Historical Development

Introduction 

It is important to understand how our print media evolved over time from 3500 BCE when the
Sumerians used wet clay tablets, to the media that we have today in 2017, such as newspapers,
books, magazine, as well as so much more. There have been many technological advancements
and many influential people that have marked a major shift in aspects of print media, such as
Johannes Gutenberg and his first printing machine or the invention of paper by the Chinese, as
well as the release of the first e-books, which marked a major turning point for print media.

Throughout this section the history and the important technological advancements will be
outlined and explained for the three major categories of Print Media; Newspapers, Books, and
Magazines. Each of these topics and how they changed throughout the years such as, books to e-
books, and Newspaper companies migrating from traditional print media to publishing on online
platforms. As well, a link will be provided to an online timeline that will demonstrate the how
history has changed over time as well as how recent a lot of our changes have taken place.

The History of Books 

The history of books didn’t actually start with a book. It didn’t even start with words on a page.
The first form of written communication was that of the Sumerian people, inscribed on stone
tablets in 3500 BCE were the symbols of their primitive language. These simple scrawlings upon
stone may not seem like much but it began the history of written communication between
humans. Later on in 600 BCE the first standardized writing system was developed and some of
the notions that it presented are still seen in modern languages today. One example being,
writing from left to right.

Just under 1000 years after the first symbols on stone tablets on the Sumerian tablets the
development of papyrus scrolls was seen in Egypt around 2400 BCE. These scrolls were made
from the papyrus plant and rolled into cylinders to be stored. This development is important
because it will eventually lead towards the invention of paper made from tree pulp, a technique
developed in china around 105 CE, that is still used today.

The next major development was in 200 BCE by the Roman people was that of the Codex.
Codex in Roman means “wood” and what the codex was, was two planks of wood with wax on
one side each where words were etched in with a stylus and bound together with cords of leather.
This is crucial because it resembled the construction of the book as it is known now.

The next major step to the book as we know it was in 868 CE where the first printed book dates
back to. It was made using a technique known as block printing where words were etched into a
block of wood and then covered in ink and pressed onto a sheet of paper. Before this point all
books and scrolls were written and copied by hand. This block printing technique leads to,
arguably, the most major step towards modern books, and that was the invention of the
Guttenberg press in 1455 CE by Johannes Guttenberg. This press utilized characters that were
cast in lead and arranged in the order of whatever was being printed and then pressed upon the
page. This took away the need to make an entire block to print every page that needed to be
made.

Guttenberg may not have realized this, but his invention led to a revolution in printing and
became the number one way to spread information for decades. And in 1860’s Britain, with
education and literacy on the rise, the dime novel was born out of demand for more content to be
distributed and read among the population. The dime novel would be much like the comic books
of the 1900’s or short episodic novels of today.

The next important event was less of a step forward and more of a step back. In 1933 Germany
was in the hands of the Nazi regime and they were trying to get more control of the history and
culture of Germany. In an effort to do so, the Nazis began burning books that they thought would
work against the ideology that they wanted to impose on the people. Though this is not an
advancement, it is still important because it shows the power that books can have and it
demonstrates a major censorship of knowledge as a whole.

Next up we see the rise of digital technologies and in 1995, the birth of Amazon. This would be
the first time that books are brought publicly to the internet. Before this point books were solely
purchased in store or by some other means of ordering. We now see an integration of technology
and the print world. And that integration later on begins the e-book market that continues to
grow to this day.

The History of Newspapers 

The Early Beginnings of Newspapers 

The newspapers we see and read today have come a long way, first dating back to the BCE era.
Significant events mark different turning points in the evolution of newspapers first starting out
as pamphlets or sheets of paper with little publications and very irregular schedules. Slowly the
newspaper industry changed as more people got involved, once noticing their growing popularity
and necessity as a form of communication for current events, the news, and entertainment. As
newspaper changes, people and companies started to change as well trying to keep up with the
current times, while also progressing.

