UNIT V. IMPRESSION MATERIALS.

COMPOSITION

DISCUSSION POINTS

1. Examine the diagram below. Dicuss about IMPRESSION MATERIALS.

COMPOSITION

rigid impression
impression material materials

alginate

elastic impression
materials

complete/part IMPRESSION MATERIALS.

ial impression COMPOSITION

fluid impression
materials

technique

dental impression impression tray

VOCABULARY
catalyst /ˈkætəlɪst/- a substance that makes a chemical reaction happen faster without being changed itself;
expertise /ˌekspɜːˈtiːz/- expert knowledge or skill in a particular subject;
fidelity /fɪˈdeləti/- the quality of being accurate;
accuracy /ˈækjərəsi/- the state of being exact or correct; the ability to do something with skill and without
making mistakes;
alginate [ælˈʤɪneɪt]- a natural polysaccharide;
seaweed /ˈsiːwiːd/- a plant that grows in the sea, or on rocks at the edge of the sea;
viscous /ˈvɪskəs/- thick and sticky; not flowing freely;
polyether [pɒlɪˈiːθə ]- any of a class of organic substances prepared by joining together or polymerizing
many molecules of simpler compounds (monomers) by establishing ether links between them;
polysulfide [pɒlɪˈsʌlfaɪd]- a class of chemical compounds containing chains of sulfur atoms;
fluid silicones - silicone oils which exhibit different degrees of polymerization and thus viscosity;
polymerization /ˌpɒliməraɪˈzeɪʃn/- the process of combining, or making units of a chemical combine, to
make a polymer (a substance consisting of large molecules (= groups of atoms) that are made from
combinations of small simple molecules)
acrylic /əˈkrɪlɪk/- made of a substance produced by chemical processes from a type of acid;
shellac /ʃəˈlæk/- a natural substance used in making varnish to protect surfaces and make them hard;
varnish/ˈvɑːnɪʃ/-a liquid that is painted onto wood, metal, etc. and that forms a hard shiny surface that you
can see through when it is dry;
putty /ˈpʌti/- a soft sticky substance that becomes hard when it is dry;
retraction cord -cords, that are placed in the gingival sulcus so that dentists can get a good impression of the
teeth and the surrounding tissues;
crevice /ˈkrevɪs/- a narrow opening in a rock or wall;
void /vɔɪd/- a large empty space;
hydrophilic [haɪdrəˈfɪlɪk ]- having a strong affinity for water;
hydrophobic /ˌhaɪdrəˈfəʊbɪk/- water repelling, resists wetting having an extreme fear of water;
hydrocolloid /ˌhʌɪdrə(ʊ)ˈkɒlɔɪd/- a substance which forms a gel in the presence of water, examples of which
are used in surgical dressings and in various industrial applications;
elastomer /ɪˈlæstəmə/ any material, such as natural or synthetic rubber, that is able to resume its original
shape when a deforming force is removed;
vinyl /ˈvaɪnl/- a strong plastic that can bend easily;
agar-agar /ˈeɪɡɑːr/- a substance like jelly.

1. Finish the sentences

2. Acrylic …
3. The class of chemical compounds containing chains of sulfur atoms is called…
4. The catalyst is …
5. Vinyl …
6. The quality of being accurate -

