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*Ribo80me + I5 X20 m
*Membrme of 52 7 pmtein
RBC
40 Aipid
*Envenkim of e micmßopa 49503
* Fluid Masaic Mode of pla4m membrane by Singer
Nicolgom 1972
*nolai body dizcoverd by Camillo Golgi1898
flat disC haped ciatern al> :S14 in dianer
9o volume of plank ce(1 occupied by vacuoles.
Mito ch om dria
P Diamader 0s2-1uty averaJa0 54m)
* Chlorpplazk
r engh-
width 2-4 um
Number ot ck{oroplas
mTCklamydonen
meaophyll Ce
aR=
covary ll 20+o
Dis of Riboaome
953) by aeorg Palada
Cilia4 Flogella
ilament
basa body 2+Tmic kubule
Qrr9+0 mt
Centriole mietbule arrqngemant.
feri nudear
Biomolecules &pate 10-50m
**3Youp of aty acid
11 Carbon
Arachidonic acid nave 20 Carbon including R-gro
* Palmikic acid nave
6-
* Biomoleculsa --
T
micromolecule Mu oop Dalton
macromole cule w 7oop0 Dalto
Lipids mw 80o dalkon
Thee are 20typa amiao acide
0 esseial lo non eszeukial
Averag CompoRiho» of ce(
water 70-p0
Prprem 10-15
Carbo hydrate 3
Lipide 2
Nucleic Acids 7
Lons -
17
Pitch/Lenghh of Helin 34A'"(8-DNA)
of DNA
Glyco y8 5 10 mtabelic 6tep ih 10 eYmes
*Blood glucose Lwel in a healhy pavsoH 80-/00 ma
S-5M
damaged 40'Cemprature
enenzymes t above
Co t H0 co
r= 200 molecule/hr wiAouk enzy
6 lakh moleule/see ( wih Carbonit ahhydrue
Y Mzyme
Enzymes oivided into 6Clas 4 tach class
furhe divided into -13 sub clasae. 4amed
by 4 digid ymber
Cell Cycle'
a
Hum cell divide onte in every 24 4
* Celly le of yea4d+> po minutes.
* m- phase uman Cell Cyele 1 hr
Tnberphose mo hn s
CelI yele ot
PLANT
E. coli= 20 minute
NATER PELATLON
Typ 0t 99uaporins = 8 (w ater chanhel)
Waermelo hqve mare ha 92 wafey
Dry mater oherba cesuA plamta =*lo=IS
frah w of
*A dry Reed AHll ave 10-15 water of ik weigle
A Corh plant abserb3 3Aiter watr in a day.
*A muatard þlant abzorb wottr equol tv it
in ab out Sh.
uei
*By ifuaioa moenenk of molecule acmRS
*ypi cal plant cel (Soum) *aker appoximafely 25
Spred of wader 4pw ard in ylemy napiratin
Pull 4pto 15 m/h
Macromutrient 2 0
10 mmole
k dry weiglt
Licrpmutrient K 1o mmele/ 0f dry mater
C¢ Plant 360 1
CO2
L
Concentration
C3
ia
Pla
afmosphe
450 u1/
Regpiradionm
i Planda
*In Fermentakiun More than 13 alcohol concentration
is poiRon ous for yeas tself.
s0 dieillation ia required
* Reapirahion reaprotibm 36/38 ATP forn
Aenbic
Anaemlic ratpir aion -> 2 ATP fornation
CGlycolyR )
lsaR han 7
QRrDbic respa
*Bareak down
of 1 glucame
gives 6 6 CO2L4
10NADH2 bb ycle
alycolysin-
2 Kreb's Gyele 30ATP
2 FADH 4ATP
Cele
ebr 6 Calycalyais
2A TP 2 ATP
reb'a Cycle 2GTP 2 ATP
Tofal 33 ATP
*Respirotory otient ELAR orkanCarbohydrate
for fate 1
07 for Tripamikin (fHy acid
L09 for potei
Plant Corouwth
Roo. apical meristem ive rise to more than 175So
Roo.t
Mew ce lls per hour.
