectifier side in HVDC
systems.
• Q: Specifies the amount of reactive power absorbed by the converter. No typical applica-
tion.
• I: The DC current of the converter is held constant. Typically used for rectifier control of an
HVDC transmission system.
• Gamma: The extinction angle γ is specified. Normally the inverter side of an HVDC
system is controlled to a minimum γ.
Furthermore the control of the tap-changers of the converter transformer can be chosen be-
tween:
• Fixed Tap: The position of the tap-changers is fixed to a given winding ratio.
• alpha-control: The secondary voltage is adjusted by the tap-changers to obtain a specified
setpoint of the firing angle. This is typically used at the rectifier station of the HVDC.
• gamma-control: The tap-changers are controlled to obtain a specified setpoint of the ex-
tinction angle. This is typically used at the inverter station of the HVDC.
Besides the firing angle control modes the load-flow page of the converter also comprises addi-
tional information of the converter transformer. Here the commutation reactance Xc is specified
as the leakage reactance of the transformer, which is important for the calculation of the com-
mutation angle. Also the phase-shift of the converter transformer can be entered here. This
information is needed, when designing 12-pulse thyristor bridges with 30◦ phase-shift between
two converters in series to reduce harmonic currents fed into the network.
Attention: This information is also needed, when no built-in transformer is selected in the
converter type!
3 Short-Circuit Calculations
Typically the line-commutated converters are neglected during short-circuit calculations due to
the effect, that the thyristors are automatically blocking during very low voltages at the AC side.
This result in low short-circuit currents supplied by the converter. The calculation methods
using the VDE, IEC or ANSI standards do neglect the contribution of the converters. If you
execute a ”complete-method” short-circuit calculation, the S/C current of the converter will not
be neglected but defined being the rated AC current of the converter.

5 Dynamic Simulation
If the converter is used driving a variable speed drive, the contribution of the converter to the
S/C current is no longer neglected in the VDE 0102/0103 and IEC 60909 calculation method.
Therefore the option ”static converter-fed drive” is introduced. According to these standards the
converters are assumed to be asynchronous machines having a short-circuit current ratio of
Ishc /Irated = 3 and an R/X-ratio of R/X = 3. The S/C current contribution is only considered
in symmetrical short-circuits. In case of asymmetrical short-circuits the current contribution of
static converter drives is neglected. The contribution is only used to calculate the initial and the
peak short-circuit current (I” and ip ).
The ANSI and the complete calculation method are not affected by this option.
4 Harmonics
The currents of the 6-pulse thyristor-controlled converter, which are shown in Figure 1.3 with
the commutation effect neglected and in Figure 1.5 including commutation, are characteristic
waveforms. From these curves it can easily be seen, that the currents not only have a large
50-Hz-component but also cause a flow of harmonic currents of higher orders. Hence the most
accurate harmonic model of the HVDC converter is a harmonic current source. The order of the
harmonic currents is calculated as
h=6·n±1 (28)
(where n = an integer)
The assigned amount of current injected is
IL1
Ih = (29)
h
Typically the 6-pulse converters have a characteristic spectrum of harmonic currents injected to
the AC system. If the ”Ideal Rectifier” on the Harmonics page of the element is used, this typical
spectrum of the converter is assumed up to a specified number (normally 31) using the above
two equations with the commutation reactance neglected. This assumption usually causes the
harmonic currents to be larger than in reality, but gives a good approximation to use. The polarity
of the harmonics (angle) is 180◦ for the 5th , 11th , etc. harmonics (represented in the negative
sequence) and 0 for the 7th , 13th , etc. harmonics (represented in the positive sequence).
To represent the converter in a more realistic way, a harmonic current source can be defined
and the amplitude and angle of the harmonic currents can be defined as shown in Figure 4.1.
Here you can choose between a balanced and unbalanced representation. More information
can be derived from the Technical Reference of the type ”Harmonic Sources” (TypHmccur).
5.1 RMS Simulation
The stability model uses the same equations as described in section 2 (load-flow analysis).