READING AND WRITING

 IMPRESSION MATERIALS. COMPOSITION
A dental impression is an imprint of teeth and/or soft tissues, formed with specific types of impression materials
that is used in different area of dentistry including prosthodontics. A correctly made dental impression will
capture a part or all of a person's dentition and surrounding structures of oral cavity. Dental impressions must be
highly accurate. To achieve this goal, specific impression materials are used. These materials have the ability to
reproduce very precisely the clinical situation. A proper impression material must have several qualities : fidelity
(the ability of the impression material to record the finest details), elasticity (the property of the material to keep
the fidelity of the impression when removed from the mouth), stability (the quality of the material to maintain its
exact shape for a certain period of time that means the fidelity of the impression will be preserved until reaching
the dental lab), setting time has to be short, but enough, pleasant smell, taste and color not irritating or toxic to the
oral tissues.
Usually, impression materials are prepared by mixing 2 substances: the base substance and the catalyst. The 2
substances can be 2 paste substances, a paste and a liquid or a powder and a liquid (which may be water). Setting
time may vary between 1 and 3 minutes, depending on several factors : the type of material, the outdoor
temperature, the catalyst temperature, material consistency
Over the years, many types of impression materials have been developed and the qualities have constantly
improved. There are several classes of materials, each serving different purposes i.e. rigid, elastic, fluid impression
materials. Rigid impression materials - the base has a putty consistency and the catalyst is a paste or a liquid, after
setting, the material becomes hard and rigid, the fidelity is not very high, but the impressions are very resistant
after setting and the stability is excellent. Rigid materials are used for preliminary impressions or for the first stage
of the two-step technique (or wash technique) impression, the materials in this category are plaster, hard silicones,
waxes, stents blocks. Elastic impression materials - the base and catalyst are either 2 paste substances or a powder
and a liquid (which may be water) after the preparation they are placed inside impression trays. Elastic materials
have a soft consistency but after setting, they become elastic. They are easy to handle and their accuracy is pretty
good, materials in this category : alginate, medium consistency silicones. Fluid impression materials - these
materials have a very soft consistency when placed inside impression trays after setting, they become hard and
elastic. Their fluidity combined with specific features makes them the most accurate impression materials. The
fluid materials are used in the second stage of the wash technique impression after an initial impression taken with
a more viscous material, materials in this category : polyether, polysulfide, fluid silicones.
It is very difficult to make a thorough classification of dental impressions, according to several factors, here is a
possible and logical classification: depending on the extent of the impression – complete/psrtial dental impression.
A complete impression captures all teeth and surrounding tissues inside the mouth cavity, basically, three distinct
impressions are taken: upper arch impression, lower arch impression, occlusion impression or bite registration, can
be used in almost any clinical situation and, because of the detailed information, complete dental impressions are
widely preferred by dental practitioners (implant supported restorations, extended dental bridges, complete
removable dentures, removable partial dentures; preliminary impressions) Various techniques may be used to
perform complete impressions: one-step technique, two-step technique, custom tray technique etc. Partial or
segmental dental impression can be taken in partial coverage trays, designed to fit over several teeth, or without
trays. In the second variation, the upper teeth, the lower teeth and bite registration are captured on the same
impression. Partials do not provide complete details but they are quicker and easier to make, application: dental
crowns, small dental bridges. A partial impression may utilize the one-step or the two-step technique.
There are various types of dental impressions. The technique that will be selected for a particular situation may
depend on different factors: first of all, the type of restoration that will be manufactured; the clinical expertise of
each practitioner; each physician has a preferred set of impression techniques in various parts of the world
impression techniques may differ a lot. One-step technique requires only one step and, in most cases, uses a single
impression material. Two-step technique also known as the wash technique, requires two steps and uses two
distinct impression materials, one for each stage. Custom tray technique is a particular variation of the two-step
technique that involves the participation of the dental lab.
2. Answer the questions

1. What is a dental impression?

2. What are the qualities of proper impression material?
3. How are impression materials prepared?
4. What are the clases of impression materials?
5. What are rigid materials used for?

Examine the chart

PROPERTIES of Polysulphide IM ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-Dimensional stability -Dimensional stability -May have toxic effects
-Excellent surface detail -Accuracy -Messy to work with - unpleasant
-Very good tear resistance -Long working time rubbery smell
-Good shelf life -Long shelf life Can only be used in a special tray
PROPERTIES of Polyether IM ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-Hydrophillic (i.e. absorbs water) --Accurate -May cause allergic reaction due to the
-Good shelf life of up to 2 years -Ease of use sulphonic acid ester
-Good elastic recovery -Poor tear strength
-Non toxic -Low setting contraction
-Excellent surface detail -Rapid setting time (i.e. short working
-Good dimensional stability time)
PROPERTIES of Polyester IM ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- Stable to deformation --Accurate -May cause allergic reaction
- Have good moistening abilities in -Ease of use -Poor tear strength
working hours -Rapid setting time
Plastic trays Metal trays
Advantages: -Very popular. -Reusable.
-Inexpensive. -Less likely to
-Convenient. distort
Disadvantages: Don’t support the impression More expensive
as metal trays
Requirements from patients Requirements from dentist
Neutral taste and odor. Easily mixed, removed and disinfected.
Short setting time. Short working time.
Small tray. Good quality impression (reproduction and
Easily removed. dimensional accuracy).
Non-toxic Low cost materials.