Cells wotermalon may incree size by up to
3,So,000 kimes.
&
During mid 1960s pyrification
chimica
charåcterisakion ot 3 difernt kypaf inhibiors
(A BA)
There qre morehan 00 ibberellinareported
liferant Ani
ifere uch aR fmgi * hizhur plnta.
&Spraying crop wih gibberellin 1creaaBe
cease
4rcane y
the Angth ostern, hua mcreasing ield
the
much 20 ones acre
Diosion Child 02 CPramolar abgent)
fosnula 2 02
Dental Ladult Bno ny
diutema
G21
2/2
*lleight of Jever 12=1:S EJ
pH Saliva 68
intaine 78
*Stvmach tore food for Shour.
Starch digkd by alivary amy
(ake 707
*30is digted by fan cretkic qmy l
Carb ohydrake
Prmtein Fat
* KCa/
CGross Calorific Value S65
Physiologiead Calsrifie Value 4 07
Regpiration
Breahing rafe -
1216*imes/minete
Capacikies
*Respir atory Volme
Volume 50.0 ml
(Tlidal 25003000 mA
IRV
ERV
(RU) Residual
{1001200 m
Volume =>
IRV>3000-3S 00m
IC: TVt
TV+ERv => 4S00 =7600
mA
EC= ERV+RV >2100-23 00
FRC =
ERV+IRV+TV
VC 400046 00mA
TLC VC+RV SI00 SP00 m
Air Alveoli Oxignokrd Bload Demy blood
Tuan
o4
in m)
Co d 03 40 40
* Solubility of Co in
an
20- 25 Hme igher Hak ofa.
* ThickneRA of dif uaiom mem brane af alveali = a«2m
* Solubility of Co ia B00 imu hizher han in bfood.
0
Trama pork ot gare
02 = 271 aR Oxy Hb t3 daolue in plen
1 BC
LO,=o 20-2S7. aR arbamins Hb 70 7,0
Bicarbonahe m ABC
4 7in pluh
Each haumoglo bin mole Cuda Com maximym
molecule Cary
of 0
Every loo ml ofoxy nated blood Can
sm daliver aromd
of
Conikion
O2 to the ue un der mormal
physiolozical
Excretion
Pleash 10=|2C
kidney dk S-7 cc
wi PhickheAs>2-3
LweiJht > (20 170
- Fa2
(29)
Fate
ear ole
1-
L Hysid
*Verkebral Column TnlgSC
Riba (12 pair) Verkbnslemal 1 7 pai
verrebnchondral
floaking
*1oh pair
* Nervous
1aH a paiy
Syren
Nat-E punp fraport3Nat ouhword foY
2kt inb
he cell
*Resting membrAme
potential-70 mV
ot nerve cun durkion in mammalk =p 4d0=130
speed m
Endocain
1 o 2 of poncreaje hawe 12 milliaTs leks of
Lmgey hamR
in 186S u1
by Hugo de Vrin,
Redis covery 0f Mendel's wrk
1900 Corrin 4 Von TAchemark
Car
Chromofomal heory of imheritan
c4 i
1902 .
bySirttom md Boveri
experimenrt on Drso phila
*Morzan igy
gana grecombih
Bodly Colour eya only Csloyr
re ation.
linked t ahow 3
Bocly gize ne Bhow 37:27
Eye Coloyr 4 atton
Combin
Te
- K-boly X-chrnofrne)
Covered
akion in nec
(1821)
*Henking dukr minde insect
* Ko type of
Rex
blindnese OCcu in gbout- 87 of male
Colour females in ha world.
40mly
0y about o.4-. of
cell anamia Point mkahso»n occs
* In Bickle -zlobelin,
DNA 6H Co don of m-RNA of
ichain
GAG o GUG
Syndrome Trismy of 2 Chromo4one
Dow's
Lamg don Dowm (1866)
dir ca vered by
6
1928
Diaance barwean we ba^e par i
i8 34-A
X10? . totul mumbar of base pair
So Jenghh of DNA isPpd
A typico ucleoome
Frederick
Contain 200 bp
DNA
22
of
.