Figure 4.1: Example for a Converter Representation as Harmonic Current Source
The commutation reactance and its angle are identical with the values specified on the load-
flow page of the element. Whenever the gamma angle is lower than gamma min (defined in the
Load Flow Calculation) the ElmRec goes to commutation failure, and a message appears in the
output window.
With the signal ’short dc’ is possible to short circuit the DC side of the element. The DC voltage
goes to zero during active ’short dc’. With the signal ’block all’ all thyristors will be blocked. The
AC and DC current are then both zero.
The zero sequence current is always zero in RMS simulation .
5.2 EMT Simulation
For the electro-magnetic transient simulation the detailed modelling of all six thyristors is neces-
sary. Here the converters are modelled as shown in Figure 1.2. This detailed model represents

General Descrip
1.6 RMS Simulation

alpha
tap The stability model uses the same equations as described
gammain section 1.3 of the load-flow analysis. Ther
fref further information needed.
RMS
Simulation gamma_min
short_dc
The commutation reactance and its angle are identical with the values specified on the load-flow page
block_all
element.
1.7 EMT Simulation

Figure 5.1: Input/Output Definition of the HVDC converter model for stability analysis (RMS-
simulation)
For the electro-magnetic transient simulation the detailed modelling of all six thyristors is necessary. H
converters are modelled as shown in Figure 2. This detailed model is representing the discrete valves i
the discrete valves including on- and off-resistances of the switches (Ron , elements
on- and off-resistances of the switches (Ron, Goff) and the
Gof f ) and the ele-
of the snubber-circuits in parallel (s
ments of the snubber-circuits in parallel (shown in Figure 5.2).
Figure 10).
gamma
alpha gamma_min
tap Ip_A/B/C
Fmeas EMT Im_A/B/C
Figure 10: DetailedSimulation
Valve Representation for EMT-Simulations
Figure 5.2: Detailed valve representation for EMT-simulations
short_dc Upc_A/B/C
block_all Umc_A/B/C
For triggering the valves the built-in trigger-circuit is used, which converts the firing angle supplied by
For triggering the valves the built-in trigger-circuit can be used, which converts the firing angle
converter controller to the six correct firing signals of theU0discrete thyristors.
supplied by the converter controller to the six correct firing signals of the discrete thyristors.
For an exact triggering For an exact

of the triggering
valves, of the
the times of valves, the timesofofthe
zero-crossing zero-crossing
AC voltagesof the
haveAC to
voltages
be have to be measure
the 6-pulse
measured. Since the 6-pulse converter
converter doesnot
does nothave
have aa built-in
built-inphase
phase measurement,
measurement, a PLLa element
PLL (*.ElmPhi__pll) has
provided.
element (*.ElmPhi pll) has to beThis means the
provided. Thisoutput
meansof the
a PLL “Fmeas
output of” aisPLL
required by theisconverter
”Fmeas” requiredfor accurate operation
by the converter for accurate operation.
With the signal ’short dc’ is possible to short circuit the DC side of the element. With the signal
’block all’ all thyristors will be blocked. The AC and DC current are then both zero.
Attention: Modelling the converter transformer externally (i.e. the “Built-In Transformer” is not used)
problems
If the built in transformer is used the due to thecurrent
zero sequence exact value of commutation
is always zero. reactance specified on the load-flow pag
additional reactance inserted by the transformer element. Only small errors of this value a
Attention: Modelling the converter commutation
transformerangle and hence
externally (i.e.thethe
EMTflag
simulation
”Built-Incan not calculate the right initial condit
Transformer”
in TypRec is not selected) can cause problems due to the exact value of commutation reac-element instead to get
it is recommended to use the built-in transformer of the converter
tance specified on the load-flow page and the additional reactance
results in the EMT-simulation! inserted by the transformer
element. Only small errors of this value affect the commutation angle and hence the EMT sim-
ulation can not calculate the right initial conditions. Here it is recommended to use the built-in
transformer of the converter element instead to get correct results in the EMT-simulation!
5.2.1 EMT (Type Data)
On the EMT page of the type (*.TypRec) more information has to be entered for a detailed
simulation.
6-Pulse Bridge