3. Use the concepts from the box to complete the sentences

tray occlusion impression accurately technician

liquid materials adapted resistant
feature mouth

An impression tray is a container, which holds the __________material as it sets and supports the set
impression. All trays are designed to be rigid and have a handle to remove them from the__________. There
are 2 main types of trays: stock trays can be made out of a range of _________from plastics to metals, and
they can be perforated to allow the impression material to run through the holes and increase the bond of the
impression material to the _________when set; custom trays are made to fit a specific individual's mouth by
a dental_________. Special trays are constructed on a cast from a preliminary impression which utilizes
stock trays commonly made from acrylic or shellac. They are very closely __________and are mainly
utilized for the custom tray impression technique. The base has a putty consistency and the catalyst is a paste
or _________. After setting, the material becomes hard and rigid. The fidelity is not very high, but the
impressions are very __________after setting and the stability is excellent. An impression of the opposing
arch is taken, usually in alginate. An important __________of this impression is that the occlusal surface of
the teeth should be recorded without air bubbles so that the opposing models can be articulated_________.
An interocclusal record will not be needed where there are sufficient occluding teeth. However, if there is
any doubt about the_________, a suitable interocclusal record is taken in the intercuspal position.

4. SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following synonyms:

1. Alternative a. illnesses

2 Revealed b. different

3. Considered c. probable

4. Conventional d. treatments

5. Cures e. quite

6. Pain f. thought

7. Disorders g. specialist

8. Likely h. normal

9. Expert i. soreness

10. Pretty j. showed

5. PHRASE MATCH: Match the following phrases

1. it is very difficult to make a. all teeth and surrounding
tissues inside the mouth
cavity

2 a complete impression captures b. to perform complete

impressions

3. various techniques may be used c. of dental impressions

4. partial or segmental dental impression d. a thorough classification of

dental impressions

5. there are various types e. can be taken in partial

coverage trays

6. Put the correct words from the table below in the article.
1. (a) tip (b) types (c) type (d) tape

2. (a) fact (b) fiction (c) factors (d) fibers

3. (a) techniques (b) tips (c) trays (d) tick

4. (a) miracle (b) mirror (c) member (d) material

5. (a) impression (b) impressive (c) immerse (d) more

6. (a) recently (b) laboratory (c) labour (d) seed

7. (a) from (b) manufacture (c) manufactured (d) factory

8. (a) accuracy (b) accurate (c) occurrence (d) seventhly

9. (a) heroes (b) hurt (c) heart (d) hard

10. (a) outstanding (b) out (c) stand (d) standing

11. (a) involves (b) involvement (c) recent (d) value

12. (a) liquid (b) disadvantage (c) advantage (d) water

13. (a) sinks (b) sits (c) sets (d) suits

14. (a) general (b) tray (c) truth (d) tincture

15. (a) arch (b) arm (c) step (d) and

There are various _________ of dental impressions. The technique that will be selected for a particular
situation may depend on different _________: first of all, the type of restoration that will be manufactured;
the clinical expertise of each practitioner; each physician has a preferred set of impression techniques in
various parts of the world impression ___________may differ a lot.
One-step technique requires only one step and, in most cases, uses a single impression________. The
impression fidelity is not as high as in the case of the two-step or individual tray techniques but it is easier
and faster to make. Impression materials: rigid or elastic impression materials: putty silicones, alginate,
plaster etc. A stock _________ tray that accurately fits the dental arch is selected. The dentist prepares the
material then places it in the impression tray. The tray is positioned in the mouth and pressed over the dental
arch. After the material sets, the tray is removed, washed and sent to the dental__________. Preliminary
impressions for the custom tray technique. These impressions are used by the dental technician to fabricate
the custom tray. The custom tray technique can be utilized in any situation but is especially indicated when
large bridges, dentures or implant-supported restorations are__________. These impressions allow the
practitioners to study various details before the preparation begins and compare them in different stages of
the clinical case. More such impressions can be taken for a single case.
Two-step technique also known as the wash technique, requires two steps and uses two distinct impression
materials, one for each stage. The _________and fidelity of these impressions is excellent. Impression
materials: a rigid impression material for the first step and a fluid material for the second step. The
combination of putty and fluid silicones can be a good choice. In the first stage, the dentist makes an
impression with a rigid material. The process runs similar to the one-step technique. After material sets, the
impression becomes ________and solid. For the second impression, the fluid material is placed inside the
rigid material formed tray. The impression is then repositioned over the dental arch. After setting, the fluid
material usually gains an elastic consistency. The fidelity of the reproduction is____________. The
impression is washed and sent to the dental laboratory. Application: dental crowns, fixed dental bridges,
some restorations supported by dental implants
Custom tray technique is a particular variation of the two-step technique that ________the participation of
the dental lab. The technique is widely utilized because of its high precision and fidelity, the only
__________is that it requires an extra session, impression materials: fluid impression materials: fluid
silicones, polyether etc. In the first stage, the practitioner makes a preliminary impression with a rigid or
elastic material using the one-step technique. After the material________, the impression is sent to the
dental laboratory. The dental technician pours gypsum into the impression to obtain a dental cast. On this
cast, the technician manufactures an impression tray that fits the dental arch as accurately as possible. This
particular ________is called individual tray or custom tray and can be made of different plastic or composite
materials. The custom tray is sent back to the dental office. The dentist adjusts it in the mouth and places the
fluid material inside the custom tray. The tray is repositioned and pressed on the dental ________until it
reaches the final position. After the material sets, the tray is removed and sent back to the dental lab.