One of the first documented considered newspapers came from Julius Caesar, a journal that
contained daily events called, Acta Diurna in 59 BCE. This was a very small starting point for
what was to come for newspapers, but kick-started the industry. From there the first official
newspaper that was printed was in Beijing China in 748 BCE. Overtime newspapers came in
forms of rags or on sheets of paper that took copious amounts of time and did not reach many
people. In the 1830s this changed when steam powered presses were first introduced replacing
the original hand powered press. This allowed 4,000 sheets of paper per hour to be printed,
double-sided. Then officially in 1833 The Penny Press was introduced, being sold for only one
cent and immediately circulating to 8,000 people. After this evolution production and
distribution of newspapers really started to take off. The prices of newspapers also started to rise
when the interest peaked and people started to recognize this as an industry rather than a hobby.

The Rise 

From the 1830s and on is when newspapers really started to be introduced, many different kinds,
from many different places. The New York Herald was introduced by James Gordon Bennet and
the New York Tribune by Horace Greely, and the New York Times was introduced by Henry
Raymond.  With the rise of many newspapers, there came a lot of discussion. People were now
able to get their news, events, and entertainment in a new form than they were used to. With this
also came many new journalists and reporters, as the need for them increased. In 1873 the New
York Press Club was introduced becoming the first formally organized press club for journalists
to gather, discuss, and criticize each other’s work. The New York Press Club is still around
today, functioning the same as it was before. From this point many factors start to come into play
for newspapers, as technology develops and the audience desires news more than ever.

Advances and Changes

            Now newspapers have been around for a while and commonality of them being
distributed daily has sunk in. People are getting their information about what is going on in their
everyday lives and the world surrounding them. Journalism starts to make a change as “yellow
journalism” reaches its height in the 1880s. This means that the news being reported on is based
on faulty assessments and exaggerations rather than the truth and facts. This changes in the
1890s-1900s as more and more journalists start to gain experience in scientific fields. Rather
than their reports being story based, they become fact-based, giving their audience more
important and relevant information.

Another important advancement in the newspaper is industry that is still around today is the
American Newspaper Publishers Association. This is the cohesion of advertising and
newspapers, as they start to form what would be a lasting relationship. After a couple of years,
the American Newspaper Publishers Association has to start regulating commissions,
standardizing advertising rates, and publishing a list of approved ad agencies. This becomes a
necessity as advertising in newspapers starts to have a more involved role than before.

With the many changes that take place throughout the history of newspapers, it is crucial that
journalists are also keeping up. This is why the National Press Club is introduced in 1908. It is
the world’s leading professional organization for journalist and is still around today. It helps
journalists improve their skills in meeting the changes of global communication that take place,
while also building a world-wide community for this media. In 1933 The Guild is also another
advancement for newspapers as it establishes a union for publications and editorial personnel.

What is it Like Today?

            Newspapers have gone through drastic changes from what the use to be to what they are
now. From the Penny Press selling for one cent and 8,000 being distributed to now over 56
million newspapers are being sold daily, and even more on Sunday. Compared to where they
started out at, that is a significant improvement, but hard copy newspapers are still considered to
be on the decline. People use to always read the newspapers daily when they were distributed,
but now more and more of them are being digitized. Many newspaper companies can no longer
compete with the easy and instant access that the internet provides people. Although they are still
prevalent today, you see less and less people reading newspapers, compared to their phones.

The History of Magazine’s

 The three main stages of life are birth, life, and death. The early conception stages of a magazine
are like the 9-month pregnancy, you get to announce the name and whether the magazine is
going in one direction or another (boy / girl). The realization is that there are more miscarriages
in the conception stage than actual births in the magazine world. Many of these magazine ideas
never come to fruition, so many it is estimated that only one out of ten ideas reach the birth stage
(Husni).

Early Stages of Magazines 

Josse Amman, a Swiss painter published one of the earliest example of pieces that could be
considered magazines. In 1586 he printed on plates displaying the fashions of the day. He called
his pieces Gynaeceum, sive Theatrum Mulierum or Theatre of Women. The plates were
published with the women dressed in various costumes and make-up, regarded as the first
fashion magazine. In 1693 The Ladies Mercury was published by John Dunton. The magazine
concerned all the nice and curious questions concerning love, marriage, behavior, dress and
humor in the female sex, whether virgins, wives or widows. It also carried an answer to
correspondent’s section, almost like an early teen vogue (Rowan).