DNA.
ariff:h expevimenk wi
Strepto coccu Pmeunonige backeria =
Tranafarnati,
*1933-44 Oswald Avery Colim MacLeod qnd
Maclyn McCarky uge trmatorming Prineiple of+
Griffi K
experimere and Concluded hat PNA e
g-nee matean al
* 1952 Alfred Havshey 4 Marha Chase
eparred
wih bacferio phaue , E coli baekriq 4+
ikotopas radioacin
of st P 3Stp-experimunt
froove DNA inteiom
h material F Blendin
Cerbrifugakia
*1958 Mathew Meaela
eXferimetally
ont Framklin
Stahl
Pove e
of DNA replic ahon, Rei conserrakie nan
medium.
uw E. Cali 0 NHEC
E.i coli divid in every 2o minure
3 minues. b
DNA rrplicakibm n Camplbe
Ro f falymuia akion npli calia n of E.
l
4PPmxinatey 2000 brpec
*Eukaryoter hawe 3 yps f RNA Polynrae
RNA (28S 18S 58S) I
ha kNA (n-RNA)
-RNA, Sn RNA, S-rRNA
RNA un dergo Cappihg 4 Jailiy. Ia ilisg
*hndenylake rekidus (200-oa) added a 3end.
a
* No. of NBose=4 (A,6, G T) in DNA
ype f Amino acid = 20
So No. of doy
644
Co ripkt forn)
A ugaked heor Genow
Ribosone of struckral
cwsinde ANAr (RAA) 4
a bow 80, difere n protin
r-RNA in Backeria i
enzy Kibozye.
23S
Lac Operon Cosinka Tulatory 43struckral
ne 2,7,a
Human henome Project CHGP
Launched in 120
Complhhd in 2o03 13 yer Prjeck
Beqyencin of Chomoon 1 Complkkd in May 2006
be inning
utimated Cast i # US
poal i o idnkihed S3 pev bp
i Hunman a(2g00-25000 th4
DNA
*Huma anoma condajn I64-7 million nuclestHde
The qverag ne Conrist* of3000 basesbat.bu
12 vary tely. (largea gana= dyabrophis 2+niliohba
*19:3 Y.
in alf People
nucleoide bares are exactly ame
*So of dis coered ne's fmcione ar 4nkhsw
umkhow
aes han 2/ of gn oma Cade for pmtein.
* Chrmmasone 1 he8 mas- gunef 2968 ana
he fewest 23D
K Scientinkr iderhihied ilio» SN in Himan.
*,
BR
i.e.
hqn 2. of neme tode for pmtein
do nut Code
high dgrs of folymorphism KELP)
Basis ofF
DNA hngar prinking
If re quenty ot an allle ifopdakion
9re oder than 0-o1, it sho w hat he w
allel formed bmwahvm which rezulske
Ch ara Cfer dfennt
* Bize of
of VNTR 0 to20 kb
Evolutio
* Tha Uhivee ia almoat20biliontyegra old.
* Earth war suppared so have bean formed
4Sbillio»yeaYback.
* Lite appearedsoo mio 20Ys after he tormation
of eorh, ie. +billion yems back. 39 bya)
*I9S3 S.L: mille expari menE wih wakr vapour
CH Nng H =P
2:12
800C
Firs
*Firs mm (ellalor
form of life auld han originafd
3 billim yegr back.
The first celular form of uih did mot poRn'bily
originated Hll 2000illion yeo
(2bya)
According to Cpn vewkion a religious iheratuY
They oSpecial orea
earh ia abo #o00yeq-ol
Tri Ceraopr> havin horm
Tyranno4auru 20 fert Jog
20
*In
* In 963 ßeveral varietin of wheat inbodure d
n India Senali ka 1igh yeilding
Eal yan Soma disegses rekjgJaat
* In 966 derivaki4 t eni dw0rf varieky ofise
inooluted in Tndia. later butor
yielding Aami dwonf
developed ih Inodiq.
variebes Jaya and Ratna wre
evon loo
*Crop Japs es Cqn 4pto
oftn 2-3o
Bufering hger e
frem hidden
3billion paaph
have adesu aete food*
More han qmoy-
840millian eople do not ouweloped in whi ch
More han
2000, Maze hy bid
doubled yore to ixis Hng
qmiho acid i
variety,
* L akes 3-10 of grain to pro dute 1
meat by aminal covming
orethan25g ot human °pulattom
udfesin prom hungar 9md mamutrikon.