7. Underline the most suitable expression to complete the sentences.

1. Plasticity is a property of the material to keep/to leave the changed form after cessasion of external
deforming force. The elastomeric impression materials are hydrophobic and so the prepared tooth surface
must be dry.
2. An impression of the cavity and the full arch of teeth is taken in an elastomeric impression material.
The dentist may choose/lose to use one of three groups of these materials: the polysulphides, polyethers, or
silicones.
3. The tooth is isolated/insulated with cotton-wool rolls and a saliva ejector is placed in the mouth.
4. Careful management of the gingival tissues is the key to taking good impressions, since any gingival
exudate or bleeding will prevent the material from flowing over the prepared tooth surface/menace.
5. The impression materials are mixed thoroughly/through before taking the impression.
6. The retraction cord is removed/sealed and a low-viscosity material is syringed into the preparation and
around the tooth.
7. A heavier-viscosity material or putty mix is placed in the impression tray and the tray is seated over the
unset/upset low-viscosity material.
8. This helps to adapt it into all the areas/ eras of the preparation and into the gingival crevice.
9. The impression is supported while it sets and then/than removed from the mouth.
10. The impression of the prepared tooth should/mood be examined in detail to check that the entire margin
is visible and that there are no voids caused by air bubbles.

8. Put the words into the correct order to make sentences

1. Elasticity, of, the, material, outside, to, rather, the, is, initial, form, a, property, under, the, take, influence,
of, small, force, from, the.
2. Rubber, and, other, gutta-percha, similar, related, materials, are, to, substances elastic.
3. Plastic, materials, are, impression, divided, into, subgroups: impression, two, thermoplastic, materials, and
impression, compositions, plastic.
4. Thermoplastic, should, materials, meet, the, following, requirements: to, softened, be, to, possess
necessary, plasticity, not, to, sticky, be, to, harden, at, temperature, the, a, little, temperature, exceeding, of
the, oral, cavity, to, be, easily, processed, by, instruments, not, to, stratified, from, be, easily, separated, the,
model.
5. Polyethers, for, used, crown, bridge, work, and, partial, implants, dentures, and, overdentures.

9. Connect the following sentence halves.

1. Plastic impression materials are divided into two subgroups...
2. These materials do not harden in the oral cavity and reflect functional features of ...
3. Plastic impression materials are recommended to be applied: for ...
4. Inelastic impression materials: plaster, wax, impression compound, zinc oxide-eugenol, elastic impression
materials can be …
5. Polyester impression materials are one of new and perspective groups of elastomer impression materials,
they consist of the basic paste and a
a). stretched and bent to a fairly large degree without suffering any deformation i.e. good tear resistance and
dimensional stability.
b). impression thermoplastic materials and impression plastic compositions.
c) specification of denture borders of the maxilla and mandible in absence of the teeth.
d) hardener which are mixed up in definite ratio, to avoid swelling of impressions they should be kept dry.
e). the mobile and motionless mucous membrane of the orthopedic bed well.

References

http://vmede.org/sait/?page=11&id=Angliiskii_yaz_stomat_berzegova_2009&menu=Angliiskii_yaz_stomat_berzegov
a_2009
https://tdmuv.com/kafedra/internal/stomat_ortop/classes_stud/en/stomat/ptn/Propaedeutics%20of%20orthopedic%20s
tomatology/2/05.%20Silicone%20impression%20materials.%20Thermoplastic%20impression%20materials..htm
https://infodentis.com/fixed-prosthodontics/impression-techniques.php