Simulation gamma_min
short_dc
block_all
gamma
alpha gamma_min
tap Ip_A/B/C
Fmeas EMT Im_A/B/C
Simulation Upc_A/B/C
short_dc
block_all Umc_A/B/C
U0
Figure 5.3: Input/Output Definition of the HVDC converter model for stability analysis (EMT-
simulation)
Figure 5.4: EMT Page of the Inverter/Rectifier Type (*.TypRec)

A Parameter Definitions
Table A.1: Parameters of the HVDC Converter Element
Parameter Description Unit

loc name Name
typ id Type (Typrec)
busac Terminal AC (StaCubic)
busac bar Terminal AC
busdp Terminal DC+ (StaCubic)
busdm Terminal DC- (StaCubic)
busdc Terminal DC (StaCubic)
busdc bar Terminal DC
outserv Out of Service
mode Orientation (Rectifier/Inverter)
bstp Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Control-Characteristic
uset Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Voltage Setpoint p.u.
Pset Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Power-Setpoint MW
Qset Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Reactive Power-Setpoint Mvar
Iset Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Current Setpoint kA
gamma set Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Extinction Angle (gamma) Setpoint deg
pctrl Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Controller
alphacn Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Automatic Firing Angle Control
alpha set Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Actual Firing-Angle deg
alphamin Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Minimum Firing Angle deg
alphamax Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Maximum Firing Angle deg
gammamin Firing Angle (alpha-)Control: Minimum Extinction Angle deg
ntrcn Converter Transformer: Tap-Changer
nntap Converter Transformer: Actual Winding Ratio p.u.
Xd Converter Transformer: Commutation Reactance Ohm
nt2ag Converter Transformer: Phase Shift *30deg
iconfed Static converter-fed drive
i int Ideal Rectifier
phmc Harmonic Currents (TypHmccur)
icurref Harmonic Current Injections referred to
maxorder Maximum Harmonic Order
iAstabint A-stable integration algorithm
cTypHmc Type of Harmonic Sources
Inom Rated Harmonic Current Injection kA
afac Factor a
bfac Factor b

Table A.2: Parameters of the HVDC Converter Type
Parameter Description Unit

loc name Name
Unom Rated AC Voltage kV
Unomdc Rated DC-Voltage (DC) kV
Pnom Rated Active Power MW
Imax Rated DC-Current kA
tapnom Nominal Turns-Ratio (t2/t1)
alphanom Nominal Firing Angle deg
i diode Diode-/Thyristor Converter
i trf Converter Transformer: Built-In Transformer
tapmin Converter Transformer: Minimum Turns-Ratio p.u.
tapmax Converter Transformer: Maximum Turns-Ratio p.u.
Rthy Thyristor-Resistance (at On) Ohm
Goff Thyristor-Conductance (at Off) S
Gs Snubber-Conductance S
Cs Snubber-Capacity uF

B Signal Definitions
B Signal Definitions
Table B.1: Input/Output signals
Name Description Unit Type Model

alpha Firing Angle rad IN RMS, EMT
tap Tap-Position IN RMS, EMT
short dc DC Bypass IN RMS, EMT
block all AC Blocking IN RMS, EMT
fref Reference Frequency p.u. IN RMS
Fmeas Frequency Hz IN EMT
gamma Extinction Angle rad OUT RMS, EMT
gamma min Extinction Angle (Min. in one cycle) rad OUT RMS, EMT
Ip A Thyristor Current (pos Thyristor, Phase A) kA OUT EMT
Ip B Thyristor Current (pos Thyristor, Phase B) kA OUT EMT
Ip C Thyristor Current (pos Thyristor, Phase C) kA OUT EMT
Im A Thyristor Current (neg Thyristor, Phase A) kA OUT EMT
Im B Thyristor Current (neg Thyristor, Phase B) kA OUT EMT
Im C Thyristor Current (neg Thyristor, Phase C) kA OUT EMT
Upc A Capacitive Voltage (pos Snubber Capacity, Phase A) kV OUT EMT
Upc B Capacitive Voltage (pos Snubber Capacity, Phase B) kV OUT EMT
Upc C Capacitive Voltage (pos Snubber Capacity, Phase C) kV OUT EMT
Umc A Capacitive Voltage (neg Snubber Capacity, Phase A) KV OUT EMT
Umc B Capacitive Voltage (neg Snubber Capacity, Phase B) kV OUT EMT
Umc C Capacitive Voltage (neg Snubber Capacity, Phase C) kV OUT EMT
U0 Zero Sequence Voltage kV OUT EMT