The 18th Century

In 1731 the first mass modern general-interest magazine was published. The Gentleman’s
Magazine was published in England as entertainment for young adults. The magazine was based
around adult humor and news including essays, stories, poems and political commentary
(Rowan). In 1739 The Scots Magazine published their first magazine and to this day remains the
oldest consumer magazine in print. The magazine contains articles on Scottish subjects of
interest, ranging from music, news, and advertising (Lauder). In the year of 1755, Edward Cave,
who created the Gentleman’s Magazine coined the term “magazine”. The word from then on was
used meaning a sort of miscellaneous pamphlet with an assortment of media. After 1755
magazine’s starting exploring what it meant to be a magazine, what sorts of news and interests
attracted consumer attention. That same year, the first exclusively women’s magazine was
published called the Lady’s Magazine. The magazine consisted of literary content, combined
with fashion content, and embroidered patterns on the pages and covers to create an eye catcher
(Rowan). The question became, what separates one magazine from another that have the same
content.

Moving Into a New Era 

Beginning with new innovations and technologies in the early 19th century, 1852 saw mills in
Germany began using the waste from cutting wood. The wood waste was used in order to
produce a wood pulp for new papermaking. This process of making paper replaced printing on
rag-based paper for newspaper and magazine printing. The new paper not only was easier to
print on, but absorbed the ink better than the previous papers. With color printing still in its early
development stages in the mass media press, Colored News was the first magazine to use color
printing in 1855, but closed down after a month due to the cost of color printing at the time
(Rowan). While color printing wasn’t popular at the time we would see a reemergence in the
early 20th century.

Reader’s Digest was created by DeWitt Wallace and his wife Lila Bell Wallace in 1922. The

magazine company has been noted as one of the first notable successes of the twentieth
century. What made Reader’s Digests so popular was its design, by condensing and printing
them in this new small magazine format they became easily transportable and included the most
current material. It made it easy to keep up with the upcoming times (Rowan). In
1923 Time became the first U.S. newsmagazine. Started by Henry Luce and Briton
Hadden the goals were just like Reader’s Digest; educating
busy readers, condensing the magazine, but having more of today’s news. The publication
became the number 1 as the weekly news magazine (“Magazine’s”). Both magazines shifted the
trend of magazine topics, creating this buzz around what would soon be known as social media.

Seventeen magazine became the first American magazine created specifically for teenagers in

1944. The magazine’s focus in the beginning was writing articles about work, service,
citizenship, beauty and fashion (“Magazine”). As times began to change the
magazines followed suit, soon Seventeen began to focus on beauty and fashion. This movement
sparked a trend that other magazines, such as Teen Vogue soon followed. These
magazines demonstrated if
something is popular long enough it’ll solidify and it shapes ideas like the new concept of a
teenager. The largest launch of that specific type of magazine was in
the metropolitan/regional/state area in the year of 1967 (Rowan). The Rolling Stone is the
best example of a magazine that stands the test of time from that year because of their ability
to listen to its audience and watch the cultural changes in society. Their original idea was
to follow hippie culture, but as music does, it gradually evolved changing into
mainstream music. Rolling Stone’s audience changed into the generation that we
know today. Rolling Stone is the icon when it comes to musical magazines combined with
today’s culture because the team cares what’s popular (Lauder).

The only transitional change magazines experienced in the 21st century was translating their

media onto websites. With magazine websites lowering the cost of publishing magazines the
companies were able to use the extra money in other area’s. Companies were able to study what
having a good website meant. Magazines figured out slowly how to structure
their websites to be engaging, the most important aspect of social media. Social media allows
for magazine companies to explore the best ways to get their articles seen. The majority
of people in today’s world look at their screens more than other people’s faces, the goal is now to
get people to look at your magazine on the screen.  (“Magazine”).
Conclusion

Together all this information is important to understand the history of books, magazine, and
newspaper in the world of print media because it outlines how we have structured financial
models based on the technological advancements, how these technological advancements have
impacted society today, such as the creation of multimillion dollar organizations, and how we
this will affect the future of many of these industries and the issues they deal with. With this
history outline we can also discuss the functions that these media have on our day to day lives.
 1