* It Aas baen Calculated hat a 2So F Co
Projein per day
Pro du te 200o Mehylephilue mhylo trephw
A micnorganiaAm
Can be eXpeeked to produce 2S omeA fpndeia.
by
2s0 otorganin day
TiBSye Culure 195o, hole plad- Could ba
nerared from explant
*nicdbeR in Human Welfare
* Fleming, Chain and Florey
Noble Prize f494for
Were awrded ehe
discovery of enicillin.
Ecology
Organig n & Populakione
Mean Amual frcipilhalin
*Biomas Meon Annual Tempredur
0°c 10 to 120 Cm
Arcic Alpine Tundra *-10°to
Coniferous forest 0°to 4 So to2G0 em
1s°c
Grasrland D to 25°c So to 100 cm
Des ert to 20 + (o
c
o So cm
lemperote Forast >2 lo to 20 'c =o 7o
to 23o cm
inlan d water<
30-3S
5
hyporsalLine agoon 2100
* m deep 6ea 2Soom) Bo 4r Ce of
0 enaYH
MerH Only
hy do Hurmal
vek for ife
* 191 of amimals nerly all plans are Cantormer
ny Qmimaly are Teglabrm
Bir de, mammas 4 s0ma hr Gnimas.
A igh alikde (73s0om) Perren must have
2Xperien ced aid 4icknes*. Nayig, fahigu,heart palpi
*Arch@ebacheria thermo acidophila flourieh in a-
springs 9nd deep 8*a ydrthermal vea where
where
fempratores far exceds oo.'C
In he ncky infertidal
Commyniky American
Pacific Ceagt he Bdarfis1 Piasder a FyRtone
8pectdo
Fpecis when all tartish wer removed,
10
for Z 06 o 2
* Amazon foree
(LumgR f earh))
fmduce 20of Foial 0yh
arh by photosyrthesie .
*
Rmax inum afLcies divursiky
Bio diwraityHotepok
Ca vura
imiHally 2 ww idmified
Jeen khan 24 oker 9moe addod
earHA Aand now olal 34 in he wrld
im diq
wertn Ghar-i Lmka
Mim
Tn o- Byrma
*Strict pmtion glay4maga
of hotapel reduce extinckion ofsps by
3e
Eorhh Symmit CI992) tor biodivmaiky
Cocervahioy
Rio de Jnerio sueamable uilizahionn
of tts benefits
AiP 012
Zn S0
precutor Can remon 9 ravkeulabe
chaut frpm a hrmal Po ar plank
A rdmg to CPCB parhicuda Aize 2.(Mn 6)Lus
hormful for 4mah Pm2SD
Expo84re to extreml ig oun d , 1Sod
more prated by ake of f a jet plahe
may
dana
Tn 1990 Delki ramked h. qmo he H
most Polluted cities of tha worl.
ryn ChNG
Al buse of Delhí were comerked to °n
by he en d of 2002. (Co= hel4 in Delhi)
*Eyro I Norms Slpher in Patbo|15o pm
(1 Arril 2095T)
Sulphr in disel350-Ppm
* Armakic hy droc arboma
are o ba corkanmed a
42 f He con Cermed tueL
* The gol, acor dimy to he
8ulphur
road map. iR do reduce
to 50 ppm m atol 4 diosel
down md mn
he luel to 3syof oromati yed caybon,
60 CO2
26 CH4
14- CFC
N
R Ome vaker va poyr wi 0z0ne
18SS
=
Omni Cellula e cellul by "
Rudolf Virchow
Complate he cell tuory.
1898
1876 M.w. demonatrake infeckiou
matureBeijerek
of Tmv
Dicovery of Golgi Bodly by Camilloaolgr
HGP Complated
2003
Thank You