List of Figures
List of Figures
1.1 HVDC Converter including Built-In Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Detailed Circuit with Commutation Reactance and DC Reactance (not part of the
model) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Phase voltages, phase currents and DC voltage of a three-phase rectifier operat-
ing with α = 30 and zero commutation angle µ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Equivalent circuit with commutation reactance Rcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Phase voltages, phase currents and DC voltage of a three-phase rectifier operat-
ing with α = 30 and an overlap angle of µ = 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Simplified Modelling of Losses for a 6-Pulse Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Basic Data Page of the Inverter/Rectifier Element (*.ElmRec) . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.8 Basic Data Page of the Inverter/Rectifier Type (*.TypRec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1 Load-Flow Set-Up of the Rectifier/Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1 Example for a Converter Representation as Harmonic Current Source . . . . . . 16
5.1 Input/Output Definition of the HVDC converter model for stability analysis (RMS-
simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.2 Detailed valve representation for EMT-simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3 Input/Output Definition of the HVDC converter model for stability analysis (EMT-
simulation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.4 EMT Page of the Inverter/Rectifier Type (*.TypRec) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

List of Tables
List of Tables
A.1 Parameters of the HVDC Converter Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
A.2 Parameters of the HVDC Converter Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
B.1 Input/Output signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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2015 - Rectifier-Inverter Technical Reference DIgSILENT PowerFactory

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DIgSILENT PowerFactory

Technical Reference Documentation

T: +49 7072 9168 00

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 1

1.1 Fundamental Frequency Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.1 Converter Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.1.3 Unbalanced Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2 Basic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.2.1 Basic Type Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.1 RMS Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.2 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.2.1 EMT (Type Data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 2

Figure 1: HVDC Converter including Built-In Transformer

This converter model basically represents two different three-phase converters:

• the three-phase diode rectifier

1.1 Fundamental Frequency Model

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 3

The transmitted DC power of the high-voltage DC system is given by:

Udiα = Udi0 · cos(α) (4)

Udiα = Udi0 · cos(α) − ∆Ud (5)

where ∆Ud is defined as a function of Id and the commutation reactance Xcr .

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 4

0.00 U diα = U di 0 ⋅ cos(α ) − ΔU d

where ΔUd is Three-Phase

6-Pulse Bridge -6-

Figure 4: Equivalent Circuit with Commutation Reactance Rcr

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec)

Udiα = Udi0 · (cos(α) − dxr ) (9)

The ignition advance angle β is specified as

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 6

Three-Phase Thyristor Rectifier TechRef Date: 4/7/2004

The ignition advance angle β is specified as

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 7

1.1.1 Converter Transformer

There are two possibilities to model the converter transformer in PowerFactory :

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 8

The rated AC current on the converter side of the transformer is

Hence the rated power can be calculated as

Figure 6: Simplified Modelling of Losses for a 6-Pulse Converter

1.1.3 Unbalanced Operation

Pdc = PL1 + PL2 + PL3 (27)

1.2 Basic Data

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 10

Figure 1.7: Basic Data Page of the Inverter/Rectifier Element (*.ElmRec)

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 11

1.2.1 Basic Type Data

Figure 1.8: Basic Data Page of the Inverter/Rectifier Type (*.TypRec)

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 12

Figure 2.1: Load-Flow Set-Up of the Rectifier/Inverter

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 13

the load-flow calculation.

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 14

The assigned amount of current injected is

5.1 RMS Simulation

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 15

Figure 4.1: Example for a Converter Representation as Harmonic Current Source

The zero sequence current is always zero in RMS simulation .

5.2 EMT Simulation

Rectifier / Inverter (ElmRec, ElmRecmono, TypRec) 16

1.6 RMS Simulation

1.7 EMT Simulation

For an exact triggering For an exact

5.2.1 EMT (Type Data)