MODULE - 2NotesPrint Media 54MASS

COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print Mediakings
used to circulate news to the people as
proclamations. In ancient Rome,Acta Diurna, or
government announcements, were published
regularly. Theywere inscribed in metal or stone.
These can be considered as the earliestform of
newspapers. In China also, the government
produced such newssheets called tipao.Many
researchers consider “The Peking Gazette”,
published from China, asthe first newspaper. It was
started in 618 .In the initial stages, this
newspaperwas hand written and distributed to the
readers. Later it was printed andcirculated. The
Peking Gazette continued its publication till the
beginning ofthe twentieth century.Newsletters
circulated by rulers were the first form of
newspapers. In India,the East India Company
circulated such newsletters.According to the World
Association of Newspapers, the first newspaper
inthe modern sense was published by Johann
Carlous in 1605. The name of thepaper is a bit
long! “ Relation aller Furnemmen und
gedenckwandigenHistorien”. In 1609, another
newspaper was started from Germany called ““File”.
Yet another newspaper in the modern concept was
published fromVenice called “ The Gazette”.But
many such earlier newspapers could not survive for
long. The rulerswere not happy with these
publications as some of them started
criticisingtheir rule. So many papers were forced to
close down. In USA, a newspaper“ The Public
Occurances” lasted only for a day. Similar was the
fate of the“Daily Paper” started by James Asher in
UK.Newspapers underwent a lot of changes in their
form and content after that.In England , “The
Weekly News” was launched in 1622. The first
newspaperin the modern concept was published in
Oxford in 1655 .It was the “OxfordGazette”. The
first newspaper to be published from London was
the DailyCourant. It was edited by E. Mallet. In
1784, John Walter launched the “DailyUniversal
Register” from London which later adopted a new
name “ TheTimes”. It is known to be one of the
greatest newspapers in the world.In USA, the first
newspaper was “Public Occurances”, which was
launchedin 1690. Postmaster John Campbell started
another paper in 1704, “The BostonNewsletter”. In
1783, “Pensilvania Evening Post” was started in USA
thathad all the features and content of a modern
newspaper. Later in 1851 came“The New York
Times”.Do you know which is the largest circulated
newspaper in the world ? Inwhich country is it
published? The largest circulated newspaper is the
“YomiYuri Shimbun” published from Japan. It has a
circulation of 1, 45, 57, 000copies per day. The
second and third largest circulated dailies in the
worldare also published from Japan.
MODULE - 2Print MediaNotes 55MASS
COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print MediaActivity
5.1Find out the names of the world’s second and
third largest circulateddailies. Also find out the
number of copies they sell.5.4 NEWSPAPER
PRINTING IN INDIADo you know the old name of
Kolkata City? It is Calcutta. Did you knowthat
Calcutta was once the capital city of India? From
1774 to 1922 Calcuttawas the Capital of India.
Calcutta has also many other firsts in the history
ofIndia. The first Railway Company was started
here.The first Metro Rail wasalso in this City. The
first Post and Telegraph office and the first
westernstyle bank were also opened in Calcutta.
Our Supreme Court also beganfunctioning from
that city.All of you must have heard about Nobel
Prizes. Calcutta city gave the countryfive Nobel
Laureates, Rabindranath Tagore, Sir C. V Raman,
Mother Theresa,Ronald Rose and Amartya Sen.You
will find it interesting to note that Calcutta has one
more first . It wasfrom Calcutta that the first
newspaper was published from India.It was a
Britisher who started the first newspaper in our
country. On January29, 1780 James Augustus
Hickey launched the “Bengal Gazette”. It hasanother
title “Calcutta Advertiser”. It was popularly known
as “Hickey’sGazette”. The first issue of the paper
had two pages and later it was increasedto four
pages. It’s size was 35 cms x 24 cms.The British
East India Company did not consider freedom of
the press asgood for society. They tried to suppress
publication of newspapers. Hickeywas a very bold
editor. He continued his criticism of British
authorities .Hepublished reports attacking the East
India Company officials. The Britishauthorities
arrested Hickey many times. Finally, they
confiscated his paperand press in 1782 and
stopped its publication. Hickey was asked to
leavethe country. He was sent back to England.
Copies of the Bengal Gazette arestill kept in the
National Library in Kolkata and the British Museum
inLondon.Confiscation of a newspaper is a rare
action taken by the authorities ifthat paper
publishes some news report or article that they
think is highlyobjectionable. Through confiscation,
the government transfers the pressand other
materials of the publication to the treasury.
Thereby, the officeof the paper is sealed and the
publication stopped.

MODULE - 2NotesPrint Media 56MASS

COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print MediaWe have
thus seen that Kolkata has a unique place in the
history of Indiannewspaper publishing. But it is all
the more interesting to note that the second,third
and fourth newspapers in the country were also
launched from thiscity.Following in Hickey’s
footsteps in 1780, the second newspaper was
launchedfrom Calcutta “The Indian Gazette”. The
“Calcutta Gazette” which startedpublication in 1784
and the “Bengal Journal” which was launched in
1785were the third and fourth newspapers to come
out from Calcutta.All these four earlier papers were
published in the English language.
Slowlynewspapers started coming out from other
parts of the country also. The“Madras Courier ”
(1785) and “ Madras Gazette” (1795) were started
fromMadras. From Mumbai, the “Mumbai Herald”
was launched in 1789. Thepress regulations and
censorship imposed by the British stood in the way
ofstarting more newspapers in India. In 1818, Lord
Hastings removed the strictcensorship measures
for a milder set of policies. This led to the
emergence ofmany new newspapers, including
many in Indian languages. Raja Ram Mohan Fig 5.7

MODULE - 2Print MediaNotes 57MASS

COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print MediaRoy who
is known to have fought for the freedom of the
press edited a Persianweekly called ‘Mirat-ul-
Akhbar’.The first language newspaper in India was
started in Kannada language, the“Kannada
Samachar”. But the publishers of this paper were
not Indians, butforeign missionaries. The first
Indian language newspaper published by anIndian
was also launched from Calcutta , “The Bengali
Gazette” by GangadharBhattacharjee in 1816.The
Gujarati daily “Mumbai Samachar” published from
Mumbai is the oldestexisting newspaper not only in
India but also in Asia. It was established
in1822.Activity 5.2Collect the names of five early
newspapers in your state withyear of starting. Fig
5.8: Mumbai Samachar

MODULE - 2NotesPrint Media 58MASS

COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print MediaINTEXT
QUESTIONS 5.21. Which were the early newspapers
in USA and UK ?2. What is the importance of the
city of Kolkata in Indian newspaper history?3. When
was the Bengal Gazette launched? What was it
otherwise called?5.5 CULTURAL AWAKENING AND
FREEDOM MOVEMENTTowards the end of the 19th
century, many social reformers began
activelycampaigning for radical changes in Indian
society. The reformation ofHinduism, the move for
abolition of sati and efforts to encourage widow re-
marriage were some of the major reforms. Inspired
by these great leaders,many newspapers were
started in different parts of the country. All this led
toa boom in the newspaper industry in India.Some
of the leading English newspapers were also
launched during this time.“The Times of India”
(1861) was started as a paper supporting the
British.Many of you might have heard about “The
Jungle Book”. The author of“The Jungle Book” ,
Rudyard Kipling, started “The Pioneer” in 1866
fromAllahabad. “The Amrita Bazar Patrika”(1868),
“The Statesman” (1875),“The Hindu” (1887) and
“The Tribune”( 1880) were also started during
thisperiod. “The Hindustan Times” was started
later, in 1923. In the regionallanguages, some
papers that were launched during that period
continue evennow as leading papers like “Malayala
Manorama” (1888).When Mahatma Gandhi returned
to India, he gave a great impetus to thefreedom
movement. He was also a great editor. He took over
“Young India”,the weekly started by the Home Rule
Party in 1918. Gandhiji also launchedanother
weekly, called the “Navjeevan”, in Gujarati. Later,
Gandhiji startedthe “Harijan” under the editorship
of Mahadev Desai. Gandhiji insisted thathis papers
will not carry any advertisements. But all his
publications hadwide circulation among readers.

MODULE - 2Print MediaNotes 59MASS

COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print MediaFig 5.10Fig
5.9

MODULE - 2NotesPrint Media 60MASS

COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print MediaCan you
guess how many newspapers in India have crossed
100 years ofpublication and are still in circulation?
There are 41 such newspapers in thecountry and
are called centenarian newspapers. Among English
dailies, fourhave crossed this mark: The Times of
India, The Hindu, The Tribune andThe Statesman.
Among language newspapers, Mumbai Samachar,
AmritaBazar Patrika, Malayala Manorama and
Deepika are among the centenarians.You will be
learning more about language newspapers in
lesson 9.5.6 ADVENT OF MODERN
TECHNOLOGYHave you ever wondered how the
pages of a newspaper are printed ?From the days of
wooden block printing, newspapers have
undergone a seachange. Technological revolution
has modernised the print media. For a longtime,
these were produced by hand composing. Later,
these were replaced bymonotype and linotype. In
this process, a machine operated by a key
boardwas used to compose letters. This has also
become obsolete now. Typesettingin computers,
offset printing and laser printing have taken over.
Desktoppublishing has become quite common
now.Fig 5.11: Navjeevan

MODULE - 2Print MediaNotes 61MASS

COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print MediaIn earlier
days, newspapers were printed only in black and
white. Colourprinting was not possible at that time.
But now almost all the newspapersprint colour
pages . Some papers print colour only in
supplements and specialpages. Colour printing has
made the pages look brighter and attractive.INTEXT
QUESTIONS 5.31. Name three English newspapers
launched at the end of 19th century inIndia.2. Which
is the oldest existing newspaper in India?3. Name
two publications started by Gandhiji.5.7 SIZE OF
NEWSPAPERSYou may have noticed the fact that all
newspapers are not of the same size;some are big,
some small and some are very small. Newspapers
are classifiedinto three categories according to
their size. They are broadsheets, tabloidsand
Berliners or Midis.Morning newspapers are
generally broadsheets. They are big in size. InIndia,
all major newspapers are broadsheets. Examples
include “The Timesof India “and “Hindustan
Times”.Tabloids are only half the size
ofbroadsheets. In India most of the evening papers
are tabloids. Examples are“Mid-day” and “ Metro
Now”.Presently some of the new morning
papershave also adopted the tabloid format. LINOTYPE MONOTYPE
Fig 5.12: Monotype, LinotypeFig 5.13:
BroadsheetLINOTYPEMONOTYPE

MODULE - 2NotesPrint Media 62MASS

COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print MediaBerliners
or Midis are very small newspapers. European
papers such as LaMonde and La Stampa are Midis. “
Mint ” is the name of a Berliner publishedin India. In
India, some magazines print special booklets in this
format.Can you now tell the size of the newspaper
that you read every day ? Is it abroadsheet or a
tabloid?5.8 INTERNET PAPERS AND EDITIONSHave
you seen an internet cafe? Nowadays internet cafes
are as common asSTD /ISD booths. If you have not
visited an internet café, please go and seewhat is
happening there.Internet is a computer based
worldwide interlink network. It has no
countrybarriers. So a person sitting in India can
access an internet site in USA throughthe computer
network. This has made revolutionary changes
incommunication the world over.Recently almost all
newspapers have internet editions. For example,
theHindustan Times or Indian Express or Times of
India can be read on theinternet through their net
editions. Each paper has a dotcom name for
theirsite, like www.hindustantimes.com or
www.times of india.com. While youhave to pay for
buying a newspaper, the internet edition of that
newspaper isfree of charge and is accessible if you
have a computer and internet connection.Activity
5.3Collect names of five internet editions of
newspapers.Some newspapers are published only
on the internet. These are called webnewspapers.
One advantage of internet papers is that they are
availableworldwide.Fig 5.14: Tabloid

MODULE - 2Print MediaNotes 63MASS

COMMUNICATIONIntroduction to Print MediaINTEXT
QUESTIONS 5.41. Write the names of five
broadsheet newspapers.2. Name three tabloid
newspapers3. Name three internet newspaper sites.
5.9 OTHER FORMS OF PRINT MEDIAFilmfare,
Champak, Grihasobha, Chandamama, India Today,
The Week,Outlook . Are these names familiar to you
? They are also part of the printmedia. But they are
not newspapers. They are called magazines. Can
you tellthe difference between newspapers and
magazines ?Like newspapers, magazines and
weeklies are other forms of print media.They are
published at regular intervals.How do you
differentiate beween them? A weekly is published
once a weekand a monthly once a month. A
fortnightly is published once in two weeks.A bi-
weekly is published twice every week. A tri-monthly
is one which ispublished every three months. These
are also known as quarterlies. Thenthere are certain
publications that come out only once a year which
arecalled annuals.“India Today” is a weekly, while
“Champak” is a fortnightly. “Grihasobha”and
“Vanitha” are monthlies.Fig 5.15: Magazines